ERP

Although Enterprise System (ES) implementation (formerly Enterprise Resource Planning systems) literature is extremely broad, most of it takes the perspective of the implementing organisation and its employees, i.e., project managers, key users and users. The fact that it is both possible and popular to conduct such a complicated, time-consuming and expensive project using functional consultants is largely omitted. This study explores the Enterprise System implementation project from the perspective of the functional consultants and is based on the analysis of project documentation and interviews. The research questions answered by this study include the consultants’ requirements from other project participants, which help them to accomplish the goals of each project phase, to complete the activities performed in each project phase, and to deliver the products that are requested of them.

... This led to a larger nation-wide research project that aimed at identifying the next ... The purpose of this paper is to establish a research framework for the IMERAS project. ... Second intellectual resistance, this has to do with the employees not understanding the integration within the ...

It is generally accepted that user adoption and user engagement are key critical success factors for ERP business value realization. However, a majority of ERP implementations take a qualitative approach for managing user adoption and user engagement. A qualitative approach focuses on data that is subjective, interpretive and exploratory. Let's see how successful this passive approach has been in the past. According to a 2014 survey from Panorama Consulting Solutions of 192 businesses, 66 percent of respondents reported receiving 50 percent or less measurable benefits from their ERP implementation, and less than 40 percent were satisfied with the rate of user adoption. In the US, a recent study estimates that over half of all Accounting, ERP, and CRM implementations fail to meet their objectives. In Europe, the corresponding statistic is 70%-80 %! An oldie but goodie is what was learned from the 1999 Hershey's ERP failure (user adoption). A recurring theme from the ERP failures listed above is a lack of actively tracking and managing user adoption and user engagement. Traditional approaches of End User Testing (EUT), Just-In-Time (JIT) training and user surveys are insufficient for a reliable, effective user adoption and engagement process. In the following sections, we will discuss practical steps that you can take to better quantify user adoption and user engagement. User Adoption vs. User Engagement The first step to take in implementing a measured and repeatable approach is to understand the difference between user adoption and user engagement. User adoption is when users adopt a system that works to fill a specific need. User engagement measures how effectively a system is utilized. A user can adopt an ERP solution but yet the user is not making the most of the ERP functionality available. In my humble opinion, I believe that we in the ERP industry too often try to broadly address these specific areas with qualitative surveys which are translated into quantitative data with some level of bias. Don't get me wrong, using surveys and statistics as a tool to provide some high level of quantification of qualified user feedback. The problem occurs when user surveys are the ONLY method we use to manage user adoption and user engagement. Surveys were necessary in what I call the 1 st generation of ERP given that the technology and availability of user data was not a primary objective for ERP vendors. However, now that we are in the 2 nd generation of ERP, user data is more available for consumption. We in the ERP industry have to leverage this new capability in addition to conventional means. What data should we go after to highlight user adoption and user engagement? Consider the following illustration as a starting point.

A Cloud Computing system is intended to improve and automate the controlling single point operations. By using a single point of control, this goal is accomplished through the elimination of duplicate entry and the contribution of data integrity, detailed drilldown, simple training, manageable support, minimal IT maintenance, easy upgrades and reduced costs. Overall, the advantages of cloud computing usage fulfill the original intentions of business as it allows process manufacturers to manage their business as simply and efficiently as possible. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software is designed to improve and auto-mate business processes operations. However, there are many unnecessary administrative, procedural costs and delays often associated with this practice. Examples include duplicate data entry, data corruption, increased training, complicated supplier relations, greater IT support and software incompatibilities. Purpose of this system is Single Point of Control, Duplicate Entry Elimination, Data Integrity, Detail Drill Down, Basic Training, Manage Support, Security, Minimal IT Maintenance, Easy Upgrades, and Reduce Costs etc.

All products and services have certain life cycles. The life cycle refers to the period from the product's first launch into the market until its final withdrawal and it is split up in phases. During this period significant changes are made in the way that the product is behaving into the market ie its reflection in respect of sales to the company that introduced it into the market. Since an increase in profits is the major goal of a company that introduces a product into a market, the product's life cycle management is very important.

Economic globalisation and internationalisation of operations are essential factors in integration of suppliers, partners and customers within and across national borders, the objective being to achieve integrated supply chains. In this effort, implementation of information technologies and systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) facilitate the desired level of integration. There are cases of successful and unsuccessful implementations. The principal reason for failure is often associated with poor management of the implementation process. This paper examines key dimensions of implementation of ERP system within a large manufacturing organisation and identifies core issues to confront in successful implementation of enterprise information system. A brief overview of the application of ERP system is also presented and in particular, ERP software package known as SAP R/3, which was the ERP software package selected by Rolls-Royce plc. The paper takes an in-depth look at the issues behind the process of ERP implementation via a case study methodology. It focuses on business and technical as well as cultural issues at the heart of the Rolls-Royce implementation. The case study also looks at the implementation time scales and assesses the benefits from the project both tangible and intangible.

