Sociology of Crime and Deviance

I discuss some observations in the forensic accounting-based fraud literature, and identify the recent advances and other important issues in the literature that are worth noting. The main message in this commentary article is that fraud is complicated, and fraud complexity can significantly influence the way we undertake research in the forensic accounting and fraud literature. The practical implication is that forensic accountants, fraud examiners, and forensic accounting researchers should incorporate into their practice the complexity of fraud regardless of whether they follow an empirical, experimental, exploratory, analytical or critical approach to detect or investigate fraud.

Aktuelle Informationen über Befunde in Impfstoffen zur angeblichen Coronabekämpfung.

Gesunde Menschen, die in der guten Resonanz und in der Balance aller Kräfte sind, dürfen sich entspannt zurück lehnen und das Leben weiter, als ein Wächter am Leben und als ein Mit-Schöpfer weiter geniessen.
Es gibt Möglichkeiten der natürlichen Heilung auch für Geimpfte zur Entgiftung.

Auf Grund der 500% Steigerung von Sportlern die plötzlich im Kampfsport , bewusstlos umfallen, wird von jeder weiteren Giftaufnahme in den direkten Leib und Blutkreislauf abgeraten.

Die Anmerkungen vom Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde zu Infektion und hochgradiger Ansteckung bei Lachen und Freude.
Es ist der selbe Effekt mit der Resonanz, was Heilung und Gesundheit regeneriert, bewirken Dissonanzen das Gegenteil.

Bitte informiert euch und gebt diese wichtigen Informationen weiter.

"Re-imagining 21st century education is ambitious, an ambition born of a sadness as I reflect on a book written 30 years ago.  And I shall of course fall far short of the ambition.  Just to reiterate again the question raised in the invitation to this talk.

What sort of educational vision and practice may be fostered to underpin a new world where people matter?

This is an age-old question.  Its origins is in the idea of the good society that has long been the object of philosophical and political debate. So, specifically we can ask, what sort of education does a vision of the good society demand?  And how should schools be organised to lay a foundation for the realisation of this vision?
"

The residual nature of social housing leads some vulnerable people into the highly regulated world of tenancies and social housing powers that aims to ensure the good behaviour of all tenants. This books sets out to explore how social housing tenants with a Variable Mental Capacity (VMC) are governed through anti-social behaviour and housing legislation. Applying existing literature, governing this way can create and maintain what Foucault would term ‘docile bodies’ within a community. Whilst acknowledging the ‘individual society’ (Bauman 2000), this research seeks to compare theoretical concepts in a discussion on how tenants with VMC are governed as individuals by housing professionals, but are required to be a ‘docile body’ by the community. This book is written in an endeavour to improve the human condition. It aims to start the debate about how various professionals approach the management of tenants/clients whose mental condition can give rise to ASB.
What is problematized is the issue of support versus enforcement; as Parr (2010) discusses in relation to the housing professional being in the midst of the two agendas of ASB and community care. Whilst trying to appease the community, the individual tenant could be vulnerable to punitive measures that will not aid his recovery to good mental health. The literature acknowledges that the housing professional is not trained to identify mental illness (Parr 2010). They are reliant on those agencies that have the expertise to assess and diagnose. The problem arises when those agencies will not or cannot diagnose them and give them support to aid the individual in his or her recovery. This book scrutinises the relationships between housing and mental health professionals to tease out where tensions could arise when managing tenants who may need support over enforcement to resolve their ASB.

India is a country of youths. These youth are so involved with their virtual life that the boundary between real and reel has become quite thin. They share all their emotions of love and hate, aggression and violence over these social media platforms. These youngsters regularly find themselves in a violent virtual space that has negatively influenced their daily real life. This paper tries to understand young people’s attitudes and behaviour over social media platforms and attempts to explain the social media as an uncontrolled and violent platform for the youths. Structured questionnaire survey method has been used to understand the behaviour of the youths. It has been found that cyberbullying has become a very negative part of the social media life of these youngsters. The real life street violence has transformed into cyber-crime and cyber bullying. Youngsters, who have been victimise earlier, are also actively participating in the social media violence. Proper education and awareness need to be encouraged in the schools and colleges.

