City and Regional Planning

The paper attempts to outline the urban visions and architectural ideas and vocabulary behind the formation of the large urban conglomeration in Japan, South Korea and China, and how the seeds of Western planning theories and architectural design practice have helped shaping and building the contemporary cites along the vast regions of Asia Pacific Region, and frame a local language in envisioning the city of the future.
Reflecting on the contributions from East Asia to the discourse of planning and design a city for the future as promoted by single actors, larger cultural movements and national elites fostering economic ambitions and political agendas of autocratic forces (e.g. from the experimental cities by the Metabolists in Japan, to the more “pragmatic” urban development projects fostered by local and national governments in South Korea and China), the paper tries to explain the key socio-economic factors and engines which have dramatically and radically transformed the skylines of the most dynamic and growing influential area of the world at the dawn of 21st century; it also aims at describe the origins of the various forms and elements of the modern built environments which have been shaped and molded by these same forces, and how/whether these urban forms embodies a true genuine East Asian vision of the city of the future, and what is the current trend in terms of new urban forms and architectural design research at the beginning of 21st century.

Abstract:  This paper presents an argument for considering issues of class in analyses of communicative planning projects. In these projects, class interests tend to be obscured by the contemporary preoccupation with the class-ambiguous category of “community”. Through a case study of a project of urban redevelopment at King's Cross in London, we conceptualize and map class interests in an urban redevelopment project. Three aspects of the planning process that contain clear class effects are looked at: the amount of office space, the flexibility of plans, and the appropriation of the urban environment as exchange or use value. These aspects structure the urban redevelopment but are external to the communicative planning process. The opposition to the redevelopment has in the planning discourse been articulated as “community”-based rather than in class-sensitive terms. We finally present three strategies for reinserting issues of class into planning theory and practice.

The ambition for this inaugural edition of The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management is to become the ultimate source for state-of-the-art scholarship in the emerging field of megaproject management. The book offers a rigorous, research-oriented, up-to-date academic view of the discipline based on high-quality data and strong theory. Until lately, the literature in this new field was scattered over a large number of publications and disciplines making it difficult to obtain an overview of the history, key issues, and core readings. Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings, Vols. I-II (2014) assembled the key historical texts in the field. Now the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management has been designed to provide the most important contemporary readings. Taken together, the two books are intended to map out the best of what is worth reading in the megaproject management literature, past and present.

This article examines the conception of the everyday city as presented in the work of architect Christopher Alexander and architectural theorist Bill Hillier: Both thinkers suggest that, in the past, lively urban places arose unself-consciousty through the routine daily behaviors of many individual users coming together in supportive space and place. In different ways. both thinkers ask whether, today, a similar manner of vital urban district can be made to happen self-conscioustv through explicit understanding transformed into design and policy principles. The aim for both Alexander and Hillier is place-based urban communities marked by lively streets, serendipitous public encounters, and informal sociability. The article begins by examining commonalities and differences in Alexander and Hillier's conceptions of environmental wholeness and urban place. Next. the article considers implications for urban design and, last, indicates the considerable value that the two thinkers' ideas offer environmental philosophy, particularly for understanding environmental wholes.

The qualifying scientific work (research thesis) as a manuscript for the technical sciences degree in the specialty 21.06.01 "Environmental safety." –Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. - Kyiv, 2021.

The main content of the dissertation work.

Atmospheric air pollution in urban areas due to the increase in mobile motor vehicle pollution sources running on gasoline and diesel fuel has become significant in recent years.

Recently, in large industrial cities of the world and, in particular, Ukraine, as a result of air pollution, such a negative phenomenon as the formation of photochemical smog has become more frequent. The main factors and mechanisms of smog formation, including over the city of Kyiv, studied to date insufficiently. And although the mechanism of smog formation, which was considered in many foreign authors' works, is identical to the air of large cities, the indicator of urban photochemical pollution is chosen in each case. It depends on many factors, especially weather conditions, types of pollutants, and more.

