WWI

At the turn of the twentieth century, the sampling market is moving from a trade-based industry to a service-oriented contemporary of the rise of the consulting and advertising businesses. The Parisian economy in the clothing industry is in accelerated motion and samplers belong to this core group of small apparel companies that ensure the complementarity between trade and technology.
As early as 1908-1910 the first fashion « défilés » are part of this growing segment of the the fashion industry which becomes more and more service-oriented In 1912 and 1914 the sampler Jean Claude Frères sends two letters to a silk fabric in the Lyon region. The samplers are no longer exclusively intermediaries that select, cut and serve. They gradually become mediators, observers or later prescribers to enhance the process of transmission of information.
This process of mediation will continue during the war to the measure of the availability of the raw material in Paris. The year 1915 will be complicated and samplers interrupt deliveries they will resume after 1916 smoothly. The war disrupted the process of mediation in the Paris fashion industries but it dot stop it. Samplers kept their relationships with their fabric suppliers established in the provinces or abroad.

The First World War has been engraved into the consciousness of modern man and it has moulded the political order in Europe (Taylor, 1966, p. 11). The debate over the origins of the war was particularly endemic in the 1960s and the 1970s mainly in reaction to the publication of Fritz Fischer’s account of German war aims (Mombauer, 2007, pp. 79-80). The inclusion of Article 231 of The Treaty of Versailles, which places war guilt firmly upon Germany and her allies, resulted in a great outburst of literature from German historians in 1919 who believed that Germany was unfairly blamed for the war (Joll, 1966, p. 101). This literature review shall compare and contrast various explanations as to why war erupted in 1914 and why so much controversy has resulted from them.

Írásomban a Kalocsai Érseki Főgimnázium (Kalocsai Jézus-Társasági Intézet) első világháborús hősi halottaival kapcsolatos kutatásom eredményeiről számolok be, rávilágítva az eddig ismeretlen eredményekre és ellentmondásokra az 1914 és 1918 közötti időszakból.

As citizens of Austria-Hungaria, a country at war, the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia were required to participate in the global war, despite the fact that no major military operations took place on the territory of the Kingdom. While the influence of the First World War on the political history of Croatia is still a matter of debate, there exist only rough estimates about the number of victims, dead and missing. The fact remains that the First World War was until recently very rarely a topic of scholarly research in Croatia. Many topics were avoided or unexplored, including the one, which will be presented at this conference. We still don’t know how many memorials to the people who suffered, went missing, or died in the First World War have been erected on the territory of Croatia. Since there has until recently been no culture of memory regarding the First World War and no organised visits to the memorials dedicated to its victims, these memorials have been forgotten, damaged, destroyed or removed, leaving new generations of historians with much ahead of them. On the basis of the research conducted until today, this presentation shall encompass questions such as the existence of places of memory – First World War memorials in Croatia today, their number, the state they’re in, and the fate of the ones which have since then disappeared.

Avec cet ouvrage, Alexandre Sumpf réintégre la Russie dans une historiographie de la Grande Guerre (centrée essentiellement sur l’Europe et les fronts dits «  primaires  »). Pour faciliter la comparaison, l’auteur s’est borné au cadre chronologique européen, celui des années 1914‑1918. Ce cadre lui permet également d’inclure dans son propos le début de la guerre civile et de respecter ainsi les logiques spécifiquement russes du conflit....

Published as: Christine Winter, ‘Chapter Two: The Occupation of German New Guinea’, in Barry Craig, Ron Vanderwal and Christine Winter, War Trophies or Curios? The War Museum Collection in Museum Victoria 1915-1920, Melbourne Museum, 2015, pp. 14-41.

This chapter is a historical examination of collecting and entangled encounters in German New Guinea and ex-German New Guinea during WWI. It explores the cultural and political context of collecting of New Guinean artefacts as curios, objects for trade and national pride. Do get the published book: the illustrations and images are lavish, and offer many more insights.

