La puissance des scènes Quantité d'aménités et qualité des lieux Daniel Silver et Terry Nichols C... more La puissance des scènes Quantité d'aménités et qualité des lieux Daniel Silver et Terry Nichols Clark 1 N ous utilisons le concept de « scène » depuis une dizaine d'années. À titre de chercheurs du Cultural Amenities Project (affilié au Cultural Policy Centre de l'Université de Chicago), nous avons publié six monographies et plusieurs articles sur ce thème et nous avons également un ouvrage majeur en préparation sur la question 2. Ce concept de scènes nous est apparu comme une solution à une question de recherche bien particulière : « Comment et pourquoi les "aménités" (maisons d'opéra, galeries d'art, restaurants, etc.) influencent-elles le développement social et urbain 3 ? » Pour répondre à la question, nous avons téléchargé des données portant sur des centaines d'aménités correspondant à chacune des zones de code postal des États-Unis. Ces données proviennent pour la plupart du ZIP Code Business Patterns, publié par le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis (US Census Bureau), et d'annuaires en ligne (par ex. les pages jaunes) ainsi que d'autres sources. Il nous est rapidement apparu évident qu'il fallait éviter à 1. Nous remercions nos collègues du Scenes Project pour les discussions, les exemples et les soutiens offerts. La recherche a été soutenue par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada, le Cultural Policy Center et le Neubauer Collegium for Culture and Society de l'Université de Chicago, ainsi que par l'organisme Urban Innovation Analysis.
Abstract: Recent scholarship from political science, urban studies, and sociology conceptualizes ... more Abstract: Recent scholarship from political science, urban studies, and sociology conceptualizes the city as a space of decentralized democracy-a view emphasizing localization, participation, difference, and anti-hierarchical organizational form. Instead of ...
Recent scholarship recognizes the city’s role as “civitas”—a “space of active democratic citizens... more Recent scholarship recognizes the city’s role as “civitas”—a “space of active democratic citizenship” and “full human realization” based on open and free encounter and exchange with difference. The current research emerges from and fills a need within this perspective by examining how local urban contexts undergird and bolster social movement organizations (SMOs). Our theory elaborates and linear regressions assess the relationships between four urban form variables and SMOs. In addition, our theory also examines how urban walking mediates the relationships between these local contextual traits and SMOs. Drawing primarily from the ZIP Code Business Patterns and U.S. Census, we generate a data set of approximately 30,000 cases, permitting regression analyses that distinguish strong direct effects of density, connectivity, housing age diversity, and walking on the incidence of SMOs. Sobel tests indicate that for density and connectivity, walking mediates the relationships with SMOs in a way consistent with the mechanisms of the hypotheses.
What brought the concentration of people to certain areas? And how much are households prepared t... more What brought the concentration of people to certain areas? And how much are households prepared to pay in exchange for being part of such concentrations? Focusing on the Tokyo metropolitan area, which is one of the world's largest urban areas, this paper aggregates individual data relating to urban amenities in small areas and explores its relationship to population concentration, as well as clarifying its relationship to rent (housing service prices). It is understood from the obtained results that a concentration of urban amenities produces population concentration and also raises housing rent. In addition, it is shown that when measuring the degree of amenity concentration, it is the diversity of amenities, not simply the total number of amenities that is important. Concentration of diverse amenities enhances an area's appeal, and as a result, households will seek to reside there even if rents are high. Among the various types of amenities, it was observed that amenities such as recreational classes, educational facilities and convenience facilities such as restaurants have positive externality. On the other hand, a clear negative relationship was found between housing rent and amenities with negative externality, such as cemeteries and video arcades.
Nobel Elinor: Transcending Markets, Bureaucracy, Covenants and Business Elites, A Few Anecdotes in Celebration of Her Accomplishments, 2010
Elinor Ostrom has innovated by transcending the common quasi-determinisms of Markets, Bureaucracy... more Elinor Ostrom has innovated by transcending the common quasi-determinisms of Markets, Bureaucracy, Covenants, and Business Elites. She has joined elements of all these to illuminate dark corners for most theories, like informal negotiation, intergovernmental cooperation, restructuring incentives, and forming new governance coalitions among voluntary participants, public, private, and non-profit. Her analytical insights link to personal lifestyle in ways that have been inspirational to many globally.
La puissance des scènes Quantité d'aménités et qualité des lieux Daniel Silver et Terry Nichols C... more La puissance des scènes Quantité d'aménités et qualité des lieux Daniel Silver et Terry Nichols Clark 1 N ous utilisons le concept de « scène » depuis une dizaine d'années. À titre de chercheurs du Cultural Amenities Project (affilié au Cultural Policy Centre de l'Université de Chicago), nous avons publié six monographies et plusieurs articles sur ce thème et nous avons également un ouvrage majeur en préparation sur la question 2. Ce concept de scènes nous est apparu comme une solution à une question de recherche bien particulière : « Comment et pourquoi les "aménités" (maisons d'opéra, galeries d'art, restaurants, etc.) influencent-elles le développement social et urbain 3 ? » Pour répondre à la question, nous avons téléchargé des données portant sur des centaines d'aménités correspondant à chacune des zones de code postal des États-Unis. Ces données proviennent pour la plupart du ZIP Code Business Patterns, publié par le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis (US Census Bureau), et d'annuaires en ligne (par ex. les pages jaunes) ainsi que d'autres sources. Il nous est rapidement apparu évident qu'il fallait éviter à 1. Nous remercions nos collègues du Scenes Project pour les discussions, les exemples et les soutiens offerts. La recherche a été soutenue par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada, le Cultural Policy Center et le Neubauer Collegium for Culture and Society de l'Université de Chicago, ainsi que par l'organisme Urban Innovation Analysis.
Abstract: Recent scholarship from political science, urban studies, and sociology conceptualizes ... more Abstract: Recent scholarship from political science, urban studies, and sociology conceptualizes the city as a space of decentralized democracy-a view emphasizing localization, participation, difference, and anti-hierarchical organizational form. Instead of ...
