The Energy and Fuel Data Sheet

The Energy and Fuel Data Sheet W1P1 – Revision 1 Iain Staffell, University of Birmingham, UK March 2011 [email protected] Length, Area, Volume 1 mile 1 foot 1 inch = = = 1.609344 km 30.48 cm 2.540 cm 1 imperial gallon 1 US gallon = = 4.54609 L 3.785411784 L 1 imperial pint 1 US pint = = 0.56826125 L 0.473176473 L 1 barrel of oil = 158.987294928 L Pressure 1 atmosphere 1 atmosphere 1 atmosphere 1 atmosphere = = ≈ ≈ 1.01325 bar 101.325 kPa 14.6959494 psi 760 torr (mmHg) Weight, Mass 1 short ton 1 long ton 1 pound 1 kg = = = = 0.90718474 tonnes 1.016046909 tonnes 0.45359237 kg 9.80665 Newtons 44.010 kg of CO₂ = 12.011 kg of C 1 mph 1 km/h = = Speed 0.44704 m/s m/s Time 1 day 1 year = = 86400 seconds 8760 hours 1 psi = 6,894.757 Pa 1 Alternate definitions exist for many of these units, the ISO standards were chosen where possible. Energy, Power1 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ 1 Btu = 1055.056 J 1 therm = 105.5056 MJ 1 calorie = 4.1868 J 1 tonne of oil = 41.868 GJ (LHV) equivalent (toe) 1 barrel of oil 5.70 GJ (IEA def.) ≈ (LHV) 5.86 GJ (global avg.) 1 mechanical hp ≈ 745.7 W 1 PS ≈ 735.5 W General Properties for Some Common Fuels This data is aggregated from 26 sources in order to give a representative view of each fuel’s properties, with global scope and no specific application. The tables on the following pages give the data presented in each source, which can be used to represent more specific situations (e.g. automobile fuels in Europe). Crude Oil Petrol / Gasoline Diesel Fuel Oil LPG Kerosene (35 MPa) Hydrogen (70 MPa) (liquid) Density at STP (kg/m3) 856 ± 24 741 ± 4 837 ± 8 959 ± 17 533 ± 18 807 ± 6 Ratio of HHV to LHV energy content 1.052 ± 0.001 1.063 ± 0.015 1.063 ± 0.011 1.058 ± 0.008 1.077 ± 0.008 1.053 ± 0.001 23.65 ± 0.09 39.69 ± 0.16 72.41 ± 0.72 1.183 ± 0.001 (kg/m3) (HHV / LHV) Coal Natural Gas Hydrogen (1 atm.) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) 36.84 ± 1.05 32.70 ± 0.44 35.94 ± 0.45 39.21 ± 1.09 24.67 ± 0.80 35.24 ± 0.41 43.05 ± 1.40 44.15 ± 0.74 42.91 ± 0.46 40.87 ± 0.94 46.28 ± 0.74 43.69 ± 0.51 38.76 ± 1.10 34.77 ± 0.47 38.19 ± 0.47 41.50 ± 1.15 26.57 ± 0.86 37.10 ± 0.43 45.30 ± 1.47 46.94 ± 0.70 45.60 ± 0.49 43.26 ± 1.00 49.84 ± 0.80 45.99 ± 0.54 Carbon Intensity (g CO2-eq / MJ LHV) 73.5 ± 2.6 70.8 ± 4.4 74.3 ± 2.3 77.8 ± 2.1 63.9 ± 2.1 72.0 ± 1.8 2.837 ± 0.003 4.761 ± 0.005 8.685 ± 0.010 119.95 ± 0.13 3.355 ± 0.004 5.631 ± 0.006 10.273 ± 0.011 141.88 ± 0.16 0 (MJ/kg) (g/MJ LHV) Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV (MJ/kg) 1.050 ± 0.004 - 25.75 ± 2.64 - 27.05 ± 2.77 95.7 ± 7.0 (kg/m3) (HHV / LHV) (MJ/m3) (MJ/kg) (MJ/m3) (MJ/kg) (g/MJ LHV) 0.768 ± 0.039 0.0838 ± 0.0008 1.109 ± 0.003 1.183 ± 0.001 35.22 ± 2.22 10.05 ± 0.01 45.86 ± 3.95 119.95 ± 0.13 39.05 ± 2.47 11.88 ± 0.01 50.84 ± 4.38 141.88 ± 0.16 56.9 ± 3.4 0 Data Tables for Each Fuel The following tables list the data sources consulted and the values they present. The author’s calculations are shown when values were converted from their native units. The following indicators are