The current article focuses on the evolution and application of the Law of Armed Conflicts from the Middle Ages to the present day, with particular emphasis on the legal status of the declaration of the First World War. By analyzing the theories of "Just War" (Bellum Justum) and the customary rules of the Middle Ages, one can see the lack of legal certainty in relation to war declarations. Furthermore, the article continues with subsequent theories, which underlined that declaring war constituted an absolute right of a sovereign state. In this context, in which WWI took place, also immerged the "rule of neutrality". In the following pages, after demonstrating the substantive and formal legal requirements of declaring war at that era, in conjunction with the study of historical texts of the time, it will be concluded that WWI has been legally declared. Conclusively, a brief reference will be made to the effects of WWI in contemporary Law of Armed Conflicts and the prohibition of the use of force in international relations.

Przyjmuje się, że podczas I wojny światowej w siłach zbrojnych cesarskich Niemiec służyło około 850 000 żołnierzy polskiej narodowości. Już podczas mobilizacji w sierpniu 1914 roku w szeregi kaiserowskiego wojska trafiło 320 000 Polaków. Niezwykle trafnie ujął to jeden z tych żołnierzy Leon Gawroński, pisząc kredą na tablicy podczas pamiątkowego zdjęcia w atelier: „Obcy mundur — dola taka...”.

Oddaję do rąk czytelnika wspomnienia doktora i chirurga Wojciecha Jedliny-Jacobsona, który w sierpniu 1914 roku został zmobilizowany, jako lekarz III batalionu 49. Pułku Piechoty, 8. Brygady Piechoty z 4. Dywizji Piechoty. Jednostka ta wchodziła do II Korpusu Armijnego, a ten do 1. Armii dowodzonej przez generała Alexandra von Klucka, której postawiono zadanie okrążenia i zdobycia Paryża. Zgodnie z przysięgą lekarską dr Jacobson niósł pomoc medyczną dla wszystkich rannych znajdowanych na pobojowiskach, czy dostarczanych na punkt opatrunkowy batalionu. W roku 1914 na froncie zachodnim uczestniczył ze swoim pułkiem w bitwie nad rzeką Gette, pod Mons, nad rzeką Sommą, pod Senlis i Ourcq, nad rzeką Aisne, pod Roye, Soupir, Ypres, a pod koniec 1914 roku na froncie wschodnim w bitwie pod Łodzią oraz nad Rawką i Bzurą. Dr Jacobson nie ukrywał, że był Polakiem, co wielokrotnie wzbudzało podejrzenia przełożonych o nielojalność i wypominanie, że był „przyjacielem Francuzów”. Autor wspomnień szczególnie dużo miejsca poświęcił niemieckim zbrodniom wojennym w Belgii, przytaczając wiele szczegółów z wydarzeń, których był świadkiem.

Do chwili obecnej ukazało się drukiem zaledwie kilka wspomnień żołnierzy wojsk niemieckich polskiej narodowości z czasu I wojny światowej. Jednak niewiele z nich reprezentuje, tak wysoki poziom pisarski. Dlatego też w tym miejscu należy podkreślić unikatowy charakter tych wspomnień, które zostały poddane edycji naukowej i opatrzone wstępem.

Dr Bartosz Kruszyński
Pomysłodawca wydania, redakcja naukowa, wstęp, wybór i edycja map oraz fotografii

----------------------------------------------------------------------

During the World War I in the armed forces of imperial Germany serve about 850 000 soldiers of Polish nationality. After mobilization in August 1914 the ranks of the kaiser's army went 320 000 Poles. Extremely aptly put it, one of these soldiers Leon Gawronski, writing with chalk on a blackboard during a photo in the studio: "Aliens uniform - such a fate ...".

I give into the hands of the reader memories of doctor and surgeon Wojciech Jedlina-Jacobson, who in August 1914 was drafted, as a doctor at the 3rd Battalion, 49th Infantry Regiment, 8th Infantry Brigade, 4rd Infantry Division. This unit belonged to the 2nd Army Corps of the 1st Army, commanded by General Alexander von Klucka, which was ordered in 1914 to capture Paris. According to the medical oath Dr. Jacobson was carrying medical aid for all injuries found on battlefields, or delivered to the infirmary of the battalion.

