Iron ore

Abrasive wear is an important component in failure analyses in mining equipment. This work relates to a wear test for mill components after the occurrence of a failure in an iron ore pelletizing plant at Vale’s Tubarao Complex, Vitoria, Brazil. The equipment involved is a ball mill, which is used to grind the pellet feed into extremely fine powder for use in pelletizing process. Metallurgical components of this mill, such as screws, shell and mill head, are analyzed in a milling system simulation using iron ore slurry in order to correlate the components loss weight with running time. The analysis results and the tribology involved in this iron ore grinding process are presented in this paper. Finally, the value of the inspection process is evidenced as a key factor at the prevention of failures, at the prediction of the life cycle of the mill's components and at the reliability of the production assets.
Keywords: :Abrasive Wear; Iron Ore; Pelletizing; Grinding.

In Brazil, the transportation of iron ore corresponds to 74% of the products handled in the Brazilian railways. One of the important centers of the production of this material is the North Brazilian region, namely the Serra dos Carajás. Iron ore is currently drained by rail, but the northern and northeastern Brazilian zone has large waterways that could be a modal alternative. Water transport routes as a logistical alternative of rail and road modalities for the disposal of soybeans in other areas of Brazil have already been studied, but modal alternatives have not been evaluated for the transport of iron ore. The objective of this work is to develop a prototype system to evaluate the feasibility of transportation of modal alternatives of iron ore from the North region by a mathematical origin-destination model (export point), considering ore production costs, distance, and quantity demanded at the point of destination implementing Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS provides functionalities to increase efficiency and reliability in the data analysis process. Among these functionalities the representations of real objects, support for spatial analysis, storage and reliability of information through database concepts can be distinguished. Scenarios will be evaluated to have a cost-benefit comparison of modal alternatives. The case study has as its origin the Carajás complex and as destination two export locations of the product, which are Ponta de Madeira and Belém. Actual data on the current iron ore flow in Brazil were considered. The results are providing a technical tool for decision-makers comparing the efficiency of the transport alternatives.

Industrialization is one of the economic pillars in the Kenya Vision 2030 thus iron and steel will be prominent in the industrialization process. Kenya relies heavily on the importation of manufactured goods with iron and steel products forming the bulk of the raw materials. The country has some iron ore deposits and coal reserves among other input for steel making. The main deposits of the ore are found in Kishushe, Marimanti and Samia. The paper focuses on the iron ore from Kishushe location in the Coast region. The iron is mined and exported in semiprocessed state. The chemical composition of the ore has been analyzed. There are interests to produce steel from the local ore. The challenges are on the estimation of the deposits, the quality, beneficiation methods and the selection of the extraction technologies.

This paper presents the conception and implementation of an automatic control system of the pellets size distribution applied on an iron ore pelletizing plant. The article demonstrates the strategy used for measuring the size distribution of the iron ore pellets based on image analysis, the control logic implemented in the expert system with fuzzy and crisp rules, and the test procedures used to evaluate the system performance, which shows gains on plant performance.

The use of conventional bentonite binder is favorable in terms of mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, however, because of its acid constituents bentonite is considered as impurity especially for iron ores with high acidic content. Therefore, alternative binders to bentonite have been tested. Organic binders are the most studied binders and they yield pellets with good wet strength; they fail in terms of preheated and fired pellet strengths. This study was conducted to investigate how insufficient pellet strengths can be improved when organic binders are used as binder. The addition of a low-melting temperature and slag bonding/strength increasing constituent (free in acidic contents) into pellet feed was proposed. Addition of boron compounds such as colemanite, tincal, borax pentahydrate, boric acid together with organic binders such as CMC, starch, dextrin and some organic based binders, into iron oxide pellet was tested. Wet and thermally treated pellet physical-mechanical qualities (balling - moisture content - size - shape - drop number - compressive strengths - porosity - dustiness) were determined. The results showed that good quality wet, dry, preheated and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders (an organic binder plus a boron compound) when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets. While organic binders provided sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, the boron compounds provided the required preheated and fired pellet strengths at even lower firing temperature. Especially, the contribution of boron compound addition is most pronounced for hematite pellets which do not have strengthening mechanism through oxidation like magnetite pellets during firing. Therefore, addition of boron compound is beneficial to recover the low physical-mechanical qualities of pellets produced with organic binders through slag bonding mechanism. Furthermore, lowering the firing temperature thanks to low-melting boron compounds will be cost-effective for firing part of the pelletizing plants.