used for the data:  Values given in purple were derived from other data given solely by the source;  Values given in blue were calculated using the aggregated data from other sources, as given in the table on page 2;  Values given in pink were disregarded because their scope did not match the criteria of this study, they were non-primary sources that were still worth mentioning, or they were believed to be erroneous. Selected studies are highlighted in bold as these were considered to be the most methodologically sound, and so their results were weighted more heavily in the aggregated table on page 2:  Both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) provide country-specific data for several fuels, giving data such as national production levels, average densities and heat contents ([1-4] and [5]) . Global average values were produced from these data sets where possible, by weighting each nation’s value by its level of production. For other studies, the region represented by their data is given in brackets.  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published authoritative reports on the emission factors for stationary and mobile fuel combustion, giving carbon intensities for several fuels which account for the emission of CH4 and N2O ([6, 7]). Density Crude Oil 2 (kg/L) Net Calorific Value / LHV (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) Gross Calorific Value / HHV (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) IEA (definition)2 [1] 35.67 41.868 IEA Key World Energy Statistics (global) [3] 36.83 ± 1.19 1.028 ± 0.026 toe/tonne = 43.03 ± 1.10 38.78 ± 1.25 45.31 ± 1.16 IEA Oil Information (global) [1] [8] 0.853 38.50 45.00 40.51 47.37 IEA Oil Information (weighted global average) [1] 7.353 ± 0.168 barrels per tonne = 0.856 ± 0.020 US EIA (weighted global average) [5] 7.335 ± 0.219 barrels per tonne = 0.858 ± 0.026 36.89 ± 0.84 42.98 ± 1.62 5852 ± 133 kBtu per barrel = 38.84 ± 0.88 45.25 ± 1.71 Internal Revenue Service (definition) [9] 5800 kBtu per barrel = 38.49 MJ/L 44.98 DUKES (UK) [10] 38.3 45.7 IPCC stationary (global) [6] 1192 L/tonne = 0.839 36.4 43.4 The IEA defined an internationally recognised standard for a tonne of oil equivalent (toe) as being 10.0 kcal, or 41.868 GJ. Carbon Intensity (g CO2/MJ LHV) 20gC = 73.28 73.55 ± 2.58 Density Petrol / Gasoline IEA 3 (Europe) (America) (Pacific) (kg/L) [2] Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) 32.6 33.2 33.0 44.0 44.8 44.6 34.7 35.3 35.1 46.8 47.6 47.4 33.16 44.75 34.90 47.10 Carbon Intensity (g CO2/MJ LHV) IEA (global) [1] [8] 0.741 18.9 gC = 69.25 gCO₂ U.S. Energy Information Administration (USA) [11] 8.53 barrels/tonne = 0.737 DUKES (UK) [10] 1362 L/tonne = 0.734 32.82 44.7 34.58 47.1 3.135 kg/kg (HHV) = 66.56 (HHV) = 70.13 DEFRA (UK)3 [12] 1354 L/tonne = 0.739 33.03 44.72 34.76 47.07 2317 g/L = 70.15 IPCC stationary (global) [6] IPCC mobile (global) [7] 71.15 ± 5.22 ORNL Bioenergy (USA) [13] 1356 L/tonne = 0.737 115,000 Btu/galUS = 32.05 43.46 2.42 kgC/galUS = 2.34 kg CO₂/L = 73.1 JEC (EU) [14, 15] 0.745 32.2 43.2 GREET 1.8 (USA) (conventional gasoline) [16] 2,819 g/galUS = 0.745 116,090 Btu/galUS = 32.36 43.45 124,340 Btu/galUS = 34.66 46.54 86.3% carbon ratio = 72.8 Transportation Energy Data Book (USA) [17] 6.2 lb/galUS = 0.743 115,400 Btu/galUS = 32.16 43.29 125,000 Btu/galUS = 34.84 46.90 19.34 MT/Quad = 67.17 (HHV) = 71.84 College of the Desert (USA) [18] 69.55 ± 3.12 125,000 Btu/galUS = 34.84 47.24 3.17 kg/kg = 73.4 44.5 Government statistics derived from data given in the Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES) and the Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP 2005). 47.5 Density Diesel Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity (kg/L) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (g CO2/MJ LHV) DUKES (UK) [10] 1195 L/tonne = 0.837 35.90 42.9 38.16 45.6 3.164 kg/kg HHV = 69.39 (HHV) = 73.75 DEFRA (UK) [12] 1203 L/tonne = 0.831 36.04 43.36 37.94 45.64 2629 g/L = 72.94 IPCC stationary (global) [6] 74.35 ± 1.47 IPCC mobile (global) [7] 75.39 ± 2.84 ORNL Bioenergy (USA) [13] 0.849 130,500 Btu/galUS = 36.37 42.84 2.77kgC/galUS = 2.68 kg CO₂/L = 73.7 JEC (EU) [14, 15] 0.832 35.9 43.1 3.16 kg/kg = 73.3 Determined for C15.35H28.68 [19] 0.832 35.70 42.92 GREET 1.8 (USA) [16] 3,206 g/galUS = 0.847 129,488 Btu/galUS = 36.19 42.61 138,490 Btu/galUS = 38.60 45.58 Transportation Energy Data Book (USA) [17] 128,700 Btu/galUS = 35.87 42.83 138,700 Btu/galUS = 38.66 46.16 College of the Desert (USA) [18] 35.59 42.5 37.52 44.8 87.1% carbon ratio = 74.9 Note: when a source gave multiple options for diesel fuels, the data for low or ultra-low sulphur diesel were chosen. Density Fuel Oil IEA (Europe) (America) (Pacific) IEA (global) (kg/L) [2] Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity (g CO2/MJ LHV) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) 38.4 38.6 40.9 40.0 40.2 42.6 40.6 40.8 43.3 42.3 42.5 45.1 38.40 40.68 40.42 42.82 21.1 gC = 77.31 [1] [8] 0.944 U.S. Energy Information Administration (USA) [11] 6.66 barrels/tonne = 0.944 DUKES (UK) [10] 1024 L/tonne = 0.977 39.84 40.8 42.48 43.5 3.216 kg/kg HHV = 73.93 (HHV) = 78.82 DEFRA (UK) [12] 1033 L/tonne = 0.968 39.86 41.18 41.96 43.34 77.99 IPCC stationary (global) [6] 77.65 ± 2.02 Density LPG IEA (kg/L) (Europe) (America) (Pacific) [2] Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity (g CO2/MJ LHV) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) 24.5 25.2 25.4 46.0 47.3 47.7 26.4 27.1 27.3 49.4 50.8 51.3 24.87 46.15 26.99 50.08 17.2 gC = 63.02 IEA (global)4 [1] [8] 0.539 U.S. Energy Information Administration (USA) [11] 11.60 barrels/tonne = 0.542 DUKES (UK)4 [10] 1849 L/tonne = 0.541 24.88 46.0 26.61 49.2 214 g/kWh (HHV) = 63.58 DEFRA (UK) [12] 1968 L/tonne = 0.508 23.87 46.98 25.13 49.45 62.63 IPCC stationary (global) [6] 63.15 ± 2.07 IPCC mobile (global) [7] 64.46 ± 2.00 JEC (EU) [14, 15] 0.550 25.3 1,923 g/galUS = 0.508 84,950 Btu/galUS = 23.68 46.0 [16] NEF (Japan) [20, 21] 58.7 (HHV) = 63.1 Transportation Energy Data Book (USA) [17] 16.99 MT/Quad = 59.00 (HHV) = 63.4 Density IEA (Europe) (America) (Pacific) IEA (global) (kg/L) [2] 