Coal

The capability of 14 zeolites synthesized from different fly ashes (ZFAs) to sequestrate Cr(III) from aqueous solutions was investigated in a batch mode. The influence of pH on the sorption of Cr(III) was examined. ZFAs had a much greater ability than fly ash to remove Cr(III), due to the high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the high acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of ZFAs. The mechanism of Cr(III) removal by ZFAs involved ion exchange and precipitation. A high-calcium content in both the fly ashes and ZFAs resulted in a high ANC value and, as a result, a high immobilization capacity for Cr(III). The pH strongly influenced Cr(III) removal by ZFAs. Inside the solubility range, removal of chromium increased with increasing pH. Hydroxysodalite made from a high-calcium fly ash had a higher sorptive capacity for Cr(III) than the NaP1 zeolite from medium-and low-calcium fly ashes. On the other hand, at pH values above the solubility range, the efficiency of chromium removal by the ZFAs approached 100% due to the precipitation of Cr(OH) 3 on the sorbent surfaces. It is concluded that ZFAs and high-calcium fly ashes may be promising materials for the purification of Cr(III) from water/wastewater.

When investigating the toxicity of individual particle sources, it is important to consider the contribution of both primary and secondary particles. In this article, we present the design of a new photochemical chamber that can be used to form secondary sulfuric acid particles from diluted coal-fired power plant emissions. The chamber is a relatively small, well-mixed flow reactor that can fit in a mobile reaction laboratory. It produces high concentrations of hydroxyl radical (OH) from the photolysis of ozone (O 3 ) in the presence of water vapor. Two chambers were built and tested. A pilot chamber was tested in the laboratory, using mixtures of NO and SO 2 in air, at concentrations that are approximately 100 times lower than those in power plant stack emissions. This chamber was able to oxidize about 20% of the SO 2 , thereby producing 1350 μg m −3 of H 2 SO 4 particles. Further tests showed that increasing O 3 concentrations and residence time increased the H 2 SO 4 production. A field chamber was built subsequently and used in a toxicological study. Diluted coal-fired power plant emissions were introduced in the chamber. Over 19 days of exposure, the chamber, on average, converted 17% of the supplied SO 2 emissions and produced an average of 350 μg m −3 of H 2 SO 4 particles. Particle losses were determined for the pilot chamber, using artificial particles whose size ranged from 50 to 1000 nm. The determined losses ranged from 21 to 42%, with no trend between the amount of particle loss and particle size. Losses for the field chamber, estimated using model calculations, were found to be similar to those of the pilot chamber.

In order to examine the associations between sinonasal cancer and occupational exposures other than wood dust and leather dust, the data from 12 case-control studies conducted in seven countries were pooled and reanalyzed. The pooled data set included 195 adenocarcinoma cases (169 men and 26 women), 432 squamous cell carcinomas (330 men and 102 women), and 3136 controls (2349 men and 787 women). Occupational exposures to formaldehyde, silica dust, textile dust, coal dust, flour dust, asbestos, and man-made vitreous fibers were assessed with a job-exposure matrix. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age, study, wood dust, and leather dust, or other occupational exposures when relevant. 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. A significantly increased risk of adenocarcinoma was associated with exposure to formaldehyde. The ORs for the highest level of exposure were 3.0 (Cl = 1.5-5.7) among men and 6.2 (CI=2.0-19.7) among women. An elevated r...

A seismic reflection survey was carried out in Bishop Wood, Yorkshire to determine the subsurface structure and the depth to the prospective gypsum and coal measures. Four 24-channel Geodes were used with a PEG40 accelerated weight drop and 10 Hz geophones at 3 m intervals to shot a 1099 m spread.  The final depth processed section shows some reflectors which are clearly visible and is geologically consistent with borehole information in the area. A strong reflector was found at 25 to 50 m depth, multiple reflections were seen between 70 and 150 m and a strong reflector was seen at 200 to 250 m on the processed seismic section. These were tentatively interpreted as the top of Bunter sandstone, multiple gypsum horizons and the top of coal measures respectively, these observations agreed with the borehole information obtained in the area.  A southwards dipping fault was inferred in the section at approximately 600 m along the line, though this may be an artefact due to acquisition and...