Recent scholarship recognizes the city’s role as “civitas”—a “space of active democratic citizens... more Recent scholarship recognizes the city’s role as “civitas”—a “space of active democratic citizenship” and “full human realization” based on open and free encounter and exchange with difference. The current research emerges from and fills a need within this perspective by examining how local urban contexts undergird and bolster social movement organizations (SMOs). Our theory elaborates and linear regressions assess the relationships between four urban form variables and SMOs. In addition, our theory also examines how urban walking mediates the relationships between these local contextual traits and SMOs. Drawing primarily from the ZIP Code Business Patterns and U.S. Census, we generate a data set of approximately 30,000 cases, permitting regression analyses that distinguish strong direct effects of density, connectivity, housing age diversity, and walking on the incidence of SMOs. Sobel tests indicate that for density and connectivity, walking mediates the relationships with SMOs in a way consistent with the mechanisms of the hypotheses.
What brought the concentration of people to certain areas? And how much are households prepared t... more What brought the concentration of people to certain areas? And how much are households prepared to pay in exchange for being part of such concentrations? Focusing on the Tokyo metropolitan area, which is one of the world's largest urban areas, this paper aggregates individual data relating to urban amenities in small areas and explores its relationship to population concentration, as well as clarifying its relationship to rent (housing service prices). It is understood from the obtained results that a concentration of urban amenities produces population concentration and also raises housing rent. In addition, it is shown that when measuring the degree of amenity concentration, it is the diversity of amenities, not simply the total number of amenities that is important. Concentration of diverse amenities enhances an area's appeal, and as a result, households will seek to reside there even if rents are high. Among the various types of amenities, it was observed that amenities such as recreational classes, educational facilities and convenience facilities such as restaurants have positive externality. On the other hand, a clear negative relationship was found between housing rent and amenities with negative externality, such as cemeteries and video arcades.
Nobel Elinor: Transcending Markets, Bureaucracy, Covenants and Business Elites, A Few Anecdotes in Celebration of Her Accomplishments, 2010
Elinor Ostrom has innovated by transcending the common quasi-determinisms of Markets, Bureaucracy... more Elinor Ostrom has innovated by transcending the common quasi-determinisms of Markets, Bureaucracy, Covenants, and Business Elites. She has joined elements of all these to illuminate dark corners for most theories, like informal negotiation, intergovernmental cooperation, restructuring incentives, and forming new governance coalitions among voluntary participants, public, private, and non-profit. Her analytical insights link to personal lifestyle in ways that have been inspirational to many globally.
Daniel Aaron Silver and Terry Nichols Clark
Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press
2016
Chinese translat... more Daniel Aaron Silver and Terry Nichols Clark Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press 2016
Gabriel Tarde ranks as one of the most outstanding sociologists of nineteenth-century France, tho... more Gabriel Tarde ranks as one of the most outstanding sociologists of nineteenth-century France, though not as well known by English readers as his peers Comte and Durkheim. This book makes available Tarde’s most important work and demonstrates his continuing relevance to a new generation of students and thinkers.
Tarde’s landmark research and empirical analysis drew upon collective behavior, mass communications, and civic opinion as elements to be explained within the context of broader social patterns. Unlike the mass society theorists that followed in his wake, Tarde integrated his discussions of societal change at the macrosocietal and individual levels, anticipating later twentieth-century thinkers who fused the studies of mass communications and public opinion research.
Terry N. Clark’s introduction, considered the premier guide to Tarde’s opus, accompanies this important work, reprinted here for the first time in forty years.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Published Aug 2016. 441pp. See Dan Silver academia.com si... more Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Published Aug 2016. 441pp. See Dan Silver academia.com site for related papers.
Click on Title first, then click on one of 9 files. First is Am Soc overview, then 9 chapter files to choose which to view
Class and its linkage to politics became a controversial and exciting topic again in the 1990s. T... more Class and its linkage to politics became a controversial and exciting topic again in the 1990s. Terry Clark and Seymour Martin Lipset published "Are Social Classes Dying?" in 1991, which sparked a lively debate and much new research. The main critics of Clark and Lipset—at Oxford and Berkeley—held (initially) that class was more persistent than Clark and Lipset suggested. The positions were sharply opposed and involved several conceptual and methodological concerns. But the issues grew more nuanced as further reflections and evidence accumulated.
This book draws on four main conferences organized by the editors. Sharply contrasting views are forcefully argued with rich and subtle evidence. The volume includes a broad overview and synthesis; major reports by leading participants; and original theoretical and empirical contributions.
Click on Title first, then click on 3 files to choose which of 3 files to view, 3 posted as key c... more Click on Title first, then click on 3 files to choose which of 3 files to view, 3 posted as key chapters, first is
15-23.pdf
San Francisco: Chandler; Chicago, SRA
This book is an international comparison of third sectors. It builds on recent work on the origin... more This book is an international comparison of third sectors. It builds on recent work on the origins, dynamics, and effects of civil society in different parts of the world; we include the political-historical background and third sector interactions with state institutions, as well as analysis of how those dynamics vary by region. We then examine functions, impacts, and composition of the nonprofit sector for six key countries. Foundational differences in religious and political tradition across these different countries create different types of meanings for third sector organizations. Contexts shift drastically, internationally and over time. A children’s art group, for example, means something very different in a wealthy Los Angeles suburb than in a poor Lima neighborhood. Chinese civic organizations, for example, follow the predominantly Asian model of being funded largely by government, and are linked to goals of national politics. This contrasts with Western experience of the third sector, which has often explicitly challenged government objectives. Most existing studies are of one or a few countries; moving to a global perspective adds considerable insights in highlighting variations, and offers policy options of borrowing across national systems. We hope in this book to encourage others to look more sensitively at different national systems.
CSOs (civil society organizations), NPOs (nonprofit organizations), NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), INGOS (international non-governmental organizations), and formal and informal associations are part of an important, relatively new sector that is now a world political force. Though the components of this “third sector” vary by country, their net effect is increasingly important across the globe. This third sector plays a critical role in creating values worldwide, through its work in service delivery, advocacy, cultural programs, and social movements. The third sector includes different types of relief and welfare organizations, innovation organizations, public service organizations, economic development, grassroots mobilization, advocacy groups, and social networks (Clark 1991:40–41).
