Labeling

In this work we will analyze some recent proposals about how the result of the application of a generative algorithm is recognized as a unit for the purposes of further computations, and how each correlates, either explicitly or implicitly, with a model of the mind. We will propose, in line with previous works, that a mixed approach to mental computations (including both Markovian and non-linear dependencies) can prove useful at both theoretical and empirical levels when stated explicitly. We will argue that phrase markers include both kinds of dependencies between terminals and non-terminals: labeling requirements in a theory (which, in turn, interact with other conditions on phrase structure, binarity being the most notable) give away the conception a certain theory has about the (uniform or not) functioning of the mind.

Qualitative research provides opportunities to study bullying and peer harassment as social processes, interactions and meaning-making in the everyday context of particular settings. It offers the possibility of developing a deep understanding of the culture and group processes of bullying and the participants’ perspectives on peer harassment as well. It gives participants opportunities to discuss their own understanding and experiences of bullying in their own words. This article reviews qualitative studies on bullying or peer harassment in school (including some studies in which qualitative and quantitative methods — so-called mixed methods — have been used).

The aim of the present study was to explore how teenagers explain why bullying takes place at school, and whether there were any differences in explaining bullying due to gender and prior bullying experiences. One hundred and seventy-six Swedish students in Grade 9 responded to a questionnaire. Mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative methods) were used to analyze data. The grounded theory analysis generated five main categories and 26 sub categories regarding accounts of bullying causes. Results indicated that youth tended to explain bullying in terms of individualistic reasons (bully attributing and victim attributing) than in terms of peer group, school setting, or human nature/society reasons. Girls were more likely to attribute bullying causes to the bully and much less to the victim, compared to boys. Moreover, youth classified as bullies were more likely to attribute the reason for bullying to the victim and much less to the bully, compared to victims, bystanders, and victims/bullies.

La devianza e il crimine sono condizioni «oggettive»? Perché si manifestano in maniera diversa nel tempo e nei vari contesti socio-culturali? Si tratta di meri «fatti» registrati al loro occorrere nelle varie fonti statistiche? Perché mai a ogni denuncia non segue necessariamente un arresto? Perché consideriamo minaccioso il «burquini» e non ci preoccupiamo più delle discariche abusive di rifiuti tossici?
Perché si stigmatizza lo stupratore e, in taluni casi, si arriva ad ammirare il
manager d’azienda corrotto? Devianti e «normali» sono così diversi tra loro?
Devianti e criminali si diventa o si nasce? Sicuro che alcuni non  riuscirebbero mai a compiere un’azione deviante oppure siamo tutti potenzialmente devianti? Quali costi comporta diventare normali?
Il volume ha l’obbiettivo di introdurre lo studio delle condotte devianti e
criminali tenendo conto dei significati normativi che vengono attribuiti a
comportamenti, atti e tratti specifici dai gruppi che detengono il «potere di
definizione». Devianza e crimine sono analizzati come prodotto di più vaste arene definizionali che coinvolgono elementi individuali, situazionali e strutturali. Attraverso una ricognizione dei principali assunti e sviluppi microsociologici, il testo si profila come uno dei pochi lavori italiani di ricognizione e di valorizzazione della prospettiva interazionista simbolica (e di quelle affini) nello studio della devianza e del crimine.
All’interno di una trattazione interdisciplinare e multidimensionale che
valorizza il processo interveniente tra interpretazione soggettiva e vincoli
strutturali, il volume si presenta come utile strumento per la ricerca e per la
formazione nelle scienze socio-giuridiche, psico-sociali e criminologiche, per l’intervento sociale e per problematizzare una tra le realtà sociali maggiormente caratterizzate da ambiguità, stereotipi e complessità.

The aim of the present study is to investigate schoolchildren's social representations on the causes of bullying. Individual qualitative interviews were conducted with 56 schoolchildren recruited from five elementary schools in Sweden. Mixed methods (grounded theory as well as descriptive statistic methods) were used to analyze data. According to the findings, the most prevalent social representation on bullying causes among the children is to view bullying as a reaction to deviance. The second most frequently used explanation type is to view bullying as social positioning. Other social representations on bullying causes are to explain bullying as the work of a disturbed bully, a revengeful action, an amusing game, social contamination, and a thoughtless happening. Social representations of bullying causes appear to be linked to the more general process of social categorization and seem in many bullying cases to promote moral disengagement among the children.