mine operations in the early 1970s. For example, the West Virginia legislature passed a law in 1971 requiring Acid-base accounting (ABA) is an analytical procedure that promine operators to show in the permit "the presence of vides values to help assess the acid-producing and acid-neutralizing any acid-producing materials, which, when present, may potential of overburden rocks prior to coal mining and other largecause minesoils with a pH of less than 3.5 and prevent scale excavations. This procedure was developed by West Virginia University scientists during the 1960s. After the passage of laws requir-effective revegetation" (West Virginia Department of ing an assessment of surface mining on water quality, ABA became a Mines and Minerals, 1971). Dr. Richard M. Smith and preferred method to predict post-mining water quality, and permitting his associates at West Virginia University, in conjuncdecisions for surface mines are largely based on the values determined tion with the existing West Virginia coal regulatory by ABA. To predict the post-mining water quality, the amount of agency, began working on a procedure to identify acidacid-producing rock is compared with the amount of acid-neutralizing producing materials in 1965 (Perry, 1998). Throughout rock, and a prediction of the water quality at the site (whether acid the late 1960s and 1970s, the procedure was refined or alkaline) is obtained. We gathered geologic and geographic data and termed acid-base accounting (ABA) (Smith et al., for 56 mined sites in West Virginia, which allowed us to estimate 1976). Acid-base accounting was originally designed to total overburden amounts, and values were determined for maximum distinguish layers in the overburden that could be used potential acidity (MPA), neutralization potential (NP), net neutralization potential (NNP), and NP to MPA ratios for each site based on as topsoil substitutes or as hard durable rock for valley ABA. These values were correlated to post-mining water quality fills. Since the method identified both acid-producing from springs or seeps on the mined property. Overburden mass was and acid-neutralizing materials in the overburden, this determined by three methods, with the method used by Pennsylvania method was one of the earliest technologies available researchers showing the most accurate results for overburden mass. to predict the quantity of acid-producing materials prior A poor relationship existed between MPA and post-mining water to mining (Grube et al., 1973; Skousen et al., 1990; West quality, NP was intermediate, and NNP and the NP to MPA ratio Virginia University, 1971). Since the late 1970s and the showed the best prediction accuracy. In this study, NNP and the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation NP to MPA ratio gave identical water quality prediction results.

The effects produced by emissions from coal-fired power plants, including mainly SO2, NO X and particulates, on natural populations and caged specimens of birds and small mammals were studied. The field-captured species used to evaluate these effects were passerine birds: Parus major (coal tit) and Emberiza cia (rock bunting), and the rodent Apodemus sylvaticus (wood mouse). In parallel to this study on animals captured in the field, we used other animals, Mus musculus (house mouse) and Carduelis carduelis (goldfinch) which were placed in cages near the source of pollution. Some of the animals were killed and their tracheas were removed and prepared for conventional optic studies (1000 x) and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). The results show that atmospheric air pollutants from coal-fired power plants produce alterations in the tracheal epithelium. In passerine birds, an increase in the mucus which covers the tracheal epithelium, shortening of the cilia, and increase in the number of secretory granules and vesicles were observed. In mammals, variation of the uniformity of the pseudostratified epithelium with a wide stratum of mucus, shortening of the cilia, and increase in the number of secretory granules were observed.

Electricity generation from renewable energy resources (RES) has become increasingly significant to reach EU and emissions reduction targets. At the same time, one of the main EU policy goals has been the creation of a common internal energy market for Europe. In this paper, we focus on these two issues previously studied separately, considering their possible interactions. We first analyze the long-run relationship between day-ahead electricity prices and fuel prices (natural gas and coal) looking at two samples of years characterized by low and high RES penetration, then we explore the integration of EU markets. We show that the electricity-fuel nexus found over 2006-2008 changed dramatically over 2010-2014 for the majority of countries considered. In particular, the long-run dependence of electricity from gas and coal prices is much lower in recent years. Furthermore, our results confirm that the considered EU countries are becoming less integrated as RES-E increases. Our findings suggest that nationally implemented policies to support renewables are successful in increasing RES penetration, but they have lessened the linkage among EU markets, then making integration more difficult to obtain.