Banded Iron Formations (BIFs), as the name suggests, are chemically precipitated sedimentary rocks having alternating Fe-rich and Si-rich bands. The origin of BIF has always remained a debated topic of research. The BIF in the Badampahar Greenstone Belt is of Mesoarchean age that formed a part of the East Indian Shield. Here, the BIF is interlayered with metavolcanic rocks, quartzite, phyllite, and chert, which indicates a typical greenstone sequence. The present paper focuses a little on the depositional setting of the BIF and mostly on the post-depositional processes, which include formation of iron ores. Geochemical and sedimentological evidences suggest insignificant detrital input in the genesis of BIF and significant chemical precipitation in the deposition. The post-depositional processes involved subsequent stages of deformation, metamorphism, hydrothermal, and supergene processes after deposition. Hydrothermal fluid is found enriched in High Field Strength Elements (HFSEs) and transition elements. This hydrothermal fluid altered the BIF to form titanomagnetite and ilmenite-rich rock in Jashipur. Recycling of BIF magnetite into hematite and removal of silica also attributed to hydrothermal alteration, which ultimately led to form iron ores.

IRONMAKING MINERALS AND ANCIENT SIDERURGY. SOME CLARIFICATION. 
Speaking about ancient siderurgy, in very many archaeological and historical publications “iron mineral” is quoted as  a generic and lone ironmaking materials; moreover, magnetite, pyrite and some iron silicates, are quoted as ironmaking in ancient, medieval and modern times.  To clarify errors and contradictions, it is necessary to subdivide the long siderurgy history, and tecnology, in four periods, partially overlapping: 
1) the historical direct reduction (low fire and shaft furnace) producing direct ductile iron from the Iron Age beginning to the second half of the XIX century; 
2) the historical indirect reduction (blast furnace) producing indirect hard iron from about X-XI centuries to the half of the XIX century; 
3) the current siderurgy (foundery/steelworking complexes) producing indirect iron and steel from the XVIII century to theese days;
4) the “new” direct reduction (for sponge iron) producing direct ductile iron from the beginning of the XX century to the future (we hope).
So we can to assert, on the basis of the single iromaking minerals technical properties, but also from the literature and old documents, that limonite and hematite were the lone iromaking minerals in the first direct reduction;  the same, toogheter with magnetite and siderite, were used in the historic indirect reduction;  all theese, and other (iron sulphides and silicates), are used in the current siderurgy. 
Regarding the true magnetite, we can see it late ironmaking possibilities, with the indirect  reduction (second half of the XVI century), due its compact structures and harmfull sulphide presences;  regarding the sandy magnetite, due its  grittiness and hight content in titanium, we only can see some proofs starting to the XVIII century end.  Sandy magnetite also was used in one of the first “new” direct reduction processes for producing, during the Second Mondial War, the autarkic “ferrital” (= Italian iron), that seams to have been the first true used metal from “sponge” iron.

APRESENTAÇÃO: Fruto de um extenuante trabalho de pesquisa para um doutoramento em geografia na Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, este Livro é uma baliza de referência para aqueles que se preocupam em entender a industrialização brasileira baseada na substituição de importações. Visto que, debate com rigor científico a mineração do ferro no contorno da reprodução ampliada do capital ao desvendar o processo de implantação, o caráter territorial do beneficiamento, a dinâmica da circulação, as teias de ligações com o Estado e as suas conexões históricas. Envereda pelo caminho do aprofundamento teórico da mineração de ferro e derivados, inserida em uma economia globalizada, plenamente associada aos ciclos longos com fases de expansão e depressão, em que, neste contexto, o tema central (mineração) encaixa-se com iminente exatidão. (Tito Carlos Machado Oliveira)