This study began at an invitation from the Chinese government in 2009 and was published in Mandarin in 2011. This English version incorporates new material for a more global audience, emphasizing the presence of different institutional logics born of different cultural traditions and historical trajectories. The book’s history thus led to a national policy-oriented perspective informing the broader theoretical observations below. As such, it is our hope that it constitutes a useful guide for a wide variety of audiences, ranging from policymakers who may find it useful to locate their work within a broader context, to academics looking for a comparative frame to situate their own scholarship, to third-sector practitioners, who may find reflections and insights germane to their careers.
Are you sceptical about the importance of arts and culture, especially about their possible impac... more Are you sceptical about the importance of arts and culture, especially about their possible impact on politics and the economy? This volume outlines a new framework for analysis of democratic participation and economic growth and explores how these new patterns work around the world. The new framework joins two past traditions; however, their background histories are clearly separate. Democratic participation ideas come mostly from Alexis de Tocqueville, while innovation/bohemian ideas driving the economy are largely inspired by Joseph Schumpeter and Jane Jacobs. New developments building on these core ideas are detailed in the first two sections of this volume. But these chapters in turn show that more detailed work within each tradition leads to an integration of the two: participation joins innovation. This is the main theme in the book's third section, the buzz around arts and culture organizations, and how they can transform politics, economics, and social life.
Review of William Julius Wilson, More Than Just Race. New York: W.W. Norton. 2009. ISBN 978-0-39... more Review of William Julius Wilson, More Than Just Race. New York: W.W. Norton. 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-06706-7. Hardback $24.95, 190pp. Urban Affairs Review. March 2011, Vol. 47 Issue 2, pp. 300-303.
Keynote Address to International Symposium on Designing Governance for Civil Society, Keio Univer... more Keynote Address to International Symposium on Designing Governance for Civil Society, Keio University, COE, Center of Governance for Civil Society, Tokyo, March 5-6, 2010 and to Global Metropolitan Forum of Seoul 2010. This version has been cut for presentation and translation into Korean. A more complete English version with photos, videos, Power Point and data for Seoul, Tokyo, and Beijing
Selectively using Tocqueville, many social scientists suggest that civic participation
increases ... more Selectively using Tocqueville, many social scientists suggest that civic participation increases democracy. We go beyond this neo-Tocquevillian model in three ways. First, to capture broader political and economic transformations, we consider different types of participation; results change if we analyze separate participation arenas. Some are declining, but a dramatic finding is the rise of arts and culture. Second, to assess impacts of participation, we study more dimensions of democratic politics, including distinct norms of citizenship and their associated political repertoires. Third, by analyzing global International Social Survey Programme and World Values Survey data, we identify dramatic subcultural differences: the Tocquevillian model is positive, negative, or zero in different subcultures and contexts that we explicate
Presented to 2012 Urban Forums: Local Area Processes: Theories, Methods, and Models, Chicago, May... more Presented to 2012 Urban Forums: Local Area Processes: Theories, Methods, and Models, Chicago, May 18-19, 2012.
What drives workplace and political collaboration, trust, economic and population growth? The W... more What drives workplace and political collaboration, trust, economic and population growth? The Western models emerging from Putnam, Verba et al, Florida, Glaeser, Lloyd, Scott, and Porter stress variables that sometimes shift dramatically in Asia. Those relying on individualism and personal initiative, from Tocqueville on—which stress participation as driving legitimacy, and bohemia as innovating--often fail or shift drastically in a new study of related dynamics in China, Korea, and Japan, compared to the US, Canada, France, and Spain. We use hundreds of variables to contrast models by type of local area and country using OLS, HLM, Geographically Weighted Regression, and ARCGIS mapping. Restaurants and bars can play critical roles, reinforcing workplace and family solidarity, while organized groups shift in their dynamics from the West. We are constructing a multi-level interpretative framework specifying how cultural, political and economic dynamics interpenetrate in distinct but varying combinations. How engaged or alienated are young persons, workers, and the general public shifts other processes. Arts and culture can build glamour and charisma, or alienate as transgressive and inauthentic; each varies by context.
For colloque de l’AISLF : CHAMPS, MONDES, SCÈNES AU PRISME DES RÉSEAUX. Quelles implications en s... more For colloque de l’AISLF : CHAMPS, MONDES, SCÈNES AU PRISME DES RÉSEAUX. Quelles implications en sociologie de l’art et de la culture? Montreal, October 2014.
Scenes clarify how and where arts and culture shift in dynamics and impacts. Fans differ. Niches and social media prize diversity. People compile playlists stressing individual self-expression. Scenes contrast with past work on the production of culture, the dominance general economic and social relations, like capitalism or colonialism or racial or gender hegemony, publishers and advertising. Scenes instead identify active, choice elements of culture. We outline 15 scenes dimensions, from self-expression and transgression to localism and neighborliness. These value dimensions define core foci for participants; leitmotifs recur in lyrics, color, and sound. Scenes provide a grammar of general dimensions that recombine into more concrete types like Disney Heaven or Baudelaire's River Styx or Bobo’s Paradise. Scenes rise with choice, encouraged by education and travel, Internet options of global access to inexpensive new cultural material. YouTube and Kindle, Facebook and Twitter work bottom up and top down. Traditional benchmark cultural activities are in relative decline, but new changing activities are booming, especially with the young. People move into one scene and voluntarily leave, continually, in person and online. Such scenematics contrast with models stressing deterministic primordial characteristics like race, class, gender, and national origin; these persist but explain less and operate more combined with scenes’ value elements. Scenes capture new dynamics of how and where people participate in culture, such as identifying genres, like Rap or House. And scenes redefine contexts which inform other dynamics. Bohemia transforms into fans of distinctive painters, singers, and poets. Their dynamics shift across scenes. For example Bohemia is more critical for participants surrounded by inhospitable persons; Montmartre and Greenwich Village confronted other unwelcoming neighborhoods; the “counter” culture opposed. With the spread of tolerance and Bobos, Bohemia declines in power. Other scenes enter. All these types still populate the globe, but in varying sizes across locations, in ways we interpret with maps and more. Our scenes project offers specific analyses by neighborhoods from France and Spain to the US and Canada, Korea, China, and Japan. The cross national variation shows that models like Tocqueville’s participation and Jane Jacob’s Bohemia hold in much of Europe and North America but not in Asia: Can Tocqueville Karaoke? we explore by showing how shifting scenes transform core propositions about values, participation, and cultural impact.