Lung cancer rates in Xuanwei County have been among the highest in China for both males and females, and have been causally associated with exposure to indoor smoky (bituminous) coal emissions that contain very high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. There are numerous coal mines across the County. Although lung cancer risk is strongly associated with use of smoky coal as a whole, variation in risk by smoky coal subtype has not been characterized as yet. We conducted a population-based case-control study of 498 lung cancer cases and 498 controls, individually matched to case subjects on age (±2 years) and sex, to examine risk by coal subtype. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for coal subtype were calculated by conditional logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Overall, smoky coal use was statistically significantly associated with lung cancer risk, as compared to use of smokeless coal or wood (OR=7.7, 95% CI=4.5 to 13.3). Furthermore, there was marked heterogeneity in risk estimates for specific subtypes of smoky coal (test for heterogeneity: p=5.17 × 10 −10 ). Estimates were highest for coal from the Laibin (OR=24.8, 95% CI=12.4 to 49.6) and Longtan (OR=11.6, 95% CI = 5.0 to 27.2) coal types, and lower for coal from other types. These findings strongly suggest that in Xuanwei and elsewhere, the carcinogenic potential of coal combustion products can exhibit substantial local variation by specific coal source.

Knowledge of chemical mobility of heavy metals is fundamental to understanding their toxicity, bioavailability, and geochemical behavior. In this paper, two different methods, i.e. mineralogical means and sequential extractions, were employed to analyze the total contents, existing states, and chemical forms of heavy metals in coal mine spoils. The results demonstrate that the mobility of heavy metals in coal mine spoils depends not only on their existing states and the stability of their host minerals but also on the properties of the coal mine spoils. In the process of coal mine spoils-water interaction, sulfides that contain heavy metals first break down and release metals, which are then adsorbed and complexed by the iron oxyhydroxide colloid resulting from pyrite oxidization and organic matter. During the natural weathering of coal mine spoils, only a small fraction of these metals are released to the environment, and most of them still remains in the residual material #

Ultra resolution chemical fingerprinting of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) from former manufactured gas plants (FMGPs) was investigated using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC TOFMS). Reversed phase GC × GC (i.e. a polar primary column coupled to a non-polar secondary column) was found to significantly improve the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated homologues. Sample extraction and cleanup was performed simultaneously using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), with recovery rates between 76% and 97%, allowing fast, efficient extraction with minimal solvent consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the GC × GC data was performed in an attempt to differentiate between twelve DNAPLs based on their chemical composition. Correlations were discovered between DNAPL composition and historic manufacturing processes used at different FMGP sites. Traditional chemical...

Los nuevos aceros TRIP, TWIP, Q&P y otros están planteando desafíos concretos en diversos campos, como el comportamiento “peritéctico” [1] de algunos de estos aceros, la interacción de los aceros de alto aluminio con los polvos coladores y el control estricto del enfriamiento en el laminador de chapa en caliente, de las condiciones del recocido continuo de la chapa laminada en frío y del galvanizado electrolítico o por inmersión en caliente, para obtener la microestructura necesaria.

Abstract— World over for production of power pulverized coal fired boilers are extensively used. In India also 80% power is produced by pulverized coal fired boilers in National Thermal Power Plants. A very huge amount of ash is produced from these boilers. The quality of ash varies from plant to plant and from coke to coke depending on source of supply and type of combustion. In this dissertation an attempt has been made to categories problems and solutions related to it as given below:
For disposal of fly ash various kinds of ash ponds have been discussed, Design and economic aspects have been given. The effect of various type of ash/fly ash on air, land, water, agriculture living creature and human beings have been described. Some solutions have also been suggested. Experimental effect of addition of polymer carboxy methyl cellulose in slurry have been found to increase ash settling rates. For getting optimum ash settling rates 2ppm addition of carboxy methyl cellulose is found to be satisfactory. Utilization of fly ash for production of useful products has been mentioned.