The aim of this study was to investigate how individuals;who had been victims of school bullying;perceived their bullying experiences and how these had affected them;and to generate a grounded theory of being a victim of bullying at school. Twenty-one individuals;who all had prior experiences of being bullied in school for more than one year;were interviewed. Qualitative analysis of data was performed by methods from grounded theory. The research identified a basic process of victimising in school bullying;which consisted of four phases: (a) initial attacks;(b) double victimising;(c) bullying exit and (d) after-effects of bullying. Double victimising refers to a process in which there was an interplay between external victimising and internal victimising. Acts of harassment were repeatedly directed at the victims from their social environment at school – a social process that constructed and repeatedly confirmed their victim role in the class or the group. This external victimising affected the victims and initiated an internal victimising;which meant that they internalised the socially constructed victim-image and acted upon this image;which in turn often supported the bullies’ agenda and confirmed the socially constructed victim-image. The findings also indicate the possible positive effect of changing the social environment.

Adverse health effect of trans fatty acids (TFAs) are well recognized, which has precipitated efforts to reduce their content in food products. With the decline of dietary TFAs derived from partial oil hydrogenation, interest is focused on the remaining sources of dietary TFAs derived from ruminants (rTFA), deodorized vegetable oils, trans isomerization during frying, and synthetic conjugated FA (CFA) supplements. Partial hydrogenation and heat-treated oils result in a random distribution of TFA isomers, whereas rTFAs contain specific isomers resulting from enzymatic processes. Reviews of human observational and metabolic intervention studies have suggested that consumption of rTFAs at current levels should not raise health concerns. However, these studies were not based on rTFA levels currently sold in retail markets. Current feeding practices of ruminants result in higher total TFAs with trans-18:1 isomers other than vaccenic acid, and many CFAs other than rumenic acid. The definition of TFA adopted by several countries does not distinguish among isolated TFAs of concern and ignores CFAs that should be included in total TFA due to their negative health effects. Accurate TFA definition establishment and nutritional assessment of individual TFA isomers is needed for labeling purposes. Also required are adoptions of analytical methods to resolve all TFA isomers. This information can then be used to construct a database and as a basis for meaningful recommendations.

Les historiens des sciences naturelles ont longtemps négligé les objets qui obscurcissaient le ciel des Idées mais dont l'administration constitue pourtant l'ordinaire du travail du naturaliste. Le Muséum de 1800 est à la fois le lieu où se rassemble une multitude de spécimens et l'espace où ils se distribuent. Faire converger en un lieu unique pareille quantité de spécimens requiert une logistique complexe qui passe par la transformation des choses naturelles récoltées sur le terrain en objets scientifiques ou par l'insertion des objets confisqués dans un réseau complexe de signes selon le modèle proposé en l'an II par l'Instruction de Vicq d'Azyr : l'étiquette trace l'objet depuis la collection confisquée ; l'inventaire exprime les caractères et la filiation de chacun comme il permet de prévenir les dilapidations ; le catalogue méthodique permet la mise en œuvre d'une politique de répartition des objets sur le territoire. Ordonner la Nature dans l'espace d'une collection, cela implique déjà de la domestiquer, c'est-à-dire de séparer les choses données ensemble dans l'expérience. Chose exceptionnelle, on connaît le détail de l'ordonnancement des collections du Muséum par les professeurs qui en sont aussi les conservateurs. Les spécimens sont distribués spatialement dans les collections comme les espèces sont classées dans les traités systématiques, sans qu'il y ait une règle d'antériorité entre l'ordre des mots et celui des choses. Un réarrangement de collection peut ainsi tenir lieu de mise à jour d'un système imprimé.

A tenet of any version of phrase structure theory is that a lexical item can transmit its label when merged with another category. We assume that if it is internally merged, a lexical item can turn a clause into a nominal phrase. If the relabeling lexical item is a wh-word, a free relative results; if it is an N, a full relative results; if it is a non-wh D, a pseudorelative results. It follows that the head of a relative construction cannot be more complex than a lexical item. We show massive evidence that when it is otherwise (e.g., the book about Obama that you bought), the modifier is late-merged after the noun has moved and relabeled the structure.

