City

Chapter 3 from The City of Reason vol 1 Cities and Citizenship
by Dr Peter Critchley

The purpose of this study is to recover politics as a creative and rational arena of discourse capable of uniting disparate individuals within a reasonable commonality.

The citizen ideal as it was originally conceived and practised in classical Greece formed a complete contrast with modern notions of citizenship. The overarching ethic uniting citizens with each other within the polis was the organic and ecological conception of politics as integral to personal development. This is what the Greeks defined as paideia. As with so many of the classical terms defining politics, there is no adequate English translation with which to translate the meaning of this term in all of its richness. Paideia is normally translated as education, but the term connotes much more than this. By paideia the Greeks understood a formative and life-long process through which the individual became an asset to the polis, to his friends and family, capable of and willing to live up to the highest ideals of the community. The term is expansive and adumbrates a range of potentialities from the personal to the public. There is no English equivalent. The closest is the German concept of Bildung, which played a crucial role in Hegel’s political philosophy. This concept encompasses character development, growth, and a well-rounded enculturation so that the body politic is equipped with the knowledge and skills it needs to flourish. Bildung affirms the creative integration of the individual into the environment through the ability to shape, appreciate and transform that environment as his or her own world, an extension of one’s flourishing humanity. Educated thus, the individual acquires a comprehensive sense of duty as well as becoming capable of assuming ethical and political responsibility for the world around. The modern instrumental notion of means and ends is totally inappropriate in this context. The individual and the polis are simultaneously means and ends – the end of the polis is human self-realisation, the self-realisation of the citizen is the means by which the polis flourishes. Excellence in personal and public life are mutually conditional. The polis is the realised community of realised individuals. Education is therefore a unified process of self- and civic-development. Here is the answer to Marx’s question as to who shall educate the educator. If the polis is the ‘school’ in which the highest virtues of the individual as citizen were formed and given expression, it is also informed by the public commitment of the citizens. Politics was concerned not simply with administering the collective affairs of the polis but also with nurturing its members as public beings who were capable of assuming a citizen identity through developing the competence to appreciate and to act in the public interest. Paideia was both a civic schooling and personal training which cultivated both independence of mind and individual responsibility within an overarching civic culture and commitment. In comparison, modern notions of politics as the effective administration of public order and of education as the acquisition of knowledge and skills are remarkably thin. To the Athenians, politics and education go together as social practices. The conception is inherently organic and holistic, ruling out any instrumental means-ends rationality and the strict demarcation of distinctive spheres which pervades the modern world. Hellenic politics is concerned not merely with the efficient transaction of public business and the making of laws but with the human growth of its participants. The process by which the Athenians gathered as an ekklesia to decide upon policies was simultaneously a mutual education in which each learned the judgement to act justly according to an appreciation of civic ideals of right and wrong. The political realm was not strictly institutional and administrative but was indeed a process in being a continuous, everyday framework for intellectual, ethical, and personal growth. Paideia nurtured the capacity of individuals to participate in public affairs in a creatively meaningful sense, engaging their best abilities to promote the development of the polis and ensuring their own self-development, succeeding in determining their private affairs in accordance with the collective affairs of the public community.

This article is a textual analysis of two short stories of Pedro S. Dandan who has articulated for Filipinos their political unconscious against the onslaught of colonial domination. In his works we read how Filipinos confront socio-political problems of war, squatting, poverty in everyday lives. Since most of his stories depict Manila in its early phase of urbanization, it is interesting to note how such stories offer a crucial perspective to the real socio-political problems we are still experiencing today. Reading his works in light of our contemporary problems will reveal the various interplay of forces of control and resistance. Dandan's short stories narrativize these forces and allow us to see how problems are assessed and reassessed. Conveniently, Dandan's stories are narrativization of our roles as subjects in a continued effort for improvement and further emancipation. In the works of Dandan, we pose also the question of who we are in relation to this domination and how we can recognize ourselves as agents of transformation in our society. These articulations have generative resonances to our own real situation and condition. In this paper, Intramuros is not only a convenient setting in Dandan's stories, rather Intramuros becomes the narrative of Filipinos' colonial experience and counter-colonial sentiments.