In 1914 the Western Front participated with his regiment at the battles of Gette River, in Mons, over the River Somme, the Senlis and Ourcq, on the river Aisne, under Roye, Soupir, Ypres, and in late 1914 the eastern front in the battle near Lodz and the Rawka and Bzura.

Dr. Jacobson did not conceal that he was a Pole, which has repeatedly aroused the suspicions of disloyalty superiors and reproaches that he was "a friend of the French”.

Author of memories especially a lot of space devoted German war crimes in Belgium, citing many of the details of the events that he witnessed.

Until now it appeared in print only a few memories of soldiers Polish nationality in the German army from the time of the World War I. However, few of them represents such a high level as a writer. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the unique nature of these memories that have been edited scientific and preface.

Dr Bartosz Kruszynski
science editor

THE ARMY OF THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA IN THE RURAL AREAS OF
THE TIMIŞ-TORONTAL COUNTY IN THE ROMANIAN PART OF BANAT
BETWEEN 1918-1919
Data from the Historical Museum Fund „Nicolae Ilieşiu”

Summary
At the end of the World War 1914–1918 the political and the administrative situation of Banat as a region was extremely complex, considering that both Serbia and Romania manifested their claim in taking over this former Austro-Hungarian territory. On top of that, the Hungarians and Germans in the region, not insignificant by numbers, have expressed their wish to remain in the newly formed Hungarian state or have opted for the proclamation of the independent Banat Republic. In this general context, after the Military Convention that took place on November 13th, 1918 in Belgrade, the army of the Kingdom of Serbia, as a winner of the Great War and a representative of the Entente Powers occupied Banat. The situation during the provisorium in the Romanian part of Banat, especially in the rural areas, when the Serbian army was present in the territory, has not been thoroughly studied so far and is therefore not very well known in the current historiography. The National Banat Museum owns in its collections a certain documentary source which provides a relative image of those times, namely the years 1918–1919. In 1934 a certain research was undertaken, based on questionnaires. The obtained results are various, subjective and, for sure, mostly approximate, given based on memories and stories after two decades from those events. Even so, they offer a certain image on the situation between 1918–1919, as well as on those who have asked for the questionnaire and those who have written it. In the article the questionnaire is reproduced in the original and also translated in Serbian.

Terra matta, l’autobiografia di un ragazzo del ’99, semicolto, si caratterizza per la sua avventurosa storia editoriale, per il linguaggio – frutto di un pastiche involontario tra italiano e dialetto ragusano – e per le vicende che narra: uno spaccato della storia d’Italia dalla Grande Guerra alla Prima Repubblica. Nonostante la povertà di mezzi dell’autore, la cui forma mentis è legata in parte a un regime di oralità primaria, il saggio propone un’analisi che rileva, in un terreno così accidentato, un insospettabile rispetto di alcuni elementi tradizionali dell’autobiografismo moderno.

The year 1914 is a year that will be remembered as a year of significance for generations to come. It was the beginning of The Great War, a war that would affect all of the world economically, socially, and politically. No citizen of any nation was exempt from the toll the war. The Great War, or World War I, would leave the world in a state of unease that would eventually lead to World War II and the Cold War. Even though this war was so influential in the history of the world, the cause of it is still greatly debated to this day. In David Fromkin’s book, Europe’s Last Summer, an exploration of the causes that led up to WWI is discussed. Fromkin analyzes the internal affairs of the nations of Europe to decide not only why the war happened, but also why it happened when and where it did. Through his writing, Fromkin is able to provide a conclusion that clearly describes the two main sources of the war, the German and Austrian Empires and their two separate battles that led to the beginning of The Great War.