46.61 3.02 kg/kg = 65.7 91,410 Btu/galUS = 25.48 GREET 1.8 (USA) Kerosene 4 Net Calorific Value / LHV Net Calorific Value / LHV 50.15 Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity (g CO2/MJ LHV) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) 34.7 35.3 34.6 43.0 43.8 42.9 36.5 37.2 36.4 45.3 46.1 45.2 35.44 43.75 37.30 46.05 19.6 gC = 71.82 [1] [8] 0.810 U.S. Energy Information Administration (USA) [11] 7.73 barrels/tonne = 0.814 DUKES (UK) [10] 1245 L/tonne = 0.803 35.26 43.9 37.11 46.2 3.150 kg/kg (HHV) = 68.18 (HHV) = 71.75 DEFRA (UK) [12] 1250 L/tonne = 0.800 35.11 43.89 36.96 46.20 71.73 IPCC stationary (global) [6] 72.15 ± 1.82 NEF (Japan) [20, 21] 67.9 (HHV) = 71.5 Transportation Energy Data Book (USA) [17] Assuming 60% propane and 40% butane by mass. 128,100 Btu/galUS = 35.70 44.26 135,000 Btu/galUS = 37.63 46.64 19.72 MT/Quad = 68.49 (HHV) = 72.2 Density Natural Gas (kg/m³) Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV (MJ/m³) (MJ/kg) (MJ/m³) (MJ/kg) 35.14 ± 2.19 45.75 ± 3.68 38.95 ± 2.43 50.71 ± 4.08 Carbon Intensity (g CO2/MJ LHV) IEA (global) [3] IEA [8] US EIA (weighted global average) [5] 34.64 45.11 38.40 50.00 [10] 36.0 35.6 46.9 46.4 40.0 39.6 52.1 51.6 184 g/kWh (HHV) = 51.11 (HHV) = 56.82 35.64 47.78 39.60 53.09 57.17 DUKES (UK production) (UK consumption) DEFRA (UK) [12] IPCC stationary (global) [6] IPCC mobile (global) [7] 1340651 L/tonne = 0.7459 56.15 ± 2.07 58.96 ± 4.13 [15] 0.791 0.727 0.827 35.7 35.8 31.4 45.1 49.2 38.0 39.5 39.7 34.8 50.0 54.5 42.1 GREET 1.8 (USA) [16] 22.0 g/ft³ = 0.777 983 Btu/ft³ = 36.6 47.14 1,089 Btu/ft³ = 40.6 52.23 72.4% carbon ratio = 56.3 ORNL Bioenergy (USA) [13] 930 Btu/ft³ = 34.7 45.1 1027 Btu/ft³ = 38.3 49.8 14.4 gC/MJ = 52.8 NEF (Japan)(13A gas) [20, 21] Combustion (global) [22] Transportation Energy Data Book (dry gas) [17] JEC (Europe) (Russia) (Netherlands) 15.3 gC = 56.06 56.4 55.1 51.25 g/MJ HHV = 56.8 35.16 45.76 38.90 50.64 1027 Btu/ft³ = 38.3 49.8 14.47 MT/Quad = 50.25 (HHV) = 55.69 Density Hydrogen (kg/m³) Net Calorific Value / LHV (MJ/m³) (MJ/kg) Gross Calorific Value / HHV (MJ/m³) (MJ/kg) 20°C, 101.325 kPa 20°C, 35 MPa 20°C, 70 MPa 20 K, 101.325 kPa [23, 24] 0.0837547 23.6507 39.6931 72.4073 JEC (EU) [14, 15] 0.0893 10.73 10.06 120.1 GREET 1.8 [16] 2.55 g/ft³ = 0.09005 290 Btu/ft³ = 10.81 10.05 119.99 343 Btu/ft³ = 12.78 11.89 141.92 Transportation Energy Data Book (USA) [17] 0.08988 10.02 113,400 Btu = 119.64 11.86 134,200 Btu = 141.59 US Department of Energy (USA) [18] 0.08519 10.04 119.93 11.88 141.86 Glenn Research Centre (USA) [25] 0.08513 10.04 10.05 119.93 51,596 Btu/lb = 120.01 11.88 11.89 141.86 61,031 Btu/lb = 141.96 [26] 0.08987 70.99 10.78 / 10.05 8515 / 8685 119.96 12.74 / 11.88 10065 / 10267 141.79 NIST M. Mikkola 0°C, 1 atm 20K, 1 atm Data for the density and volumetric energy density of hydrogen was based on various definitions of the gas state (temperature, pressure) within the different sources. This was corrected for by adopting a single reference for the gas state, and using the gas density of 0.0837547 kg/m³ to recalculate the