For Kyiv, such an indicator can be the concentration of formaldehyde as a product of oxidation of hydrocarbons from the emission of exhaust gases from various automobile engines and natural factors (hydrocarbons of plant origin). Given the annual growth of road transport on the roads of major cities of Ukraine, including Kyiv, the correlation between photochemical smog over road overpasses (especially at two or more levels) and at busy intersections and the number of vehicles, is the extremely relevant and timely scientific and practical task of assessing and forecasting the concentration of secondary air pollution by formaldehyde in cities transport.

These existing solutions' capabilities allow obtaining relative estimates of the "contribution" of mobile sources (including vehicles) in total emissions into the atmosphere. Also, with the help of direct measurements to solve the problem of identifying emissions from road overpasses and large intersections, where vehicles move at low speeds and stand in the so-called "traffic jams" and "traffic jams" is impossible.

It is important to make a preliminary forecast of air pollution in these local areas of the city to help management decisions and evaluate traffic flows in city highways' design and rehabilitation, taking into account forecast forecasts. In practical situations, with an existing fixed network of monitoring observations, there is usually a need for operational information for management decision-makers to assess and forecast the formation of smog situations over road junctions and overpasses. The paper substantiates the need to develop a mathematical model to determine the concentration of hydrocarbon emissions from engines running on gasoline and diesel fuel and secondary air pollution due to photochemical transformations, formaldehyde, which is an indicator of photochemical smog over city highways.

The dissertation research addresses environmental risk management in urban areas with secondary pollution of atmospheric air by formaldehyde from vehicles. This study's proposed calculation scenario is where the level of risk is determined depending on the concentration of formaldehyde molecules formed in the air resulting from photochemical transformations under stable weather conditions.

To determine secondary pollution concentration by formaldehyde was developed mathematical model consisting of two interconnected blocks: dynamic and kinetic. The first block of the model was developed is based on a convective jet theory from a warm surface, thus allowing to obtain the parameters of a polluted air dome formed over a motor transport highway. Depending on the road junction area and the site's meteorological conditions, the system of the model's dynamic block's obtained equations makes it possible to get the total amount of hydrocarbon emissions, depending on the number of vehicles on the highway at the same time.

The kinetic block of the model makes it possible to determine the concentration of secondary pollution with formaldehyde in atmospheric air due to photochemical transformations of hydrocarbons included in the emissions of internal combustion engines. The reaction rate of conversion for chemical elements was performed based on Van-Hoff-Arrhenius differential equation.

Based on the calculations, the error between the calculated and measured values of formaldehyde concentrations does not exceed 7.2%. Similarly, calculations were made on 7 overpasses in the city of Minsk (Belarus), and the resulting error does not exceed 8%.

The error in comparing the experimental and calculated values of the rate constant of the conversion of hydrocarbon emissions from vehicles into formaldehyde can be explained by the fact that the main process of smog formation occurs at an altitude of 200 (two hundred) m and more. -1/T when calculating (Darnytsia area PSZ №9) values of lnK (CHCOH/CCH), while monitoring measurements of CHCOH occurring in the surface layer of atmospheric air at a height of about 2 (two) m from the surface. This positive error is variable, tends to increase in the summer months, and is also characteristic of a number of Ukrainian cities.

The mathematical model was developed using a system of regular monitoring observations of atmospheric air pollution in Kyiv. Using the developed model, the Microsoft Excel calculator, and the program codes (scripting languages for scientific-analytical programs such as Python, and MATLAB) allow calculating hydrocarbons' emission into the atmosphere from road transport as well as formaldehyde concentration. It can reduce environmental risk to the health of the population located on motor transport highways and residential areas on the verge of a motor transport junction.

The calculation of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to public health from air pollution according to the standard method at the main intersections and overpasses of Kyiv showed that the average carcinogenic risk is in the range of IELCR (min: 5,12E-05, max:1,54E-04) and HQ (min:1,72, max:5,17), which according to the existing classification of risk levels is defined as average, which requires dynamic control and in-depth study of the possible consequences of adverse effects on the population. The maximum values of both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk are observed in the summer months near the Central Bus Station, metro stations "Shulyavka", "Lybidska", "Dorogozhychi", at the intersection of Danyla Sherbakivskoho and Stetsenko streets, near Poshtova Square.