Purpose. Data regarding the recommended maximum duration that refrigerated medications available in hospital pharmacies may be stored safely at room temperature were collected and compiled in a tabular format. Methods. During May and June of 2006, the prescribing information for medications labeled for refrigeration as obtained from the supplier were reviewed for data addressing room-temperature storage. Telephone surveys of the products' manufacturers were conducted when this information was not available in the prescribing information. Medications were included in the review if they were labeled to be stored at 2-8 °C and purchased by the pharmacy department for uses indicated on the hospital formulary. Frozen antibiotics thawed in the refrigerator and extemporaneously compounded medications were excluded. Information was compiled and arranged in tabular format. The U.S. Pharmacopeia's definition of room temperature (20-25 °C [68-77 °F]) was used for this review. Results. Of the 189 medications listed in AHFS Drug Information 2006 for storage in a refrigerator, 89 were present in the pharmacy department's refrigerator. Since six manufacturers were unable to provide information for 10 medications, only 79 medications were included in the review. This table may help to avoid unnecessary drug loss and expenditures due to improper storage temperatures. Conclusion. Information regarding the room-temperature storage of 79 medications labeled for refrigerated storage was compiled.

There are three versions of the Labeling Approach (LA): (1) The interactionist version that arises out of symbolic interactionist scholarship is a counterpoint to the perspective of classical criminological studies. It argues that deviance is not an objective fact, but a socially negotiated meaning. It therefore calls for analyses of processes in which deviance, as a meaning, is ascribed to actions and persons. The critical version constitutes an arm of critical criminology and takes up the deobjectification of the interactionist LA to turn it against the objectifying institutions. To critical scholars, objectifying institutions are agents of social exclusion that use deviance ascriptions for this purpose. Consequently, the critical LA aims to show that the exclusion of deviants is based on constructions that serve the powerful.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) increased attention to food imports from China is an indicator of safety concerns as imported food becomes more common in the United States. U.S. food imports from China more than tripled in value between 2001 and 2008. Addressing safety risks associated with these imports is difficult because of the vast array of products from China, China's weak enforcement of food safety standards, its heavy use of agricultural chemicals, and its considerable environmental pollution. FDA import refusal data highlight food safety problems that appear to recur in trade and where FDA has focused its import alerts and monitoring efforts. FDA refusals of food shipments from China suggest recurring problems with "filth," unsafe additives, labeling (typically introduced in food processing and handling), and veterinary drug residues in fish and shellfish (introduced at the farm). Chinese authorities try to control food export safety by certifying exporters and the farms that supply them. However, monitoring such a wide range of products for the different hazards that can arise at varying points in the supply chain is a difficult challenge for Chinese and U.S. officials.

Cross-linguistically, coordinate structures are subject to two major constraints: the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC), which prevents both individual conjuncts and parts of conjuncts from moving, and the Coordination of Like Categories Constraint (CLC), which requires that conjuncts match in syntactic and semantic category. These constraints are typically considered to be causally independent of one another, and despite their cross-linguistic robustness, there is as yet no agreed upon theory of their derivation. In this paper, I propose a unified analysis of these constraints by means of the Labeling Algorithm of Chomsky (2013), in particular by treating coordinate structures as effectively XP-YP structures that can be labeled by the category features that they share. Given a dynamic definition of maximal projections, the immobility of individual conjuncts then follows from the restriction that only maximal projections may move.