To understand the urban space is possible after making a deep reflection on the meanings that this has had in the course of the history and who it has been developed according to the culture and the context where it is located. The article exposes clearly who it has been the evolution of the sense of the public space in the cities of the XIX and XX centuries and it proposes a reflection around its true meaning that is based on the rigorous study of the different manifestations that had had and as conclusion it outlines options that go in course with the current necessities, without leaving aside the picked up experiences, and that is an indispensable element in the construction of the architecture of the city again.

This review offers a perspective on the role landscape and gardening play in urban settings from a socio-cultural, and ecological dimension. The practice of cultivating in gardens, parks and vacant lots, creates community spaces, and are increasingly becoming important to peoples’ experience of social and cultural wellbeing. In recent times, this has become a major focus of research in ecology, agriculture, urban design, landscape architecture, human geography, and sociology. Community gardening is one of the avenues toward revitalizing urban environments, and it provides a way of addressing multi-faceted urban problems ranging from limited food access to safety and community cohesion. That being said, it is necessary to continually evaluate the roles which society, ecology, and culture play in cities and landscape planning due to the dynamic nature of culture. This article aims to bring to the fore, the various factors of landscape and gardening practices in cities and the dynamics...

The Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) population is often considered hard-tocount in the United States. Following the guidelines set by the Office of Management and Budget, the U.S. Census Bureau classifies the MENA population as White but collects their ancestry data in the American Community Survey. This paper explores how the 2010 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment (AQE) contributes to improving the quality of the data that the Census Bureau collects on MENA ancestries. It discusses results from the AQE conducted during the 2010 Census and evaluates the forms that use the combined race and ethnic origin question in comparison to the control form. This research aims to contribute to improving measurement of the MENA community in the United States.

This paper aims to study the imagination of Tehran through 1340s and 1350s Iranian cinema and the main question is that what kind of representation on city was fueled by cinema. This study was conducted based on analysis of four impressive films in these two decades. Two of them are popular movies (Ganje Gharoon and Khater Khah) and the two other (Khesht-o Ayeni and Ragbar) are related to avantgarde cinema. Although they are different in presenting the city in some aspects, the results reveal that both approaches emphasise on the negative aspects of the city and expose latent contradictions in the extreme way.

Resilience has been critiqued as being regressively status quo and thus propping up neoliberalism, that it lacks transformative potential, and that it can be used as a pretence to cast off needy people and places. We move from this critique of resilience to a critical resilience, based in the following arguments: (i) resilience can sustain alternative and previous practices that contradict neo-liberalism; (ii) resilience is more active and dynamic than passive; and (iii) resilience can sustain survival, thus acting as a precursor to more obviously transformative action such as resistance. These bring us more closely to a heterogeneous deneo-liberalized reading of resilience, explicitly opening it to social justice, power relations and uneven development, and performing valuable conceptual and pragmatic work that usefully moves us beyond resistance yet retaining (long-term) struggle.

The brick Chapel at St. Mary's City, Maryland, built around 1667, would have been an impressive structure on a colonial frontier where all the other buildings were built only of wood. While the building is no longer extant, the bricks remaining in the buried foundations hold information about the technologies and materials used by brickmakers in the 17th-century Chesapeake region. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and petrographic analysis of thin sections were used to compare the Chapel bricks and other 17th-century bricks and tiles from several Chesapeake contexts to locally available clay sources. While the composition of the Chapel bricks is generally consistent with that of clays available in southern Maryland, these historic materials could not be linked to any one deposit, and may reflect the mixing of clays from multiple sources. In contrast, building materials from other 17th-century buildings at St. Mary's City could be more precisely ''matched'' to specific local clay deposits. This paper reports on our initial investigations toward understanding the technology of the Chapel bricks and their relationship to other bricks from St. Mary's City.

Buccellati, G., and M. Kelly-Buccellati. 1997. “Urkesh. The First Hurrian Capital.” Biblical Archaeologist 60: 77–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/3210597.