"The Nigeria Police Force is widely perceived by the public as the most corrupt and violent institution in Nigeria in a way that is not evidently insincere. In light of the generalization and banalization of police corruption and deviance, it is surprising that few works have addressed this problem that most directly affects the aggrieved Nigerian public. This article critically examines the embeddedness and ramifications of police corruption and deviance in Nigeria. The article is historically anchored and foregrounds colonial and military administrative policies that inculcated a strategy of corruption by coercion in the Nigeria Police Force."

The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre.
              The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre.
          The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes.
            This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.

The name Broken Windows Theory was derived from an experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo (1969), in which an abandoned automobile was placed in a high crime neighborhood where it remained untouched for a week until part of it was smashed by a researcher. Within a few hours of the initial damage the car was destroyed. The theory posits that in certain neighborhoods if a broken window remains unrepaired then it alerts others that this is the 'norm', and breaking more windows becomes more acceptable; in other words, a failure to enforce minor public offenses contributes to a downward spiral in which residents become less involved and withdrawn from the community, thereby allowing for crime and vandalism to proliferate; and moreover, that disorder is indirectly linked to serious crime. The theory was derived by Wilson and Kelling (1982) from the findings of a foot-patrol experiment conducted in Newark, New Jersey by police administrators and social scientists (Police Foundation 1981). While swapping police officers from patrol cars to walking beats did not reduce the amount of crime in those neighborhoods as expected, residents did experience positive outcomes. Residents in neighborhoods that had foot patrols, felt more secure, believed that crime had decreased, and appeared to take fewer precautions to protect themselves from criminal activities. While the use of patrol cars, increases police mobility, expediting the response time to citizen service calls, and strengthening the control of central command, they also act as a barrier between the officer and the community. An officer on foot patrol is unable to separate himself from the street allowing for greater integration into the neighborhood, along with greater accessibility by residents. Thus fostering a sense of collective identity in which both formal and informal actors are collaborating at improving their respective community. Wilson and Kelling (1982) found that the level of disorder in a neighborhood provides a signal to motivated offenders that there is a lack of concern about the neighborhood. This indicates that there is a lack of social control, either formal (i.e. police officers) or informal (i.e. neighbors, family), which reduces that chances for apprehension. Therefore, offenders will target disorderly neighborhoods to commit offenses because the costs of their illegal actions are greatly reduced or eliminated. The theory predicts that a sequence of events (i.e. windows breaking) will then ensue. First, the ongoing accumulation of disorder in the neighborhood; second, individuals will perceive that violent crime is increasing and become more fearful of their community; third, the increased levels of fear will inhibit individuals from intervening in the neighborhood and limiting their use of public space; fourth, residential turnover will ensue, with individuals who are able to emigrate being replaced by individuals who are not attached to the neighborhood. Finally, serious crime (this includes drug dealing, prostitution, robberies, car theft, assorted violent crimes) will inevitably increase (Wilson and Kelling 1982).

Traditionally, intimate-partner violence has been considered a special type of crime that occurs behind closed doors, with different characteristics from street-level crime. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial overlap of police calls reporting street-level and behind-closed-doors crime. We analyzed geocoded police calls in the 552 census-block groups of the city of Valencia, Spain, related to street-level crime (N = 26,624) and to intimate-partner violence against women (N = 11,673). A Bayesian joint model was run to analyze the spatial overlap. In addition, two Bayesian hierarchical models controlled for different neighborhood characteristics to analyze the relative risks. Results showed that 66.5% of the total between-area variation in risk of reporting street-level crime was captured by a shared spatial component, while for reporting IPVAW the shared component was 91.1%. The log relative risks showed a correlation of 0.53, with 73.6% of the census-block groups having ...

Young, poor men and women migrated from the countryside and swelled the ranks of the unemployed and underemployed in Mexico City during the eighteenth century. With this rapid growth in population came an increase in street crime--thefts, assaults, and murders--along with moral crimes--prostitution, adultery, and vagrancy. These transgressions provided a steady flow of inmates to the city's six jails. This pioneering social history of crime and punishment in late colonial Latin America plunges us directly into the daily life and experiences of its lawbreakers. Women typically represented 30 percent of all criminals, and by the eighteenth century concern for their welfare resulted in Mexico City's first attempts at rehabilitation. This Enlightenment-era experiment in social re-education took the form of placing women in separate facilities or in private homes to serve as maids to "respectable" families, which often amounted to little more than exploitation of unpaid laborers. For men, jail was a way-station followed by severe corporal punishment and then years of forced labor. Many male criminals were assigned to clean rubbish-filled streets and open canals of Mexico City. Others went into factories, mines, or military service. All were expendable and frequently died before completing their term of confinement. "A superior work of scholarship."--Colin MacLachlin, Tulane University