The iron and steel industry was the emblem of the industrial revolution in the 19th and early 20th century United States, playing an important role in shaping the nation’s transportation infrastructure, the industrial specialization of its cities, and its rise as an economic and military power. Iron is an abundant but generally non-renewable natural resource that must be extracted, concentrated, and processed to create a useable and merchantable product such as pig iron, wrought iron, or steel. All steps in iron and steel production – from mining to smelting - may incur some impact to the environment. The scope and scale of environmental impact of the iron and steel industry in the 19th century mirrored changes in mining technology – from quarry to open-pit mining - shifts in fuels used in ore smelting – from charcoal to coal and coke – and developments in transportation – from wagon roads to canals and railroads. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, government and industry response to air and water pollution by the iron and steel industries spurred the development of agencies and legislation to control industrial pollution.

Sustainability promotes the perpetuation of environmental quality for present generations, future generations, and other species. Regions are privileged bounded spaces and a focus for sustainability concerns. This paper explores the notion of sustainable regions by employing a case study of the Upper Hunter, Australia, a region that is a node in material and discursive networks for coal mining, wine making, and thoroughbred breeding. It defines sustainability as environmental sustainability, which is a basis for
socio-economic development. While planning for sustainability at a regional scale is vital, it is also necessary to understand material and discursive networks that connect regions with other spaces

Fly ash (FA), the notorious waste product of coal based thermal power plants, known for its ill effects on agricultural land, may now come as an aid for the farming community. Because of its great availability and low cost, further possibility of its usage should be investigated. Fly ash from both coal and lignite- acts as a good carrier for bio pesticides. It is used as a conditioner to arrest soil erosion, and to induce plant resistance against diseases. However, several studies proposed that FA can be used to improve physical, chemical and biological properties of the degraded soils and is a source of easily available and cheaper micro, macro-nutrients for crops. Thus use of fly-ash is an effective way of utilization of problematic fly-ash waste in a useful manner. In this study, the review covers the sources, merits and applications of fly ash and fly ash based biopesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. This study also discusses the case studies and scientific reports about t...

The aim of this study is to investigate the optimum design of process configuration and operation parameters for coal to liquid (CTL) fuel production process by using an engineering simulation software tool Aspen HYSYS. The CTL process has several sub systems such as gasification, gas cleaning, gas conditioning and FT units. For gasification process of selected coal (Soma-Turkish lignite), Gibbs reaction model has been used obtaining thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The set parameters considered in the simulations are the fuel feeding capacity, gasifier temperature and H 2 O/CO ratio of syngas. At the gas cleaning stage, there are 5 different gas cleaning units which are the removal of H 2 S unit, cracking/reforming unit for tar and methane, HCl removal unit, particulate removal and finally H 2 S guard unit. Gas conditioning section consists of water gas shift reactor in order to adjust the H 2 /CO ratio of syngas for obtaining the stoichiometric ratio for FT process by using equilibrium reactor, and CO 2 removal unit where approximately 90% of the CO 2 content of the gas is removed. At the end of gas conditioning section, syngas has to be compressed to the level of FT reactor requirements which is minimum 20 bara. FT process consists of reactor itself, off gas condenser unit and off gas turbine for electricity generation. Conversion reactor model is used for FT reactions with 20 bara operation pressure and 260°C operation temperature. The Anderson-Schulz-Florry (ASF) approach is used for determining the product distribution of the liquid fuel. The liquid product compose of C n H 2n+2 molecules, where n is in the range of C1 to C30.

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was -and is -two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency's aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries' access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context -particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data.