ABSTRACT The monumental building excavated at the margin of Tell Mozan offered its legacy in miniature: Hundreds of seal impressions, small and fragile nuggets of clay. Discarded on the building's floor, the sealings provided satisfying proof that Tell Mozan was the site of the third-millennium Hurrian capital city Urkesh. But they also revealed the presence of a distinctive artistic style and a new phenomenon in third millennium art. Further excavations have shown that the building is attached to a much larger architectural complex. The excavators anticipate that the upcoming season of fieldwork will literally cross the threshold of a palace, entering thereby into the nerve center of one of the great seats of power of ancient Syro-Mesopotamia.

El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar cómo se despliega la relación entre la configuración territorial municipal y la representación política en tres ciudades — Londres, Medellín y Río de Janeiro —. Se tiene como propósito explorar cuáles han sido las condiciones y procesos histórico-territoriales que han posibilitado o inhibido la descentralización político-administrativa y la participación ciudadana, tanto en el gobierno municipal como en sus respectivas unidades territoriales submunicipales, llámense estas comunas, boroughs o regiones administrativas. Se parte de problematizar las nociones de descentralización político-administrativa y participación ciudadana bajo la perspectiva de comunidad política territorial (polity), categoría donde se integran aportes y discusiones de autores tales como Dahl, Castoriadis, Raffestin, Habermas, Lefebvre y Harvey. Luego de ello, se muestra la disposición actual de la división político-administrativa de cada ciudad y se compara cómo estas configuran o no ámbitos de participación y representación política ciudadana. Dadas las grandes diferencias observadas, el trabajo avanza en una indagación histórica y territorial de los contextos político-normativos nacionales y los procesos territoriales en la constitución del espacio político urbano y municipal de cada ciudad, a la vez que se examina la existencia o no de matrices históricas de construcción territorial y participación política que ayuden a explicar tales diferencias.
Para una lectura del articulo completo y mejor visualización descargar el archivo de su sitio original: https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/territorios/article/viewFile/3368/3090

Turkey is located at the Mediterranean at 36°and 42°N latitudes and has a typical Mediterranean climate. The solar energy potential is very high in Turkey. The yearly average solar radiation is 3.6 kW h/m 2 day, and the total yearly radiation period is $2610 h. This study consists of two cases. Firstly, the main focus of this study is to put forward the solar energy potential in Turkey using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Secondly, in this study, the best approach was investigated for each station by using different learning algorithms and a logistic sigmoid transfer function in the neural network with developed software. In order to train the neural network, meteorological data for last three years (2000)(2001)(2002) from 17 stations (Ankara, Samsun, Edirne, _ Istanbul-G€ oztepe, Van, _ Izmir, Denizli, S ßanlıurfa, Mersin, Adana, Gaziantep, Aydın, Bursa, Diyarbakır, Yozgat, Antalya and Mu gla) spread over Turkey were used as training (11 stations) and testing (6 stations) data. Meteorological and geographical data (latitude, longitude, altitude, month, mean sunshine duration and mean temperature) are used in the input layer of the network. Solar radiation is in the output layer. The maximum mean absolute percentage error was found to be less than 6.735% and R 2 values were found to be about 99.893% for the testing stations. However, these values were found to be 4.398% and 99.965% for the training stations. The trained and tested ANN models show greater accuracy for evaluating the solar resource possibilities in regions where a network of monitoring stations has not been established in Turkey. The predicted solar potential values from the ANN are given in the form of monthly maps. These maps are of prime importance for different working disciplines, like scientists, architects, meteorologists and solar engineers, in Turkey. The predictions from the ANN models could enable scientists to locate and design solar energy systems in Turkey and determine the best solar technology.

Modeling City a b s t r a c t Although more than 80% of carbon dioxide emissions originate in urban areas, the role of human settlements in the biosphere evolution and in global carbon cycling remains largely neglected. Understanding the relationships between the form and pattern of urban development and the carbon cycle is however crucial for estimating future trajectories of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and can facilitate mitigation of climate change. In this paper I review state-of-the-art in modeling of urban carbon cycle. I start with the properties of urban ecosystems from the ecosystem theory point of view. Then I discuss key elements of an urban system and to which degree they are represented in the existing models. In conclusions I highlight necessity of including biophysical as well as human related carbon fluxes in an urban carbon cycle model and necessity of collecting relevant data.