Economic globalisation and internationalisation of operations are essential factors in integration of suppliers, partners and customers within and across national borders, the objective being to achieve integrated supply chains. In this effort, implementation of information technologies and systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) facilitate the desired level of integration. There are cases of successful and unsuccessful implementations. The principal reason for failure is often associated with poor management of the implementation process. This paper examines key dimensions of implementation of ERP system within a large manufacturing organisation and identifies core issues to confront in successful implementation of enterprise information system. A brief overview of the application of ERP system is also presented and in particular, ERP software package known as SAP R/3, which was the ERP software package selected by Rolls-Royce plc. The paper takes an in-depth look at the issues behind the process of ERP implementation via a case study methodology. It focuses on business and technical as well as cultural issues at the heart of the Rolls-Royce implementation. The case study also looks at the implementation time scales and assesses the benefits from the project both tangible and intangible. r

Self-referential processing has been principally investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, understanding of the brain functioning is not possible without careful comparison of the evidence coming from different methodological domains. This paper aims to review electroencephalographic (EEG) studies of self-referential processing and to evaluate how they correspond, complement, or contradict the existing fMRI evidence. There are potentially two approaches to the study of EEG correlates of self-referential processing. Firstly, because simultaneous registration of EEG and fMRI has become possible, the degree of overlap between these two signals in brain regions related to self-referential processing could be determined. Second and more direct approach would be the study of EEG correlates of self-referential processing per se. In this review, I discuss studies, which employed both these approaches and show that in line with fMRI evidence, EEG correlates of...

As more and more organizations move from functional to process-based IT infrastructure, ERP systems are becoming one of today's most widespread IT solutions. However, not all firms have been successful in their ERP implementations. Using a case study methodology grounded in business process change theory, this research tries to understand the factors that lead to the success or failure of ERP projects. The results from our comparative case study of 4 firms that implemented an ERP system suggest that a cautious, evolutionary, bureaucratic implementation process backed with careful change management, network relationships, and cultural readiness have a positive impact on several ERP implementations. Understanding such effects will enable managers to be more proactive and better prepared for ERP implementation. Managerial implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed. #

ERP implementation success is influenced by a large number of factors, which most of the times are difficult to measure objectively. Adequate Business Process Redesign (BPR) is one of the most cited critical success factors in ERP implementation projects, and one of the most critical ones for the their satisfactory outcome. This study attempts to define a set of metrics for monitoring BPR within ERP implementation projects by using the Goals/Questions/Metrics method. The results of this work are twofold. First, a literature review on the BPR topic as related with ERP implementation projects is presented. And second, a Goals/Questions/Metrics preliminary plan to monitor andcontrol BPR within ERP implementation projects is proposed.

ERP is a software that functions to manage and integrate various operational activities in a business. With the development of cloud computing, ERP has become affordable software for SMEs. Currently there are so many ERP products on the market, where most SMEs do not have IT resources who understand how to choose the appropriate ERP product. One of the success of ERP implementation is determined in the product selection phase, therefore it is very important to know what factors must be considered when choosing an ERP product. In this paper, we follow the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) research method, reviewed 51 articles, to explore criteria of selection ERP in SMEs. This paper classifies the ERP selection factors into five factors and is grouped between developed and developing countries. ERP selection factors for developed and developing countries are quite different. But in general, the most important factor to be considered is business functionality.

Alain Robert says "we are living in a world where everything is based on Security". Today's era of technology, the security plays an vital role in the real world and if there is security need to be for a data of the organization then it become more essential. Some time data preventing becomes more critical than the organizational prestige. Many organization who wants to make their business technically update, they all migrate their business from manual form to automated form. ERP is the solution for their problem, which is integrated automated application which help the organization to maintain all the micro, tough, difficult business transaction at one & common location. As the ERP comes with lots of benefits, the tool also comes with many issues like money, time, man power etc. As the ERP having most advance business tool, the security of the data which flows in the application also makes a vital importance in the organization. This paper highlighting the importance of ERP systems security and various security issues tackle by the organization. We start our journey from understanding the ERP system and then moves towards the security issues in the ERP system and how the people plays their role in ERP system. The next part of journey, we suggest some countermeasure about the security issues in ERP system. With the final word in the abstract, this research paper is all about the security of ERP systems.

This paper presents a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for a phased implementation of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solution. The key activities that constitute an ERP implementation project are discerned in detail, each in its entirety. Each activity illustrates the tasks required to fulfill each part of a project.