Tyre derived fuel (TDF) has a potential advantage for its use as a co-fuel with coal in rotary kilns of cement plants. In this study we analyzed the emissions of selected criteria pollutants; CO 2 , CO, NO x , SO x and PM to suggest suitable proportion of TDF to replace coal when different proportions of TDF and coal were used as cement kiln feed. Emissions of CO 2 , CO, NO, NO 2 , SO 2 and total PM from stack and concentrations of CO, NO x , SO x and PM 10 in ambient air were assessed using USEPA recommended methods. Substitution such as 85% coal and 15% TDF, 80% coal and 20% TDF, 75% coal and 25% TDF and 70% coal and 30% TDF were applied in this study. Results of the current study revealed a rise in CO and TPM stack emissions with an increase in proportions of TDF and crossed standards at 80% coal and 20% TDF. Decline in NO x emissions up-till 15% proportion of TDF was observed and remained lower than the emission of NO x at 100% coal use in spite of an increase in its concentration at each increased proportion of TDF above 15% TDF use. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in ambient air pollutant concentration with and without TDF use was observed. The study suggested 15% TDF substitution as a preferable proportion for the selected cement plant.

Women generally initiate, lead, and comprise the rank-and-file of environmental justice activism. However, there is little research on why there are comparatively so few men involved in these movements. Using the environmental justice movement in the Central Appalachian coalfields as a case study, we examine the ways that environmental justice activism is gendered, with a focus on how women’s and men’s identities both shape and constrain their involvement in gendered ways. Our analysis relies on 20 in-depth interviews with women and men grassroots activists working for environmental justice in the coalfields of Appalachia. We find that women draw on their identities as “mothers” and “Appalachians” to justify their activism. While women’s shared identities function as “resources of resistance” (Krauss 1993) for their activism, our data suggest that the hegemonic masculinity of the region, which is tied to the coal industry, may have the opposite effect on men, instead deterring their environmental justice activism. We explore the implications of these findings for the future of the environmental justice movement in the coalfields.

The electrochemical precipitation of nickel hydroxide is examined by varying nickel and nitrate ion concentration, pH, current density, and temperature. The particle size, crystallographic orientation and morphological patterns are studied. The grain size increases, but both current efficiency and tap density decrease with increase in current density. The tap density increases with increase in nickel concentration. XRD data show peaks at 39.0, 59.6 and 33.68, which conforms that samples obtained by the electrochemical route after drying at 100 8C are b-Ni(OH) 2 . The charge and discharge characteristics are investigated to assess the capacity of the active nickel hydroxide material in 30% KOH solution. #

Industrialization is one of the economic pillars in the Kenya Vision 2030 thus iron and steel will be prominent in the industrialization process. Kenya relies heavily on the importation of manufactured goods with iron and steel products forming the bulk of the raw materials. The country has some iron ore deposits and coal reserves among other input for steel making. The main deposits of the ore are found in Kishushe, Marimanti and Samia. The paper focuses on the iron ore from Kishushe location in the Coast region. The iron is mined and exported in semiprocessed state. The chemical composition of the ore has been analyzed. There are interests to produce steel from the local ore. The challenges are on the estimation of the deposits, the quality, beneficiation methods and the selection of the extraction technologies.

In this paper l argue that in order to avoid grave, substantial and unnecessary harm, there is a collective moral responsibility to transition away from fossil fuels in line with the Paris Agreements targets of keeping global warming well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels with the aspiration of holding warming to 1.5°C. I use that argument as the basis for the following three distinct but reinforcing moral arguments in favour of divesting from fossil fuels: (1) investing in fossil fuels contributes to grave, substantial, and unnecessary harm and injustice; (2) divesting from fossil fuels helps fulfil our moral responsibility to promote climate action; and (3) investing in fossil fuels morally tarnishes those who do so by making them complicit in the injustices of the fossil fuel industry.

This is a draft chapter for an upcoming collection entitled Climate Justice: Economics and Philosophy, to be published in Oxford University Press, edited by Henry Shue and Ravi Kanbur

Coal utilization technologies currently tend to produce a single product such as only for power generation, liquefied coal, gas city, or briquettes. However, with the technology that will be developed are expected utilization of coal of various qualities can be used for many purposes. There are three (3) types in the utilization of coal as follows as immediate fuel, non-fuel, and both. The application of non-fuel use of coal is in the form of activated carbon and reductant coal, of which the principle works in the form of activated carbon adsorbs and reducing agent in the form of a reduction reaction.