This paper uses the theoretical and analytical resources of critical theory to explore the processes and conflicts over efforts to present tragic events as spectacles, focusing on a case study of the Hurricane Katrina disaster in New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent government response have intensified uncertainty and unpredictability, disclose a new insecurity in US cities, and showed how a predicted disaster could wreck havoc within the US economy and political system. I first examine the ways in which the logic of spectacle and entertainment permeate a major disaster like Katrina. Next, I investigate how media coverage and political commentary on Katrina insinuates its own immanent critique of racial and class divisions in urban America. Finally, I draw attention to how critical tendencies are immanent to the commodification process itself, in the form of disaster tourism and the production of Katrina souvenirs that embrace spectacle to criticize federal policy and build global awareness of New Orleans's plight. Overall, my goal is to show how the category of immanent critique can play an important role in drawing out the implications of disaster-as-spectacle, illustrating the intersection of race and class in US cities, and highlighting the multidimensional, conflictual and contradictory character of spectacles.

The National Environment Board (NEB) has developed a national framework on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, requires the proponents of projects which fall into certain categories and magnitudes to submit a report concerning the study, and measures for the prevention of and remedy for the adverse effects on environmental quality. The governmental EIA process and approval procedure for public and private sectors are graphically presented in this paper.

This essay looks at the cinema of Rituparno Ghosh from the vantage point of urban cultural studies. Ghosh was at a forefront of a new cinema in the mid-1990s that purportedly ‘brought the Bengali middle classes back to the theatre’. Under the rubric of this claim which is verifiably true, lies the understated idea: who or what was the nature of this new middle class and how in the initial years of globalization did they relate to the imperatives of cultural and global capital. One obvious critical paradigm in the early cinema of Ghosh is its internality, a parcelling out of larger conceptions of space and place into metonymic, drawing-room dramaturgy, a chambering of orchestrated relationships away from the politically volatile, lived, identifiable vestiges of the city of Calcutta, where the films are apparently based. This article hopes to add to contemporary debates about the de-politicization of the middle classes by looking at Ghosh’s cinema as a major contributor to middle class’s conscious, cultural self-fashioning under globalization and the construction of their spatial and locational aesthetics. It concludes by looking into how Ghosh’s films severely challenge notions of space around the idea of the ‘cinematic city’, and how that ultimately relates to his assumed position as a feminist filmmaker.

Studies of the city traditionally posit a division between a city's economy and its culture, with culture subordinate in explanatory power to work. However, post-industrial and globalizing trends are dramatically elevating the importance of culture. Cultural activities are increasingly crucial to urban economic vitality. Models to explain the growth of cities from the era of industrial manufacturing are outmoded. Citizens in the postindustrial city increasingly make quality of life demands, treating their own urban location as if tourists, emphasizing aesthetic concerns. These practices impact considerations about the proper nature of amenities that post-industrial cities can sustain.

Home is one of the oldest themes in the texts of our culture; it is central, for example, to the Jewish Bible and the Homeric epics. It is a prominent theme in the philosophical and political writing of Ancient Greece. Subsequently, medieval Christian writers and philosophical writers of the modern world – notably John Locke and Karl Marx – brought substantial depth to the conception of home. In the contemporary world, it is the phenomenological philosopher Martin Heidegger who has most advanced the study of home.

Provide a critique of existing development or an existing proposal for a site within Hulme or Moss Side, Manchester. Based on these critiques outline your alternative proposal for promoting a better masterplan/design and with this a more sustainable community.

During the Middle Ages northern Belgium and The Netherlands were gradually deforested. A steadily rising demand for quality timber obliged merchants to look for new timber sources. From the 13th century onwards, large volumes of timber were imported from surrounding regions and, despite the remote supply area, merchants of the Hanseatic League managed to organize a huge timber trade from towns around the Baltic Sea.