The logic of signalling theory is emphasised in Gambetta’s Codes of the Underworld (2009) and Hamill’s The Hoods (2010), which empirically study violent acts as examples of signalling theory in action. In the contexts of jails and of the hoods in Belfast, as respectively depicted in Gambetta and Hamill’s works, anti-social behaviours and tough attitudes are adopted as well as displayed by individuals for their own self-interest to establish their position in a hierarchical structure, making themselves less vulnerable to the troubled realities they inhabit. Sustaining the thesis of these researchers, signalling theory is thus a valid social mechanism which explains violence by instrumental rationality; given the numerous disruptive consequences that its use might entail, the adoption of violence is often seen as irrational. Nonetheless, according to cost-benefit analysis, in low trust environments such as the underworld’s streets and behind prisons’ bars, individuals’ inability to engage in violence or credible threats of its use would be taken as licence for abuse, tarnishing their reputation and worsening their status among others (Gambetta, 2009). However, in his works Collins exposes counter-arguments to the rational action approach used by Gambetta and Hamill, as he focuses on situations rather than individual motives and highlights the significance of emotions in the explanation of violence.

Im Kontext mit allen benannten Phänomenen in diesem Post, ergibt Alles ein schlüssiges Bild zu
„United States INC“ Konkurs?
Wieviel davon stimmt kann ich nicht sagen. Da ich die Wahrscheinlichkeit als eher hoch erachte, dass da im Hintergrund in diese Richtung schon was passiert ist und laufend "gewerkelt" wird, möchte ich diese interessante Meldung bringen. Interessant auch vor dem Hintergrund des buchstäblichen
Impfwahnsinns
und
was in Afghanistan passiert
und
der neuen Goldenen Bulle der Erlösung Proklamation
und
im Kontext mit der Papstrede im Deutschen Bundestag 2011,
sowie
neues von Prof. Franz Hörmann zu Zukunft der Wissenschaften und dem Gelsystem
und
Botschaften vom Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde zu Recht und Kräfte
über
der Wiederanbindung zum ein 1 einzig All-Bewusstsein
mit
der Wiederanbindung verloren gegangener Wahrnehmung der 12 Sinnesorgane.
und der physischen Lebenordnung kosmischer Gesetze mit den Naturgesetzen.
zuerst Video ansehen
https://www.academia.edu/video/kAwrO1

Using existing research and original data, I discuss the development of a transatlantic drug market between Brazil and West Africa and its implications on Brazil’s development and drug trafficking value chain. After establishing milestones of the history of this traffic I show how a global market of protection and transatlantic networks emerged from the alliances between Latin American criminal actors and high level elites in West Africa. The second part of the article focuses on the high concentration of capital created by exportations of cocaine. I show how these global markets affect the actions of drug traffickers, namely their strategies and use of violence by analyzing the development of maritime trade and the centrality of ports in this economy. The last part of the article analyzes the market for drug mules in Sao Paulo and how the strategy networks adapt to balance their risks of failure with low cost Nigerians migrant mules. Finally, the articles shows how this market attracted cultists groups from Nigeria and connects Brazil with other illegal markets.

Much before the emergence of Classical and Neo- Classical schools, “Chankya or Kautilya”, the great India scholar who provided the art of governance and even prior to that Manu smriti and Bhagwad Geeta, provided for stricter punishments to those who transgressed law in big ways.
The Arthshastra by Kautilya is also called “Dandniti” (The science of Punishment, the coercive power of the state, which is the name given in Mahabharata). According to him, the aims of punishment was to maintain social order; to prevent misbehaviour by civil servants, including exploitation of the public and causing loss to the state revenue; and to avoid the danger of disaffection, revolts and rebellions. Kautilya repeatedly admonishes that punishment awarded must always be just, neither too lenient, nor too harsh