Breathing is not a common subject in feminist studies. Breathing Matters introduces this phenomenon as a forceful potentiality for feminist intersectional theories, politics, and social and environmental justice.

By analyzing the material and discursive as well as the natural and cultural enactments of breath in black lung disease, phone sex work, and anxieties and panic attacks, Breathing Matters proposes a nonuniversalizing and politicized understanding of embodiment. In this approach, human bodies are conceptualized as agential actors of intersectional politics. Magdalena Górska argues that struggles for breath and for breathable lives are matters of differential forms of political practices in which vulnerable and quotidian corpomaterial and corpo-affective actions are constitutive of politics.

Set in the context of feminist poststructuralist and new materialist and postconstructionist debates, Breathing Matters offers a discussion of human embodiment and agency reconfigured in a posthumanist manner. Its interdisciplinary analytical practice demonstrates that breathing is a phenomenon that is important to study from scientific, medical, political, environmental and social perspectives.

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was -and is -two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency's aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries' access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context -particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data.

Pertambangan Batubara merupakan salah satu industri terbesar di Indonesia dengan deposit batubara terbesar terdapat di pulau Kalimantan. Penelitian ini membahas tentang hubungan lingkungan pengendapan dengan kualitas (sulfur dan ash) pada batubara. Lingkungan pengendapan merupakan salah satu faktor penentu kualitas batubara. Menurut Horne et.al (1978) kehadiran sulfur pada batubara dipengaruhi oleh batuan pengapit yang terendapkan dalam lingkungan laut. Ash (abu) merupakan material hasil pembakaran unsur anorganik (mineral matter) pada batubara. Selain itu, faktor luar (parting) juga dapat meningkatkan nilai Ash (abu) pada batubara. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada area Pit CH & CM Blok 8, daerah konsesi PT. Beraucoal Site Binungan Area 2. Metodologi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah observasi lapangan dan pengukuran stratigrafi terukur yang dilakukan pada Formasi Latih yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi geologi serta lingkungan pengendapan daerah penelitian. Kualitas batubara diperoleh berdasarkan analisis proksimat dan ultimat pada sampel pemboran. Pada daerah penelitian dijumpai 4 satuan batuan dengan susunan stratigrafi dari tua ke muda yaitu satuan perselingan batulempung-batubara sisipan batupasir, satuan batupasir J grup, satuan batulanau sisipan batupasir serta satuan perselingan batupasir-batulempung. Pada daerah penelitian diperoleh pola pengendapan batuan dari lingkungan Transitional Delta Plain menjadi Upper Delta Plain atau terjadi perubahan lingkungan pengendapan ke arah darat hal ini juga berbanding lurus dengan tren grafik total sulfur namun berbanding terbalik dengan tren grafik total Ash Hal ini terjadi batubara yang dijumpai pada daerah penelitian bersifat multiparting dimana jumpai banyak lapisan batubara dengan sisipan lempung tipis dalam satu tubuh batubara yang sangat mempengaruhi nilai Ash batubara itu sendiri.

Co-gasification of solid waste and coal is a very attractive and efficient way of generating power, but also an alternative way, apart from conventional technologies such as incineration and landfill, of treating waste materials. The technology of co-gasification can result in very clean power plants using a wide range of solid fuels but there are considerable economic and environmental challenges.

In solid-liquid separation of coal preparation plant tailings by flocculation, in addition to the type and amount of flocculants, the composition of waste materials including clay minerals must be determined in order to devise an effective and economic sedimentation system. In this study, the characterization of organic and inorganic impurities was made with the help of mineralogical data and instrumental analysis techniques. The effects of polymer type (medium and low anionic, cationic and nonionic), polymer dosage and suspension pH on flocculation mechanism of tailings particles (-0.18 mm) in the Tun@bilek Coal Preparation Plant tailings of Tun@bilek (Turkey) were investigated. Medium anionic polymer accelerated the settling rate of particles. An optimum settling rate (300 mm/min) was reached at a dosage rate of 34.19 g/ton-solids (2.0 mg/l), 51.28 g/ton-solids (3.0 mg/l), 102.56 g/ton-solids (6.0 mg/l) and 119.66 g/ ton-solids (7.0 mg/l) for medium anionic, low charged anionic, nonionic and cationic polymers, respectively. The lowest turbidity values at low polymer dosages were obtained by the cationic polymer at around 25.64 g/ton-solids (1.5 mg/l) polymer dosages; however, the low anionic and nonionic polymers produced lower turbidity values at higher dosages (>25.64 g/ton-solids). At optimum dosages of the polymer, the settling rate decreased at low and high pHs indicating that the natural pH (pH 8.3) of the suspension is the most appropriate pH for the settling rate. On the other hand, the water clarity values at natural pHs were high for all of the polymers. r

