Waste Management

In assessments of the environmental impacts of waste management, life-cycle assessment (LCA) helps expanding the perspective beyond the waste management system. This is important, since the indirect environmental impacts caused by surrounding systems, such as energy and material production, often override the direct impacts of the waste management system itself. However, the applicability of LCA for waste management planning and policy-making is restricted by certain limitations, some of which are characteristics inherent to LCA methodology as such, and some of which are relevant specifically in the context of waste management. Several of them are relevant also for other types of systems analysis. We have identified and discussed such characteristics with regard to how they may restrict the applicability of LCA in the context of waste management. Efforts to improve LCA with regard to these aspects are also described. We also identify what other tools are available for investigating issues that cannot be adequately dealt with by traditional LCA models, and discuss whether LCA methodology should be expanded rather than complemented by other tools to increase its scope and applicability.

This paper presents results from a survey of waste management authorities aimed at identifying the opportunities and constraints associated with implementing economic instruments (EIs) for solid waste management (SWM) in South Africa (SA). Almost all respondents felt that EIs could lead to reduced waste generation and increased diversion of waste from landfill to recycling, and that they should eventually be implemented in the field of SWM in SA, although opinions varied as to the appropriate timeframe for implementation. The general consensus was that a number of fundamentals had to be in place first, including promulgation of the pending Waste Management Bill, political will, education and awareness, capacity and infrastructure development, cost recovery in waste management practices, and enforcement of existing instruments, such as the Minimum Requirements for landfill design and operation. Furthermore, if and when EIs are implemented, institutional limitations must be taken into account in their selection, design and implementation.

The problem of food waste (FW) has become a global issue nowadays and Malaysia is on the other hand, treating FW as part of MSW just because separation of FW management does not exist.  The country is trying its best to solve the fundamental problem of municipal solid waste management by finding the most environmentally friendly solutions that are acceptable to the public. The methodology used for this study is a literature reviews, variable decision-making tools are used such as Decision Matrix, SUSOP and WRATE and also site visits. Site visits were done to get a clear view of the AD process and the plant management itself. Decision Matrix will compare four technologies that are suitable to implement in Malaysia that are Anaerobic Digestion, Composting, Incineration and Landfilling. Results shows that AD is suitable to implement due to the factor of sustainability, renewable energy, considerate capital cost if build in small scale and the lifetime. AD will solve the problem of kitchen and food waste in Malaysia by diverting the waste from landfill and gain benefit by generating renewable energy.

Çöplerin birikmesini takiben çürümeyle birlikte kimyasal ve bakteriyel süreçler başlamakta ve organik çöp materyalleri dönüşüme uğrayarak çöpler dekompoze olmakta ve gaz oluşumu çöplerin kapatılmasını izleyen üç aylık aerobik reaksiyonların ardından başlayan anaerobik stabilizasyonu reaksiyonlarla başlar ve bir süre giderek çoğalır, Neticede biogas türü olan çöplük gazına dönüşmektedir. Çöplük gazı; Metan (CH 4), Karbondioksid (CO2) ve Azot (N2) den oluşan bir gaz karışımıdır.Kontrolsüz Metan gazının kendisi hali hazırda adeta bir saatli bombadır. Maden Ocaklarındaki grizu patlamasının sabıkalısı olan gazdır o. Gazın oluşumu çöpün cinsi,çöplüklerin örtüsü,çöplüğün işletilme şekline bağlı olarak değişir. Kötü koku yaymanın vereceği rahatsızlığın yanısıra çöplük gazlan; çevreyi menfi yönde etkilemekte,kirletmekte ve potansiyel riskler taşımaktadır. Bu olumsuz negatif etkiler içinden sağlık açısından bir tehdit olduğu gibi çöp sahalarındaki metan gazı salınımı bitkilerin oluşumunu da engeller. Habitat fauna ve flora etkilenir. Diğer yandan gaz sıkışması nedeniyle,(yakın zamanda Mayıs(2017) ayında Bodrum'da ki patlama ve yangında olduğu gibi) patlama tehlikesi ve yangın riski taşır hatta bu yangının yayılması ormanlara sıçradığında da doğayı tahrip etme riski taşır. Ayrıca çöplük gazlan; sera etkisini arttırdığı ve ozon tabakasının üst katmanlarına zarar verdiğinden dolayı çöplük gazlarının atmosfere atılması yasaktır ve Doğanın korunması için çöplük gazlarının yakılarak imha edilmesi zorunludurBu bir gaz yakma bacasında, kazanda, bir gaz motorunda veyahut üçünün kombinasyonundan oluşan bir sistemde gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Fotograf : https://www.eprenewable.com/landfill-gas-to-energy Diğer yandan çöp sahasında açılan kuyular aracılığıyla metan gazının toplanıp borular vasıtasıyla ile " Enerji Tesisine " iletilimesi sonrası gaz kurutucuda soğutularak nemi alındıktan sonra siklon seperatör ile gazdaki suyun ayrıştırılmasını müteakip blower " lar aracılığı ile