In the work according to the proposed scenario, the concentrations of secondary formaldehyde pollution from road transport near the main overpasses were calculated at the maximum monthly concentrations and the environmental risks to public health for the conditions of Kyiv were calculated. The results of calculations for the most polluted interchanges in Kyiv are visually presented.

An online system (web portal) of environmental analysis, created on the basis and using ArcGIS solutions (Environmental Analysis) for assessing and understanding the potential ecological risk impact on the environment and public health, taking into account the predicted indicators of formaldehyde concentrations from vehicles at the time of designing the development of city infrastructure (automobile highway), allows you to optimize the environmental impact assessment and reduce the time that needed for required to review the project by government agencies and environmental organizations.

The model creates a real-time forecast (synchronization of data on the calculation of formaldehyde concentrations) for each point (highways) of the earth, which allows you to predict future risk trends, allowing you to move from response strategy to warning strategy and make more informed decisions.

The imperative of ‘making cities resilient and sustainable’ necessitates cities to develop adaptation concepts and practices in response to the uncertainty, rapid change, and complexity of urban areas. A new concept of governance that can answer the challenges of contemporary urban development and ensure long-term sustainable development is required. This study aimed to identify the general framework of adaptive urban governance by review, elaboration, and analysis of documents, in this case, scientific articles that discuss urban governance specifically related to climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR). The results of this study include an overview of governance approaches appearing in the literature on CCA and DRR, which was parsed down to the adaptive and anticipatory approaches. Adaptive governance requires the principle of flexibility applied in the management cycle in policy formulation, while anticipatory governance requires the principle of proacti...

Il disegno ha dato il suo contributo nell’analisi della città: con esso l’uomo ha cercato nei secoli e per differenti scopi, di studiare e rappresentare la morfologia della città. La ricerca spazia dall’analisi della rappresentazione urbana alla sistematica catalogazione degli strumenti per il rilievo e la misura del costruito. Nuove osservazioni sono scaturite dall’analisi della pianta di Imola, in cui si sono rintracciati i punti misurati da Leonardo. A secoli di distanza le nuove tecnologie per il rilievo urbano non si discostano di molto dai metodi rinascimentali.

The drawing contributed in the analysis of the city. With it man has tried, over the centuries, and for different purposes, to study and represent the morphology of the city. The research ranges from the analysis of urban representation to the systematic cataloging of the relevant instruments and the extent of the construction. New observations by the analysis of the Imola plan where are traced the points measured by Leonardo. A centuries later new technologies for the urban survey do not differ much from the Renaissance methods.

A multikulturalizmus nyomában -Amin és az idegenek társadalma Ash Amin: Land of Strangers. Cambridge-Malden, Polity Press, 2012, 205 oldal. z ezredforduló drámai terrortámadásai után Nyugaton mind nagyobb populáris és tudományos érdeklődés mutatkozik a multikulturalitás, és persze mindenekelőtt az iszlám és a kereszténység együttélésének problematikája iránt. Ez, és az Egyesült Államok által meghirdetett terrorizmus elleni háború minden korábbinál radikálisabban hozza fölszínre a Nyugat ideologikus reprezentációit a Keletről. A nyelvünket földuzzasztja a biztonságpolitika szókincse, s fokozatosan megerősödik az a nézet, mely szerint a multikulturális társadalmak eleve bukásra ítéltettek -elvégre nincs szilárd alap, amely egyben tartaná őket, szól az érvelés. Amikor másfél évtizeddel később ázsiai és afrikai migránsok százezrei jelennek meg az Unió határain -úgy a Balkánon, mint a tenger partján -, a befogadó országok és polgárok eltérő módokon reagálnak. Egyesek bizalmatlanok a jövevényekkel szemben, tartanak a szokatlan testektől, mások éppen ellenkezőleg, befogadóak. A kérdés az, hogyan gondoljuk el az idegent?