""William Murdock used coal gas to light his house and office in Redruth in 1792; this was the first commercial application of gas in the world. Gas has been used ever since for commercial, industrial and domestic applications. Gas was first produced from coal and later on from oil until its replacement by natural gas in the mid 1970s. The conventional production of gas from coal is well documented; however, there was also another method of gas production which is less well known, this was called “producer gas”.

Producer gas plants started to become popular in the early 1880 and were in extensive use by 1910. As producer gas plants evolved from the first plant built by Bischof (figure 1) through to their demise in competition in the mid 20th century, many varied types evolved. Following Bischof’s early development of the gas producer the next major development was that of Fredrick Siemens who developed a combined gas producer and regenerative furnace in 1857. This system was gradually improved and introduced to the UK through William Siemens. Producer gas plants provided a great benefit to those industries requiring high and uniform temperatures. This greatly aided those industrial processes which were unable or found it very difficult to use directly fired solid fuel furnaces, it also saved fuel as the gas could be burnt at the exact point required.

If you have any specific enquiries on this subject please contact Dr Russell Thomas on [email protected]."

usine à gaz, officina del gas, gasværk, gasfabriek, Gaswerk, εργοστάσια αερίου, gázművek, ガス工場, gasskraftverk, gazownia, gasômetro, газовый завод, плинара, plynáreň, plinarn, gasverk, fábrica de gas, havagazı fabrikası, газовий завод, 煤氣廠"

This study explores business opportunities in the Indian coal based power value chain for European small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that specialise in clean coal technology (CCT), while also providing a general overview of the Indian coal based power value chain and its three 'pillars': coal mining, coal logistics and coal power plants.

Globally, renewable energy sees by far the fastest growth, with gasification and electrification remaining the main trends.
As far as the local power utility, Eskom, are concerned they consist of a fleet of thirteen (13) coal fired power stations contributing to approximately 36000MW, a nuclear power plant, four (4) gas or petroleum power stations, two (2) hydro plants and two (2) pump storage facility, collectively contributing to around 41000MW of power generation capacity.
Due to the delays in the planning and decision making process for additional energy resources, the actual reserve margins managed by the local utility were depleted and as a result of unplanned maintenance in 2008 this lead to the need for load shedding across the local utility’s complete network. In addition to this, Eskom did not adhere to the basic law of economics and instead of producing competitive electricity prices  a cumulative increase of 503% from 2008 to 2020 had been observed.
Coal fired pants are expected to remain the dominant source for electricity generation, at least till 2030, when Kusile and Medupi are fully commissioned.
The depletion of national reserve margins sparked the interest into exploring feed-in tariffs (FITs) for renewable energy, but these were later rejected in favour of competitive tenders. The resulting program, now known as the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Program (REIPPPP), constituted of a public-private initiative on a massive and unprecedented scale helped to stabilise power supply and attempted to reduce South Africa’s dependence on coal and diesel, through the introduction of the use of renewable energy resources onto the national grid.  In monetary terms, the Department of Energy reported that the investments into energy, renewables programme has, by 2017, brought $14-billion of foreign direct investment into the country
This report highlights the key area’s of progress within the renewable energy sector in relation to South Africa’s developments as well as the current status of non-renewable energy sources, and electrification.