From an internal audit perspective, enterprise systems have created new opportunities and challenges in managing internal as well as external risks. In this work, we report results of a survey that examines internal auditors’ ability to identify and manage operational, financial, technological, compliance and other risks as the organization migrates to an ERP environment. Our findings show that the internal auditors perceive a reduction in financial and operational risk and an increase in technical risks. These effects are somewhat mitigated by their ability to assess and manage these risks. We also find that internal audit departments satisfied their needs for ERP skills not by outsourcing but by providing staff with in-house training.

An Educational ERP System is a solution developed to bring together the various modules and processes in an educational environment and also to improve the efficiency of such processes. This paper will examine the different ERP solutions in the market. The comparison is made on the basis of a number of factors such as, the technology used, whether or not the solution is made open source, cost of the solution and the corresponding features it provides. This comparison takes into consideration the various success factors for ERP solutions. We also provide various factors we have used in making our comparative study and provide a final summary stating a way to decide the preferences for different solutions in different scenarios.

ERP systems, at present, are found to be inflexible to adapt to changing organizational processes. They are required to quickly adjust to changing processes and value-added chains and streamline their internal organizational structure. Data in ERP systems is becoming increasingly voluminous in their transactional programs. In this scenario, ERP systems are increasingly exposed to big data wherein the combined analysis of larger amounts of structured and unstructured data from disparate systems takes place in a short amount of time. Big data analytics requires greater use of predictive analytics to uncover hidden patterns and their relationships to visualize and explore data. The evolution of big data and predictive analytics have given a new way for exploring new frontiers in analytics-driven automation and decision management in highvolume, front-line operational decisions. In this paper the authors have focused on predictive capabilities of ERP systems, to analyze current data and historical facts in order to identify potential risks and opportunities for any organization. Analytical Decision Management & Business Rules are used to deploy decision as a service.

Abstrak Perecanaan dan kebijakan suatu organisasi berorientasi pada keuntungan yang mempunyai misi sosial (public service) yang mengfokuskan pada layanan kosumen. Perkembangan teknologi saat ini berdampak pada persaingan yang semakin menonjolkan keunggulan, perkembangan ini berlaku juga pada dunia pendidikan, bagi sebuah perguruan tinggi perkembangan ini harus dikembangkan dan diterapkan. Masyarakat menuntut para pengelola untuk segera mengimplementasikan dalam membantu aktivitas untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi dan layanan bagi stakeholder. Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) sebagai salah satu metode atau kerangka untuk membangun sebuah sistem informasi. EAP suatu metode perencanaan arsitektur yang berorintasi pada kebutuhan bisnis yang terdiri dari : arsitektur data, aplikasi dan teknologi serta rencana implementasi dari arsitektur yang telah dibuat sebagai pendukung aktivitas bisnis demi mencapai tujuan organisasi. Kata Kunci : Sistem Informasi, Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP), Arsitektur Data, Arsitektur Aplikasi, Arsitektur Teknologi.

Recently, external factors such as the year 2000 issue and the adoption of the new European currency have been stimulating companies of any size to radically rethink their information systems. It is necessary to rapidly decide whether to modify existing applications according to the new requirements or to completely redesign the information system. In any case, this process often implies unexpected costs and allocation of resources. As a result, the need to change or renew software applications could be exploited as the chance to redesign the critical business processes as well as to implement an ERP system, in order to more effectively manage business information. The introduction of ERP systems often requires the evolution from the traditional company structure, built on business functions, to an organization based on business processes. This change usually involves significant impacts from both organizational and cultural points of view, which are rarely compatible with the peculiarities of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Nonetheless, experiences from larger companies have shown the strategic and competitive advantages ERP systems can provide. Therefore, in order to allow SMEs to correctly evaluate the acquisition of ERP systems, it is necessary to consider also solutions implying lower organizational and financial impacts. According to the identification and analysis of a set of business indicators related to technological and organizational innovation, this paper presents a framework supporting the evaluation of ERP system acquisition within SMEs.

R/ TEORIA GENERAL DE SISTEMAS: Es la que estudia a las organizaciones como sistemas sociales inmersos en microsistemas que se relacionan mutuamente. SISTEMAS: GRUPO DE UNIDADES COMBINADAS QUE CONFORMAN UN TODO ORGANIZADO. SISTEMA ABIERTO: SON LOS QUE TIENEN INTERCAMBIO CON EL AMBIENTE QUE LOS RODEA. SISTEMA CERRADO: LOS QUE NO TIENEN INTERCAMBIO CON EL MEDIO Q LOS RODEA SINERGIA: ES LA INTEGRACION DE PARTES O SISTEMAS Q CONFORMAN UN NUEVO ELEMENTO U OBJETO. RECURSIVIDAD: Es el hecho de que un sistema, este compuesto a su vez de objetos que también son sistemas. En general que un sistema sea subsistema de otro más grande. NEGUENTROPIA: SE REFIERE A LA ENERGIA TOMADA DEL SISTEMA PARA SU SOBREVIVENCIA. ENTROPIA: SE REFIERE AL FIN DE UN SISTEMA EN PARTICULAR, EXPLICADO EN LA PERDIDA DE UNA ORGANIZACIÓN EN UN SISTEMA AISLADO. DATO: es una representación simbólica (numérica, alfabética, algorítmica, espacial, etc) de un atributo o variable cuantitativa o cualitativa.