В течение XIX века и до 1970 х годах;промышленные города: являлись двигателями развития государственной экономики, благодаря своей мощной промышленной базе, столкнувшейся в настоящее время со значительными социально-экономическими и экологическими проблемами в результате внезапного ослабления этих бывших сильных сторон.

This paper is an overview of the shifts in the internal migration patterns in Romania for the last six decades. In the first part a literature-based brief overview of the trends and patterns of internal migration during communism will be presented. In the second (more extensive) part, a statistical-data based analysis of the internal migration trends and patterns over the last 25 years will be provided. The breakdown of the Romanian communist regime (in December 1989) was the beginning for a major change in the general demographic and socioeconomic context of the internal migration and regime of the Romanian internal migration control. In terms of the demographic context, the period of the communist regime was characterised by relatively high (though territorially significantly differentiated) fertility rates and overall population increase. In socioeconomic terms, industrialisation and the subsequent urbanisation give rise to a significant and dynamic context of migratory opportunities and subsequent flows of internal mobility. Nevertheless the migratory processes emerged in this particular demographic and socioeconomic context were to large extent controlled by the state, and, since external migration was very limited, occurring within the national territory. The means of internal migration control during communism During the communist period, the state closely controlled the labour market, and via economic investment policies and by various administrative procedures, not just stimulated but to some extent pointed the tracks for the internal mobility paths. Especially in the initial phase of the communist industrialisation process, major industrial settings were established in regions with existing infrastructure. Since these customarily were not located in regions with high fertility rates, substantial migratory movement from less developed to more prosperous regions were induced (Turnock 1970).

Many studies focus on the competitive characteristics of cities-such as accessibility, infrastructure, knowledge, creativity, institutions, face-to-face-contacts, tacit knowledge, and business interaction-and how these attract FDI, firms, and people. However, few studies focus on the spatial characteristics of urban clusters. In this study, knowledge-intensive FDI into 15 Northwestern European cities was explored. The FDI was geo-mapped at a district level, and the characteristics of these districts regarding proximity, functionality, urbanity and spatial quality were classified. The results revealed the spatial indicators that attract FDI in knowledge-intensive industrial activities.

Shopping malls are often criticised as a cause of the privatisation of public space and the erosion of the public sphere. Some authors argue that to fight these negative processes, shopping malls should be considered equivalent to public spaces, and therefore entail the same rules enforced in public spaces (for instance, the right to free admission and to free speech). In our opinion these approaches are unsound. In this paper we argue that: 1) shopping malls do not necessarily entail a privatisation of public space, nor necessarily any erosion of the public sphere; 2) because they are not public spaces, they cannot be considered equivalent to them; 3) they are highly open access (compared to many other kinds of both private and public spaces), and the limits they impose on some political activities are, under certain conditions, acceptable. This does not mean that the owners of private spaces are completely free to act as they choose; it means that they cannot be equated with public entities that manage spaces that belong to the public.

‘If the nation doesn’t work, cities won’t.’ This statement lies behind The Wealth and Poverty of Cities: Why Nations Matter, an intriguing journey into the failures and successes of many cities – with a predominant focus on North America – aimed at unfolding the factors determining wealth and prosperity across diverse urban agglomerations. Author Mario Polèse openly declares the purpose of moving the study of cities and economics beyond an academic audience to create a book that is fun to read. That goal has been achieved here.

In Turkey, while urban area boundaries are enlarged by making decisions on investment areas in cities, development plans are made according to government decisions, rather than scientific criteria. Even environment protection laws state that "if public interest is at stake", areas under mandatory protection can be transformed into investment areas. This leads to destruction of valuable agricultural lands. Paper demonstrates loss of agricultural lands by superimposing plans, Suitability of the Lands for Agricultural Use and Google Earth Images in an exemplary settlement, and expresses that urban area boundaries should be included in legislation as an official boundary for all settlements.