New Political Culture in Comparative Perspective*
Terry Nichols Clark University of Chicago, Chi... more New Political Culture in Comparative Perspective*
Terry Nichols Clark University of Chicago, Chicago, USA Clemente J. Navarro, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain Peter Achterberg, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
*For Special Session 09 New Political Culture in Comparative Perspective, Congress, International Political Science Association, Fukuoka, Japan, July 10-13, 2006.
Abstract How has the New Political Culture surfaced and transformed itself? What is the role of amenities and consumption as new policies of governments? How have these transformed politics and policies? Data from the Fiscal Austerity and Urban Innovation Project are analyzed to address these questions.
Presented to Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 2-5, 2009.
This paper el... more Presented to Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 2-5, 2009.
This paper elaborates a critical, specific aspect of the New Political Culture: the rise of issue politics, consumption generally, and the arts and related cultural activities (in the sense of theatre, music, etc.) in particular. Dramatic changes in the economy, social arrangements and politics are changing the world in recent decades: globalization, the knowledge economy, post-industrial society, flexiblization and other labels have been widely used. _Cities vary by neighborhood and offer a unique opportunity to analyze these general processes: local cultural and socio-economic characteristics are linked to urban politics and development. We have coded over 700 amenities found in all 42,000 US zip codes, generating scores on 15 scenes dimensions such as egalitarian, self-expressive, transgressive, neighborliness. These are then analyzed in regressions. We codify results in propositions to interpret what is happening and include other specific findings from several major studies, including the World Values Survey, International Social Survey Program, various census sources, and more.
Presented to Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 2-5, 2009.
Political leg... more Presented to Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 2-5, 2009.
Political legitimacy can be attained by other means than voting or citizen participation. In addition to these conventional methods of guaranteeing legitimacy, we contend that alternative modes of political legitimacy are emerging all over the world. Among the emergent forms of legitimacy one finds material and symbolic activities connecting to citizens’ values: China’s ongoing economic growth or Bogota’s late 1990s civic culture program are examples. Instead of relying on citizens embracing the rules of political participation of representative democracy, many political leaders at local and national levels are achieving political legitimacy by fulfilling citizens’ material and symbolic demands. The arts can be used to make politics more theatrical.
Recent scholarship from political science, urban studies, and sociology conceptualizes the city a... more Recent scholarship from political science, urban studies, and sociology conceptualizes the city as a space of decentralized democracy – a view emphasizing localization, participation, difference, and anti-hierarchical organizational form. Instead of conceiving the city as a place of atomized individuals and a locale for market exchange, this alternative framework recognizes the city’s role as “civitas” – a “space of active democratic citizenship” and “full human realization” based on open and free encounter and exchange with difference. The current research emerges from and fills a need within this perspective by examining how local urban contexts undergird and bolster contemporary anti-systemic movements (CASMs). Theory elaborates how urban density, land-use mix, and connectivity generate and enable interaction with the social diversity fundamental to decentralized and anti-hierarchical movements. In addition, theory also examines how urban walking mediates the relationships between these urban contextual traits and CASMs. Empirical analysis will investigate the direct effects of density, connectivity, land-use mix, and urban walking on contemporary anti-systemic movement activity (measured as human rights, environmental, and social advocacy groups), as well as employing the Sobel and Freedman-Schatzkin tests to assess mediation. Preliminary analysis suggests positive relationships between urban contextual traits and social movement variables.
Many past studies invoke crime, population size and more as “context”. We seek to overcome such a... more Many past studies invoke crime, population size and more as “context”. We seek to overcome such ad hocism by introducing the theory of scenes. It is a social analogue to the big five personality dimensions. We include 15 dimensions of scenes like self-expression, glamour, localism, and neighborliness. Each is measured by scoring several hundred individual amenities (like tattoo parlors, Baptist churches, yoga salons) and citizen survey items for each of 42,000 US zip codes or sometimes counties. Several of the 15 match locations for the big five, and provide a rationale for analyzing 1. individual amenities (like Baptist churches) 2. The 15 scenes dimensions 3. Combinations of the 15 like Black is Beautiful, Bohemia, Bobo’s Bliss, and Disney Heaven. We are collaborating with others in this session to model how scenes affect social psychological processes. For instance, some scenes have direct effects on loneliness and well being of individuals, while others mediate other variables, like how the big five shift loneliness. We have similar projects with collaborators in Canada, Spain, France, Korea, China, Japan, Germany, and Poland.
How do third sector groups transform governance and trust by citizens? Worldwide, a classic polic... more How do third sector groups transform governance and trust by citizens? Worldwide, a classic policy is to engage citizens in organized groups. Yet patterns vary hugely by nation and locality. Differences in the functions and composition of the nonprofit sector are compared in this report for the US, France, China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Newer leaders and many citizens (especially the younger and more demanding) are redefining the rules of political involvement in societies around the world. Citizens now have more education; sometimes more income; they read more and use the Internet; many travel more; they have more sophisticated information about policy options and international customs. This makes leading harder. We identify several distinct patterns and mechanisms that vary globally, from centralized efficient service delivery, to citizen engagement, to political challenging. Some classic patterns posited in Tocquevillian-like participation reverse in their consequences in some French and Asian contexts. We use original data analysis of past surveys and original local data combined with critical case studies to elaborate these points.