volumetric energy densities in all references. Density data is taken solely from the NIST equation of state calculator for STP conditions as defined by NIST (20°C and 101.325 kPa). Typical conditions for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are also given for reference (as used in the summary table on page 2). Note that NIST gives the density of hydrogen as being 0.0898851 kg/m³ at 0°C and 1 atmosphere, which is the a commonly quoted value in other sources [23].5 5 https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?ID=C1333740&Action=Page%20 is a more direct URL to the thermophysical properties of hydrogen. Coal IEA (definition)6 Grade and End Use Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity (MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) (g CO2/MJ LHV) [2] IEA Key World Energy Statistics (weighted global average)7 [3] IEA (global) 29.31 All 0.563 ± 0.064 toe/tonne = 23.56 ± 2.67 24.75 ± 2.81 [8] All IEA Coal Information (weighted global average)8 [2] Anthracite, coking and other bituminous coals 27.49 ± 1.19 28.87 ± 1.25 IEA Energy Prices & Taxes (weighted global average)9 [4] Steam coal for electrical power generation 25.86 ± 2.68 27.16 ± 2.82 US EIA (weighted global average)10 [5] All 18.65 ± 3.64 19.59 ± 3.82 DUKES (UK) [10] All UK consumers UK power stations 24.5 23.8 25.8 25.0 2.301 kg/kg (HHV) = 90.61 (HHV) = 95.30 DEFRA (UK) [12] Hard coals 28.98 30.50 86.49 IPCC stationary (global) [6] Coking, bituminous and subbituminous coals used in centralised power stations JEC (EU) [15] GREET 1.8 (USA) [16] ORNL Bioenergy (USA) [13] Transportation Energy Data Book (USA) 26.13 gC = 95.76 95.59 ± 5.33 29.4 30.88 96.3 Bituminous 22,460,600 Btu/ton = 26.12 23,445,900 Btu/ton = 27.27 75.5% carbon ratio = 105.9 Bituminous 27–30 All US production 21,352,000 Btu/ton = 24.83 All US consumption 21,015,000 Btu/ton = 24.44 [17] 746 gC/kg = 91.1–101.2 26.04 MT/Quad = 90.43 (HHV) = 94.98 25.98 MT/Quad = 90.23 (HHV) = 94.77 These values aim to represent power-station grade hard coal, typically defined as anthracite, coking coal and other bituminous coals. The IEA defined an internationally recognised standard for a tonne of coal equivalent (tce) as being 7.0 kcal, or 29.3076 GJ. Covers output from the top ten producing countries, accounting for 87% of global production. 8 Covers consumption from 30 countries (with the notable exception of China), accounting for 35% of global consumption. 9 Covers consumption from 24 countries (with the notable exception of China), accounting for 32% of global consumption. 10 Covers output from 71 countries, accounting for virtually all global production. This was discounted as it included significant amounts of lower grade lignite and peat production. 6 7 Data Sources for Other Fuels Many of the cited sources gave data on alternative fuels which are not listed above, including:  Biodiesel [14, 16, 17, 19];  Syndiesel [14-16];  ETBE/MTBE [14-16];  Ethanol blends [8, 14-17, 19];  Methanol [8, 14-18];  Naphtha [14-17];  Peat [8]. 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