Iron and iron works in Genoa's interland.
In the ophiolite mountain of Genoa, there are many different, but small, Fe-ores used in the past for iron production. Early in the 12th century they were construct iron works using local hydraulic power and charcoal, possibly introduced by French Cistercian monks.  Afterwards the iron works (ferriere) became numerous and, thanks to the ore (hematite) imported from Elba island, they survived for centuries, using bloomery methods and producing a very good malleable metal.  They improved the hydraulic works, for hammers and blowing apparatus.
The local method, so called "alla genovese" were exported in all the Mediterranean, especially in the Pyrenees, know as "ferrerias a la genovesa".  The so called "catalan method" is, really, a Genoese one.  Also the use of the hydraulic wind pump (trompe) was introduced in the Pyrenees from Genoa.
The use of the blast furnace, especially the "forno alla bresciana" were attempted, in Genoa, but had not successful because produced less esteemed iron.
The Genoese iron works (ferriere)closed to the half of the 19th century, due to the concurrence of low cost foreign iron and local constructions of modern foundries.

Mining activities are important in the economic development of any country endowed with mineral resources. This is due to the economic benefits made available to countries involved in the extraction of mineral resources, internal and external. Internally, employment and revenue generation; externally, a substantial foreign exchange is available to such countries. This research work examined the ore extraction and mining operations of the three (3) largest Mining companies in Palawan, Philippines, and their effect on the environment and the people. This research work undertook a thorough and broader outlook into the environmental implications of Mining on the island of Palawan, both negative and positive. The study utilized the descriptive-evaluative research design while using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodology. A total of one hundred eighty-eight respondents from four different communities in four municipalities in the Southern part of Palawan were contacted for relevant information through questionnaire administration and interviews. A researcher-made questionnaire was formulated to gather data on mining and ore extraction methods employed by different mining firms in the Province of Palawan, their effect on the environment and people. The study is well-aimed to find out whether the mining companies are compliant with the different government regulations. Findings show that the community members were aware that mining companies employed surface mining as their method of mineral extraction, as revealed by a weighted mean of 2.66. Surface mining causes air/noise pollution, water pollution, and siltation of rivers, and land degradation. Mining companies have attempted re-afforestation of the minedout areas (2.57), resettle affected communities and other measures (2.28), provided livelihoods (3.14) and satisfactory crop compensations (2.85), employment, and other benefits (3.22). They also provided development projects, school buildings as well as healthcare facilities. Mining companies are compliant with all the mining regulations set by the government. It has been recommended stringent and rigorous efforts at re-afforestation, resettlement of affected communities, and other measures aimed at restoring back degraded lands to their proximate state after mining activities should be intensified by the mining companies and additional health facilities be built which will particularly be made accessible to non-workers and other neighboring municipalities at very affordable charges.

Relations between Latin America and Asia—by Asia in this case we refer to that broad swath of the Asian land mass that goes from East Asia through Southeast Asia all the way to South Asia—are undergoing a very special moment. It is precisely at moments like this that systematic reflection and analysis about the future course and direction of these links needs to happen. Much work has been done on Sino-LAC relations; some (particularly in previous decades) on the long-standing ties between Japan and the region; and Indo-LAC links are only now starting to trigger some interest. But broader reflections on the direction, pace, and quality of Asia-LAC links remain relatively few and far between.

The purpose of this volume, designed as the first part of a broader project, is to help fill this void and initiate a wide-ranging discussion about the current course of these ties: whether they should be nudged in one direction or another; what to make of present economic opportunities, and what the implications of the latter are for Latin America’s long-term development goals. Starting from current economic trends, its goal is to explore the implications of existing trade and investment patterns in Asia-LAC links. We have selected some of the most important cases in the region, but by no means all of them. Missing from this volume are significant players such as Venezuela, Ecuador, Cuba, and Costa Rica, among others, including the small states of the Caribbean. We hope to include them in future stages.