This research surveyed the opinions of management and non-management staff of GGBL, retailers, and consumers of GGBL's products on the company's packaging. Packaging is heavily integrated into our daily lives as we see packages around every item we buy, such as chocolate bars, soaps and drinks. As a matter of fact, consumers' first exposure or encounter to a product may be its package and the physical attributes of the package can influence the consumer to accept or reject the product. Guinness Ghana Breweries Limited (GGBL), a major manufacturer of alcoholic and non-alcoholic products in Ghana, is noted for designing good quality packages for drinks. However, there are environmental concerns with the use of glass as a material for packaging the company's products. Consumers are also not comfortable with the fact that they are required to either deposit cash or submit an empty bottle of same kind before they are allowed to buy any of GGBL's bottled drinks from retail outlets to their homes. The study reveals interesting facts upon which recommendations are made to guide manufacturers within the brewing industry. (1998) is of the view that about 20% of companies' products fail in the market due to poor packaging and 15% of a company's sales also comes as a result of its attractive packaging. J. Peter (1998) also states that most products fail in the market because such products' packages are not consistent with the products they hold. Consumers expect that whereas the package is attractive, so the product will be of a good quality. He stated further that packaging communicates a price range to consumers and helps differentiate the product from competitors' as well as help consumers to take a firm decision on whether to buy a product or not; and good packaging could convey a solid or upscale image, whereas poor packaging detracts from the product's image.

A novel text line extraction technique is presented for multi-skewed document images of handwritten English or Bengali text. It assumes that hypothetical water flows, from both left and right sides of the image frame, face obstruction from characters of text lines. The stripes of areas left unwetted on the image frame are finally labelled for extraction of text lines. The success rate of the technique, as observed experimentally, are 90.34% and 91.44% for handwritten Bengali and English document images, respectively. The work may contribute significantly for the development of applications related to optical character recognition of Bengali/English text.

Abstraet--Kohonen networks are well known for cluster analysis (unsupervised learning). This class of algorithms is a set of heuristic procedures that suffers from several major problems (e.g. neither termination or convergence is guaranteed, no model is optimized by the learning strategy, and the output is often dependent on the sequence of data). A fuzzy Kohonen clustering network is proposed which integrates the Fuzzy c-Means (FCM) model into the learning rate and updating strategies of the Kohonen network. This yield an optimization problem related to FCM, and the numerical results show improved convergence as well as reduced labeling errors. It is proved that the proposed scheme is equivalent to the c-Means algorithms. The new method can be viewed as a Kohonen type of FCM, but is "self-organizing" since the "size" of the update neighborhood and learning rate in the competitive layer are automatically adjusted during learning. Anderson's IRIS data is used to illustrate this method; and results are compared with the standard Kohonen approach.

The present article draws on some parallels between pragmatism and the interactionist sociology of deviance to discuss the quest for liberatory consequences often associated with the Labeling Approach (LA). Both pragmatism and the LA exhibit a tension between their antifoundationalist nominalism and their liberatory meliorism. This tension revolves around the question if the insight that “descriptions are all we have” leads to a possibility to change these descriptions. While many proponents of the LA have thought so, antidualist formulations of pragmatism have mellowed this hope without destroying it: Descriptions can always change, but it is rarely antifoundationalist theory that changes them.

This article facilitates deeper insight into label-related consumer information acquisition behaviour. An integrated framework of label information search (LIS) has been developed based on a synthesis of related literature and explorative research conducted by analysing online discussions among customers (netnography). The framework focuses on three main groups of personal factors that serve as antecedents of LIS: general personal factors (e.g. health consciousness and socio-demographics), label-related personal factors (e.g. label-related self-efficacy, trust in labels and the perceived usefulness of labels) and product category-related personal factors (trust in food products, enduring involvement, experience and perceived quality differences). Important  characteristics of the framework are its process-oriented nature and the dynamically
changing relationships among its concepts. LIS is an antecedent to and a consequence of influencing factors. This article offers managerial implications and serves to incite future inquiry in this field.

Much of this book is organized around a sequential or stage model of the warning process that incorporates aspects of two existing models: the communication and the human information processing frameworks. Processing begins with the presence of warning (or other) information. From communication theory, the model takes the concepts of source, channel, and receiver. From information processing theory, the model decomposes the receiver component into the stages of attention, comprehension, attitudes and beliefs, motivation, and behavior. The receiver must notice the information and understand it. The message must be consistent with the person's attitudes and beliefs, or sufficiently persuasive to change them and to motivate the person to carry out the directed behavior (i.e., comply with the warning). This model is useful in (a) organizing the substantial amount of warning-related research that has been generated in the last 15 or so years, and (b) pinpointing the reason or reasons why a specific warning failed to produce adequate levels of behavioral compliance. Although earlier models describe the infonnation processing stages as an invariant linear sequence, this chapter puts forth the proposition that later stages can influence earlier stages through feedback loops, and that in some instances entire stages can be skipped.

