Labeling

A verywarm thank you goes to Ken Laughery of Rice University. Not only did he contribute several chapters and the Foreword, but he was also my final graduate advisor. He has been a mentor, collaborator, and friend. He has been a great model to follow. I can't thank him enough.

Texture segmentation is one of the early steps towards identifying surfaces and objects in an image. Textures considered here are de ned in terms of primitives called tokens. In this paper we h a ve developed a texture segmentation algorithm based on the Voronoi tessellation. The algorithm rst builds the Voronoi tessellation of the tokens that make up the textured image. It then computes a feature vector for each V oronoi polygon. These feature vectors are used in a probabilistic relaxation labeling on the tokens, to identify the interior and the border regions of the textures. The algorithm has successfully segmented binary images containing textures whose primitives have identical second-order statistics and a n umber of gray level texture images.

This paper focuses on the computational creation of animated data visualization used to communicate urban analysis and design in a video. The goal is to combine abstract analysis information with concrete qualitative impressions of a location in the case study area of Zurich. Different urban analysis methods are used to procedurally create an animation with the open source software Blender that facilitates also the compositing process of animation with video. The resulting videos are created during an elective course at ETH Zurich. Anticipating the advent of augmented and mixed reality applications for daily life, we elaborate on their usability for urban design, education and collaborative planning with relatively easy to learn video effect methods. Not only different levels of abstraction are visualized but also -inherent to the medium of video -the relation to time.

In this paper, the author describes a security property for trusted multilevel systems, restrictiveness, which restricts the inferences a user can make about sensitive information. This property is a hookup property, or composable, meaning that a collection of secure restrictive systems when hooked together form a secure restrictive composite system. The author argues that the inference control and composability of restrictiveness make it an attractive choice for a security policy on trusted systems and processes.

Assessment in the context of education is the process of characterizing what a student knows. The reasons to perform assessment are quite varied, ranging from a need to informally understand student learning progress in a course to a need to characterize student expertise in a subject. Finding an appropriate assessment tool is a central challenge in designing an assessment approach. The focus of this paper is on the use of concept maps for both course-level and program-level assessment in engineering education. Concept maps, which are node and arc representations of the relationships among concepts, provide one means to represent student knowledge. This paper presents background on concept maps and describes uses of concept maps at both the course and program level.

Florida law allows judges to withhold adjudication of guilt for individ-uals who have been found guilty of a felony and are being sentenced to probation. Such individuals lose no civil rights and may lawfully assert they had not been convicted of a felony. Labeling theory would predict ...

A likelihood ratio test indicated that the group that varied in x-height, group 1, produced significantly more variable results than the group with equal x-heights, group 2. This indicates that specifying a minimum type size may not be the best approach for producing consistent legibility.

The basic goal of safety programmes and hazard analysis is to prevent personal injury and property damage. Warnings, the topic of this chapter, are one of several methods that can be used to defend against hannful outcomes. Warnings may be delivered by signs, on labels, in product manuals, and in other ways described later. The two principal purposes of warnings are to communicate information about potential hazards effectively and to reduce unsafe behaviour that might otherwise occur without their presence. However, warnings are not the best injury-prevention strategy to use (by themselves), particularly if other more effective methods can be employed instead of, or in addition to, warnings.

Qualitative research provides opportunities to study bullying and peer harassment as social processes, interactions and meaning-making in the everyday context of particular settings. It offers the possibility of developing a deep understanding of the culture and group processes of bullying and the participants’ perspectives on peer harassment as well. It gives participants opportunities to discuss their own understanding and experiences of bullying in their own words. This article reviews qualitative studies on bullying or peer harassment in school (including some studies in which qualitative and quantitative methods — so-called mixed methods — have been used).

The author thanks JUDr. Adela Faladova and Professor Justin Hughes for their comments and suggestions; Andrew Martineau of the UNLV Wiener-Rogers Law Library for his excellent research support; and Gary A. Trimble for his valuable editing advice.

This study shows how labels anchored in unconscious bias can contribute to the gender institution. It draws on interviews with women leaders in Canadian for-profit organizations to illustrate how labels relate to unconscious bias towards women leaders, how labels delegitimize or legitimize women leaders, and how women leaders react to labels. Guided by these results, the study theorizes how the micro-level practice of labeling anchored in unconscious bias can uphold or disrupt gender categories and associated gendered social roles, thus shaping the gender institution.