Water is a brutal delineator of social power which has at various times worked to either foster greater urban cohesion or generate new forms of political conflict'. In the paper which follows, Matthew Gandy explores this statement by looking at the expansion of urban water systems since the chaos of the nineteenth-century industrial city. In this early period, the relationship between water and urban space can be understood by the emergence of what he calls the 'bacteriological city', defined by features such as new moral geographies and modes of social discipline based upon ideologies of cleanliness, a move away from laissez-faire policies towards a technocratic and rational model of municipal managerialism, and a connection between urban infrastructures and citizenship rights. Gandy goes on to discuss that while many cities never ultimately conformed to this model, the last thirty years has seen a fundamental move away from the bacteriological city to a more diffuse, fragmentary and polarized urban technological landscape. Characteristics here include declining investment in urban infrastructures, a desire to meet shareholder rather than wider public needs, oligopolistic structures amongst providers, the marketisation of goods such as water, increased health scares and mistrust from consumers, and polarisation of the quality of service provision. For Gandy, these shifts are better understood by more relational, hybridised, rather than functional-linear, notions of urban metabolic systems.

Η παιδική χαρά αποτελεί μια ακόμη μορφή του αστικού χώρου, η συζήτηση και ο προβληματισμός γύρω από την οποία αντικατοπτρίζει όσο και συνδιαμορφώνει τις αντιλήψεις της κοινωνίας για το παιδικό παιχνίδι και κατ’ επέκταση τα ίδια τα παιδιά, αλλά και τις αξιώσεις και τις προσδοκίες που διατηρεί η κοινωνία από αυτές τις αντίστοιχες περιόδους της ζωής των ανθρώπων. Η εργασία αυτή εξετάζει την ιστορική προέλευση της παιδικής χαράς, ως ενός κατεξοχήν αστικού φαινομένου και επιχειρεί να να εντοπίσει το ρόλο αλλά και τα όριά -υλικά και νοητά- της παιδικής χαράς.

DETHURENS, Pascal, "De l'horloge à l'incendiaire: Traces de Baudelaire chez Pessoa" (2020). Pessoa Plural―A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, No. 18, Fall, pp. 105-123. Brown Digital Repository. Brown University Library. https://doi.org/10.26300/96k8-7a42

Is Part of:

Pessoa Plural―A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, Issue 18

De l’horloge à l’incendiaire: Traces de Baudelaire chez Pessoa
[From the clock to the arsonist: Traces of Baudelaire in Pessoa]

https://doi.org/10.26300/96k8-7a42

RÉSUMÉ

Pessoa n’a jamais écrit de texte sur Baudelaire à proprement parler, et pourtant toute sa poésie est nourrie de celle de l’auteur des Fleurs du mal. Du spleen baudelairien à la saudade et au desassossego pessoens, c’est tout un jeu intertextuel qui s’est installé, fait d’emprunts précis comme d’allusions plus vagues. Deux poètes, deux écritures que tout sépare, mais une parenté secrète et douloureuse qui unit l’un à l’autre.

ABSTRACT

Pessoa never wrote, strictly speaking, a text on Baudelaire, and yet all his poetry is nourished by that of the author of Les Fleurs du mal. From the Baudelairian spleen to the Pessoan saudade and desassossego (disquiet), a whole intertextual game has been set up, made of precise borrowings as well as more vague allusions. Two poets, two writings that everything separates, but with a secret and painful kinship that unites one to the other.

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Despite Birmingham's claim to constitute 'England's second city', it has arguably been overlooked in much recent academic research -perhaps because of a tendency to regard Manchester as the paradigmatic English example of the emerging post-industrial cityregion. Contributors to CITY have gone some way to redressing this imbalance -with Frank Webster's paper in vol 5 no 1 and Kevin Ward's paper in vol 7 no 2 underlining the wider issues raised by the adoption of 'urban entrepreneurialism' in Birmingham. This paper, by Libby Porter and Austin Barber, takes forward such concerns through a case study of the ongoing regeneration of an individual district of the city: Birmingham Eastside. Using the stories of two pubs, whose fortunes are permanently re-shaped by state-led development initiatives, the paper develops a critical reflection on academic and policy debates relating to gentrification and the restructuring of central districts of large cities. In particular, the authors highlight how current thinking about the regeneration of inner city districts marginalizes the socio-cultural meaning of place and the human networks that animate city places. They argue that this constrains planning possibilities and imaginations for the area's future. The paper's concluding call for urban analysts and planners alike to go beyond the economic when examining the processes and effects of urban change resonates with much work previously published in CITY. In particular, Porter and Barber's analysis echoes Frank Webster's assertion in vol 5 no 1 that, whatever else it may have achieved, regeneration in Birmingham appears to have resulted directly in a destruction of community.