Este trabajo estudia el proyecto de erradicar el hambre en los países subdesarrollados mediante la libre circulación global de alimentos transgénicos, un proyecto repleto de promesas, inquietudes y nuevos desafíos. Los colectivos partidarios sostienen que oponerse a los alimentos transgénicos equivale a dar la espalda al progreso, el desarrollo, la modernidad y los avances tecnocientíficos. Los detractores denuncian que los fines de la industria biotecnológica representan una seria amenaza para el futuro de las comunidades más empobrecidas. En concreto, se analiza el envío por el gobierno estadounidense de maíz transgénico como ayuda alimentaria humanitaria a un conjunto de países del sur de África. Se busca así constatar el desacierto de pensar la biotecnología como una herramienta aséptica y despolitizada y de concebir desde un punto de vista puramente racional y objetivo el quehacer de los expertos en las sociedades contemporáneas.

Research on labeling mental illness has focused relatively little attention on practical organizational concerns in the process of labeling in community mental health services. This paper examines this issue through an ethnographic study of two multi-service community mental health services organizations for people labeled severely and persistently mentally ill in the Midwest United States. The findings show that the labeling process is structured by cultural and policy environments in which mental health services are able to provide resources otherwise difficult to obtain. Within organizations, official labels can be applied for reasons other than clinical practice; they channel resources to both organizations and clients. Informal organizational labels regarding client mental illness are not tethered to the bureaucratic apparatus granting access to and paying for services. Instead, they reflect workers' real assessments of clients, which can differ from official ones. These informal labels determine how organizations deal with clients when rules and routines are violated.

We describe an automated method to locate and outline blood vessels in images of the ocular fundus. Such a tool should prove useful to eye care specialists for purposes of patient screening, treatment evaluation, and clinical study. Our method differs from previously known methods in that it uses local and global vessel features cooperatively to segment the vessel network. We evaluate our method using hand-labeled ground truth segmentations of 20 images. A plot of the operating characteristic shows that our method reduces false positives by as much as 15 times over basic thresholding of a matched filter response (MFR), at up to a 75% true positive rate. For a baseline, we also compared the ground truth against a second hand-labeling, yielding a 90% true positive and a 4% false positive detection rate, on average. These numbers suggest there is still room for a 15% true positive rate improvement, with the same false positive rate, over our method. We are making all our images and hand labelings publicly available for interested researchers to use in evaluating related methods.

Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) constitute a well-known type of probabilistic neural networks. One of their many successful applications is in image segmentation, where spatially constrained mixture models have been trained using the expectation-maximization (EM) framework. In this letter, we elaborate on this method and propose a new methodology for the M-step of the EM algorithm that is based on a novel constrained optimization formulation. Numerical experiments using simulated images illustrate the superior performance of our method in terms of the attained maximum value of the objective function and segmentation accuracy compared to previous implementations of this approach.

We posit that visually descriptive language offers computer vision researchers both information about the world, and information about how people describe the world. The potential benefit from this source is made more significant due to the enormous amount of language data easily available today. We present a system to automatically generate natural language descriptions from images that exploits both statistics gleaned from parsing large quantities of text data and recognition algorithms from computer vision. The system is very effective at producing relevant sentences for images. It also generates descriptions that are notably more true to the specific image content than previous work.

Consumers have a right to correct information on the products they buy. Correct Labeling with appropriate information becomes more important for food products for the distributors to print all necessary information on the packed food items – ready to cook or ready to eat At times it is believed that the information is misleading and incorrect. Over and above many customers look products as it affects health of the person. Though the Government has made it mandatory for the manufacturers about printing of relevant information on the food packets, it will be interesting to study what customers read on the labels.
With this view a sample survey of 600 persons from general population in the city of Mumbai and Navi Mumbai was undertaken to understand what and how frequently people read the details given on the food labels. The questionnaire was administered to five different types of respondents. Convenience Quota method of sampling was used to select respondents from different occupational groups, i.e. Businessmen, Service men, Students, Professionals and House wives. A five point Likert type scale was used to investigate the importance given by the respondents to different information on the labels. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor analysis were used for identifying the factors that consumers look for while buying packed food. The study identified the factors as Quality (Brand and freshness), Nutritional Value (Calorie, Fats and Vitamins etc) and Other Miscellaneous (Manufacturer, Price, Quantity, Certification etc). The findings revealed that education is the most important factor related to the reading of information on the labels. Educated persons looked more on information about Quality of the product as well as its Nutritional value.
Key words:  Labeling, brand name, health concern, knowledge, value for money, nutritional information.