Where and how does arts activity drive neighbourhood revitalization? We explore the impact of ar... more Where and how does arts activity drive neighbourhood revitalization? We explore the impact of arts establishments on income in US zip codes, nationally and across quantiles (from four to seven subgroups) of zip codes stratified by disadvantage (based on income and ethnicity/race). We focus on what is new here: how neighbourhood scenes or the mixes of amenities mediate relationships between the arts and income. One dramatic finding is that more bohemian/hip neighbourhoods tend to have less income, contradicting the accounts from Jane Jacobs, Richard Florida and others. Arts and bohemia generate opposing effects, which emerge if we study not a few cases like Greenwich Village, but use more careful measures and larger number of cases. Some arts factors that distinctly influence neighbourhood income include the number of arts establishments; type and range of arts establishments; levels of disadvantage in a neighbourhood; and specific pre and coexisting neighbourhood amenities. Rock, gospel and house music appeal to distinct audiences. Our discussion connects this vitalizing role for arts activity to broader community development dynamics. These overall results challenge the view that the arts simply follow, not drive, wealth, and suggest that arts-led strategies can foster neighbourhood revitalization across a variety of income, ethnic, and other contexts. 
Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de montrer dans une première partie comment ces principes a... more Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de montrer dans une première partie comment ces principes animent notre théorie des scènes. Ces der- nières sont posées comme des réalités multidimensionnelles qui, sur la base de pratiques locales concrètes, articulent les valeurs de légitimité, de théâ- tralité et d’authenticité. La deuxième partie décrit de façon plus détaillée une dimension «scénique» clé, celle de la légitimité autoexpressive. La troi- sième partie présente pour sa part des méthodes permettant de localiser les scènes selon une méthode empirique. La quatrième section met l’accent sur la dimension expressive des scènes, dans la mesure où la présence d’une telle dimension favorise l’émergence des organismes liés aux nouveaux mouve- ments sociaux (NMS), notamment les organismes de défense des droits de la personne et de défense de l’environnement. En croisant nos données sur les aménités avec celles du Bureau de recensement des États-Unis, nous consta- tons que les NMS tendent à se concentrer dans des lieux «distinctifs», qui présentent les caractéristiques suivantes: population dense disposant d’un fort potentiel piétonnier (walkability) et composée d’une proportion impor- tante de diplômés universitaires et de minorités visibles, taux de criminalité élevé, aménités traduisant l’importance accordée à la « légitimité de l’autoex- pression ». La corrélation apparaît ainsi très forte entre le potentiel piétonnier de ces quartiers, la dimension expressive de ce type de scène urbaine et la présence de NMS. Malgré les valeurs d’universalité et de cosmopolitisme qui sous-tendent l’action des NMS, une grande partie de leurs soutiens et de leur vitalité tiendrait de la sorte aux qualités des contextes locaux concrets au sein desquels ils se trouvent. En conclusion, nous fournissons un aperçu des recherches en cours à l’échelle internationale sur le thème des scènes urbaines, ainsi que sur les perspectives qu’elles ouvrent en sciences sociales et humaines.
What drives workplace and political collaboration, democracy, trust, economic and popula⁃ tion gr... more What drives workplace and political collaboration, democracy, trust, economic and popula⁃ tion growth? Or protest against them? The Western models emerging from Putnam, Verba et al. Florida, Glaeser, Lloyd, Scott, and Porter stress variables that sometimes shift dramatically in Asia. Those relying on individualism and personal initiative, from Tocqueville on - which stress participation as driving legit⁃ imacy, and bohemia as innovating - often fail or shift drastically in a new study of related dynamics in China, Korea, and Japan, compared to the United States, Canada, France, and Spain. Karaoke restau⁃ rants and bars can play critical roles, reinforcing workplace and family solidarity, while organized groups shift in their dynamics from the West. We are constructing a multilevel interpretative framework specify⁃ ing how cultural, political, and economic dynamics interpenetrate indistinct but varying combinations. How engaged or alienated are young persons, workers and the general public shift other processes. Arts and culture can build glamour and charisma, or alienate as transgressive and inauthentic; each varies by context.
The global rise of arts and culture is transforming local politics. Though new to many academic u... more The global rise of arts and culture is transforming local politics. Though new to many academic urban analysts, this is a commonplace for many mayors and local policymakers around the world. We seek to overcome this divide by joining culture and the arts with classic concepts of urban politics. We offer an analytical framework incorporating the politics of cultural policy alongside the typical political economic concerns in the urban politics and development literatures. Our framework synthesizes several research streams that combine in global factors driving the articulation of culture into city politics. This frames our studies of the local processes through which this articulation occurs on the ground in Toronto and Chicago.
This paper elaborates a general theory of scenes as multi-dimensional complexes of
meaning embed... more This paper elaborates a general theory of scenes as multi-dimensional complexes of
meaning embedded in material, local practices. It outlines techniques for measuring
scenes empirically and shows how certain types of scenes provide environments in
which new social movement (NSM) organizations (like human rights and
environmental groups) tend to thrive. However universal and cosmopolitan the
10 content of NSM goals, they appear to get much of their energy and support from
the qualities that inhere in concrete local contexts.
