Street

Few cases in the history of epidemiology and public health are more famous than John Snow's investigation of a neighborhood cholera outbreak in the St. James, Westminster, area of London in 1854. In this study Snow is assumed to have proven that cholera was water rather than airborne through a methodology that became, and to a great extent remains, central to the science and social science of disease studies. And yet, Snow's work did not satisfy most of his contemporaries who considered his proof of a solely waterborne cholera interesting but unconvincing. Uniquely, this paper asks whether the caution of Snow's contemporaries was reasonable, and secondly, whether Snow might have been more convincing within the science of the day. The answers significantly alter our understanding of this paradigmatic case. It does so in a manner offering insights both into the origins of nineteenth century disease analysis and more generally, the relation of mapping in the investigation of an outbreak of uncertain origin. The result has general relevancedpedagogically and practicallydin epidemiology, medical geography, and public health.

The Henry Street Consortium, a collaboration of nurse educators from universities and colleges and public health nurses (PHNs) from government, school, and community agencies, developed 11 population-based competencies for educating nursing students and the novice PHN. Although many organizations have developed competency lists for experts, the Consortium developed a set of competencies that clearly define expectations for the beginning PHN. The competencies are utilized by both education and practice. They guide nurse educators and PHNs in the creation of learning experiences that develop population-based knowledge and skills for baccalaureate nursing students. Public health nursing leaders use the competencies to frame their expectations and orientations for nurses who are new to public health nursing. This paper explains the meaning of each of the 11 population-based competencies and provides examples of student projects that demonstrate competency development. Strategies are suggested for nurse educators and PHNs to promote effective population-based student projects in public health agencies.

In traditional ethnographies, codes explain conduct. A code of conduct is implied by research participants, explicated by researchers, and used by both to explain interactions. The Code of the Street by Elijah Anderson epitomizes this orthodox ethnographic analysis of codes. In ethnomethodology, conduct explains codes. Researchers analyze how research participants refer to codes of conduct in their interactions. "Telling the Code" by D. L. Wieder exemplifies this ethnomethodological analysis of codes. In this ethnomethodological ethnography, we analyze how the code of the street influences the conduct of Black male basketball players and how those players explain their conduct by telling the code. This article clarifies how ethnographers can use ethnomethodology to analyze codes as causes and consequences (doing so will produce more skeptical texts).

Abstract
Alejandro de la Sota begins thus his brief and concise report on the housing block at Prior Street (Salamanca, Spain, 1963) and closes with a "without further aspiration for innovation".
The architect’s attitude towards the inhabiting phenomenon is first urged on - as in many other projects - by normality and modesty but his existential acuity identifies immediately:
- the key issues of the project that ennoble the fact of inhabiting with other citizens: the double scale, home and city, the need for looking and for seeing the others, the creation of intermediate spaces for "spending time in them" while being almost invisible;
- the limitations that he has: the strange geometry of the plot, split in two on both sides of the corner, the narrowness of the street, the regulatory imposition of a material such as Villamayor´s stone;
- the formal abstraction as a strategy from which the timely and necessary innovations emerge: the light bulb bay window, which seems to disappear when used; the stone façade, carved in the traditional way with adze and dry joint but showed as a modern abstraction through two subtle and complex operations: the trimming defined by the bay windows on the stone façades and the fact that they sit in cantilever on "a single glass" of the ground floor.
Within this research work we have drawn a parallel with the thought process that Sota describes in the known drawings, made a posteriori, on the project process of the Gobierno Civil in Tarragona, from the recognition of normal answers to the issue, the definition of the specific problem of the project set out, in this case the particular and tense relationship between house, street and the "need for looking" and, finally, the justification of the need for focusing the innovation on those tiny bay windows.
The bay window, recognised as a subject specific to our architect, and present in works within different programs and at different levels, gains here sophistication through building the constructive detail allowing him perhaps the closest moment to the light bulb effect, as it was defined by the architect. His attitude is linked to an early work, the vernacular fenced bay windows at the village of Esquivel (Seville) (1952-56), technically not at all related to the Prior Street housing, but that shows a similar need for creating effective spaces to spend time in them and intermediate spaces between the home and the street.
The Sota´s attitude towards looking, perceiving and inhabiting the space seems to gather ontological concerns that were present, not only in architecture, in the 1950s and 1960s. These concerns, as a methodological source, as well as other architect’s works, have been useful in our research work on the reasons for materializing the idea of inhabiting on this particular residential and urban project.