The book points out that rural regions need proper attention at the global level concerning solid waste management sector where bad practices and public health threats could be avoided through traditional and integrated waste management
routes. Solid waste management in rural areas is a key issue in developing and transitioning countries due to the lack of proper waste management facilities and services. The book further examines, on the one hand, the main challenges in the development of reliable waste management practices across rural regions and, on the other hand, the concrete solutions and the new opportunities across the world in dealing with municipal and agricultural wastes. The book provides useful information for academics, various professionals, the members of civil society, and national and local authorities.

In order to assist researchers explore the full potential of distributed recycling of post-consumer polymer waste, this article describes a recyclebot, which is a waste plastic extruder capable of making commercial quality 3-D printing filament. The device design takes advantage of both the open source hardware methodology and the paradigm developed by the open source self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) 3-D printer community. Specifically, this paper describes the design, fabrication and operation of a RepRapable Recyclebot, which refers to the Recyclebot's ability to provide the filament needed to largely replicate the parts for the Recyclebot on any type of RepRap 3-D printer. The device costs less than $700 in mate rials and can be fabricated in about 24 h. Filament is produced at 0.4 kg/h using 0.24 kWh/kg with a diameter ±4.6%. Thus, filament can be manufactured from commercial pellets for <22% of commercial filament costs. In addition, it can fabricate recycled waste plastic into filament for 2.5 cents/kg, which is <1000X commercial filament costs. The system can fabricate filament from polymers with extrusion temperatures <250 °C and is thus capable of manufacturing custom filament over a wide range of thermopolymers and composites for material science studies of new materials and recyclability studies, as well as research on novel applications of fused filament based 3-D printing.

Geçen hafta pişirdiğiniz brokolinin kalanı hâlâ dolapta mı duruyor? Bu hafta yaptığınız mutfak alışverişinden kalan, bozulmaya yüz tutmuş meyve ve sebzeler dolabı her açtığınızda üzgün üzgün size mi bakıyor? Yalnız değilsiniz.

Yemek yaparken atık üretmeme konusunda ne kadar hassas davranırsak davranalım, çoğu zaman bunu başaramıyoruz. Marketteki ürünler belli porsiyonlarda paketlendiği için, pişireceğimiz yemeğin gerektirdiğinden daha fazla ürünle eve dönmek zorunda kalabiliyoruz. Ayrıca yemeğin ev halkı tarafından beğenilmesi ve sağlıklı olması arasında da bir denge kurmaya çalışıyoruz. Bu sürecin sonunda yenebilir durumdaki gıdaların toprakta, üreticide başlayan yolculuğu çöp kutumuzda son buluyor.
David Evans pek çoğumuzun ortak problemi haline gelen atık meselesini merkeze koyduğu araştırmasının sonuçlarını, çeşitli antropolog ve sosyologların teorileriyle harmanladığı bu kitap aracılığıyla okuyucuya sunuyor. Ayrıca Evans gıdayı gıda olmaktan çıkaran, onu “atmaya hazır” hale getiren sebepleri araştırarak, onları tekrar yenebilir hale getirme ihtimalini inceliyor.