Ballester, P., (2021), 15 march, The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the simulacre city. La Furia Umana, 40, Track the cities, Tracer les villes, 33.
https://www.lafuriaumana.it/index.php/74-lfu-40/986-patrice-ballester-le-marvel-cinematic-universe-mcu-et-la-ville-simulacre

Is the MCU perpetuating the city's vision of utopian and chaotic possibilities and simulacra that comic book writers wanted to share with their reading audiences? Beyond that, does the marvelization of cities exist through the MCU and its twenty films? In addition, is Marvel-Disney's image of the city not reduced to contemporary architecture and the uniformity of urban behavior audible and visible around the world and not just in the West? This is a cultural studies essay which aims to be both by the method a census of cities and images of the city in the MCU to know, perceive and analyze the function and representations of cities in order to glimpse a kind of transposition between films and leisure parks, but also public spaces and major infrastructures such as hotels in New York and Las Vegas becoming receptacles for both tourism and culture (pop culture) of the most profitable. Between a complex approach linking pop culture, mass culture, Disney super productions and above all the desire by certain cultures to transpose from cinema to the city or from the city to cinema a simplified and / or heroic vision of the urban gesture , we will approach the superhero as a simple reflection of the city or conversely a reversed identity of the city defining him, even caricaturing him?
I. THE FRAMEWORK OF SUPERHUMAN AMBITIONS: CITY, CHAOS AND URBAN UTOPIA
Technological city, city of fear, city of mysteries, utopian city.
II. THE RECORDING IN OUR CONTEMPORARY WORLD OF THE FILMIC ELEMENTS OF THE MCU
The example of Wakanda and green city Birnin Zana and the environment of Iron Man, factory, international exhibition and contemporary house.
III. THE MARVELIZATION OF WORLD CITIES: FROM FILM TO REALITY, LEISURE PARK & TOURISM
Hotel infrastructures, contemporary house - the map, the territory and the film - tourist routes linked to the films, the Marvel leisure parks.

relation to Melbourne. Gotham's central concern is to develop a critical theory of urban spectacles, using the ideas of Guy Debord and Henri Lefebvre, to highlight the conflicts and struggles over meanings of local celebrations, highlight the irrationalities and contradictions of converting cities into tourist spectacles, and wider concerns about the relationship between tourism and local culture. Rather than seeing this spectacularisation of local cultures as simply negative or positive, Gotham discusses how tourism is a conflictual and contradictory process that simultaneously disempowers localities and creates new pressures for local autonomy and resistance. Detailed ethnographic material is used to show how local festivals have become 'battlefields of contention', with different groups and interests attempting to produce them for their own ends. In the face of globalised forms of cultural production and consumption that limit creativity, we hear voices from local actors who use urban spectacles to sow seeds of dissent, create breeding grounds for reflexive action and launch radical critiques of inequality.

Durante el Porfiriato, la ciudad de México adquiere un aspecto moderno; la elite porfiriana se trasladó del Centro Histórico tradicional a los nuevos suburbios del superponiente, buscando imitar el estilo de vida europeo y norteamericano. En la urbe afloraron nuevos espacios, edificios y monumentos que rubricaron la emergencia de la modernidad.

The east Arabian settlements in antiquity were never large urban sites. However, they were the main centres of the communities that inhabited that area, interfacing between the nomadic and sedentary societies. A study of the distribution and characteristics of these sites reveals different, complementary functions. They were organized in local networks forming the essential structure of the settlement pattern and delineating the territories of communities having their own political identity.

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Reminiscences et vies citadines. « Time is always memorialized not as flow, but as memories of experienced places », partant de cette citation de David Harvey (1990, p. 218), je souhaite proposer une reflexion sur les rapports des villes et des citadins au [...]