This chapter introduces several major warning-related concepts. Topics include the plll'poses of warnings and their place in the hazard control hierarchy. The who, what, when and where of warnings are described, followed by a discussion of the concepts of hazard control hierarchy and warning systems. A table of generalized design guidelines derived from the warning literature is presented. Lastly, testing using participants from the target population is recommended to verify warning effectiveness.

Assessment in the context of education is the process of characterizing what a student knows. The reasons to perform assessment are quite varied, ranging from a need to informally understand student learning progress in a course to a need to characterize student expertise in a subject. Finding an appropriate assessment tool is a central challenge in designing an assessment approach. The focus of this paper is on the use of concept maps for both course-level and program-level assessment in engineering education. Concept maps, which are node and arc representations of the relationships among concepts, provide one means to represent student knowledge. This paper presents background on concept maps and describes uses of concept maps at both the course and program level.

https://www.researchmoz.us/global-label-market-2014-2018-report.html

Global Label market to grow at a CAGR of 4.13 percent over the period 2014-2018. One of the key factors contributing to this market growth is the increasing demand for packaged food and beverages. The Global Label market has also been witnessing the increasing demand from emerging countries. However, the highly fragmented nature of the market could pose a challenge to the growth of this market. Global Label Market 2014-2018, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. The report covers the APAC region, the Americas, Europe, and the ROW; it also covers the Global Label market landscape and its growth prospects in the coming years. The report also includes a discussion of the key vendors operating in this market.

The aim of this study was to investigate how individuals;who had been victims of school bullying;perceived their bullying experiences and how these had affected them;and to generate a grounded theory of being a victim of bullying at school. Twenty-one individuals;who all had prior experiences of being bullied in school for more than one year;were interviewed. Qualitative analysis of data was performed by methods from grounded theory. The research identified a basic process of victimising in school bullying;which consisted of four phases: (a) initial attacks;(b) double victimising;(c) bullying exit and (d) after-effects of bullying. Double victimising refers to a process in which there was an interplay between external victimising and internal victimising. Acts of harassment were repeatedly directed at the victims from their social environment at school – a social process that constructed and repeatedly confirmed their victim role in the class or the group. This external victimising affected the victims and initiated an internal victimising;which meant that they internalised the socially constructed victim-image and acted upon this image;which in turn often supported the bullies’ agenda and confirmed the socially constructed victim-image. The findings also indicate the possible positive effect of changing the social environment.

The aim of the present study was to explore how teenagers explain why bullying takes place at school, and whether there were any differences in explaining bullying due to gender and prior bullying experiences. One hundred and seventy-six Swedish students in Grade 9 responded to a questionnaire. Mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative methods) were used to analyze data. The grounded theory analysis generated five main categories and 26 sub categories regarding accounts of bullying causes. Results indicated that youth tended to explain bullying in terms of individualistic reasons (bully attributing and victim attributing) than in terms of peer group, school setting, or human nature/society reasons. Girls were more likely to attribute bullying causes to the bully and much less to the victim, compared to boys. Moreover, youth classified as bullies were more likely to attribute the reason for bullying to the victim and much less to the bully, compared to victims, bystanders, and victims/bullies.

Change detection is one of the most important lowlevel tasks in video analytics. In 2012, we introduced the changedetection.net (CDnet) benchmark, a video dataset devoted to the evalaution of change and motion detection approaches. Here, we present the latest release of the CDnet dataset, which includes 22 additional videos (∼70, 000 pixel-wise annotated frames) spanning 5 new categories that incorporate challenges encountered in many surveillance settings. We describe these categories in detail and provide an overview of the results of more than a dozen methods submitted to the IEEE Change Detection Workshop 2014. We highlight strengths and weaknesses of these methods and identify remaining issues in change detection.

Purpose. Data regarding the recommended maximum duration that refrigerated medications available in hospital pharmacies may be stored safely at room temperature were collected and compiled in a tabular format. Methods. During May and June of 2006, the prescribing information for medications labeled for refrigeration as obtained from the supplier were reviewed for data addressing room-temperature storage. Telephone surveys of the products' manufacturers were conducted when this information was not available in the prescribing information. Medications were included in the review if they were labeled to be stored at 2-8 °C and purchased by the pharmacy department for uses indicated on the hospital formulary. Frozen antibiotics thawed in the refrigerator and extemporaneously compounded medications were excluded. Information was compiled and arranged in tabular format. The U.S. Pharmacopeia's definition of room temperature (20-25 °C [68-77 °F]) was used for this review. Results. Of the 189 medications listed in AHFS Drug Information 2006 for storage in a refrigerator, 89 were present in the pharmacy department's refrigerator. Since six manufacturers were unable to provide information for 10 medications, only 79 medications were included in the review. This table may help to avoid unnecessary drug loss and expenditures due to improper storage temperatures. Conclusion. Information regarding the room-temperature storage of 79 medications labeled for refrigerated storage was compiled.