“Sıfır Atık: Tüketim Kültürü ve Gıda İsrafı” kitabı kapalı kapıları aralıyor, insanların evine ve hayatına müdahil olarak gıdanın fazlalık ve atık olma rotasını eleştirel bir bakışla ortaya koyuyor. Eğer siz de daha az atık oluşturmayı amaçlıyor ama nereden ve nasıl başlayacağınızı bilmiyorsanız, bu kitap tam size göre.

WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) is estimated to be one of the fastest-growing waste stream worldwide and in the EU. Due to its content of dangerous substances, it is considered and regulated as hazardous waste. At the same time WEEE is a potential source for recuperation of valuable materials, such as precious metals. This paper presents the current European regulatory framework concerning WEEE management. As part of the assessment, fulfilment of the producer responsibility principle in the context of WEEE management is analysed as an example of implementation of the principle in practice. Furthermore, the paper explores selected consumer-initiated initiatives. The goal of the work is to frame and examine the topic WEEE under an EU lens and to highlight selected responses to the issue of WEEE increase, and more generally to explore current responses for sustainable management of this material stream.
The EU WEEE Directive sets targets to reduce generation of WEEE and to enhance proper collection, re-use and recycling of this material stream, encouraging producer responsibility as key principle. In response to the directive, the European Recycling Platform, that is the first ever pan-European producer compliance scheme, was established for providing an alternative concept to national monopolistic schemes. While in Europe top-down approaches based on regulatory frameworks have become common in WEEE management, consumer-initiated bottom-up initiatives to address WEEE are comparatively rare, but can become vital elements to lower occurrence of such waste streams. Community-based hackerspaces are one example of proactive response towards reduction of avoidable e-waste and should therefore be fostered.

Bhutan is a small landlocked country with an area of 38,394 km 2 and population of 797,765 which is considered as the . Since Bhutan is a developing nation which is thriving to expand its social, cultural and economic boundaries, the country is facing increasing number of rural-urban migration as well as rapidly changing life style which are the major driving forces of increased waste generation in the cities especially at the urban centers like Thimphu. Irregular management and improper dumping leads to an unhealthy community, disturbs the natural ecosystem and dismantles the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a product. This study basically assessed the constraints of the present strategies used in waste management practices in Thimphuassociated with the increasing population pressure and the importance of having modern landfill and incinerator facilities with the use of innovative technologies which would help to develop the concept of Eco-city. Bhutan being a carbon negative country which could be a leading sign of eco-city might be questionable in near future for its improper management techniques. South Asian countries such as Bhutan need to be concerned about proper management of waste. It also contends that the current trend of using only landfills, cannot solve the waste management problem, but rather then that incinerators have the potential to be a better choice, if maintained properly for the development of an eco-city.Solid waste management (SWM) and partaking greener policy is a matter of concern for the eco-city. Use of proper waste management approaches is essential for having sustainable eco-city in the long run.

The current status of solid waste management in Lahore, a metropolitan city of Pakistan, is reviewed in this article using an existing approach, the UN-Habitat city profile. This involves a systematic quantitative and qualitative assessment of physical components and governance features of the current waste management system. A material flow diagram (MFD) is developed, which allows visualisation of the current waste management system with all related inputs and outputs. This study shows that in the current system, waste collection and transportation is the main focus, however the collection coverage is only about 68%. There is no controlled or even semi-controlled waste disposal facility in Lahore. There is no official recycling system in the city. It is estimated that currently ~27% of waste by weight is being recycled through the informal sector. Making use of the organic content of the waste, a composting facility is operative in the city, producing 47,230 tonnes year(-1) of orga...

This study was carried out in Kisenyi area which is located within Central Division of Kampala District, Uganda. The main objective of the study was to explore the current level of community participation in solid waste management and what more the community can contribute to solid waste management, in the future to achieve proper solid waste management in Kisenyi area, Kampala district, Uganda. This study used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. This research took on a descriptive survey design.