Economic globalisation and internationalisation of operations are essential factors in integration of suppliers, partners and customers within and across national borders, the objective being to achieve integrated supply chains. In this effort, implementation of information technologies and systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) facilitate the desired level of integration. There are cases of successful and unsuccessful implementations. The principal reason for failure is often associated with poor management of the implementation process. This paper examines key dimensions of implementation of ERP system within a large manufacturing organisation and identifies core issues to confront in successful implementation of enterprise information system. A brief overview of the application of ERP system is also presented and in particular, ERP software package known as SAP R/3, which was the ERP software package selected by Rolls-Royce plc. The paper takes an in-depth look at the issues behind the process of ERP implementation via a case study methodology. It focuses on business and technical as well as cultural issues at the heart of the Rolls-Royce implementation. The case study also looks at the implementation time scales and assesses the benefits from the project both tangible and intangible. r

Over the last decade, numerous companies have tried to adopt a commercial ERP package in the world-wide e-business and ecommerce environment. However, most of commercial ERP packages are designed for a large-scaled company so that it is difficult to adopt a commercial ERP package in terms of small and medium-size companies. Therefore, it is necessary for a small and medium-size company to seek for an approach for the ERP solutions. In this paper, authors describe a conceptual ERP model for small and medium-size companies by using "4+1" views of Unified Modeling Language. The conceptual ERP model consists of five subsystems: Manufacturing, Sales, HumanResource and Payroll, Trading, and Accounting. The conceptual ERP model is an architectural approach to enterprise systems. By using the model, small and medium-size companies, especially manufacturing companies, can afford to achieve global business process and to acquire ERP systems efficiently.

Presenting affective pictures as a work of art could change perceivers' judgment and strength in emotional reactions. Aesthetic theory states that perceivers of art emotionally distance themselves, allowing them to appreciate works of art depicting gruesome events. To examine whether implicit emotion regulation is induced by an art context, we assessed whether presenting pleasant and unpleasant IAPS pictures as either ''works of art comprising paintings, digital renderings, and photographs of staged scenes " or ''photographs depicting real events " modulated perceivers' Late Positive Potentials (LPP) and likability ratings. In line with previous research and aesthetic theory, participants evaluated the IAPS pictures as more likable when they were presented as works of art than when they were presented as photographs. Moreover, participants' late LPP amplitudes (600–900 ms post picture onset) in response to the pictures were attenuated in the art context condition. These results provide evidence for an implicit emotion regulation induced by the art context.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is one of the most widely accepted choices to obtain competitive advantage for manufacturing companies. However, the successful implementation rate is low and many firms did not achieve intended goals in China. This study develops an ERP implementation success framework by adapting the Ives et al. information systems (ISs) research model and DeLone and McLean's IS success model to identify both critical success factors and success measures. Qualitative case study research methodology is used to collect data and Atlas/ti program is used to facilitate data analysis. Discussion is made finally and suggested ERP systems implementation methodology is given at the end. r