In Europe’s Last Summer, David Fromkin provides his beliefs in the causes of WWI. Fromkin suggests a two part cause that is intertwined and yet separate in motive: Austria wanting to overtaking Serbia for its own expansion and Germany wanting to destroy the other European powers to gain total control of Europe.  Fromkin uses these causes to support a strong argument contradicting other views that state that WWI lacked purpose. Fromkin conveys the importance of WWI and its relevance to all wars that follow. Fromkin concludes with, “The decision for war in 1914 was purposeful; and the war itself, was not as generation of historians have, meaningless. On the contrary, it was fought to decide the essential questions in international politics: who would achieve mastery in Europe, and therefore in the world, and under the banners of what faith,” (p. 296)

(Italian) Article describing the tools provided by Italian administrative law to obtain the Italian citizenship for descendants of Italian emigrants in Brazil from territories annexed after WWI

Articolo che descrive gli strumenti di diritto amministrativo per ottenere la cittadinanza italiana per i discendenti di emigrati dai territori annessi all'Italia a seguito della Prima Guerra mondiale.

La Primera Guerra Mundial certificó la llegada de una nueva era y marcó el principio de un periodo de militancia ideológica y política sin precedentes en Europa desde 1848. A pesar de que se mantuvo neutral durante todo el conflicto, España no fue ajena a este proceso. La decadencia del régimen restauracionista y la emergencia de la política de masas fueron dos elementos de un desarrollo convergente que se había iniciado con la crisis de fin de siglo y que la conflagración europea contribuyó a acelerar de manera sustancial. En el nuevo escenario abierto en agosto de 1914, los intelectuales ocuparon un papel de máxima relevancia para desarrollar un proceso de movilización cultural que se expresó desde múltiples vertientes, que fueron desde las militancias aliadófilas y germanófilas hasta la renovación de las crónicas periodísticas. Su relación con la política se hizo cada vez más estrecha al calor del conflicto y les encontró, a la altura de 1917, en alguno de los polos de acción que pusieron en jaque el sistema restauracionista. El conflicto les convirtió en los catalizadores de la opinión nacional y, con ello, simbolizó su entrada en la madurez.
A la luz de las recientes aportaciones historiográficas, este libro plantea que, a diferencia de lo que se ha pensado muchas veces, el impacto de la Gran Guerra sobre España tuvo una importancia fundamental y contribuyó decisivamente en la construcción de unos discursos y unas prácticas políticas y culturales que serían fundamentales para la renovación de las culturas políticas dominantes en las décadas posteriores.

Coinciding with the centennial of the U.S. entry into World War I, this exhibition catalog examines the lives of four individuals from Montana or closely tied to the western state who served their country proudly and whose lives were significantly shaped by the Great War. They are: Glasgow-born William Belzer, celebrated aviator and among America’s first flying aces; Great Falls widow Josephine Hale who served as a Red Cross nurse and became a notable painter in France; doughboy Sidney F. Smith, survivor and hero of the infamous “Lost Battalion;” and James Watson Gerard, U.S. ambassador to Berlin until the U.S. declaration of war and husband to Mary Daly of the famous mining family. The catalog essay  by UM Professor of Art History and Criticism H. Rafael Chacón addresses the abstract concept of the enemy, both abroad and within.

Öz
Tarih araştırmalarının kaynakları arasında hatıraların farklı bir yeri vardır. Renksiz anlatımlara sahip arşiv belgelerinin suskun kaldığı durumların açıklığa kavuşturulmasında hatıralar önemli roller üstlenmektedir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin son zamanlarına ve Türkiye’nin Millî Mücadele Dönemi’ne ait olaylar ile kişilerarası ilişkileri daha iyi görmek ve anlamak adına Halil (Kut) Paşa’nın hatıratı büyük bir boşluğu doldurmaktadır. Halil Paşa’nın atılgan ve cesur kişiliğiyle cepheden cepheye koşarak büyük fedakârlıklarla yerine getirdiği vatan hizmeti bütün açıklığı ile hatıralarda ortaya çıkmaktadır. 1967 yılından itibaren çeşitli zamanlarda yayınlanan, Kûtü’l-Amare Zaferi’nin 100. Yılı münasebetiyle yeniden gündeme gelen Halil Paşa’nın hatıralarının
farklı baskıları mevcuttur. Bunlar arasında Akşam gazetesinde tefrika halinde yayınlanan hatıraların daha değerli olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Başta askerî olmak üzere tarihin çeşitli kısımlarına kazandıracağı önemli ayrıntılar nedeniyle Halil Paşa’nın hatıraları yeniden değerlendirilmelidir. Bu sayede Trablusgarp, Balkan Savaşları, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve Türk Mücadele tarihleri daha ayrıntılı ve renkli olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Halil (Kut) Paşa, Osmanlı Devleti, Hatırat, Kutü’l-Amare Zaferi.