The findings revealed that the current level of community participation in solid waste management in Kisenyi area is low. Most respondents have plastic and metallic containers. There is very low level of sorting of waste. The fee for waste collection is affordable though its payment is somehow low with payments done mostly by traders whose waste is taken from their shops by the City Authority and private waste collectors for a fee. Although residents / traders in Kisenyi area have no plans in place to improve community participation in solid waste management, however, the City Authority and local leaders have plans to improve community participation in solid waste management in the area.

The findings also found that residents / traders are not able to reduce waste they generate in their homes / shops and are not capable of managing waste they generate. They cannot reuse waste they generate but they stressed the need to sort waste for recycling especially the plastics and polythene. Also, all respondents in this study are willing to pay for waste collection in the future.

Therefore, because the current level of community participation in solid waste management process is low, the city authority should come up with strategies of involving people in the study area in planning, implementation and monitoring stages of solid waste management process so as to achieve a state of clean and healthy environment. Further research is suggested into the role played by recycling of plastic bottles in combatting poor solid waste collection and management

Anayasanın 98 inci İçtüzüğün 104 ve 105 inci Maddeleri Uyarınca Bir Meclis Araştırması Açılmasına İlişkin Önergeleri ve (10/1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) Esas Numaralı Meclis Araştırması Komisyonu Raporu TÜRKİYE BÜYÜK MİLLET MECLİSİ BAŞKANLIĞINA Sanayileşmiş ülkelerin atmosfere saldıkları gazların, dünya üzerinde sera etkisi yaratması sonucu, dünya yüzeyinin sıcaklığı artmaktadır. Bu da dünyayı olumsuz etkilemekte ve küresel ısınmaya neden olmaktadır, Bilim insanlarının 1860'tan günümüze kadar tuttukları kayıtların ortalamasına bakıldığında, sıcaklığın 0,5 ile 0,8 derece arttığını görmekteyiz. 2100 yılına kadar da sıcaklığın 1,8 ila 4 derece arasında yükseleceği iddia edilmektedir.

In the present study, integrated models have been developed to find out the most appropriate cost of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal using two potential and widely used methodologies, viz. landfill system with gas recovery (LFSGR) and aerobic composting (AC). Objective functions with important costs and benefits including externalities were developed to find out the net unit cost of disposal. Multivariate functional models have been developed for each activity of the objective functions. These integrated techno-economic models can be used not only to determine the most appropriate cost of waste disposal, but also to explain the interparametric linkages and even to compare the potentiality and suitability of a particular methodology for a set of conditions. This can give valuable information that can enhance environmental management leading to sustainable development.In the simulation studies carried out, LFSGR with its proven energy generating potential from MSW in the form of ...

At Centralised Waste Management Facility (CWMF) 160m3 of radioactive chemical sludge, generated from treatment of several batches of category-II and category-III radioactive liquid wastes by chemical precipitation method was stored in clariflocculator (CF) for downstream processing. The sludge needed conditioning before disposal. The analysis of the sludge samples collected at different radial locations and depths from the CF showed suspended

Though the solid waste management (SWM) system in Phnom Penh city in general has been upgraded since the waste collection service was franchised out to the private sector, the performance of the existing SWM system is still low. Unreliable and irregular collection service still exists. This means that there are shortcomings in the existing SWM system that need correction. This paper is an attempt to identify those shortcomings in order to find ways to improve the existing system. First, the present SWM system is reviewed. Then the system is evaluated to find constraints and shortfalls and finally some appropriate strategies are proposed that may help make SWM in the city more effective and efficient to meet environmentally sound objectives.