The aim of layout analysis is to extract the geometric structure from a document image. It consists of labeling homogenous regions of a document image. This paper describes the performance of segmentation algorithms and their adaptation in order to treat complex structured Arabic documents such as newspapers. Experimental tests have been carried out on four different phases of newspaper image analysis: thread recognition, frame recognition, image text separation, text line recognition, and line merging into blocks. Some promising experimental results are reported.

Adverse health effect of trans fatty acids (TFAs) are well recognized, which has precipitated efforts to reduce their content in food products. With the decline of dietary TFAs derived from partial oil hydrogenation, interest is focused on the remaining sources of dietary TFAs derived from ruminants (rTFA), deodorized vegetable oils, trans isomerization during frying, and synthetic conjugated FA (CFA) supplements. Partial hydrogenation and heat-treated oils result in a random distribution of TFA isomers, whereas rTFAs contain specific isomers resulting from enzymatic processes. Reviews of human observational and metabolic intervention studies have suggested that consumption of rTFAs at current levels should not raise health concerns. However, these studies were not based on rTFA levels currently sold in retail markets. Current feeding practices of ruminants result in higher total TFAs with trans-18:1 isomers other than vaccenic acid, and many CFAs other than rumenic acid. The definition of TFA adopted by several countries does not distinguish among isolated TFAs of concern and ignores CFAs that should be included in total TFA due to their negative health effects. Accurate TFA definition establishment and nutritional assessment of individual TFA isomers is needed for labeling purposes. Also required are adoptions of analytical methods to resolve all TFA isomers. This information can then be used to construct a database and as a basis for meaningful recommendations.

This research surveyed the opinions of management and non-management staff of GGBL, retailers, and consumers of GGBL's products on the company's packaging. Packaging is heavily integrated into our daily lives as we see packages around every item we buy, such as chocolate bars, soaps and drinks. As a matter of fact, consumers' first exposure or encounter to a product may be its package and the physical attributes of the package can influence the consumer to accept or reject the product. Guinness Ghana Breweries Limited (GGBL), a major manufacturer of alcoholic and non-alcoholic products in Ghana, is noted for designing good quality packages for drinks. However, there are environmental concerns with the use of glass as a material for packaging the company's products. Consumers are also not comfortable with the fact that they are required to either deposit cash or submit an empty bottle of same kind before they are allowed to buy any of GGBL's bottled drinks from retail outlets to their homes. The study reveals interesting facts upon which recommendations are made to guide manufacturers within the brewing industry. (1998) is of the view that about 20% of companies' products fail in the market due to poor packaging and 15% of a company's sales also comes as a result of its attractive packaging. J. Peter (1998) also states that most products fail in the market because such products' packages are not consistent with the products they hold. Consumers expect that whereas the package is attractive, so the product will be of a good quality. He stated further that packaging communicates a price range to consumers and helps differentiate the product from competitors' as well as help consumers to take a firm decision on whether to buy a product or not; and good packaging could convey a solid or upscale image, whereas poor packaging detracts from the product's image.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) increased attention to food imports from China is an indicator of safety concerns as imported food becomes more common in the United States. U.S. food imports from China more than tripled in value between 2001 and 2008. Addressing safety risks associated with these imports is difficult because of the vast array of products from China, China's weak enforcement of food safety standards, its heavy use of agricultural chemicals, and its considerable environmental pollution. FDA import refusal data highlight food safety problems that appear to recur in trade and where FDA has focused its import alerts and monitoring efforts. FDA refusals of food shipments from China suggest recurring problems with "filth," unsafe additives, labeling (typically introduced in food processing and handling), and veterinary drug residues in fish and shellfish (introduced at the farm). Chinese authorities try to control food export safety by certifying exporters and the farms that supply them. However, monitoring such a wide range of products for the different hazards that can arise at varying points in the supply chain is a difficult challenge for Chinese and U.S. officials.