Abstract
Historical Importance of Halil Pasha’s Memoirs Among the sources of history research, memoirs have a different place. Memories play an important role in clarifying the silent conditions of archival documents with colorless explanations. Halil (Kut) Pasha's memoir fills a great gap in order to see and understand better the relations between the Ottoman Empire and the events of the Turkish National Struggle Period. In the memories of Halil Pasha, who spends the first forty years of his life in a very active, has the information to be noted in the writing of the history usefully. There are variations of the memories of Halil Pasha, which was published at various times since 1967 and came back on the agenda of the centenary of the Victory of Kut-al-Amara. Among these, it is possible to say that the most valuable ones are articles published in the Akşam. The memories of Halil Pasha should be reconsidered because of the important details that will be given to various parts of history, especially the military. The history of the Battle of Tripoli, the Balkan Wars, the First World War and the Turkish National Struggle will be more detailed and colorful.

Key Words: Halil (Kut) Pasha, Ottoman Empire, Memoir, Victory of Kut-al-Amara.

Казалось бы, существует немало воспоминаний и дневников, отражающих участие русской армии в Первой мировой войне . Основной массив мемуарной литературы появился в эмиграции, где право слова в основном принадлежало офицерам и генералам. В результате в публикациях был зафиксирован взгляд начальства (нередко штабного) на этот переломный момент в истории России. В Советском Союзе публиковались мемуары нижних чинов, однако в силу идеологических ограничений они (даже при всем желании, если оно, конечно, было) не могли сказать всего, что хотели и потенциально могли. Основные участники войны 1914–1918 гг. (простые солдаты, младшие офицеры — все те, кто совершал подвиги, выигрывал (или проигрывал) сражения, нес тяготы военных будней) так и не обрели, за некоторым исключением, свой голос в общей истории Первой мировой. Если учесть, что это была война массовых армий, становится очевидно, что «правды начальства» (начиная от командира полка и выше) и «правды кадровых офицеров» недостаточно для достоверного анализа фронтовой действительности, пусть даже этот начальник был близок к солдатам и сам героически вел их в атаку.
Вместе с тем осколки этой «окопной правды» сохранились в различных государственных и семейных архивах в виде воспоминаний, дневников, фронтовых писем. В Российское военно-историческое общество был передан ряд дневников и воспоминаний простых участников сражений тех лет, которые и публикуются в настоящем издании. Ротный писарь А. Я. Семаков оставил свидетельства об участии в боях в Восточной Пруссии и Августовских лесах в сентябре 1914 г. Нижний чин, георгиевский кавалер Е. В. Тумилович посвятил мемуары прежде всего кровопролитным сражениям в Карпатах во время Брусиловского прорыва. В дневниках прапорщика К. В. Ананьева рассказывается о боях 405-го пехотного Льговского полка на р. Стоход осенью — зимой 1916 г. Все авторы — молодые люди (18–22 лет). Все они — выходцы из непривилегированных сословий: А. Я. Семаков и Е. В. Тумилович — из бедных крестьянских семей, К. В. Ананьев – из мещан. Е. В. Тумилович и К. В. Ананьев ушли на фронт добровольно, А. Я. Семаков был призван в армию незадолго до войны. Все они стали участниками в большей или меньшей степени значимых сражений на Восточном фронте.
Три человека — три взгляда. А. Я. Семаков писал о боях на границе Восточной Пруссии всего лишь год спустя, когда память о них еще не стерлась. Для крестьянского сына те события — это движение, постоянные переходы, зачастую тяжелые и бессмысленные. Здесь мы не найдем ни попыток осмысления, ни рассуждений — лишь голую последовательность событий, на которую нанизываются те или иные субъективные впечатления. Е. В. Тумилович описывал свой военный опыт спустя несколько десятилетий. Он фиксировал то, что считал важным и интересным для возможного читателя: эпизоды боевых действий, особенности фронтового быта, работы полковых разведчиков и взаимоотношения с начальством, романтические чувства к гуцульской девушке. Совсем иного плана свидетельство об участии в войне, которое оставил К. В. Ананьев. Это — фронтовой дневник, в который он заносил то, что считал значимым для записи в условиях позиционного стояния на р. Стоход. Перед нами прежде всего — личные переживания (в первых двух случаях мы имеем дело с пространством памяти). Автор не устраняет собственную фигуру из текста, как это нередко случается, и именно через его переживания мы можем узнать об особенностях окопной жизни, взаимоотношениях с офицерами (реже — с солдатами, что показательно), отдельных передвижениях и столкновениях с противником