How does urban policy get made? Do leaders matter? Some see specific leaders, and their preferenc... more How does urban policy get made? Do leaders matter? Some see specific leaders, and their preferences, as key. If leaders matter, then are business, political, or other kinds of leaders more important-and where, when, and why? A second view is that capitalism, or more recently, global markets, make specific leaders irrelevant. A third view is that leaders like mayors are growing weaker if not irrelevant since citizens, interest groups, and media have grown so powerful. We examine theoretical statements of these views, comparative studies, and case studies of specifics. But there is not a simple answer: some evidence supports each of the three views. Thus, as the course proceeds we will give you some tools to sift through and interpret such conflicting evidence, as you will no doubt confront similar conflicts in the future. The first half of the course develops the core ideas for a new perspective on urban policy. It stresses consumption, amenities, and neighborhood scenes as redefining many past rules about how cities work. These are still controversial, especially in exchanges among the LA school, a nascent New York school, and the New Chicago school of urban research. The course introduces you to core urban issues, whether your goal is to conduct research, interpret reports by others, make policy decisions, or watch the tube and discuss these issues as a more informed citizen. One former student suggested that we announce that each class will show you how at least one conception from the N.Y. Times or CNN is wrong, and how you can reach a more informed interpretation. He also suggested that if we don't you could get your money back, but the University's legal counsel advised against this. We will engage major ongoing debates by joining discussions about new policies from such leaders as Obama, Clinton, Black Lives Matter, and Donald Trump. Plus key mayors who have sought to implement related policies. And citizens who may seem anonymous, but make a difference. Like what cities and neighborhoods voted for Trump and why? Our focus is on linking policy debates with core social science analyses about what has worked, or not, and why. The course presents an overview of urban policy analysis, focusing on leadership patterns of public officials and their implications for urban public policy, especially economic development. In the process we review the major interpretations about how urban politics and leadership work in cities around the world today. What strategies encourage or discourage development? Which specific cities and leaders have followed different sets of strategies and with what consequences? What shifts in urban political cultures have accompanied different sets of policies? Case studies of individual cities and comparative analyses across cities around the world will be used. Examples
Great discussion last night with our Chicago Scencemakers. A recurring theme was how and where do... more Great discussion last night with our Chicago Scencemakers. A recurring theme was how and where do civic activities engage or alienate participants. Lots of personal experiences that cry for conceptual linkages to broader discussions. The new experiences also reframe past theories, if we think about them.
Should we return to the urban policies of the 1960s? Why not? Part I details critical changes th... more Should we return to the urban policies of the 1960s? Why not? Part I details critical changes that shift the foundations of future national urban policy. Most examples are from the US, but many processes are international, often in countries where stronger national urban policies are in place. Our focus is to work through the dynamics of policies and how they function on the ground, block-by-block, as one can observe in community work of the sort that Barack Obama has favored and done himself. We add new results from national surveys that sharpen the critical role of arts, culture, and expressive components to help identify differences between successful and failed policies. The agenda for a National Urban Policy (in Part II), emerges from New Foundations for Urban Policy (in Part I).
NOTE: the pdf appears garbled if viewed on the academia site, but if you download it should be le... more NOTE: the pdf appears garbled if viewed on the academia site, but if you download it should be legible. This chapter discusses a new approach to the study of urban place, "the scenes ap proach." While this approach is not exclusively applicable to cities, this chapter is focused on urban areas. Businesses and institutions, people and practices join to produce areas with distinct aesthetics-hip, edgy, refined, glamorous, etc. These qualities make it possi ble to move about a city as if it were a scenic route, to discover the styles of life each has to offer. This chapter is intended as a first effort to extend scenes thinking to historic preservation and public heritage practice (and vice versa) and we invite critical dialogue and collaboration. Keywords: historic preservation, scenes approach, cultural heritage, urban, built environment, practice
Intl Encyclopedia Political Communications, Vol. 2, ICAZ-Wiley-ICA , 2015
Political culture refers to the values and political conduct of individual or collective agents. ... more Political culture refers to the values and political conduct of individual or collective agents. As a concept it is as old as the analysis of politics itself. Aristotle wrote about a "state of mind" that could inspire either political change or stability; Machiavelli stressed the role of the values and feelings of identity and commitment; Burke praised the "cake of custom" that enabled political institutions to fulfill their aims; Tocqueville emphasized moeurs as the key determinants of the character of a particular society. But the contemporary understanding of political culture has been uniquely influenced by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba's classic behaviorist formulation in The Civic Culture (1963), leading up to today's multicausal, relational, and mixed methods approaches to the study of the concept (Thompson, Ellis, & Wildavsky, 1990). As a result of this method-ological diversity, political culture has ceased to be narrowly identified with the attitudes toward government of political agents, to be measured in the aggregate and then compared across political systems, or even more broadly conceived as a process in which political meaning is constructed in the interplay between the attitudes of individual citizens and the language and symbolic systems in which they are embedded. Contemporary analysis of political culture is a broad church, taking in everything from data collection on political opinions, attitudes, and values conducted by means of structured interviews with representative samples of citizens (e.g., Inglehart, 1997), to interpretive approaches that use a range of qualitative methods to clarify how political identities are generated, or how symbols and rhetoric can generate compliance or conflict, to discussions of why some ethnic identities become radicalized and others do not. The field has become so broad, that it is hard to pinpoint what is political culture and what is not. The behaviorist postwar revolution Almond and Verba's pioneering study of political culture, The Civic Culture (1963), is as much a reflection of the dominance of behaviorist and functionalist approaches in the postwar period as it is a reaction against the legal institutionalist paradigm that had commanded political science since the end of the 19th century. Some historical events were also important in promoting awareness of the special interest of political culture as a research topic. For instance, the collapse of constitutional regimes in Germany, Italy,
People internationally ask if and how socialism as implemented in communism could be combined wit... more People internationally ask if and how socialism as implemented in communism could be combined with democracy. Yugoslavia was the most advanced potential example. Similar debates were going on inside the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, in discussions and it’s journals
How could capitalism and socialism possibly work together? And add democracy if some arrangements changed? In Yugoslavia for instance in some years, some city councils made decisions on detailed policy for all of the enterprises/firms within their town. Still this was contested. Some enterprises argued that they needed more autonomy and that city councils were not the right way to make decisions that were in the best interests of the firm or workers.
Four of us studied two Slovenian communes doing personal interviews with leaders every other day for a long summer. We then proposed a broader survey across Slovenia which collected the data which Peter Jambrek analyzed for his PhD and published book. The variations across communes were substantial, but the patterns of variation link with and extend international work in compelling manner.