Al rescatar ideas sociológicas para el campo de la cuestión criminal a partir de la sociología de la desviación (referencial teórico), el estudio analiza los desdoblamientos actuales de la criminología brasileña. A partir de la premisa de que se trata de un saber importado de países centrales y traducido a periféricos, es posible percibir que a pesar de la acumulación teórica producida en las últimas décadas, notablemente marcada por la solidificación de herramientas de análisis críticas a la criminología oficial, la teoría problematizadora parece haber estancado su “imaginación inventiva” al permanecer constantemente haciendo “crítica a la dogmática”, como si ese fuera su límite. Como se cree, este inmovilismo constituye una traición al compromiso de transformación social asumido por los intelectuales críticos, sobre todo cuando se percibe cierta incapacidad de enfrentamiento a problemas reales, como es el caso de la crisis estructural del sistema penal que se ha dado a partir del encarcelamiento masivo, de la violación sistemática de derechos humanos básicos, de los masacres directamente producidos por las agencias policiales y penitenciarios, de la selectividad de clase, de género y de raza etc. De esta forma, al analizar la noción de control social (objeto de investigación) se sostiene que la criminología necesita reanudar su potencial empírico (hipótesis), objetivándose, así, desvelar caminos posibles para la realización de su autocrítica y, en consecuencia, pensar críticamente las condiciones de posibilidad de un proyecto que sea capaz de concretizar vivencias no (o menos) violentas y punitivas en el seno social.

Los constantes sucesos delictivos acontecidos en el pentagrama societario se sitúan en diferentes claves dependiendo de los actores que decidan interpretar dicha polifonía. Así, podremos ver como medios de comunicación, gabinetes de prensa policiales, agentes institucionales o particulares datan de forma muy distinta un acontecimiento determinado, derivando todo ello en una disputa poliédrica sobre la veracidad de la información inserta en un entorno de poder-control constante. Así pues, aceptando el guante lanzado en el artículo " Soñar azules alas: estudio sobre la construcción de la identidad policial española " (Pérez, 2016b), hemos pretendido postular, mediante un estudio de casos, la necesidad de realizar estudios sobre comunicación policial y elevar la demanda de un nuevo paradigma comunicativo que fomente la unión entre los diferentes agentes.

This chapter will: explore the social context in which ‘problem drug users’ and ‘inadequate parents’ are constructed; outline key issues and difficulties involved in working with problem drug users whose children are considered to be at risk of abuse or neglect; draw on research carried out with social workers, health visitors, drugs clinic workers and parents to examine the barriers of working together to assess children’s needs where parents misuse drugs; and  explore strategies for better partnership approaches.

Les contours de la sociologie de la déviance se sont dessinés aux EtatsUnis dans les années 60 grâce à l'essor d’études empiriques et d’une
perspective théorique s’étant affranchie de sa matrice initiale: la sociologie
des problèmes sociaux. Le développement de ce domaine de recherche s'est
non seulement accompagné d'une prolifération de manuels nord-américains
en tout genre, mais aussi de nombreuses critiques à l'égard de la cohérence
de son projet théorique (est-il possible de penser ensemble criminalité,
homosexualité, maladies mentales et musiciens de Jazz?). Dans le contexte
actuel, la mort de la sociologie de la déviance est régulièrement annoncée
en raison de la disparition supposée de son objet: l'application de nouvelles
politiques publiques prendrait désormais en compte les comportements
déviants d’autrefois (homosexualité, maladies mentales, prostitution…),
leur donnant même parfois raison (l’épisode du retrait de l’homosexualité
de la bible diagnostic de la psychiatrie américaine est ici paradigmatique)
en veillant à neutraliser les effets de stigmatisation à partir de désignation
politiquement correcte.… Si les ex-déviants obtiennent partout une
reconnaissance, alors elle n’existe plus nulle part en tant que telle. Ou bien,
hypothèse plus probable, s'est-elle au contraire renouvelée et sophistiquée?
Auquel cas, il est nécessaire d'élaborer un nouveau cadre théorique afin
d'ouvrir des pistes de recherches inédites.