The  challenges  that  official  migration  statistics face in the 21st century are manifold. In line with intensifying globalisation processes, and new patterns  and  types  of  migration,  new  routes  and new  migrant  identities  have  been  emerging. However,  the new trends also  offer  new, potentially usable data sources, tools, and methods for
the measurement of this changing phenomenon. Attempting to  provide  an  overview  of  the Hungarian migration statistical system, the aim of this paper  is  to  promote  interdisciplinary  scientific dialogue  on
migration  and share  some  of  the most  important  figures  and  trends  of  international  migration  in  Hungary,  highlighting  its  remarkable  geographical  aspects  in  the  European context,  and  the  peculiarities,  challenges,  and opportunities of its measurement.

Suomessa suurimmille kaupunkiseuduille kehitetyllä MALPE-toimintamallilla (maankäytön, asumisen, liikenteen, palveluiden ja elinkeinojen yhteensovittaminen) on noin kymmenen vuoden ajan pyritty integroimaan perinteisesti eriytyneitä hallinnonaloja ylittäen samalla kuntarajoja toiminnallisen kaupunkiseudun eheyden tukemiseksi. Tämän MALPE-kehikon sisällä yksittäiset kaupunkikehityshankkeet voivat nousta merkittävään rooliin, kun valtion ja seudun kuntien välisen MAL(PE)-sopimuksen sisältöjä viedään toteutukseen.

Tarkoituksenani on tarkastella, millaista potentiaalia Tampereelle rakentuva ja myöhemmin seudulliseksi laajennettava raitiotiehanke luo integroivalle kaupunkisuunnittelulle ja -kehittämiselle. Raitiotie on ainakin suunnitteluvaiheessa näyttäytynyt paitsi merkittävänä joukkoliikennehankkeena, myös laajempana kaupunkirakenteen kestävyyden ja kasvun hallinnan välineenä.

Joukkoliikenteen ja maankäytön infrastruktuurihankkeena raitiotie ilmentää kansainvälisesti tunnettua joukkoliikenneorientoituneen kaupunkikehittämisen mallia (TOD, transit oriented development), jossa eri toimintoja sekoittavaa rakentamista ohjataan liikkumisen keskeisten solmupisteiden yhteyteen. Esitän, että tämän lisäksi raitiotie on paljon muutakin; se voi toimia keskustelupintana myös laajemmille hallinnan ja päätöksenteon kysymyksille.

Paperini perustuu tuoreeseen, Tampereen yliopiston johtamiskorkeakoulun ympäristöpolitiikan ja aluetieteen opintosuunnan pro gradu-työhön Kestävää kasvua joukkoliikennekaupungissa: Strateginen maankäytön suunnittelu ja kasvun hallinta Tampereen kaupunkiseudulla. Käsitellyt teemat kytkeytyvät lisäksi Suomen Akatemian rahoittamaan STN-hankkeeseen BEMINE (MALPE-koordinaatiosta integroivaan visiointiin), jossa tutkitaan kestävää kaupunki-ja kaupunkiseutukehittämistä suomalaisessa MALPE-suunnittelun kontekstissa.

The article analyzes the specifics of urbanization dynamics in Egypt, which is noteworthy for a number of reasons. First, there was a shift from the logistic trend in the 1970s, and the share of urban population stopped growing. The UN data analysis shows that such a shift usually occurs against the background of very serious economic difficulties (and other problems associated with them). However, the urban population proportion stopped growing in Egypt when the country
was experiencing a period of exceedingly rapid economic growth. We find labor migration of
unprecedented scale to be the main reason which engendered this seemingly paradoxical situation.
We further proceed to analyze the UN forecast on the dynamics of the Egyptian urban population
proportion up to 2050, which implies a return to the logistic trend and rapid growth of the urban
population share, which is fraught with socio-political instability risks. However, we present data
proving that the logistic urbanization trajectory is not inevitable for Egypt, and the destabilization
risks connected with the rapid increase of urban population share are largely irrelevant to Egypt in the forecasted period.