This chapter builds on past work to examine the distinctive ways in which ethnic restaurants help... more This chapter builds on past work to examine the distinctive ways in which ethnic restaurants help to define the contemporary scenescape in US cities. It uses the example of restaurants to illustrate how to apply and extend a scenes approach. Restaurants in general and ethnically themed restaurants are crucial components of many cities and communities' consumer offerings. They often make the scene. After briefly reviewing some general principles of the scenes perspective, the authors discuss ethnic neighborhoods and the role of consumption venues such as restaurants in defining their identity. The authors stress multiple ways that ethnically themed amenities and local populations may overlap in various contexts, as well as how they can join with other dimensions of local scenes. These ideas are illustrated by examining multiple types of ethnic restaurants across all US zip codes, paying particular attention to the degree to which they correspond with coethnic residential populations, and how this varies by group and city. The authors also investigate the types of scenes typical of cosmopolitan areas that offer diverse ethnic cuisines.
More traditionally associated with hogs (“Chicago: Hog Butcher to the World”), clientelism (“We D... more More traditionally associated with hogs (“Chicago: Hog Butcher to the World”), clientelism (“We Don’t Want Nobody Nobody Sent,”), and industrialism (“Chicago, City of Broad Shoulders”), Chicago lacks a strong tradition of major civic and city government expenditure and interest in arts, culture, and amenities. As late as 1975, Saul Bellow wrote, “there were beautiful and moving things in Chicago, but culture was not one of them” (Bellow 1975: 69). In the wake of major investments in Chicago’s cultural infrastructure, by 2009, the Director of the National Endowment of the Arts could say: “Mayor Daley should be the No. 1 hero to everyone in this country who cares about art” (in The Theater Loop, 2009). In 1976, Milton Rakove described Chicago as “Dick Daley’s town. Uncultured and parochial...not an Athens, neither a Rome, nor a London, and never a Paris” (Rakove 1976: 41). In 2003 Mayor Daley II had the street level bus stops and rail entrances redesigned to match those in Paris. What happened in between, how did local politicians drive this process, and how has Chicago politics changed?
This chapter investigates the consequences of local ‘scenes’ for urban development. It treats the... more This chapter investigates the consequences of local ‘scenes’ for urban development. It treats the particular constellation of amenities in a place – cafes, galleries, pubs, music venues, fashion houses, dance clubs, antique shops, restaurants, fruit stands, convenience stores and the like – as constituting the local scene. These constellations of amenities define the scene by making available an array of meaningful experiences to residents and visitors. Scenes give a sense of drama, authenticity and ethical significance to a city’s streets and strips. Depending on its particular configuration of amenities, a vibrant scene can transform an urban area into a theatrical place to see and be seen (glamorously, transgressively or in other ways), an authentic place to explore and affirm local, ethnic or national identities (among others), an ethical place to share and debate common values and ideals (such as tradition or self expression). The availability of these experiences varies substantially across and even within cities and regions. These variations have significant consequences for urban economies and populations.
We propose several hypotheses and analyses about scenes as one factor that contributes to ‘creative cities’. We situate these propositions within a broader universe of ideas about the significance of creativity. First, we offer a brief overview of the processes involved in what we call the institutionalization and internalization of creativity. This is a process whereby creativity moves from the margins to the centre of basic conceptions of human action, bringing with it special attention to the specific mechanisms through which creative activity is more likely to occur in one place and moment rather than another. Second, we briefly review some classic and contemporary hypotheses about what these multiple mechanisms might be, such as education, technology, density and the like. Third, we propose adding scenes as a distinctly important factor of creativity. We offer a brief introduction to our scenes perspective on urban development, before proposing and testing several hypotheses about how scenes drive urban development.
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Papers by Terry Clark
Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press
2016
Chinese translation 2019
Tarde’s landmark research and empirical analysis drew upon collective behavior, mass communications, and civic opinion as elements to be explained within the context of broader social patterns. Unlike the mass society theorists that followed in his wake, Tarde integrated his discussions of societal change at the macrosocietal and individual levels, anticipating later twentieth-century thinkers who fused the studies of mass communications and public opinion research.
Terry N. Clark’s introduction, considered the premier guide to Tarde’s opus, accompanies this important work, reprinted here for the first time in forty years.
This book draws on four main conferences organized by the editors. Sharply contrasting views are forcefully argued with rich and subtle evidence. The volume includes a broad overview and synthesis; major reports by leading participants; and original theoretical and empirical contributions.
15-23.pdf
San Francisco: Chandler; Chicago, SRA
Foundational differences in religious and political tradition across these different countries create different types of meanings for third sector organizations. Contexts shift drastically, internationally and over time. A children’s art group, for example, means something very different in a wealthy Los Angeles suburb than in a poor Lima neighborhood. Chinese civic organizations, for example, follow the predominantly Asian model of being funded largely by government, and are linked to goals of national politics. This contrasts with Western experience of the third sector, which has often explicitly challenged government objectives. Most existing studies are of one or a few countries; moving to a global perspective adds considerable insights in highlighting variations, and offers policy options of borrowing across national systems. We hope in this book to encourage others to look more sensitively at different national systems.
CSOs (civil society organizations), NPOs (nonprofit organizations), NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), INGOS (international non-governmental organizations), and formal and informal associations are part of an important, relatively new sector that is now a world political force. Though the components of this “third sector” vary by country, their net effect is increasingly important across the globe. This third sector plays a critical role in creating values worldwide, through its work in service delivery, advocacy, cultural programs, and social movements. The third sector includes different types of relief and welfare organizations, innovation organizations, public service organizations, economic development, grassroots mobilization, advocacy groups, and social networks (Clark 1991:40–41).