The global cement industry produces over four billion tonnes annually. In recent years, the quest for increasing energy efficiency has led this industry to test and use "waste" materials as alternative fuels (AF). The objective of this study was to examine the use, as alternative fuel, of the shredded non-recycled plastics and paper residue (NRPP) of a materials recovery facility at the Balcones plant in San Antonio, Texas; this material has a Lower Heating Value (LHV) of about 17 MJ/kg and is called "engineered fuel" (EF). The results showed that EF consists of mostly paper fiber, a biogenic material, so its use helps to decrease CO 2 emissions from cement production. In the US, on an average about 4.3 MJ of thermal energy are used to dry, decompose, and sinter the carbonate minerals to produce one kg of "clinker" that is then ground to cement powder and mixed with other compounds. If the maximum amount of EF that can be used by the U.S. cement industry (83 million tonnes of cement per year) were to be separated at Material Recovery Facilities and used as alternative fuel in cement kilns, the diversion of non-recycled paper and plastics from landfills would amount to 17.7 million tonnes of EF. The general methodology used for the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is Eco-indicators 99 that uses the SimaPro database and four scenarios were assessed. The corresponding chemical structure of the EF was calculated and the associated emissions during combustion were determined. The laboratory analyses determined the average makeup of the sampled fuels consisted of 20% fossil based carbon and 80% biogenic. The use of EF in the cement industry reduces greenhouse gas emission by up to 3 tonnes of CO 2 per tonne of EF used in place of a highquality coal. The study also found that use of EF in cement production has no adverse effect on the stack emissions of cement plants, nor on the quality of cement produced. The mercury concentration in the stack gas of U.S. cement kilns is well below the U.S. standard and the total dioxin emissions of all cement plants amount to only 0.05% of the dioxins emitted by all U.S. sources. Furthermore, the cement process incorporates the residual ash in the EF into the final clinker, thus resulting in both energy and materials recovery.

The increasing of waste generation and its accumulation is alarming due to its potential negative effect on the well-being of the society and the integrity of environment sustainability. Waste generation in Kuala Lumpur is about 2,500 t/ d and is expected to increase to about 4,000 t/ d in 2020. The waste is sent to Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill via Taman Beringin Transfer Station. The transfer station is overloaded with the design capacity of only 1,700 t/ d. The government of Malaysia has decided to construct a 1,200 t/d waste-to-energy (WtE) plant at Taman Beringin, which is adjacent to the transfer station. As the location is highly populated, the project might raise the concerns from nearby residents. This paper describes the project facilitating activities that have been conducted for the development of WtE plant in KL. The studies include technology selection, site assessment and soil investigation, public safety and health assessment, power system study and waste characteris...

In Brazil’s large cities, more than half a million people survive by collecting and selling solid waste. Most face very poor working conditions and have very low incomes as the intermediaries to whom they sell pay low prices. Their activities are even considered illegal in some nations. But the waste pickers save city governments money, contribute to cleaner cities and reduce the volume of waste that has to be dumped (by up to 20 per cent). After describing the waste pickers and the city and national associations they have created, this paper describes the recycling industry and gives some examples of better methods of recycling. These include waste picker cooperatives that can sell the materials they collect direct to industries and that have partnerships with city governments who provide access to wastes, better prices and facilities to improve working conditions (including transferring the recycling from dumps to recycling centres).

As the collection of end-of-life (EOL) electrical and electronic products from households and businesses increases around the world, the search for economically and environmentally responsible and sustainable recovery and recycling processes intensifies ...

We studied the organisation of garbage disposal and management in the leafcutting ant Atta cephalotes. The nest of this species has an internal garbage heap to which waste from the fungus garden is taken. The transport of waste from the fungus gardens to the garbage heaps is an example of task partitioning. Ninety-four percent of the garbage loads transferred from the fungus garden to the garbage heap were transferred indirectly via a caching site just outside the garbage heap entrance. A further 3% were transferred directly from a fungus garden worker to a garbage heap worker, again just outside the heap entrance. Only 3% were taken directly to the garbage heap without task partitioning. This is the first described example of task partitioning in insect societies for work other than foraging and the first example of task partitioning occurring entirely within the nest. Furthermore, there is a strong division of labour between the fungus garden workers and the garbage heap workers, with garbage workers hardly ever leaving the heap. Division of labour is reinforced by aggressive behaviour directed towards workers contaminated with garbage. This pattern of work organisation minimises contact between garbage heap workers, who are probably contaminated with pathogens hazardous to both the ants and their symbiotic fungus, and both fungus garden workers and the fungus garden. Task partitioning, division of labour (reinforced by aggression) and nest compartmentalisation act synergistically to isolate the hazardous garbage heap from the fungus gardens.