В статье рассмотрены «большие» и «малые» модели исчисления города: гравитационная модель Рейли, энтропийная модель, транспортная модель, Парадокс Доунса-Томсона, Постулат Льюиса-Могриджа, Парадокс Браеса, демографический потенциал, стоимостной подход. Рассмотрены достоинства и недостатки этих концепций, дана оценка научноприкладной значимости этих моделей на основе анализа модели Форрестера и структурно-функционального подхода к анализу территорий Москвы и Ленинграда 1980-х годов. Предложена новая классификация концепций «исчисляемого города» по типу конечного получаемого продукта: оценочные, прогностические и оценочнопрогностические.

In the article, "large" and "small" models of «the calculated city» are considered: the law of retail gravitation of Reilly, the entropy model, the transport model, the Downs-Thomson Paradox (the Pigou–Knight–Downs paradox), the Lewis-Mogridge position, the Braess' paradox, the demographic potential, the value city planning approach. The advantages and disadvantages of these concepts are considered. The scientific merit and practical implications of these models are evaluated based on the analysis of Forrester models and the arrow-functional approach to the analysis of Moscow and Leningrad territories in the 1980s. A new classification of the concepts of the "calculated city" is proposed according to the type of the final product: estimative, prognostic and estimative-prognostic.

There is a long lineage in neighbourhood research that has underpinned sustained academic and policy interest in the UK centred on understanding how spatial ‘clusters’ of neighbourhood-based deprivation might be destabilised. This has seen the privileging of composite indices in the analysis of deprivation which have been criticised for fostering a common perception that deprived neighbourhoods are homogeneous in terms of their compositions and underlying structures. Such indices have also been criticised for being ineffective at capturing temporal change, providing only static snapshots of deprivation at particular points in time. This paper focuses on patterns of deprived neighbourhood change in the Greater Manchester city-region between 2001 and 2007. It develops a typology of neighbourhood change that is triangulated with three complementary typologies capturing the socioeconomic and demographic compositions of deprived neighbourhoods; the functional roles played by deprived neighbourhoods in redistributing population through migration; and the spatial contexts in which deprived neighbourhoods are located. The analysis reveals that an over reliance on static indices to measure deprivation has long-served to conceal complexities in the way that deprived neighbourhoods change, owing to their variable structures and contexts. It illustrates the danger that lies in treating all deprived neighbourhoods in the same way.

As one of the transit countries in Europe, Hungary plays a significant role both in the eastwest and north-south passenger traffic of the continent. Approximately one-third of foreigners (14 million) arriving yearly in Hungary travel through the country. A turnover like this can generate changes at the micro level in the everyday life of affected settlements and have social, economic, and physical impacts. In order to examine this, it is important to identify settlements involved in transit. The study introduces methodological approaches that can be applied to outline the crystallising points of transit tourism in Hungary. With the help of GISbased delineation and the logit model the settlements involved in transit have been identified. The study concluded that settlements involved in transit traffic (1) are located at the intersections of roads enabling the shortest travel time between different border sections, (2) possess a motorway junction, and (3) are situated at the intersect...

Aydın Türk, Y. (2007). "A Method in The Context of Urban Planning and Urban Design", LIVENARCH III Livable Environments & Architecture 3rd International Congress - Contextualism in Architecture, Trabzon, Türkiye, 5-7 Temmuz 2007 (vol. 2, pp.569-580), Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi.

ABSTRACT:
Creating livable urban environments with identity becomes possible as long as the combination of urban planning and urban design are provided. For this reason, it is important that planning from high level planning to design to be applied should overlap with urban design. However, this fact has not been able to be realized in such countries as Turkey. In the west on the other hand, the role of design and planning system in the planning process is well described and they are both taken as a whole mechanism and successful examples are given. Within this mechanism design is a part of the planning on every scale and is accepted as an inseparable part of planning. It is seen that in Turkey, urban planning and urban design was not combined, nor was effective regulations to do this established. For this reason, in the planning process how urban design as an effective mechanism should be places must be questioned.
In this context there is a need for a complete planning-design guide to be prepared through detailed studies in our country. In this study, a method that will foster the preparation of the above-mentioned guide by means of a research model, and its operation, evaluation and the results. Through the method introduced it is aimed to;
bring urban design dimension into planning in macro level ana in the light of the principles and policies to prepare a control list/checklist that will act as a guide for the designer,
to prepare a method for the compilation of the design data, effective evaluation and the transfer of this method into plan,
to develop a strategic evaluation approach that considers different dimensions and properties of the city (such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats).