The present article draws on some parallels between pragmatism and the interactionist sociology of deviance to discuss the quest for liberatory consequences often associated with the Labeling Approach (LA). Both pragmatism and the LA exhibit a tension between their antifoundationalist nominalism and their liberatory meliorism. This tension revolves around the question if the insight that “descriptions are all we have” leads to a possibility to change these descriptions. While many proponents of the LA have thought so, antidualist formulations of pragmatism have mellowed this hope without destroying it: Descriptions can always change, but it is rarely antifoundationalist theory that changes them.

Background: A challenge in human genome research is how to describe the populations being studied. The use of improper and/or imprecise terms has the potential to both generate and reinforce prejudices and to diminish the clinical value of the research. The issue of population descriptors has not attracted enough academic attention outside North America and Europe. In January 2012, we held a two-day workshop, the first of its kind in Japan, to engage in interdisciplinary dialogue between scholars in the humanities, social sciences, medical sciences, and genetics to begin an ongoing discussion of the social and ethical issues associated with population descriptors. Discussion: Through the interdisciplinary dialogue, we confirmed that the issue of race, ethnicity and genetic research has not been extensively discussed in certain Asian communities and other regions. We have found, for example, the continued use of the problematic term, "Mongoloid" or continental terms such as "European," "African," and "Asian," as population descriptors in genetic studies. We, therefore, introduce guidelines for reporting human genetic studies aimed at scientists and researchers in these regions. Conclusion: We need to anticipate the various potential social and ethical problems entailed in population descriptors. Scientists have a social responsibility to convey their research findings outside of their communities as accurately as possible, and to consider how the public may perceive and respond to the descriptors that appear in research papers and media articles.

This article facilitates deeper insight into label-related consumer information acquisition behaviour. An integrated framework of label information search (LIS) has been developed based on a synthesis of related literature and explorative research conducted by analysing online discussions among customers (netnography). The framework focuses on three main groups of personal factors that serve as antecedents of LIS: general personal factors (e.g. health consciousness and socio-demographics), label-related personal factors (e.g. label-related self-efficacy, trust in labels and the perceived usefulness of labels) and product category-related personal factors (trust in food products, enduring involvement, experience and perceived quality differences). Important  characteristics of the framework are its process-oriented nature and the dynamically
changing relationships among its concepts. LIS is an antecedent to and a consequence of influencing factors. This article offers managerial implications and serves to incite future inquiry in this field.

Cross-linguistically, coordinate structures are subject to two major constraints: the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC), which prevents both individual conjuncts and parts of conjuncts from moving, and the Coordination of Like Categories Constraint (CLC), which requires that conjuncts match in syntactic and semantic category. These constraints are typically considered to be causally independent of one another, and despite their cross-linguistic robustness, there is as yet no agreed upon theory of their derivation. In this paper, I propose a unified analysis of these constraints by means of the Labeling Algorithm of Chomsky (2013), in particular by treating coordinate structures as effectively XP-YP structures that can be labeled by the category features that they share. Given a dynamic definition of maximal projections, the immobility of individual conjuncts then follows from the restriction that only maximal projections may move.

There are three versions of the Labeling Approach (LA): (1) The interactionist version that arises out of symbolic interactionist scholarship is a counterpoint to the perspective of classical criminological studies. It argues that deviance is not an objective fact, but a socially negotiated meaning. It therefore calls for analyses of processes in which deviance, as a meaning, is ascribed to actions and persons. The critical version constitutes an arm of critical criminology and takes up the deobjectification of the interactionist LA to turn it against the objectifying institutions. To critical scholars, objectifying institutions are agents of social exclusion that use deviance ascriptions for this purpose. Consequently, the critical LA aims to show that the exclusion of deviants is based on constructions that serve the powerful.

Federal intervention in food labeling is often proposed with the aim of achieving a social goal such as improving human health and safety, mitigating environmental hazards, averting international trade disputes, or supporting domestic agricultural and food manufacturing industries. Economic theory suggests, however, that mandatory food-labeling requirements are best suited to alleviating problems of asymmetric information and are rarely effective in redressing environmental or other spillovers associated with food production and consumption. Theory also suggests that the appropriate role for government in labeling depends on the type of information involved and the level and distribution of the costs and benefits of providing that information. This report traces the economic theory behind food labeling and presents three case studies in which the government has intervened in labeling and two examples in which government intervention has been proposed.