Предлагаемая Вам статья является предисловием к сборнику материалов, посвященных генералу Б.В. Геруа, талантливому командиру, штабисту и военному теоретику эпохи Первой мировой войны. Основное внимание уделяется прояснению и эволюции "картины мира" мемуариста. Кроме того, на основе архивных документах уточняется его боевой путь, подробно описываются бои октября 1914 г. в Галиции и апреля 1915 г. под Горлицей

In the present paper the author examines the civilization cycle that comes to its end. One of the most important historical components that identified the last 80 years of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century is the end of World War I through The Treaty of Versailles. In the analysis of the economic situation of Russia and Germany from the second half of the 19th century until 1914, when the Great War started, the author notices the fear of the West from losing its supremacy that lasted more than four centuries. First of all, the prevailing British control of the world's sea lanes and maritime routes was endangered for the first time and, the possibility of making a powerful technological and raw material alliance, which would create an invincible force in Eurasia, would permanently suppress Anglo-American interests within the framework of Monroe doctrine. Versailles Peace Conference was mostly dominated by
British elite, especially its segment known as the Milner Group. The main failure of the mainstream historical perspectives of Versailles Piece Conference is the elimination of the way of thinking which would interpret events contrary to the interests of the Anglo-American elite. Few intellectuals of that time noticed that in Versailles ideal conditions
were being created in all segments of the German political elite and nations for the ascent of Nazism. This concept, implemented by the military industrial complex of the West to date, prevented the connection of Russia and Germany into a strategic alliance that, in addition to military, economic and any other powers, would be capable of creating a new civilization.