CONCLUSION:
Having a check questions list which leads planner step by step so as to strengthen the dimesion of the design will exhibit a requirement that the planner has to take into consideration during the planning. Because, collecting and evaluating all kinds of data about city (or a part of the city) will be mora systematic.
All characteristics of the city, potentials and weaknesses of it will be described locally. Thus the process of the planner and the designer’s evaluating/ examining the city (or the part of the city) during the planning will be clear.
The strategies will be put forward which turns the data found into a plan and makes it concrete.
While developing strategies in the process of planning and designing of the newly developing places except settled areas, in the attempt to renew/ enliven a problematic area in the city check questions will be beneficial. Taking local characteristics in the foreground, highlighting some historical elements as a reference may lead the design during problem definition and analyze. In addition, as the check list has the potential to serve for both the whole area and the part of it, it will control the planned/desined area.
The checklist is thought to be a guide for the planner in the process of problem solving. During the planning, consulting different disciplines such as architecture, landscape architecture will be helpful. The list’s benefits will be completely seen when directors and guiders (planners, designers and local managers) start to use this means actively which has not been used in urban planning and design.
Such kind of a study, when evaluated from the perspective of legacy, serves as an input focused survey. The process put forward in the study can be defined as output focused. Since the findings/ evaluations have equivalent on the field, they will be reflected on the plan easily. Therefore, there will be no need to make any reforms in the discussion of plan-design relationship or using design in public improvement plans. The process that is put forward in the study can be applied to a city (or a part of the city). Execution tools of the reforms (18th subject application, nationalization and taxation) should be applied actively. Different execution tools should be produced. Technical and administrative substructure should be constructed.
When it is evaluated from the perspective of the strategy, time, and the effort, the procedure of acquiring data, evaluation of the data and production take part in the current planning.

This regional portrait provides a first interpretive reading of the transformations of the “urban” in the context of Rome’s territory. By using the term “urban” the intention is to interpret not only the physical-spatial or socio-economic transformations according to the best known studies, but the evolution of the complexity of the relationships between such different aspects. It means to look at the complexity of socio-spatial relations, such as the organization of daily life, the ways of living different territories, transportation modes, the relationship with the place where people live, the organization of time, the use of resources, and so on. Included in this are immaterial relations that refer to different lifestyles, to the cultural and social models, and to residents’ relationship with daily life.

Shaping Jerusalem: Spatial planning, politics and the conflict focuses on a hidden facet of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; the relentless reshaping of the Holy City by the Israeli authorities through urban policies, spatial plans, infrastructural and architectural projects, land use and building regulations. From a political point of view, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict may appear to be at an impasse; however, it is precisely by looking at the city’s physical space that one can perceive that a war of cement and stone is under way.

Many books have been written on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over Jerusalem; some of them have focused on the urban fabric; Shaping Jerusalem uniquely discusses the role of Israeli spatial actions within the conflict. It argues that Israel’s main political objective – control over the whole city – is ordinarily and silently pursued through physical devices which permanently modify the territory and the urban fabric.

Relying on strong empirical evidence and data through the analysis of statistical data, official policies, urban projects, and laws, author Francesco Chiodelli substantiates the political discussion with facts and figures about the current territorial situation of the city, and about the Israeli policies implemented in the city in the past six decades.