It is pointed out that the discussions about gifted tend to increase in national and international area in the last quarter century. Special practices, symposiums, publications, institutions, undergraduate and graduate programs have been prepared with the parallel to these discussions, it is said that these children have been lost so far. Alfred Binet (b.1857- d.1911) who stated his concerns about using IQ test which is formed in 1904 for children having learning difficulty as a labeling instrument (Gould, 1996). Topçu (1960) stated that intelligence couldn’t be tested, on the contrary was insight. Leading Turkish philosopher Farabi (b.872-d.951) claims that being intelligent as a fact which requires not only being intelligent necessarily but moral intellect. When discourses about gifted are analyzed, by conforming Topçu and Farabi like Binet, the statements like not wasting gifted in masses, labelling, seeing gifted children as a vital capital for the county and necessity of increa...

This study was designed to examine personal, stimulus, and organizational factors that predict the self-labeling of sexual harassment. Hypotheses were developed based on the social cognitive schema framework, which suggests that the activation of a victim's schema of sexual harassment influences self-labeling incidents as sexual harassment. Results of a secondary analysis of the 1995 Department of Defense Gender Issues dataset

In this study, we report the preparation, luminescence, and targeting properties of folic acid-CdTe quantum dot conjugates. Water-soluble CdTe quantum dots were synthesized and conjugated with folic acid using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide-Nhydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The influence of folic acid on the luminescence properties of CdTe quantum dots was investigated, and no energy transfer between them was observed. To investigate the efficiency of folic acid-CdTe nanoconjugates for tumor targeting, pure CdTe quantum dots and folic acid-coated CdTe quantum dots were incubated with human nasopharyngeal epidermal carcinoma cell line with positive expressing folic acid receptors (KB cells) and lung cancer cells without expression of folic acid receptors (A549 cells). For the cancer cells with positive folate receptors (KB cells), the uptake for CdTe quantum dots is very low, but for folic acid-CdTe nanoconjugates, the uptake is very high. For the lung cancer cells without folate receptors (A549 cells), the uptake for folic acid-CdTe nanoconjugates is also very low. The results indicate that folic acid is an effective targeting molecule for tumor cells with overexpressed folate receptors.

This paper addresses long term tracking of multiple objects with occlusions. Bayesian networks are used to model the interaction among the detected tracks and for conflict management, allowing the tracker to update the labelling decisions as soon as new information is available. If several objects overlap in the image domain and then become separated in the next frames, the proposed algorithm is able to accumulate the evidence extracted from the images and to disambiguate the competing labels. The system also provides a confidence degree for each labelling decision. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed method for long term tracking of multiple pedestrians.

In this paper we will tell the story of "The Poisoning of the Late Levi Smelser." Through detailed examination of both the media reports and official documents, the ensuing narrative portrays how race and gender influence the criminal justice processes of late antebellum New Orleans. As the story unfolds, two types of accounts emerge. We come to know the major participants in this case, Kitty, the slave, Levi Smelser, the victim, Theresa Smelser, the widow, and Adam Scott, the young foreman of Smelser's tin and copper shop, in their ordinary and comfortable lives before the murder. Secondly, we see these same characters play shifting roles of guilt and innocence in the planning and implementation of the murder as the newspapers reveal, magnify and glorify new "particulars," day-by-day. This story is actually composed of a number of plots and constitutes a "scenario" of crime creation by

This chapter provides an overview of the communication-human informaton processing (C-HIP) model. CHIP is a framework that describes warning processing and organizes the warning research literature into a coherent structure. As part of the discussion, an overview of the influential factors at each stage of the model is presented. Other separate chapters in this Handbook give more details for each of the stages. Lastly, another practical aspect of the O{IIP model is described whereby it can be used as an investigative tool to determine why a warning failed.

Me complace presentar esta interesante nota informativa de nuestro colega Yury Caldera referente a un tema de actualidad en la Argentina. Me parece también que puede ser útil para los importadores y exportadores de la Unión Europea.

Luis González Vaqué

In this paper, I have insisted that labeling is necessary to make derivational history including structural information and instances of syntactic operations available at the interfaces. If SO is not labeled, it cannot be structurally identified, cut off from syntactic structures.
Also, I have claimed that LA should be defined based on derivational history. For this purpose, I have proposed a version of LA obeying derivational history. Labeling is derivationally determined immediately when a relevant syntactic operation (external set merge, Agree, IM and pair-merge) occurs. Finally, I have claimed that pair-merge is the categorizing operation where light functional heads categorize R via union.