Türk basın tarihi incelendiğinde Osmanlı coğrafyasının dört bir yanında, çeşitli amaçlara hizmet eden yüzlerce gazete ve derginin yayınlandığı görülebilmektedir. Bu yayın faaliyetinin tarihçiler açısından bugün ve gelecekte dahi büyük bir hazine niteliği taşıdığı büyük bir gerçektir. Yayınlanan gazete ve dergiler arasında içinde bulundukları şartlar açısından bakıldığında savaş esirlerinin çıkarmış oldukları gazetelerin basın tarihimizde ayrı bir yeri vardır. Bunun en nadide örneklerini Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda görmek mümkündür. Savaş sırasında dünyanın dört bir yanına dağıtılmış olan Türk savaş esirleri kamp hayatları sırasında Sibirya’dan, Burma’ya, Fransa’dan Mısır’a kadar geniş bir coğrafyada çeşitli adlarda esir gazeteleri çıkarmışlardır. Bu çalışmada Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında İngilizlere esir düşüp Mısır’daki esir kamplarında hayata tutunma mücadelesi veren Türk askerlerinin 1919-1920 yıllarında çıkarmış oldukları Türk Varlığı isimli esir mecmuası tanıtılacaktır. Esirlerin moral, motivasyonunun arttırılması, yurttan ve diğer kamplarda esir bulunan soydaşlarından haber alınmasının sağlanması, milli bilincin korunup, arttırılması gibi fonksiyonlara sahip olan Türk Varlığı mecmuasında yer alan haberler, köşe yazıları ve edebi metinler içerik-söylem analizi yapılarak değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır. On beş günde bir yayınlanan Türk Varlığı vazifesini “Gençliğe Hidemat” olarak belirlerken, gayesinin “Türklüğü Yaşatmak” olduğunu vurgulamıştır. İçerik genel hatlarıyla incelendiğinde milliyetçi yanı ağır basan bir yayın olduğu anlaşılabilmektedir. Tam olarak kaç sayı yayınlandığı tespit edilemeyen mecmuanın, Atatürk Üniversitesi Seyfettin Özege Kütüphanesi ve Stanford Üniversitesi Hoover Enstitüsü Arşivleri’nden elde edilen sayıları çerçevesinde Türk savaş esirlerinin bu kıymetli yayın faaliyeti değerlendirilecektir.
Many newspaper and magazine have been published all around the Ottoman territory. Today these publishing activities is a great treasure to make meaningful history for the historians. On this efforts, Prisoners of War (POW) magazine and newspapers has an unique place in the press history. Turkish POW’s like the others published many magazines during their prisoner life from Siberia to Mynmar and France to Egypt. This paper is examine “Türk Varlıgı”(Turkish Presence) which is published by Turkish POWs in 1919-1920. POW magazines has an important role to ensure communication and fortify prisoners mood by articles, poets and news on this magazine will be examine by content and rhetorical analysis. As it stated on its cover, Türk Varlıgı’s main aim were “Service for the Youth” and “Keep alive Turkishness”. At first sight it is possible to understand that the magazine had used as a nationalist publication by its Publishers. We do not know how many volume published so far but available volumes of the journal, only six volumes, is only accessable in Hoover Institute Archives and Ataturk University Seyfettin Ozege Library.

This article is a extensive discussion from a Māori perspective into issues around the use of Māori cultural items, in particular haka, to commemorate the fallen in WWI. Embedded in the are key theories of cultural memory, ‘war culture’ and ‘post-war culture.’ The research outlines the differences between European and Indigenous war and post war cultural practices focusing on Māori. It seeks to understand the reluctance of Turkish officials to see haka being performed when it was apparently banned from ceremonies in 2005. It outlines the media reporting on the issue and the subsequent reintroduction of haka in August 2015 at the centenary of the Chunuk Bair battle. It unpacks deep problems inherent with using such items as they are vehicles of cultural memory. These memories carry with them deep seeded issues in relation to colonisation and the military. It highlights problems around the cultural assimilation of haka and Māori and the lack of support from wider New Zealand for protecting Te Reo Māori (Māori language). It holds that there is a place for haka in commemoration and that Māori need to be mindful of Turkish cultural sensitivities as haka was used to wage war against them. However, it explores a counter-argument to that in that haka and cultural items can be used in post-war culture to promote understanding and peace while recognising the tikanga concept of mana whenua. It points out the words of Atatürk about the embracing of those who fought at Gallipoli as the sons of Turkey. It asks Turkish officials to recognise that under no circumstances is the performance of cultural items meant to cause offence and that Turkey’s multicultural nature should recognise the practice as indigenous religious practice. As such it questions the role of Turkish officials approving Māori cultural items for commemorative ceremonies. Lastly, it opens avenues for further research into the issues raised.

Quaderno n. 4 –– Numero Speciale nell'80° della Vittoria (1918-1998), stampato per conto del Circolo da De Bastiani ed., Vittorio Veneto, ottobre 1998 –– Sommario: (1) IMPERIO Loredana, Introduzione, p. 1; (2) CADEDDU Lorenzo, 1917: Caporetto e dintorni pp. 3-30; (3) CADEDDU Lorenzo, 1917-1918. Un anno a Vittorio Veneto pp. 31-59; (4) CADEDDU Lorenzo, La Battaglia di Vittorio Veneto (Aspetti militari) pp. 61-82; (5) CADEDDU Lorenzo, La leggenda del Milite Ignoto pp. 83-111