Among the questions we consider are the following: What can be done to mitigate, if not totally avoid, the “de-industrializing” effects of the demand for Latin American natural resources coming from Asia? What is the significance, if any, of the fact that trade between the two regions is largely intersectoral, with Latin America exporting mostly commodities to Asia and Asia in turn selling mostly industrial and consumer products, including many high-tech ones, to Latin America? What can Latin American countries do to get into the Asian value-added chains of production? Given that since 2003, an average of 2.3 regional trade agreements (RTAs) per year have been signed between countries of these two regions, are further FTAs and RTAs between Asia and LAC countries, like the ones between Chile and China, India and South Korea, or the one between MERCOSUR and India, the way forward? Is Taiwan still a relevant actor or have countries that have historically maintained diplomatic relations with it been seduced by the opportunities that China represents, thus leaving Taiwan behind? Are Argentina’s measures to limit foreign ownership of agricultural land a harbinger of things to come, as Asian companies move into South America? And, without downplaying China’s unmistakable role in South America’s recent prosperity, what are the sources of conflict and friction and how can they best be addressed?

The ancient Maya created one of the most elaborate civilizations of pre-Columbian America. Their complex, hierarchical society evolved and flourished in the tropical lowland rainforests of Central America during the Classic period ca. AD 250-900. They developed a rich cosmology and formal religious system, which can be partially reconstructed today using methods of archaeology, art history, and ethnohistory. This chapter considers complex lithic artifacts termed "mirrors," elucidating their sociopolitical and ideational functions for the ancient Maya individuals who possessed and used them. Moreover, I advance a hypothesis and evidence regarding how the ancient Maya likely harnessed certain psychoactive substances to augment the effectiveness of their mirrors for consulting (what they believed to be) a spiritual Otherworld.

This text deals in Japanese with the iron production in Protohistoric and Antique Gaul, presenting the results of the most recent studies concerning the iron production from the mining to the forging techniques, reviewing also the smelting furnaces used in Celtic and Roman Gaul. The beginning of iron production in Gaul is then compared with the one in Ancient Japan, revealing the differences but also the similarities between the two cultures, aiming to clearly unveil the caracteristics of the Japanese iron production in its early stage.

A new process of making iron, using a blast furnace and a forge, both powered by water, was introduced into the Weald in the 1490s, and spread to other parts of England and Wales from the 1550s. This book provides a history of every ironworks of the charcoal blast furnace period, except the Weald. It also covers early coke ironworks (built before 1815) and water-powered bloomeries (of the previous technology). After introductory material on the industry generally, each chapter deals with the ironworks of one district, including also other water-powered mills processing iron, steel furnaces, early ironworks powered by steam engines, and a few other works. Blade mills (and cutlers wheels), which provided the initial cutting edge for tools are not included in those areas where they are ubiquitous. The period covered is an era in the technology of an important industry in Great Britain.

Remote sensing and aeromagnetic data analyses were conducted for the characterization of basement structural elements that influence iron ore deposits and other mineralization over kabba and its surroundings. Spectral analysis suggests depth to magnetic sources range from deep, intermediate, and shallow with depths (i.e., 2.8 km, 1.5 km, and 0.3 km respectively). Three lithological zones were revealed on the Analytic Signal (AS) image which includes Meta-Sedimentary Complex, migmatite-gneiss-quartzite complexes, and undifferentiated schist and metavolcanic rocks. Structures interpreted based on first vertical derivatives (FVD), total horizontal derivatives (THD), and AS of the aeromagnetic images enabled delineation of long, deep, regional, inter-terrain linear structural features that are different from shallow, relatively short local intra-terrain structures. Typical potential mineralized zones are regions where the delineated structures on the AS coincide with FVD anomalies visa -vis zones exhibiting THD peak anomalies and high magnetic susceptibility. These characterized zones also coincide with the location of known geologically deposits of iron-ore and marble. Mineral deposits tend to be dominated regionally by the dominant structural patterns (NE-SW to ENE-WSW, NW-SE to WNW-ESE, and E-W) delineated from SRTM and aeromagnetic analysis.

Este texto analisa o desenvolvimento da atividade de exploração de minério de ferro no Brasil a partir da Teoria dos Ciclos Longos e da interpretação do pensamento do economista Ignácio Rangel sobre o processo de desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro. Apresenta uma proposta teórica de leitura geográfica desta atividade econômica. Abstract This paper analyze the development iron-ore exploration in Brazil about the Long Cycle Teory and economic interpretation from Ignácio Rangel about the economic process of brazilian development. It´s present a theoretical proposes of geographical reading of this economic activity.