Since the 1950s, planners have guided and directed the growth of Perth and Peel through various strategic plans. Initially, they aimed to accommodate economic growth and the Australian suburban dream of home and car ownership. However, later, they sought to address issues associated with rising commuting from the suburbs to Perth’s central core through the distribution of employment growth vis-à-vis a metropolitan hierarchy of urban centres and the upgrading of transport and road services. All these strategies utilised employment
self-sufficiency to benchmark commuting reduction and jobs/housing balance.

This FACTBase will examine interregional commuting across Perth and Peel, including the large fly-in fly-out workforce living in the metropolitan area and working in regional Western Australia. It identifies key areas of employment using 2011 ABS place of work and place of residence data disaggregated by local government area as well as by metropolitan Perth and Peel sub-regions. It then outlines three comparative ratios to benchmark the home and work relationship – jobs/housing balance, employment self-sufficiency and employment self-containment.

In Brown in Baltimore; School Desegregation and the Limits of Liberalism, Howell S. Baum argues that the failures of desegregation can be traced to liberal principles that protect individual freedom while ignoring race. In this extensively researched book, Baum recounts how local officials and residents attempted to desegregate Baltimore schools in the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown.

This is a presentation about the differents kinds of architectural intervention in the city of Lima. All the topics and concepts have been taken of the theory of the professor  Ignasi Solá de Morales and the sociologist Pitirin Sorokin.
Also, this work it's an approximation attempt a general classification of the architectural intervention, which I want to achieve integrating a specific theory of architecture and a general theory of sociology.

Aydın Türk, Y. (2001). Kentsel Gelişme ve Kent Merkezlerinin Dönüşümü: Trabzon Örneği (Published master thesis / YÖKTEZ Database). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.20556.67203

ÖZET:
Trabzon kenti örnek alınarak kentsel gelişme olgusunun kent merkezinin mekansal biçimlenmesi ve dönüşümü üzerindeki etkileri incelenip geleceğe yönelik planlama çalışmaları için kent merkezleri ve merkezi alanların planlama kararlan, ilke ve ölçütlerini saptamayı amaçlayan bu çalışma altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, kentsel gelişme- kent ekonomisi arasındaki ilişki, kentsel gelişmenin kent merkezleri üzerindeki etkileri, kent merkezlerinin dönüşümü, Türkiye'de kentleşme olgusu, tarihsel gelişme sürecinde ticaret ve ticaret atanlarının mekansal yapısı çeşitli boyutlarıyla incelenmiş ve bu bağlamda, Trabzon kentsel gelişme ve kent merkezinin dönüşümü irdelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, analiz ve anket çalışması yapılan alanlar tanıtılmakta, çalışma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri verilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde, analiz ve anket sonuçlarından elde edilen bulgular verilmektedir. Dördüncü bölümde, analiz ve anket sonuçlan doğrultusunda Trabzon kentinde ticaret ve hizmetlerin mekansal ve niteliksel değişimi, kentsel işlevlerin analizi konulan irdelenmektedir. Beşinci bölümde, çalışma sonunda elde edilen sonuçlar açıklanmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise, araştırmada elde edilen bilgilerin değerlendirilmesiyle geliştirilen öneriler sunulmuştur.

In the developing world and unstable regions, illicit non-state actors often become involved in planning activities such as providing basic services, managing land use, and organizing the real estate market. This paper will look at the scholarly and journalistic conversations surrounding criminal groups engaged in planning activities that are traditionally seen as the government’s province. The first section of the paper will explain the rationale for treating criminal 1 groups as planners and provide an overview of existing literature on criminal planning. The second section will propose a typology of illicit non-state actors based on their structure, planning involvement, and relationships with the formal government, finding commonality among these disparate groups. It will discuss three broad types of criminal planners—traffickers, mafias, and militant groups—using the examples of Brazilian trafficking gangs and militias, the Medellín cartel, Indian mafias, ISIS, and Hezbollah. The third section will look at two forms of criminal involvement in planning: first, as a replacement for an absent government, and second, as an obstacle to government planning. Both are designed to assert and maintain the criminal group’s territorial and social control, and they rarely exist independently of each other. In fact, they are usually intertwined, creating complex symbiotic relationships between official and unofficial authority.