ÖZET: ERP yazılımlarının Dünya'da ve Türkiye'deki durumu, gelişimi ve gelecek için stratejiler konusu, ardından yerli ve yabancı ERP yazılımların tanıtımı, sonra Neden ERP sorusu hakkında bilgi, ERP'nin şirketlere kattıkları yararlar, işletmeler niye bu çözüm paketini seçiyorlar, böyle bir yatırım'a yönlendiren sebepler nelerdir? Kurum yatırım yapmalı mı yapmamalı mı? ERP'ye ihtiyacı var mı, yok mu? Nasıl bir metodoloji izlenmeli? İhtiyacın belirlenmesinden başlayarak, alternatif yazılım şirketleri değerlendirilir, son seçim yapılarak uygulama ve eğitim aşamasına kadar olan şirketlerin izlemeleri gereken tüm adımlar. 11 ayrı sektör incelenmiş ve bu sektörlerde ERP seçiminde dikkat edilmesi gereken kriterler ve sektör beklenti ve özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Her sektörün farklı yanları var ve bu nedenle ihtiyaçları da değişiyor. Karar sürecinde bu unsurlar göz önüne alınarak hareket edildiğinde doğru ERP yazılımına yatırıp yapma oranı artmış olacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler: ERP Yazılımı, Sektör Özellikleri, Çok Ölçütlü Karar Verme 1. GİRİŞ 21. yüzyılda şirketler rekabet güçlerini artırarak rekabet üstünlüğünü elde edebilmek, yaşanan hızlı değişimlere uyum sağlayabilmek ve müşteri potansiyelini koruma ve/veya arttırma amacıyla müşteri odaklı çalışabilmek için, bilgi teknolojileri tabanlı yeni stratejiler geliştirmek, iş akışlarını düzenlemek ve kaynaklarını (hammadde, işgücü, makine-ekipman, finansman v.b.) daha etkin ve verimli bir şekilde kullanmak zorundadırlar. Bu gereksinime cevap veren Kurumsal Kaynak Planlaması (ERP) yazılımları tüm organizasyonların odak noktası olmuştur. İşletmenin boyutu, faaliyet gösterdiği alan ne olursa olsun, temelde karşılaşan sorunlar benzerdir. Her sektörde faaliyet gösterebilen bu sistem için sektör bazında ERP seçim kuralları belirlenmesine yönelik incelemeler yapılmıştır. 2. ERP TANIMI, YAPISI VE KAPSAMI 2.1. ERP Kavramının Tanımı ERP'nin en önemli özelliği, firmanın bütün departman ve fonksiyonlarını tek bir sistem içinde birleştirmeye çalışmasıdır [1]. İhtiyaç ve beklentileri birbirinden farklı olan çok sayıda bölümün aynı bilgisayar sistemi içinde bir araya getirilmesi ve aynı bilgi tabanını paylaşması güç ancak çok faydalıdır. Diğer yandan bölümler arası entegrasyon işletme içinde dolaşan bilginin kalitesini de yükseltir. Kaliteli bilginin hızlı dolaşımı sağlandığında ise verilecek kararlar daha gerçekçi ve doğru olacaktır. ERP yazılımları farklı sektörlerin farklı ihtiyaçlarına uyum sağlayabilecek seviyede özelleştirilebilir. 2.2. ERP'nin Teknik ve Modüler Yapısı ERP'nin temel teknik özellikleri: tüm uygulama alanlarında birbiriyle tutarlı grafik arayüzleri; uygulama, veri tabanı ve sunum olmak üzere üç katmandan oluşan bir istemci/sunucu mimarisi; işletim sistemi ve donanımdan bağımsız. Solaris, Windows NT ya da Linux gibi farklı sistemler üzerine kurulabilir [2]. ERP Sisteminin temel taşları işletim sistemi, veri tabanı, ara yüz ve donanım mimarisi dir [10]. ERP sistemlerinin en önemli özelliklerinden birisi de modüler bir yapıya sahip olması ve kurumların, ihtiyaçlarına göre kendilerine uyan modülleri bünyelerine monte etmeleridir. Modüller birbirinden bağımsız kurulabilseler de hepsi birbiriyle bütünleşik bir yapı içinde işlevlerini yerine getirir. Bir modüldeki veriler diğer bir modül için girdi olarak kullanılabilmektedir [3]. Günümüzde tercih edilen ERP çözümleri paketin tamamını tek bir satıcıdan almak ya da farklı satıcılardan farklı modülleri PAGE 0

The literature on ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems implementation is replete with stories of unsuccessful project outcomes. One of the issues that have attracted relatively little research is the interplay between national culture and the manner in which the ERP project unfolds. The goal of this article is to explore this issue through the use of two case studies from the US and Italy. The data from the case studies is used to demonstrate the impact of national cultural on the two ERP implementation projects. Based on the unique patterns of the implementation process in each of the two cultures, broader issues of ERP implementation are explored and directions for future research on ERP implementation across cultures are proposed.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a product that enables organizations achieving their competitive advantage. However, the failures of ERP implementation are still considered quite high. This research was conducted to formulate the framework of self-assessment of open source ERP implementation readiness, which focused on the ERP pre-implementation aspects. The proposed ERP implementation readiness assessment framework was developed using the Fuzzy-based ANP (Fuzzy ANP), where the examined readiness factors are grouped into three categories, namely project management, organizational, and change management readiness. In order to see the application of the framework, we conducted a case study on an SME engaged in software development. We did focus group discussion with Chief Technology Officer, Chief Strategy Officer and Project Manager. The results showed that the company is not ready to implement open source ERP. Although the company is strong in the human resources aspect, they are still weak in other aspects so that they need some strategies to improve their level of readiness before implementing open source ERP.

Supply Chain Management; Purno Budi Antoro, Tugas Mata Kulaih Enterprise Information System.
Barang yang ada d etalase toko retail adalah hasil dari proses panjang dari bahan baku, produksi, dan distribusi. Banyak unsur yang terlibat sehingga membentuk sebuah rantai. Untuk mendapatkan keunggulan kompetitif dari suatu barang perlu manajemen yang handal. Dalam hal ini bisa dibuat sebuah system management yang disebut Supply Chain Management.

Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) is relevant to today's organizations due to the expanding influence that advancing technologies have had with regard to the human-computer interaction aspect of AST and its implications on socio-biologically inspired structuration. This literature review presents examples of advances in information technology that are driving organizational changes in the areas of business alignment, IT planning, and development that show how AST is being used to study this driving force of advancing technologies within organizations. We also investigate how AST relates to complexity theory of organizational structure, in order to better understand how advancing information technologies influence the structure, modality, and interaction of social systems, team dynamics, and organizations. To gain a better understanding of the individual adaptation of IT and how the adaptation of IT by the business sector drives organizational change within the company in today's digital age, it was necessary for us to investigate such concepts as virtual team dynamics, the integration of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) into academe, the investigation of AST as a Meta-Theory for examining IS within organizations, contextual and organizational elements of AST in Group Support System (GSS) research, group decision making, the geographic dispersion in teams, the Enterprise Systems of induced organizational change, the study of IT effects on individuals and organizations, and technology-mediated learning within organizations.

Makin pesatnya perkembangan teknologi informasi dewasa ini, membuat banyak perusahaan berusaha mengadopsi teknologi informasi terbaru untuk membantu kelancaran bisnis. Teknologi tidak lagi dipandang hanya sebagai pelengkap, tetapi sudah menjadi salah satu penentu atas terlaksananya sasaran atau strategi bisnis perusahaan. Sehingga menimbulkan tantangan baru bagi perusahaan untuk menyediakan suatu sistem yang mampu mengintegrasikan kebutuhan informasiinformasi yang ada serta yang dibutuhkan perusahaan. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) merupakan sekumpulan paket sistem informasi yang dibangun dan diimplementasikan sebagai fasilitator terwujudnya konsep ERP dalam suatu perusahaan. Kendala utama yang harus dihadapi perusahaan untuk mengimplementasikan ERP adalah biaya yang cukup mahal dan implementasinya tidak mudah. Oleh karena itu dalam mengimplementasikan ERP pada Tugas Akhir ini, penulis menggunakan software Openbravo yaitu salah satu solusi ERP open source yang berbasis web.

Definisi ERP Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) adalah sistem informasi yang diperuntukkan bagi perusahan manufaktur maupun jasa yang berperan mengintegrasikan dan mengotomasikan proses bisnis yang berhubungan dengan aspek operasi, produksi, maupun distribusi di perusahaan bersangkutan. Secara garis besar, ERP bisa digambarkan sebagai perkakas manajemen yang menyeimbangkan persediaan dan permintaan perusahaan secara menyeluruh, berkemampuan untuk menghubungkan pelanggan dan supplier dalam satu kesatuan rantai ketersediaan, mengadopsi proses-proses bisnis yang telah terbukti dalam pengambilan keputusan, dan mengintegrasikan seluruh bagian fungsional perusahaan; sales, marketing, manufacturing, operations, logistics, purchasing, finance, new product development, dan human resources. Sehingga bisnis dapat berjalan dengan tingkat pelayanan pelanggan dan produktifitas yang tinggi, biaya dan inventory yang lebih rendah, dan menyediakan dasar untuk e-commerce yang efektif. Sejarah Singkat ERP ERP berkembang dari manufacturing resouces planning (MRP II) dimana MRP II sendiri adalah hasil evalusi dari material requirement planning (MRP) yang berkembang sebelumnya. Sistem ERP secara modular biasanya menangani proses manufaktur, logistik, distribusi persediaan (inventori), pengapalan, invois dan akunting perusahaan. Ini berarti bahwa sistem ini nanti akan membantu mengontrol aktivitas bisnis seperti penjualan, pengiriman, produksi, manajemen persediaan, manajemen kualitas dan sumber daya manusia. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) dan pendahulunya, Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II), memungkinkan terjadinya kemajuan yang sangat besar dalam manajemen proses-proses manufakturing. ERP juga salah satu faktor penyumbang pada performa ekonomi Amerika yang luar biasa pada era 1990-an. Tidak diragukan bahwa ERP adalah tonggak sejarah dalam proses industri. Teknologi dalam Sistem ERP Teknologi enterprise resources planning (ERP) dapat mengintegrasikan fungsi marketing, fungsi produksi, fungsi logistik, fungsi finance, fungsi sumber daya, fungsi produksi, dan fungsi lainnya.

Organizational performance and organizational excellence are the main two focuses of the management of any organization. In fact, the resources of an organization, either tangible or intangible, can distinguish the level of performance of one organization from its rivals. The question always is what are the key success factors that can enhance the organizational strategy implementation initiatives to produce value and create the competitive advantage. In today's changing business environment, improvement and development of internal resources are very crucial to compete externally and globally. This paper aims to review the literature related to the organizational performance and explains the potential effects of TQM, ERP and EO. Given that not all the strategy implementation initiatives are fruitful, this paper attempted to establish an explanation of the mechanism through which such strategies can enhance the overall organizational performance. Based on a thorough review of the extant literature and the theoretical foundation, a research model was proposed. The proposed model is grounded by the fact that only excellent, innovative and differentiated companies and products can excite the customers and succeed in a turbulent business environment.