Urban crime is a phenomenon that is common in urban centers. Urban crime is closely linked to the development process in a country. The high rate of unemployment and school drop outs binder with high cost of living, peer pressure, the craving to have something that you do not have the means to buy it, the mental status of a person and the biological make up of a person are areas that may cause a person to be deviant. This research examines urban crime in Suva city. The broad objective of the research is to analyze how urban crime has affected people living in Suva city and to examine how urban crime problem could be resolved in Suva city. The mixed method of research where the qualitative and the quantitative methods were employed and 23 participants were selected randomly in Suva city. Majority of those interviewed stated that Suva city is unsafe crime rate will get worse as a lot of people are getting unemployed. Another broad finding is that most people interviewed stated that the elderly are the most vulnerable to crime in Suva city. It is therefore important that the government and the community should work together to ensure that Suva city is safe and that the elderly is also safe and should be given the opportunity to live and enjoy their elderly lives.

In "Homicidal Ecologies" in Latin America, Deborah Yashar asks, Why has homicide reached such high levels in Latin America’s Third Wave democracies—particularly in Central America? The violence in Guatemala and El Salvador is especially puzzling as it followed the peace accords of the 1990s, ending brutal civil wars. Yet the rates of homicide—even if they shifted from political to social killings—remained the same or worsened in the post–civil war period. Given the severe level of homicide in the civil wars in El Salvador and Guatemala, this is an extraordinary phenomenon. The puzzle arises in part from the premise that democracy would nurture more civil societies.

Objective We examine whether affective, verbal, and restitutive displays of remorse are associated with perceived offender immorality, as well as whether displays of remorse exert indirect effects on preferences for criminal sentencing via perceived offender immorality. Method Data are from an online survey, which included a sentencing vignette with experimental manipulations for offender remorse and items measuring sentencing preferences, perceived offender and offense immorality, and controls (N = 352). OLS regression and bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals were used to estimate direct and indirect effects. Replication analyses were conducted with two student samples (N = 103 and N = 131). Results Displays of remorse were associated with perceived offender immorality. Displays of remorse also exerted indirect effects on preferences for sentencing severity and support for particular sentencing goals (including incapacitation, rehabilitation, and restoration). Conclusions Affective, verbal, and restitutive displays of remorse may be associated with sentencing preferences via perceived offender immorality.

Although consensual same-sex sexual relationships in female prisons have been a topic of scholarly discourse, it has received little attention in African countries, and South Africa is no exception. Consensual same-sex sexual relationships between females in African prisons have received little attention by researchers since studies on prison sex in Africa tend to focus on the sexual relationships between male prisoners, particularly the coercive nature of such relationships. Drawing on the retrospective narratives of six female former prisoners, this study examines the consensual nature of same-sex sexual relationships in South African female prisons. One of the findings of this study suggests that consensual same-sex sexual relationships in South African female prisons are pervasive. It was reported that the motivations for female prisoners' engagement in consensual sexual relationships with other females in prison are the desire to satisfy material, sexual, and emotional needs, as well as, the desire for friendship and companionship.

The ecological theory of crime was first introduced into criminology by the Cartographic School of Criminology in the 19th century. Ecological theories of crime were further developed by the Chicago School of Criminology in the early 20th century. Contemporary ecological theories include routine activity theory, crime pattern theory, and rational choice theory. The impact of the ecological perspective in scientific research of crime is noticeable in today's studies too. Modern scientists, researchers, and practitioners study crime by using the geographic information system, statistical and geostatistical methods, and crime mapping. The empirical research on the spatial patterns and concentration of crime in the City of Nis, Republic of Serbia, was conducted on the research sample of property crimes and violent crimes committed in the years 2008, 2013 and 2018. All the cases were geocoded into spatial units which represent urban and suburban areas in the territory of the City of ...

Beginning with the experience of working with men in prison and others who have considerable prison experience, all of whom have long criminal histories, and considering Aotearoa's relatively high rate of imprisonment, particularly of indigenous people, this paper attempts to describe a theory of self as a performative assembly, rather than as a developmental achievement, which is the dominant view in psychotherapy. In doing so, a brief history of the self from the beginning of the 20th century is presented, illustrating how the self changes, not just in an individual subjectivity, but between eras in the history of Western society. This perspective is used to understand how a "criminal self" might develop as a product of incarceration and as a natural extension of the self in the neoliberal era, and why it might prove resistant to psychotherapeutic intervention. Drawing on the work of Foucault, Rose, and Butler, among others, the concept of "intoxicating performativity" is introduced. The role of anger as an antidote to fragmentation is explored. Some thoughts are added about why indigenous people are overrepresented in prison compared to the population at large.