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is one of rapid prototyping (RP) technologies which uses an additive fabrication approach. Each commercially available FDM model has different types of process parameters for different applications. Some of the desired parts require excellent surface finish as well as good tolerance. The most common parameters requiring setup are the raster angle, tool path, slice thickness, build orientation, and deposition speed. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the process parameters of FDM Prodigy Plus (Stratasys, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, USA). Various selected parameters were tested and the optimum condition was proposed. The quality of the parts produced was accessed in terms of dimensional accuracy and surface finish. The optimum parameters obtained were then applied in the fabrication of the master pattern prior to silicone rubber moulding (SRM). These parameters would reduce the post processing time. The dimensional accuracy and surface roughness were analyzed using coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and surface roughness tester, respectively. Based on this study, the recommended parameters will improve the quality of the FDM parts produced in terms of dimensional accuracy and surface roughness for the application of SRM.

This study was started to find alternative binders to bentonite and to recover the low preheated and fired pellet mechanical strengths of organic binders-bonded pellets. Bentonite is considered as a chemical impurity for pellet chemistry due to acid constituents (SiO2 and Al2O3). Especially addition of silica-alumina bearing binders is detrimental for iron ore concentrate with high acidic content. Organic binders are the most studied binders since they are free in silica. Although they yield pellets with good wet strength; they have found limited application in industry since they fail to give sufficient physical and mechanical strength to preheated and fired pellets. It is investigated that how insufficient preheated and fired pellet strengths can be improved when organic binders are used as binder. The addition of a slag bonding/strength increasing constituent (free in acidic contents) into pellet feed to provide pellet strength with the use of  organic binders was proposed. Addition of boron compounds such as colemanite, tincal, borax pentahydrate, boric acid together with organic binders such as CMC, starch, dextrin and some organic based binders, into magnetite and hematite pellet mixture was tested. After determining the addition of boron compounds is beneficial to recover the low pellet physical and mechanical qualities in the first part of this study, in this second part, metallurgical and chemical properties (reducibility – swelling index – microstructure – mineralogy - chemical content) of pellets produced with combined binders (an organic binder plus a boron compound) were presented. The metallurgical and chemical tests results showed that good quality product pellets can be produced with combined binders when compared with the bentonite-bonded pellets. Hence, the suggested combined binders can be used as binder in place of bentonite in iron ore pelletizing without compromising the pellet chemistry.

Organic binders as alternatives to bentonite in iron ore pelletisation have found limited application since they fail to give enough mechanical strength to preheated and fired pellets. This paper describes the use of alternative binders to bentonite for haematite ore pelletisation. Organic binders (carboxyl methyl cellulose, corn starch, dextrin) and agglomeration aid chemicals (polymer and flocculants) and boron compounds (colemanite and borax pentahydrate) were tested as binder alone or in combination. The influence of the boron compound added organic binders on the preheated and fired pellet strengths was determined. The results showed that the compressive strengths of preheated pellets at 1000uC made with organic binders can be improved with the addition of colemanite. The compressive strengths of fired pellets at 1300uC produced with organic binders plus colemanite were found to be significantly greater than those of pellets bonded with the reference bentonite binder.

This article examines the attitude of the Chiefs of Staff committee towards the Russo-Finnish war of November 1939 to March 1940, and the effect that their attitude had on British strategy towards Scandinavia and the USSR during the early months of the Second World War. It argues that the Chiefs and the War Cabinet were in agreement until December 1939, after which their opinions diverged and the Chief 's advice to the government became more erratic and reckless. It concludes that the Chiefs failed in their primary duty to provide clear advice to the War Cabinet and that British policy in Scandinavia could have led to disaster.

How can we explain the marketisation of the iron ore market following the emergence of China, whereas the same market had seen change in the opposite direction following the emergence of Japan, 50 years earlier? I argue that relative coordination capacity – or relative market power – between domestic and international stakeholders explains market change at the global level. Via the study of Japan and China’s impact on the iron ore pricing and shipping regimes, I show that China’s rise led to the marketisation (liberalisation and financialisation) of the iron ore market pricing regime, and the demarketisation of the shipping regime, whereas Japan’s rise led to demarketisation in both cases. This article’s argument illustrates that China’s impact is not equal across markets, contrary to characterisations of China as either a revisionist or status quo power. Second, it argues that China has caused the marketisation of the iron ore pricing regime, which is contrary to expectations on both sides of the debate on China’s rise: China was unable to dictate outcomes via a strong state, nor did it seamlessly integrate the global economy. Third, it illustrates the importance of resonance dynamics at the interface of domestic and global market institutions.