Pour les intellectuels et lexicographes officiant sous l'Ancien Regime, le peuple de France n'est alors pas un mais multiple. Au cœur de l'espace urbain, exclusion faite de la population mendiante et vagabonde, la partie tout a la fois la plus nombreuse et la moins bien consideree de ce peuple regroupe les travailleurs journaliers et sans qualification, ceux de la terre ou plus ou moins qualifies mais non dependants d'un cadre corporatif, la domesticite au sens large, les ouvriers de manufactures, les compagnons et garcons de metiers jures ainsi que l'ensemble des chambrelans besognant en contravention aux statuts des jurandes. Cette population que nous identifions sous l'appellation " second peuple " se caracterise par une existence de ses membres majoritairement vecue dans la precarite quotidienne, une insertion plus ou moins bien definie et solide au sein de la societe urbaine et une inscription en dehors de toute forme officielle d'organisat...

House music has had a considerable influence in shaping the sound of pop music from the late 1980s onwards. From underground dance events to the pop charts, traces of this aesthetic can be found in many guises. This book is a comparative study which traces a genealogy of house music across England, the Netherlands and US cities, such as Chicago, from the early 1980s to the first half of the '90s. In doing so, it maps some of the power structures that are at play in the uses of its specific technologies of production and consumption. The author, Hillegonda Rietveld, was already steeped in dance club culture before she decided to write this loving piece of academic prose about house. Taking critical cultural studies as a vehicle and house music as its aesthetic fuel, she ram raids boundaries of academic disciplines, fusing ideas like a meticulous DJing curator.

"Le second peuple de Nantes au XVIIIe siècle :
environnements du quotidien et interactions sociales.

Pour les intellectuels et lexicographes officiant sous l’Ancien Régime, le peuple de France n’est alors pas un mais multiple. Au cœur de l’espace urbain, exclusion faite de la population mendiante et vagabonde, la partie tout à la fois la plus nombreuse et la moins bien considérée de ce peuple regroupe les travailleurs journaliers et sans qualification, ceux de la terre ou plus ou moins qualifiés mais non dépendants d’un cadre corporatif, la domesticité au sens large, les ouvriers de manufactures, les compagnons et garçons de métiers jurés ainsi que l’ensemble des chambrelans besognant en contravention aux statuts des jurandes. Cette population que nous identifions sous l’appellation « second peuple » se caractérise par une existence de ses membres majoritairement vécue dans la précarité quotidienne, une insertion plus ou moins bien définie et solide au sein de la société urbaine et une inscription en dehors de toute forme officielle d’organisation horizontale du travail. Une attention portée sur trois pans majeurs de l’existence du second peuple de la ville de Nantes au dernier siècle de la monarchie absolue, soit la vie en communauté, la consommation matérielle et l’activité laborieuse, est en mesure de dévoiler quelques-uns des traits essentiels des individus le constituant : place centrale de l’élément féminin, importance des notions de déplacement et d’implantation géographiques, force des connexions et solidarités de voisinage, rapport parfois houleux à l’autorité et frugalité de l’environnement matériel du quotidien.

Mots clés : peuple, ville, Nantes, inventaire de biens, travail illégal, résistance, solidarité, voisinage, lien social, violence, mouvement, migration, parrainage, pauvreté, précarité, consommation, micro-histoire, déménagement.

The second people of Nantes in the XVIIIth century:
everyday environments and social interactions.

For the intellectuals and lexicographers officiating under the Ancien Regime, the people of France was then not one but many. At the heart of urban space, excluding the population of beggars and vagabonds, the at once most numerous and least well regarded part of this people groups together unqualified day laborers, those working on the land or more or less qualified but not dependent on a corporate framework, domestic workers in the broadest sense of the word, factory workers, journeymen and juniors in the legal profession and all “roomworkers” toiling in contravention of the statutes of the guilds. This population that we identify under the name of the “second people” is characterized by a life of its members mostly lived in everyday poverty, a more or less well defined and strong insertion in the heart of urban society and an entry without any official form of horizontal organization of work. A focus on three major segments of the existence of the second people of the city of Nantes in the last century of absolute monarchy, be it community life, material consumption or work activity, is able to reveal some essential features of the individuals which make it up: the central role of the feminine element, the importance of the concepts of travel and geographic location, the strength of connections and neighborhood solidarity, sometimes stormy relations with authority and the frugality of the material environment of daily life.