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from stationary combustion sources burning coal, fuel oil, biomass, and waste, and PM from internal combustion (IC) engines burning gasoline and diesel, are a significant source of primary particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) in urban areas. Combustion-generated particles are generally smaller than geologically produced dust and have unique chemical composition and morphology. The fundamental processes affecting formation of combustion PM and the emission characteristics of important applications are reviewed. Particles containing transition metals, ultrafine particles, and soot are emphasized because these types of particles have been studied extensively, and their emissions are controlled by the fuel composition and the oxidant-temperature-mixing history from the flame to the stack. There is a need for better integration of the combustion, air pollution control, atmospheric chemistry, and inhalation health research communities. Epidemiology has demonstrated that susceptible individuals are being harmed by ambient PM. Particle surface area, number of ultrafine particles, bioavailable transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and other particle-bound organic compounds are suspected to be more important than particle mass in determining the effects of air pollution. Time-and size-resolved PM measurements are needed for testing mechanistic toxicological hypotheses, for characterizing the relationship between combustion operating conditions and transient emissions, and for source apportionment studies to develop air quality plans. Citations are provided to more specialized reviews, and the concluding comments make suggestions for further research.

Developing countries need sufficient, reliable, and affordable energy for economic development; yet, the source of this energy remains contested. In the Philippines, coal-based electricity supplies most of the country's energy requirement. Until the moratorium on new coal-fired power plant development in 2020, the Philippine government aggressively pursued the development of the coal sector, labelling coal projects as nationally significant. With this policy direction, many local governments, including provinces and cities, rallied around coal. Dissent against this fuel, nonetheless, was also prominent, with civil society often leading these mobilizations. This paper discusses one of these movements: a civil society-business-and-ecclesial-led dissent on the proposed coal-based energy system for Bohol province. Using primary data from interviews, supplemented by social media and secondary data analysis, this paper describes the modes, strategies, and tactics of this local coal dissent. Led by a trifecta of actors, including private citizens, businesspeople, and the clergy, the movement employed nonviolent approaches through network-building, letter-writing, and social media-campaigning. As a result of this movement, the provincial government banned future coal-based development in Bohol.

Coal fly ashes (CFA) are generated in large amounts worldwide. Current combustion technologies allow the burning of fuels with high sulfur content such as petroleum coke, generating non-CFA, such as petroleum coke fly ash (PCFA), mainly from fluidized bed combustion processes. The disposal of CFA and PCFA fly ashes can have severe impacts in the environment such as a potential groundwater contamination by the leaching of heavy metals and/or particulate matter emissions; making it necessary to treat or reuse them. At present CFA are utilized in several applications fields such as cement and concrete production, agriculture and soil stabilization. However, their reuse is restricted by the quality parameters of the end-product or requirements defined by the production process. Therefore, secondary material markets can use a limited amount of CFA, which implies the necessity of new markets for the unused CFA. Some potential future utilization options reviewed herein are zeolite synthesi...

En una de las cucharas de la acería de SIDERCA se produjo la perforación de la línea de
escoria. Con el objetivo de determinar las causas de ésta perforación, se realizó un
estudio post morten de muestras del ladrillo de MgO-C de la línea de escoria.
La caracterización de las muestras se realizó mediante microscopía óptica, microscopía
electrónica de barrido (SEM), análisis por difracción electrónica de rayos X (EDAX).
También se realizó la interpretación sobre los diagramas de fases correspondientes, el
análisis químico y la determinación de temperaturas críticas de la escoria.
La perforación de la línea de escoria de cuchara se debió en este caso a la presencia de
una escoria de baja basicidad, de bajo contenido de alúmina, saturada en silicato
dicálcico y alejada de la saturación en MgO a la temperatura de trabajo. Esta escoria no
compatible con el material refractario en servicio encontró puntos de debilidad en el
revestimiento, que permitieron su filtración.
Los ladrillos de MgO-C con alto porcentaje de C (>15%) presentan menor resistencia al
desgaste frente a escorias de baja basicidad, debido al fenómeno de la oxidación del C y
la consiguiente generación de vacíos entre los granos de periclasa. Por lo tanto, en prácticas operativas esporádicas que puedan implicar escorias ácidas u oxidantes, es
conveniente ajustar la basicidad de la escoria.