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se aborda el incremento y caída de la renta diferencial del suelo minero a lo largo del presente siglo. En primer lugar se describen los principales elementos relativos a la producción global de mineral de hierro y cobre de mina, las principales mercancías mineras producidas en los dos espacios nacionales analizados. Luego se realiza una breve introducción teórica relacionada con la renta diferencial para luego considerar su estimación para dos casos nacionales como el chileno y el australiano, así como también el desenvolvimiento de la rentabilidad de las mayores empresas mineras del mundo.

Ambas actividades organizadas por la Asociación Brasileña de Metalurgia, ABM, fueron precedidas por cursos cortos de actualización. Las ceremonias de apertura fueron dinámicas y constituyeron un buen punto de partida. Se realizaron en ellas los habituales homenajes a socios destacados y la entrega de premios a los mejores trabajos de los seminarios previos. Mientras el Seminario de Acería contó con más de 70 trabajos, en el de Materias Primas y Reducción se presentaron 150. La ABM dejó de lado este año la entrega de un CD con los trabajos presentados, optando por subirlos a la " nube " , con acceso libre para los participantes del evento y los asociados a la ABM. A continuación se comentan brevemente algunos de los trabajos presentados en ambos eventos. Defosforación en los convertidores de ArcelorMittal Tubarão. Se hicieron coladas de ensayo con modificaciones en el consumo de cales, el tenor de óxido de hierro en la escoria y el uso de fluorita. En paralelo, se interpretaron los resultados evaluando la participación de fósforo según los modelos de Healy, Turkdogan, Basu y Suito. Para entender las diferencias entre los resultados de esos y los industriales se utilizó un programa termodinámico que permite calcular los coeficientes de actividad (desviación respecto al comportamiento ideal), la fracción de líquido en la escoria y el fósforo en equilibrio. Entre los modelos estudiados, el que presentó resultados más cercanos a los reales fue el de Turkdogan. Se obtuvo una correlación significativa entre los valores de basicidad óptica y el coeficiente de partición del fósforo (relación entre el porcentaje de fósforo en la escoria y el porcentaje de fósforo en el acero). Mientras los aumentos de los tenores de cal y de fluorita (FIGURA 1) mejoraron la performance de defosforación, el incremento del óxido de magnesio dio el resultado inverso.

Llegint els anteriors apartats, hom arriba a la conclusió que es tracta de l'explotació d'una concentració d'óxids en una fractura que afecta l'encaixant. Aquest, possiblement d'edat siluriana, és ric en sulfurs de ferro que, en contacte amb fluids oxidants i acids, altera la pirita provocant l'aparició d'óxids, hidróxids i sulfats de ferro. El coll d'Arenes deu ser, en gran part, el punt d'origen d'aquest ferro, amb alteració de la roca encaixant en cotes topogràfiques superiors per aigües meteòriques. Aquesta aigua flueix per les discontinuïtats
litològiques presents en els materials silurians, fins a arribar a la discontinuïtat cartografiada a l'interior de la mina. En el coll d' Arenes localitzem materials del siluria alterats. Aquest coll és una zona de «montera», en la qual els materials menys solubles esdevenen oxids, que és la forma estable en aquests ambients subaeris. Les aigües meteoriques acostumen a ser acides i oxidants (Eh superiors a zero ), cosa que fa que els sulfurs es desestabilitzin i donin acid sulfúric, que altera la pirita, tornant l'aigua subaeria cada vegada més acida, i desestabilitzant més sulfurs, fins que ja no hagin pirites per alterar. Una altra mineralització d'aquest ti pus a Andorra s'observa en el Camp de Claror (en estudi), zona configurada per una amplia plana de «montera», on la precipitació del ferro es fa en els aqüífers presents en els sediments dels vessants dels voltans, i la mineralització es manifesta en forma de crostes de conglomerats cimentats amb oxids de ferro. Aquestes parts alterades conegudes com a zonas de montera, en castella, i gossan, en angles, tenen una gran concentració d'oxids de ferro, que és l'encaixant rentat per lixiviació dels minerals solubles; aquests es dissolen en forma d'ions i són transportats per aigües subterranies entre les fractures de la roca caixa. El flux és descendent a conseqüencia de la gravetat i els ions passen a nivells topografics inferiors. Quan les condicions redox varien, els ions precipiten donant minerals estables en les condicions de formació. A Llorts s'explotava el producte de l'empobriment supergenic de sulfurs de la zona de montera, i també de l'alteració dels sulfurs en contacte amb aquestes aigües oxidants en les superficies de fractura. Aquests materials silurians tenen minerals metamorfics com l'andalusita i la biotita, característics d'un metamorfisme d'alta pressió i baixa temperatura, amb una composició original pelítica. Aquests minerals, visualment apareixen com a grans porfiroblastos, que donen un aspecte nodulós, i en certs indrets estan maclats. La fractura és subhoritzontal en les parts més fondes de la mina, pero prop de l'entrada es fa més vertical, i va seguint una direcció de capa NE-SW, que regionalment acostuma a disposar-se en una serie de famílies de discontinui'tat. L'estudi d'aquestes famílies ens permetria coneixer el sistema hídric de la muntanya i poder arribar a situar l'area font d'aquest ferro, pero aquest tema ha de ser l'objecte d'un altre treball de recerca.