This article argues that histories of migration regimes can illuminate ways in which institutions and legal categories produce concepts used in studies of forced migration. Following the development of the Immigrant Commission (Muhacirin Komisyonu) in 1860, the Ottoman State shifted from addressing the issue of immigration on an ad hoc basis to organizing migration and settlement through a central administration. Translations of the Ottoman term " muhacir " include migrant, emigrant, immigrant, and refugee. The ambiguity of this term requires engagement with the material significance of its historical usage. Contemporary translations highlight conditions of movement, but Ottoman administrative categories based on internal divisions within the immigrant population were equally important in determining migrant experiences. Through exploring the institutional history, organization, and policies of the Ottoman Immigrant Commission, this article considers how the development of administration created sub-categories within the migrant population based on sex, age, class, and religion. Historical analysis of migration administration offers a more precise framework for investigating processes of Ottoman immigrant incorporation and provides researchers of forced migration insight into the evolution and persisting impact of migration categories.

Efficient and intelligent music information retrieval is a very important topic of the 21st century. With the ultimate goal of building personal music information retrieval systems, this paper studies the problem of intelligent music information retrieval. Huron [10] points out that since the preeminent functions of music are social and psychological, the most useful characterization would be based on four types of information: genre, emotion, style, and similarity. This paper introduces Daubechies Wavelet Coefficient Histograms (DWCH) for music feature extraction for music information retrieval. The histograms are computed from the coefficients of the db8 Daubechies wavelet filter applied to three seconds of music. A comparative study of sound features and classification algorithms on a dataset compiled by Tzanetakis shows that combining DWCH with timbral features (MFCC and FFT), with the use of multi-class extensions of Support Vector Machine, achieves approximately 80% of accuracy, which is a significant improvement over the previously known result on this dataset. On another dataset the combination achieves 75% of accuracy.

Using a labeling policy framework, we answer the question of whether attitude has an impact on consumers’ valuation of rBST-free and organic characteristics of milk. We utilize 2 years of consumer survey data and a hedonic model to estimate marginal effects of attitude on consumer valuation of rBST-free and organic milk. Findings indicate that in 2001 milk value was impacted by attitude, regardless of whether attitude was measured using an opinion based or behavioral construct. In 2004 the contribution of attitude to value was insignificant. Implications for labeling policy are discussed.

Scene labeling consists in labeling each pixel in an image with the category of the object it belongs to. We propose a method that uses a multiscale convolutional network trained from raw pixels to extract dense feature vectors that encode regions of multiple sizes centered on each pixel. The method alleviates the need for engineered features, and produces a powerful representation that captures texture, shape and contextual information. We report results using multiple post-processing methods to produce the final labeling. Among those, we propose a technique to automatically retrieve, from a pool of segmentation components, an optimal set of components that best explain the scene; these components are arbitrary, e.g. they can be taken from a segmentation tree, or from any family of over-segmentations. The system yields record accuracies on the Sift Flow Dataset (33 classes) and the Barcelona Dataset (170 classes) and near-record accuracy on Stanford Background Dataset (8 classes), while being an order of magnitude faster than competing approaches, producing a 320 × 240 image labeling in less than a second, including feature extraction.

Texture segmentation is one of the early steps towards identifying surfaces and objects in an image. Textures considered here are de ned in terms of primitives called tokens. In this paper we h a ve developed a texture segmentation algorithm based on the Voronoi tessellation. The algorithm rst builds the Voronoi tessellation of the tokens that make up the textured image. It then computes a feature vector for each V oronoi polygon. These feature vectors are used in a probabilistic relaxation labeling on the tokens, to identify the interior and the border regions of the textures. The algorithm has successfully segmented binary images containing textures whose primitives have identical second-order statistics and a n umber of gray level texture images.