Key words: people, city, Nantes, inventories of goods, subterranean work, resistance, solidarity, neighborhood, social tie, violence, movement, migration, spiritual kinship, poverty, precariousness, household consumption, microhistory, move."

This article assesses some potential approaches to museums and cities propelled by a theoretical preoccupation with modernity as a condition of speed. Here, one can extrapolate two variants in the writings and interventions of Marinetti, Simmel, Virilio, and writers in the postmodern tradition: (a) the museum is slow, it is a brake on modernity, it is modernity’s sedentary other and (b) the museum is fast, it is as quick as the city, reflecting modernity’s impulse toward acceleration. To finesse these approaches, the article will move toward the method of rhythmanalysis and an emphasis on time—space considerations. It is Lefebvre’s teasing last snippets on the concept of rhythm, the article will argue, presaged by Benjamin’s approach to the variant tempos of modernity in The Arcades Project, that point to a fuller and more advanced approach to urban—museological relations and the multiple rhythms that feature in both.

Early 20th century birthed a radical phenomenon across several cultures and nations- the demarcating of certain public space for primarily leisure purposes. From India to the United States, urban parks became a symbol of democracy, openness, and freedom as they emerged from a protracted struggle to shift from the hands of the State or imperial power to that of the masses. There was much euphoria about their unregulated and public character, reflecting a new age of modernization and civilization. Yet, over time, it has been revealed how contentious the process of shaping, regulating, and sustaining of public parks can be as well as its pluralistic and transcultural nature. Interestingly, the 21st century is celebrating the birth of another leisure space that shares this rhetoric of being open, free, universal, non-utilitarian, and democratic: social network sites. As the Net shifted from the hands of the State to that of the user, its leisure spaces have been looked upon as sites where regardless of gender, age, and/or culture, people can commune, browse aimlessly, socialize and share their views openly. Yet, important concerns are emerging on what constitutes as openness, universality and democratic as governments to corporations are finding ways to architect and manage these virtual geographies and, users are harnessing these sites for a range of activities.

Thereby, by drawing parallels between urban parks and social network sites, this project aims to highlight the historical aspect of leisure spaces and provide a much needed rootedness in this highly speculative media discourse. The historical and comparative investigation to parks is innovative, as it will debunk much of the hype surrounding social network sites as a novel and unprecedented space for communication. Given that social network sites have a short and primarily Western-centric history of usage, the development and evolution of parks across nations allows for a fresh and transcultural perspective to this topic. Methodologically, using this real/virtual comparative strategy has become an essential means to understand online spaces. In fact, it is impossible to not evoke physical spaces to conceptualize virtual spaces. So we find ourselves on the information highway, at the electronic frontier, chatrooms, home pages, to MUD lobbies. In fact, this project builds on the popularly accepted parallel of the Net as the digital city, propositioning thereby, that its common public leisure areas are its virtual parks.

While the project strives to critique the public, democratic and free for all notions of contemporary leisure spaces, online and offline, for feasibility purposes, it focuses specifically on 3 areas of timely importance: (a) open and closed systems (b) private and public domains, and (c) work versus play dimension to leisure sites, emphasizing notions of corporatization, commercialization and the privatization of leisure spaces. Also, the diversity of parks such as industrial parks, theme parks to community parks will emphasize the pluralistic aspect of social network sites. Further, this project brings together disciplines of media studies and history of technology through an original avenue of urban planning, emphasizing the spatial aspects of technology and media practice. Given that most studies on new media spaces are artifact oriented, ahistorical and Western-centric, this project will provide a unique lens through its historical and transcultural approach.

The undertaking of this project is deeply relevant given that as leisure becomes central to the 21st century economy, corporations to the State are greatly vested in the understanding of these spaces. The dominant idea of its unprecedented novelty can be misleading and have damaging consequences on shaping policy and practice. Overall, the goal of this project is to leverage on real-virtual comparisons to develop a more integrated understanding of contemporary leisure, a prime space of digital residence in the 21st century.