Resumen
Así empieza Alejandro de la Sota su breve y sintética memoria del Bloque de Viviendas en Calle Prior (Salamanca, 1963)  para rematar la frase con un “sin mayores pretensiones de novedad”.
Normalidad y modestia espolean inicialmente, como en tantos otros proyectos, la actitud del arquitecto sobre el fenómeno de habitar y  cuya agudeza existencial desgrana:
- los temas claves del proyecto que subliman el habitar con los otros ciudadanos: la doble escala de la casa y la ciudad, la necesidad de mirar y ver a los otros, la creación de espacios intermedios para “estar tiempo en ellos” y que sean casi invisibles.
- las limitaciones que se encuentra: la extraña geometría del solar, partido en dos a ambos lados de la esquina, la estrechez de la calle, la imposición normativa de un material como la piedra de Villamayor.
- la abstracción formal como estrategia desde la que emergen las innovaciones necesarias y oportunas: el mirador-bombilla, cuya forma parece desaparecer cuando entra en uso; la fachada de piedra, labrada al modo tradicional con azuela y junta seca pero que se nos presenta como abstracción moderna con dos sutiles y complejas operaciones: el recorte que los miradores definen en los lienzos de piedra y que estos descansan en voladizo sobre “un solo vidrio” de la planta baja.
En la investigación que hemos realizado sobre estos temas, hemos establecido un paralelismo con el proceso de pensamiento que Sota describe en los conocidos dibujos, realizados a posteriori, sobre el proceso de proyecto del Gobierno Civil de Tarragona, desde el reconocimiento de respuestas normales al tema, la definición del problema específico del proyecto que se enuncia, en este caso la particular y tensa relación entre la casa, la calle y la “necesidad de mirar” y, finalmente, la justificación de la necesidad de concentrar la innovación en esos minúsculos miradores.
El mirador, reconocido como tema específico de nuestro arquitecto, y presente en obras de distinto programa y escala, adquiere aquí una sofisticación en la elaboración del detalle constructivo que le permite tal vez su momento de mayor aproximación al efecto bombilla, como definía el arquitecto, y cuya actitud lo emparenta con una temprana obra, absolutamente alejada técnicamente de las viviendas de Calle Prior, pero que manifiesta similar necesidad de crear espacios eficaces para estar tiempo en ellos  e intermedios entre la casa y la calle, como son los vernáculos miradores enrejados de las viviendas del poblado sevillano de  Esquivel (1952-56).
La actitud de Sota ante el hecho de mirar, percibir y habitar el espacio parece recoger preocupaciones ontológicas que estaban presentes, no sólo en la arquitectura, en aquellos años cincuenta y sesenta y cuyas referencias, como recurso metodológico, así como a otras obras del arquitecto, ha sido útil en nuestra investigación sobre las razones de la materialización de la idea de habitar en este particular proyecto residencial y urbano.

Mental representations of spatial knowledge are organized hierarchically. Among people familiar with an urban environment, common spatial knowledge from these spatial mental representations enables successful communication of place and route descriptions, consisting of hierarchically-ordered references to prominent spatial features, such as streets. The more prominent a street is, the more likely it is to be known by the wayfinder receiving the directions. The automated construction of such descriptions therefore requires hierarchical data models ranking streets in street networks. This paper explores the reasons of overlaps in the content and hierarchical organization of common spatial knowledge among locals. We introduce a novel measure allowing to rank streets in a street network. This ranking allows to construct experiential hierarchies reflecting the shared experience of the streets in a city. The measure is derived from network connectivity measures, and takes into account the structure of the street network as well as the higher-order partition of the urban space into suburbs.

The Henry Street Consortium, a collaboration of nurse educators from universities and colleges and public health nurses (PHNs) from government, school, and community agencies, developed 11 population-based competencies for educating nursing students and the novice PHN. Although many organizations have developed competency lists for experts, the Consortium developed a set of competencies that clearly define expectations for the beginning PHN. The competencies are utilized by both education and practice. They guide nurse educators and PHNs in the creation of learning experiences that develop population-based knowledge and skills for baccalaureate nursing students. Public health nursing leaders use the competencies to frame their expectations and orientations for nurses who are new to public health nursing. This paper explains the meaning of each of the 11 population-based competencies and provides examples of student projects that demonstrate competency development. Strategies are suggested for nurse educators and PHNs to promote effective population-based student projects in public health agencies.