A newly developed and validated constitutive model that accounts for primary compression and timedependent mechanical creep and biodegradation is used for parametric study to investigate the effects of model parameters on the predicted settlement of municipal solid waste (MSW) with time. The model enables the prediction of stress strain response and yield surfaces for three components of settlement: primary compression, mechanical creep, and biodegradation. The MSW parameters investigated include compression index, coefficient of earth pressure at-rest, overconsolidation ratio, and biodegradation parameters of MSW. A comparison of the predicted settlements for typical MSW landfill conditions showed significant differences in time-settlement response depending on the selected model input parameters. The effect of lift thickness of MSW on predicted settlement is also investigated. Overall, the study shows that the variation in the model parameters can lead to significantly different results; therefore, the model parameter values should be carefully selected to predict landfill settlements accurately. It is shown that the proposed model captures the time settlement response which is in general agreement with the results obtained from the other two reported models having similar features.

This study illustrates the process of removal of chromium from chrome tanning waste-water by fly ash which was drive from chrome shaving dust. This experiment was carried out in a batch process with laboratory prepared adsorbent samples and chrome tanning water collected from local tanneries. The influence of various factors likes adsorbent doses, contact time, and initial concentration of chromium on the removal of chromium from effluent was investigated. FTIR analysis was done to identify the functional groups presents in the fly ash. The maximum removal of chromium and absorption capacity was found to be 97.86%. And 23.11 mg/g at chromium concentration of 1000.3mg/ l and 1291 mg/l respectively. Total dissolve solid, turbidity, and conductivity were reduced significantly. Waste water samples containing several interfering ions like Na, Fe, Ca, Zn, Mn etc. The langmuir absorption isotherm was also used to explain the nature of adsorption. This result indicates that chrome shaving dust ash can be successfully used to treat chrome tanning wastewater.

This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Food Science and Environmental Health at ARROW@DIT. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of ARROW@DIT. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. ... Recommended Citation Crowley, D.; Staines, A.; Collins, C.; Bracken, J.; Bruen, M.; Fry, J; Hrymak, Victor; Malone, D.; Magette, B.; Ryan, M.; and Thunhurst, C, &quot;Health and Environmental Effects of Landfilling and Incineration of Waste - ...

This paper deals with a system of integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and communication technologies for solid waste bin and truck monitoring system. RFID, GPS, GPRS and GIS along with camera technologies have been integrated and developed the bin and truck intelligent monitoring system. A new kind of integrated theoretical framework, hardware architecture and interface algorithm has been introduced between the technologies for the successful implementation of the proposed system. In this system, bin and truck database have been developed such a way that the information of bin and truck ID, date and time of waste collection, bin status, amount of waste and bin and truck GPS coordinates etc. are complied and stored for monitoring and management activities. The results showed that the realtime image processing, histogram analysis, waste estimation and other bin information have been displayed in the GUI of the monitoring system. The real-time test and experimental results showed that the performance of the developed system was stable and satisfied the monitoring system with high practicability and validity.

Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) is a special waste that can be classified as either hazardous or non hazardous depending on the amount of hazardous substances and on the features of leachate gathered from EN12457/2 test. However both the strict regulation concerning landfills and the EU targets related to End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) recovery and recycling rate to achieve by 2015 (Directive 2000/53/EC), will limit current landfilling practice and will impose an increased efficiency of ELVs valorization. The present paper considers ELVs context in Italy, taking into account ASRs physical-chemical features and current processing practice, focusing on the enhancement of secondary materials recovery. The application in waste-to-energy plants, cement kilns or metallurgical processes is also analyzed, with a particular attention to the possible connected environmental impacts. Pyrolysis and gasification are considered as emerging technologies although the only use of ASR is debatable; its mixing with other waste streams is gradually being applied in commercial processes. The environmental impacts of the processes are acceptable, but more supporting data are needed and the advantage over (co-)incineration remains to be proven.