Mineralogy of phosphatized and zeolitized hydrogenous cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from Dirck Hartog Ridge (DHR), the Perth Abyssal Plain (PAP), formed on an altered basaltic substrate, is described. Detail studies of crusts were conducted using optical transmitted light microscopy, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). The major Fe-Mn mineral phases that form DHR crusts are low-crystalline vernadite, asbolane and a feroxyhyte-ferrihydrite mixture. Accessory minerals are Ca-hydroxyapatite, zeolites (Na-phillipsite, chabazite, heulandite-clinoptilolite), glauconite and several clay minerals (Fe-smectite, nontronite, celadonite) are identified in the basalt-crust border zone. The highest Ni, Cu and Co contents are observed in asbolane and Mn-(Fe) vernadite. There is significant enrichment of Ti in feroxyhyte−ferrihydrite and vernadite. The highest rare earth ele...

Özet
Manyas Gölü'nün (Bandırma, Balıkesir) güneydoğu kıyısında bulunan Daskyleion'un, yerleşim alanına ek olarak doğu ve güneyinde iki de nekropol alanı bulunmaktadır. Bu nekropol alanları, Daskyleion'un farklı dönemlerine ait çeşitli tip ve büyüklüklerde mezarları barındırmaktadır. Bu mezarlar arasında, Kaya Mezarı II olarak tanımlanan mezar, anakayaya oyulmuş uzun bir dromos ve mezar odasından oluşmaktadır. Mezarda 2014 yılında yapılan kazı çalışmalarında, anakayaya işlenmiş iki kline ile çeşitli tür ve biçimlerde ölü hediyeleri açığa çıkartılmıştır. Çalışmaya konu olan buluntu, bu klinelerden biri üzerine defnedilmiş olan bireye mezar hedi-yesi olarak bırakılmış çelikten yapılmış bir hançerdir. Kınıyla birlikte ve in situ olarak günü-müze kadar korunagelmiş olması, bu hançere Anadolu ve bölge arkeolojisi açısından ender bir buluntu niteliği kazandırmaktadır. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi, Tarihi Malzeme Koruma ve Araştırma Laboratuvarı (MAKLAB) bünyesinde arkeometrik yönden incelenen hançer üzerinde XRF, X-ışını radyografi, metalografi, SEM-EDX ve LIPS analizleri yapılmış-tır. Analizlerden elde edilen veriler ışığında, hançerin kimyasal kompozisyonu, üretim süreci ve olası hammadde kaynağı hakkında bilgilere ulaşılmıştır.