Although Enterprise Systems (ES) implementations (and formerly Enterprise Resource Planning systems) literature is extremely wide, most of it takes the perspective of the implementing organization and its employees: project managers, key users and users. The fact that one of the possible (and popular) ways of conducting such a complicated, time and money consuming project is to use functional consultants is largely omitted and therefore the role of these consultants in the ES implementation projects is not yet well discovered. This paper explores the role of functional consultants by analysing the detailed lists of activities, performed by them in five projects, led by five different consulting enterprises. The analysis of
project documentation, followed by coding resulted in a consistent task list in each of the project phases as well as its assignment to one of the project participants: consultants or implementing company. Generalization of this list allowed for the formulation of the conclusions on the consultants’ role in the analysed projects.

Perencanaan dan pengendalian produksi merupakan suatu cara yang paling penting di dalam proses produksi. Perancangan dan pengendalian produksi memiliki peranan yang cukup besar dalam penentuan kebijakan perusahaan. Perusahaan manufaktur selalu dituntut untuk mampu memenuhi permintaan pasar. Permintaan pasar yang cenderung fluktuatif membuat perusahaan terkadang tidak dapat memprediksi kebutuhan bahan baku dengan tepat. Hal ini mengakibatkan terjadi kekurangan maupun kelebihan bahan baku yang tentunya akan merugikan pihak perusahaan. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan membutuhkan suatu alat bantu analisis dan penjadwalan untuk pengendalian produksi yang efektif untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Rancangan sistem Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) dibuat dengan program menggunakan Microsoft Excel yang menghasilkan ukuran kinerja sebesar 3,709 sehingga perusahaan berada dalam kelas A.

Self-referential processing has been principally investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, understanding of the brain functioning is not possible without careful comparison of the evidence coming from different methodological domains. This paper aims to review electroencephalographic (EEG) studies of self-referential processing and to evaluate how they correspond, complement, or contradict the existing fMRI evidence. There are potentially two approaches to the study of EEG correlates of self-referential processing. Firstly, because simultaneous registration of EEG and fMRI has become possible, the degree of overlap between these two signals in brain regions related to self-referential processing could be determined. Second and more direct approach would be the study of EEG correlates of self-referential processing per se. In this review, I discuss studies, which employed both these approaches and show that in line with fMRI evidence, EEG correlates of self-referential processing are most frequently found in brain regions overlapping with the default network, particularly in the medial prefrontal cortex. In the time domain, the discrimination of self-and others-related information is mostly associated with the P300 ERP component, but sometimes is observed even earlier. In the frequency domain, different frequency oscillations have been shown to contribute to self-referential processing, with spontaneous self-referential mentation being mostly associated with the alpha frequency band.

Economic globalisation and internationalisation of operations are essential factors in integration of suppliers, partners and customers within and across national borders, the objective being to achieve integrated supply chains. In this effort, implementation of information technologies and systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) facilitate the desired level of integration. There are cases of successful and unsuccessful implementations. The principal reason for failure is often associated with poor management of the implementation process. This paper examines key dimensions of implementation of ERP system within a large manufacturing organisation and identifies core issues to confront in successful implementation of enterprise information system. A brief overview of the application of ERP system is also presented and in particular, ERP software package known as SAP R/3, which was the ERP software package selected by Rolls-Royce plc. The paper takes an in-depth look at the issues behind the process of ERP implementation via a case study methodology. It focuses on business and technical as well as cultural issues at the heart of the Rolls-Royce implementation. The case study also looks at the implementation time scales and assesses the benefits from the project both tangible and intangible. r

The purpose of this study is to design information technology architectures to
automate enterprise business processes. The company's IT architecture needs to be
improved to support the vision and mission in accordance with the needs of the ongoing
business process. Therefore, it is very important for companies to create IT blueprints
to facilitate the development of information systems in the future. The IT architecture in
this study was designed using TOGAF ADM, with SOA and ERP as a solution to existing
problems. The results of this study are in the form of IT architecture design to support
the company's strategic plan through the automation of enterprise business processes

The objective of our research was to explore the critical success factors for successful ERP systems implementation in public administration. First of all, the paper explains the nature of business process management, especially in public administration. Special attention is paid to ERP systems that are supporting business process management as well as critical success factors for their implementation are shown. Next, the case study of ERP systems implementation in the Polish government agency is described. Then, research findings concerning critical success factors for ERP systems implementation in public administration in Poland are shown. The results obtained from this research may prove to be helpful for researchers and scholars in developing studies on ERP systems supporting processes in public administration as well as government agencies interested in implementing ERP systems.