Low-value residues from forest restoration activities in the western United States intended to mitigate effects from wildfire, climate change, and pests and disease need a sustainable market to improve the economic viability of treatment. Converting biomass into bioenergy is a potential solution. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) as a sustainable metric tool can assess the impact of new bioenergy systems. Using the internationally accepted LCA method, this study evaluated the syngas electricity produced via a distributed-scale biomass pyrolysis system called the Tucker Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) system (pyrolysis system developed by Tucker Engineering Associates, Locust, NC). This system converts woody biomass in a high temperature and extremely low oxygen environment to a medium-energy synthesis gas (syngas) that is burned to generate electricity. The pyrolysis process also produces biochar as a byproduct and low-energy (unused) syngas as a waste. Results from the life-cycle impact asse...

Today, over-consumption, pollution and resource depletion threaten sustainability. Waste management policies frequently fail to reduce consumption, prevent pollution, conserve resources and foster sustainable products. However, waste policies are changing to focus on lifecycle impacts of products from the cradle to the grave by extending the responsibilities of stakeholders to post-consumer management. Product stewardship and extended producer responsibility are two policies in use, with radically different results when compared for one consumer product, refrigerators. North America has enacted product stewardship policies that fail to require producers to take physical or financial responsibility for recycling or for environmentally sound disposal, so that releases of ozone depleting substances routinely occur, which contribute to the expanding the ozone hole. Conversely, Europe&#39;s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive requires extended producer responsibili...

The concept of circular economy (CE) has recently gained momentum in the political, scientific, and economic debate, especially in China and Europe. As a result, organizations and scholars have started to establish different sets of principles for its adoption. For this reason, it is important to identify and assess the differences and similarities among existing sets of CE principles, and how organizations and individuals understand and translate them into practice. In this paper, we firstly present a brief review and analysis of the coherence among six existing sets of principles. Our analysis finds that, despite the mixed degree of coherence, all sets describe the necessity to implement CE principles at all levels of a company. We then present the results of an in-depth qualitative survey that investigates how 19 key informants representing small, medium, and multinational companies based in China understand and carry out the CE principles laid out by the BSI standard BS 8001:201...

A system to turn a potentially harmful stream of solid waste into a set of substreams with either commercial value or highly concentrated residual streams is presented. The waste which is considered is metal impregnated (in particular Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) treated) wood waste and timber, such as telephone poles, railway sleepers, timber from landscape and cooling towers, wooden silos, hop-poles, cable drums and wooden playground equipment. These waste streams sum up to several 100,000 tons of material per year currently to be dumped in every major country of the European Community (EC).

The aim of this work was to study the effect of the degree of substitution (DS) and the purity of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa) prepared from Tunisian vine stem on the absorption and retention of water. Vine stem was first delignified using souda-anthraquione, then bleached and finally chemically modified, in order to synthesize different CMCNa derivatives. The carboxymethylation reaction was carried out in presence of NaOH (40 %) and monochloroacetic acid (ClCH 2 COOH), in n-butanol as a reaction solvent. The obtained CMCNa derivatives were characterized using different tools such as the DS, Fourier transforms IR techniques, CP-MAS 13 C-NMR, the exchange capacity as well as the determination of modification reaction yield. The performance of the prepared derivatives in term of absorption capacities and retention capacities was established. The performance of CMCNa derivatives was compared with that achieved by commercial counterparts and it was concluded that the prepared ones exerted higher efficiency.

Huge amounts of used lubricating oils from automotive sources are being disposed as a harmful waste into the environment. For this reason, this study was undertaken to assess the economic feasibility and environmental friendliness of refining used lubricating oil through a process which involves the refining of one tonne per day used lubricating oil to produce 0.75 tonnes of refined oil per day via solvent extraction and agitated thin film evaporation. Valuable lubricant could be recovered from disposed oils and more importantly, oil is becoming a more important factor influencing the shape of society in this century. The cost and availability of oil and its products will significantly impact quality of life, the stability of our environment and the health of national economies. This hazardous used oil needs proper waste management to make it a value added product by minimising the quality of oil being improperly disposed of and reducing the waste oil’s environmental burden. Therefore, refining of waste oil justifies the interest in elimination of pollution and preserving crude oil reserves. An environmental impact assessment of the plant showed that the refining plant does not have adverse negative effects on human beings and the environment as well as mitigation measures for all negative impacts were prescribed. A detailed financial analysis of the project showed that it is economically feasible to operate at 1 TPD capacity as it has a capital investment of $855 000, payback period of 3.2 years with a return on investment of 32 % and a positive net present value
Keywords: refining, used oils, refined lubricating oil, waste management