This study began at an invitation from the Chinese government in 2009 and was published in Mandarin in 2011. This English version incorporates new material for a more global audience, emphasizing the presence of different institutional logics born of different cultural traditions and historical trajectories. The book’s history thus led to a national policy-oriented perspective informing the broader theoretical observations below. As such, it is our hope that it constitutes a useful guide for a wide variety of audiences, ranging from policymakers who may find it useful to locate their work within a broader context, to academics looking for a comparative frame to situate their own scholarship, to third-sector practitioners, who may find reflections and insights germane to their careers.
increases democracy. We go beyond this neo-Tocquevillian model in three ways. First, to
capture broader political and economic transformations, we consider different types of participation;
results change if we analyze separate participation arenas. Some are declining, but a
dramatic finding is the rise of arts and culture. Second, to assess impacts of participation, we
study more dimensions of democratic politics, including distinct norms of citizenship and their
associated political repertoires. Third, by analyzing global International Social Survey Programme
and World Values Survey data, we identify dramatic subcultural differences: the Tocquevillian
model is positive, negative, or zero in different subcultures and contexts that we explicate
Scenes clarify how and where arts and culture shift in dynamics and impacts. Fans differ. Niches and social media prize diversity. People compile playlists stressing individual self-expression. Scenes contrast with past work on the production of culture, the dominance general economic and social relations, like capitalism or colonialism or racial or gender hegemony, publishers and advertising. Scenes instead identify active, choice elements of culture. We outline 15 scenes dimensions, from self-expression and transgression to localism and neighborliness. These value dimensions define core foci for participants; leitmotifs recur in lyrics, color, and sound. Scenes provide a grammar of general dimensions that recombine into more concrete types like Disney Heaven or Baudelaire's River Styx or Bobo’s Paradise. Scenes rise with choice, encouraged by education and travel, Internet options of global access to inexpensive new cultural material. YouTube and Kindle, Facebook and Twitter work bottom up and top down. Traditional benchmark cultural activities are in relative decline, but new changing activities are booming, especially with the young. People move into one scene and voluntarily leave, continually, in person and online. Such scenematics contrast with models stressing deterministic primordial characteristics like race, class, gender, and national origin; these persist but explain less and operate more combined with scenes’ value elements. Scenes capture new dynamics of how and where people participate in culture, such as identifying genres, like Rap or House. And scenes redefine contexts which inform other dynamics. Bohemia transforms into fans of distinctive painters, singers, and poets. Their dynamics shift across scenes. For example Bohemia is more critical for participants surrounded by inhospitable persons; Montmartre and Greenwich Village confronted other unwelcoming neighborhoods; the “counter” culture opposed. With the spread of tolerance and Bobos, Bohemia declines in power. Other scenes enter. All these types still populate the globe, but in varying sizes across locations, in ways we interpret with maps and more. Our scenes project offers specific analyses by neighborhoods from France and Spain to the US and Canada, Korea, China, and Japan. The cross national variation shows that models like Tocqueville’s participation and Jane Jacob’s Bohemia hold in much of Europe and North America but not in Asia: Can Tocqueville Karaoke? we explore by showing how shifting scenes transform core propositions about values, participation, and cultural impact.
Terry Nichols Clark University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
Clemente J. Navarro, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
Peter Achterberg, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
*For Special Session 09 New Political Culture in Comparative Perspective, Congress, International Political Science Association, Fukuoka, Japan, July 10-13, 2006.
DRAFT – COMMENTS INVITED to Terry Clark [email protected]
Abstract
How has the New Political Culture surfaced and transformed itself? What is the role of amenities and consumption as new policies of governments? How have these transformed politics and policies? Data from the Fiscal Austerity and Urban Innovation Project are analyzed to address these questions.
This paper elaborates a critical, specific aspect of the New Political Culture: the rise of issue politics, consumption generally, and the arts and related cultural activities (in the sense of theatre, music, etc.) in particular. Dramatic changes in the economy, social arrangements and politics are changing the world in recent decades: globalization, the knowledge economy, post-industrial society, flexiblization and other labels have been widely used.
_Cities vary by neighborhood and offer a unique opportunity to analyze these general processes: local cultural and socio-economic characteristics are linked to urban politics and development. We have coded over 700 amenities found in all 42,000 US zip codes, generating scores on 15 scenes dimensions such as egalitarian, self-expressive, transgressive, neighborliness. These are then analyzed in regressions. We codify results in propositions to interpret what is happening and include other specific findings from several major studies, including the World Values Survey, International Social Survey Program, various census sources, and more.
Political legitimacy can be attained by other means than voting or citizen participation. In addition to these conventional methods of guaranteeing legitimacy, we contend that alternative modes of political legitimacy are emerging all over the world. Among the emergent forms of legitimacy one finds material and symbolic activities connecting to citizens’ values: China’s ongoing economic growth or Bogota’s late 1990s civic culture program are examples. Instead of relying on citizens embracing the rules of political participation of representative democracy, many political leaders at local and national levels are achieving political legitimacy by fulfilling citizens’ material and symbolic demands. The arts can be used to make politics more theatrical.

meaning embedded in material, local practices. It outlines techniques for measuring
scenes empirically and shows how certain types of scenes provide environments in
which new social movement (NSM) organizations (like human rights and
environmental groups) tend to thrive. However universal and cosmopolitan the
10 content of NSM goals, they appear to get much of their energy and support from
the qualities that inhere in concrete local contexts.
How could capitalism and socialism possibly work together? And add democracy if some arrangements changed? In Yugoslavia for instance in some years, some city councils made decisions on detailed policy for all of the enterprises/firms within their town. Still this was contested. Some enterprises argued that they needed more autonomy and that city councils were not the right way to make decisions that were in the best interests of the firm or workers.
Four of us studied two Slovenian communes doing personal interviews with leaders every other day for a long summer. We then proposed a broader survey across Slovenia which collected the data which Peter Jambrek analyzed for his PhD and published book. The variations across communes were substantial, but the patterns of variation link with and extend international work in compelling manner.
We propose several hypotheses and analyses about scenes as one factor that contributes to ‘creative cities’. We situate these propositions within a broader universe of ideas about the significance of creativity. First, we offer a brief overview of the processes involved in what we call the institutionalization and internalization of creativity. This is a process whereby creativity moves from the margins to the centre of basic conceptions of human action, bringing with it special attention to the specific mechanisms through which creative activity is more likely to occur in one place and moment rather than another. Second, we briefly review some classic and contemporary hypotheses about what these multiple mechanisms might be, such as education, technology, density and the like. Third, we propose adding scenes as a distinctly important factor of creativity.
We offer a brief introduction to our scenes perspective on urban development, before proposing and testing several hypotheses about how scenes drive urban development.