Does language modulate perception and categorisation of everyday objects? Here, we approach this question from the perspective of grammatical gender in bilinguals. We tested Spanish–English bilinguals and control native speakers of English in a semantic categorisation task on triplets of pictures in an all-in-English context while measuring event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Participants were asked to press a button when the third picture of a triplet belonged to the same semantic category as the first two, and another button when it belonged to a different category. Unbeknownst to them, in half of the trials, the gender of the third picture name in Spanish had the same gender as that of the first two, and the opposite gender in the other half. We found no priming in behavioural results of either semantic relatedness or gender consistency. In contrast, ERPs revealed not only the expected semantic priming effect in both groups, but also a negative modulation by gender inconsistency in Spanish–English bilinguals, exclusively. These results provide evidence for spontaneous and unconscious access to grammatical gender in participants functioning in a context requiring no access to such information, thereby providing support for linguistic relativity effects in the grammatical domain.

Les pays en voie de développement dans la plupart sont en transition vers l’économie de marché cherchent à réaliser des mises à niveau de leur économie et du management de leurs entreprises pour intégrer le commerce mondial. Les pays développés utilisent les réseaux virtuels, la gestion industrielle automatisée… comme stratégies de différentiation et barrières à l’entrée à leurs marchés et à leurs produits.
Egalement, la construction et le développement des relations nord/sud (NS) se proliféreront et se dérouleront à travers des infrastructures numériques de plus en plus sophistiquées. L’adoption des TIC est elle-même porteuse de différentes transitions organisationnelles obligeant les entreprises à la pratique de nouveaux normes et usages pour la confection de relations industrielles symétriques solides. Pour cela l’objectif est de répondre à la question de recherche suivante : Est-ce que les entreprises du sud ont-elles les capacités de réaliser des relations virtuelles symétriques avec le Nord en utilisant les applications standards, par exemple, l’Entreprise Ressources Planning (ERP)) constituant le « noyau » essentiel des  supports de la nouvelle économie ?
Le cadre de cette recherche est celle de l’approche de l’adoption des TIC. Dans la plupart des approches théoriques liées à la coopération NS sur l’adoption de la technologie et l’acquisition des compétences, les relations sont analysées de façon asymétriques et parfois en appliquant des stratégies de coopétition. Dans le cas des TIC il s’agit de parler la même langue technique pour communiquer et avoir les applications informatiques nécessaires à ce dialogue. Pour cette raison la relation ne peut être que symétrique. Au sein même des pays développés il existe des interfaces conçues spécialement pour permettre cette connexion.

L’analyse s’appuie sur deux enquêtes dans deux départements algériens recueillant des informations sur la connaissance des ERP et celles usant des applications virtuelles. Elles permettront de connaître et de dresser un état des lieux des différentes possibilités de coopération entre les économies des pays développés et l’Algérie, l’un des pays les plus importants des Pays en Voie de Développement (PVD) dont l’économie est en transition à l’économie de marché.

This paper explores future requirements of project management information systems (PMIS) for professional construction management (CM) firms. Current constituents and effectiveness of CM-PMIS were analyzed first by surveying ten CM firms in South Korea. The composition of PMIS was quantitatively investigated by two dimensions; system configuration (e.g. in-house developed, ERP/ASP, groupware, professional software) and construction business functions (e.g. design, estimating, cost, time etc.). Information requirements from the owners and contractors are compared in order to examine the CM's role among these project participants. Current and future levels of practical utilization of CM-PMIS were also surveyed in order to evaluate the issues and needs. Findings indicate that the Korean CM firms plan to actively enhance PMIS in the areas of 'sales' and 'cost control' business functions in near future.

Two studies examined whether social identity processes, i.e. group identification and social identity threat, amplify the degree to which people attend to social category information in early perception [assessed with event-related brain potentials (ERPs)]. Participants were presented with faces of Muslims and non-Muslims in an evaluative priming task while ERPs were measured and implicit evaluative bias was assessed. Study 1 revealed that non-Muslims showed stronger differentiation between ingroup and outgroup faces in both early (N200) and later processing stages (implicit evaluations) when they identified more strongly with their ethnic group. Moreover, identification effects on implicit bias were mediated by intergroup differentiation in the N200. In Study 2, social identity threat (vs control) was manipulated among Muslims. Results revealed that high social identity threat resulted in stronger differentiation of Muslims from non-Muslims in early (N200) and late (implicit evaluations) processing stages, with N200 effects again predicting implicit bias. Combined, these studies reveal how seemingly bottom-up early social categorization processes are affected by individual and contextual variables that affect the meaning of social identity. Implications of these results for the social identity perspective as well as social cognitive theories of person perception are discussed.