Anaerobic digestion is the process that generates biogas. This process can be used successfully to treat municipal organic solid wastes and kitchen waste to produce valuable end products, such as Methane gas and fertilizer. This research is aimed at finding out how a large scale market place could successfully utilize its organic waste as opposed to land filling or dumping. The study involved determination of composition and characterization of waste produced over a season, and investigating the possibility of biogas generation using anaerobic digestion process. The study site was a large market place situated in close proximity to Colombo, the main city of Sri Lanka. The study revealed that the composition of the market waste as; vegetable wastes: 45%, fruit wastes: 35%, packing material: 15% and restaurant food waste: 3%. The waste also composed of materials in the form of stones, plastics, wood but was less than 1.3 % of the total waste quantity. Total average waste production per day was about 1ton. The average pH value, percentages of water present, solids and volatiles present in fruits and vegetable were found to be 6.38, 92%, 8.08% and 6.18%, respectively. Bio Methane Potential (BMP) in respect to fruit and vegetable waste and food waste were found to be 0.3m 3 and 0.56 m 3 CH 4 /kg, respectively, measured at atmospheric conditions, 100kPa and 25 o C. This is translated into corresponding energy quantities generated in the form of methane approximately to be 10.5 and 20 MJ/kg from fruit and vegetable waste and food waste. The biodegradability of fruit and vegetable waste and food waste were calculated as be 59.3%, 83.6%, respectively.

An important fraction of the future energy demand may be satisfied by nuclear power. In this context, the possibilities of worldwide nuclear deployment are studied. We are convinced that the Molten Salt Reactors may play a central role in this deployment. The Molten Salt Reactor needs to be coupled to a reprocessing unit in order to extract the Fission Products which poison the core. The efficiency of this reprocessing has a crucial influence on reactor behavior especially for the breeding ratio. The Molten Salt Breeder Reactor project was based on an intensive reprocessing for high breeding purposes. A new concept of Thorium Molten Salt Reactor is presented here. Including this new concept in the worldwide nuclear deployment, to satisfy these power needs, we consider three typical scenarios, based on

The disposal problem represented by vegetable-tannery sludge is of great and ever-increasing concern in Italy. Such sludge is of a highly polluting nature and therefore, requires a reliable and safe treatment to make it harmless before release into the environment. Vegetable-tannery sludge contains some very toxic compounds, mainly polyphenols (i.e. tannins) and sulphides, that are hazardous to biological systems. This paper deals with experiments evaluating the feasibility of vegetable-tannery sludge management and recycling by an integrated composting process. Static windrow technique with forced air and temperature feedback has been adopted for composting a mixture of vegetable-tannery sludge and organic biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) as bulking agent. Physico-chemical, microbiological and phytotoxicological aspects of this compost production from vegetable-tannery sludge are here emphasized along with some technological details.

Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade (1991-2001) was 3.85%, almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently the inhabitants of Delhi generate about 7000 tonnes/day of MSW, which is projected to rise to 17,000-25,000 tonnes/day by the year 2021. MSW management has remained one of the most neglected areas of the municipal system in Delhi. About 70-80% of generated MSW is collected and the rest remains unattended on streets or in small open dumps. Only 9% of the collected MSW is treated through composting, the only treatment option, and rest is disposed in uncontrolled open landfills at the outskirts of the city. The existing composting plants are unable to operate to their intended treatment capacity due to several operational problems. Therefore, along with residue from the composting process, the majority of MSW is disposed in landfills. In absence of leachate and landfill gas collection systems, these landfills are a major source of groundwater contamination and air pollution (including generation of greenhouse gases). This study describes and evaluates the present state of municipal solid waste management in Delhi. The paper also summarizes the proposed policies and initiatives of the Government of Delhi and the Municipal Corporation of Delhi to improve the existing MSW management system.