Abstract
Dascyleum is located on the southeast coast of Lake Manyas (Bandırma, Balıkesir/TURKEY). In addition to the settlement, Dascyleum has two necropolis areas in the east and south. These necropolis areas contain various types and sizes tombs, from different periods of Dascyleum. Among these tombs, the tomb which is defined as the Rock-cut Tomb II, consists of a long dro-mos and a burial chamber cut into the bedrock. During the excavations at the tomb in 2014, two klines carved into the bedrock with grave goods various types and forms has been revealed. The subject of the study is a dagger made of steel left as a grave good for the individual buried on one of these klines. Owing to the still in its sheath and well preserved in situ, this dagger serves as a rarely encountered archaeological find in terms of Anatolian and regional archeology. On the dagger that archaeometrically examined at the Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Historical Material Conservation and Research Laboratory (MAKLAB), XRF, X-ray radiography, metallography, SEM-EDX and LIPS analyzes were performed. As a result of the data obtained from the analysis, informations about the chemical composition of the dagger, its production process and possible raw material source has been reached.

ABSTRACT
The present study investigates the impact of the quality of lumps in iron ore mining systems and its implications for mineral reserve recovery rates. Improving the quality of lump ore, through simple yet innovative mineral processing, can maximize recovery of reserves, decrease waste generation, and increase the productivity and sustainability of mines by allowing transition to lower quality iron ores. Here, a case study is described in which both siliceous and dolomitic banded iron formation rocks (BIFs) were subjected to chemical, physical, and mineralogical characterization before undergoing beneficiation processes in pneumatic jigs and logwasher equipment. These processes were found to increase product quality and reduce the levels of contaminants, including SiO2, Al2O3, and fines. The gain in quality led to a reduction in the cut-off grade, from 60% to 58% Fe, while maintaining products specifications. Consequently, a 20% increase in the lump ore reserves was achieved, contributing to the sustainability of the mining system.

Mineralogy of phosphatized and zeolitized hydrogenous cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from Dirck Hartog Ridge (DHR), the Perth Abyssal Plain (PAP), formed on an altered basaltic substrate, is described. Detail studies of crusts were conducted using optical transmitted light microscopy, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). The major Fe-Mn mineral phases that form DHR crusts are low-crystalline vernadite, asbolane and a feroxyhyte-ferrihydrite mixture. Accessory minerals are Ca-hydroxyapatite, zeolites (Na-phillipsite, chabazite, heulandite-clinoptilolite), glauconite and several clay minerals (Fe-smectite, nontronite, celadonite) are identified in the basalt-crust border zone. The highest Ni, Cu and Co contents are observed in asbolane and Mn-(Fe) vernadite. There is significant enrichment of Ti in feroxyhyte−ferrihydrite and vernadite. The highest rare earth element (REE) content is measured in the phosphate minerals, less in phyllosilicates and Na-phillipsite. The geochemical composition of minerals in the DHR crusts supports the formation of crusts by initial alteration, phosphatization and zeolitization of the substrate basalts followed by oscillatory Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides precipitation of hydrogenous vernadite (oxic conditions) and diagenous asbolane (suboxic conditions).

Este texto analisa o desenvolvimento da atividade de exploração de minério de ferro no Brasil a partir da Teoria dos Ciclos Longos e da interpretação do pensamento do economista Ignácio Rangel sobre o processo de desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro. Apresenta uma proposta teórica de leitura geográfica desta atividade econômica.
Palavras-chave: Ciclo longo, Ignácio Rangel, mineração, minério de ferro

Sintering is thermal process used in the iron and steel industry to transform fine particles of iron ore and concentrate into porous product known as sinter. Sinter is input material for the blast furnace process. In the sintering process fuel is in the form of coke breeze (or in the form various types of biomass) used for production of iron-ore sinter. Temperature measurement and monitoring is very important in the iron sintering process. Temperature can be a very good indicator of the behavior of the sintering process. The present work contains the findings, which were obtained from analysis of the results, obtained by experiments with the laboratory sintering pan. The simulation conditions on this laboratory sintering pan are sufficiently close to those present in the sintering layer. This paper primarily presents temperature measurement in iron sintering process with infrared thermography. During the sintering, the laboratory sintering pan was monitored by thermovision camera and movement of the combustion zone in direction of airflow was recorded. The information provided by the measurement system can be used to control many parameters of the sintering process (homogeneity and dimension of combustion zone, temperature profile in sintering bed, etc.). The experiment results were analyzed and summarized in the present paper.