The industrial electric motor is the most important load, considering its large number and associated energy consumption, being responsible for approximately 68% of the industrial energy consumption and 35% of the total electrical energy consumption in Brazil. This country, like others, is seeking to establish a regulation on the minimum efficiency index for electric motor equipment. This paper aims to present an overview of the installed park of industrial motors in Brazil and to evaluate the possible effects of such regulation. For this purpose, the measurement results obtained in the 2000-2012 period were used, which were extracted from the approximately 276 three-phase induction motors that had been sold and were being used in the Brazilian market, with a rated power in a large range from under 1 hp to over 150 hp. The analysis of the measurement results provided an overview of the average behavior of the induction motors in industry while considering energy efficiency and allowing estimates and proposals aiming at the improvement of the use of electrical energy.

A multiplex DNA microarray chip was developed for simultaneous identification of nine genetically modified organisms (GMOs), five plant species and three GMO screening elements, i.e. the 35S promoter, the nos terminator and the nptII gene. The chips also include several controls, such as that for the possible presence of CaMV. The on-chip detection was performed directly with PCR amplified products. Particular emphasis was placed on the reduction of the number of PCR reactions required and on the number of primers present per amplification tube. The targets were biotin labelled and the arrays were detected using a colorimetric methodology. Specificity was provided by specific capture probes designed for each GMO and for the common screening elements. The sensitivity of the assay was tested by experiments carried out in five different laboratories. The limit of detection was lower than 0.3% GMO for all tests and in general around 0.1% for most GMOs. The chip detection system complies with the requirements of current EU regulations and other countries where thresholds are established for the labelling of GMO.

We present a complete scalable system for 6 d.o.f. camera tracking based on natural features. Crucially, the calculation is based only on pre-captured reference images and previous estimates of the camera pose and is hence suitable for online applications. We match natural features in the current frame to two spatially separated reference images. We overcome the wide baseline matching problem by matching to the previous frame and transferring point positions to the reference images. We then minimize deviations from the two-view and three-view constraints between the reference images and the current frame as a function of the camera position parameters. We stabilize this calculation using a recursive form of temporal regularization that is similar in spirit to the Kalman filter. We can track camera pose over hundreds of frames and realistically integrate virtual objects with only slight jitter.

This paper presents a fast algorithm for labeling connected components in binary images based on sequential local operations. A one-dimensional table, which memorizes label equivalences, is used for uniting equivalent labels successively during the operations in forward and backward raster directions. The proposed algorithm has a desirable characteristic: the execution time is directly proportional to the number of pixels in connected components in an image. By comparative evaluations, it has been shown that the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is superior to those of the conventional algorithms.

Shim, Jae-Young. 2018. <φ, φ>-less Labeling. Language Research 54-1, 23-39. Hypothesizing that every syntactic object reaching the interfaces must be labeled, Chomsky (2013, 2015) introduce an independent label-identifying operation, Labeling Algorithm (LA). This newly proposed LA, which is an instance of Minimal Search, is assumed to seek not only the categorial feature of heads but also any agreeing features shared by two heads to determine the label of a given syntactic object. This paper argues, however, that postulation of the latter type of search by LA (i.e. locating agreeing features) adds computational burden to the grammar by forcing LA to perform two different types of search, namely, a 'comparison search' in addition to the widely agreed-upon Minimal Search. This paper also addresses some conceptual and empirical problems that arise from the paired form of the non-categorial label, <φ, φ>, whose introduction results from the problematic comparison search by LA. We finally present an alternative analysis in which LA seeks only the categorial feature of heads. Consequently, neither comparison search nor the paired form of the label, <φ, φ>, becomes necessary in our analysis.

The new orthodoxy of neoliberal thinking has led to a reduction in both freedom and prosperity for the multitude by thrusting forth the modern Empire. By using the phenomenological method, I conclude that this new type of Empire cannot be sustained, because it tries to occupy the same space as the human spirit. Instead of reaching fulfillment, Empire faces inevitable fragmentation. To illustrate my point, I utilize Heidegger’s conception of art.

I examine the discursive identity construction in court of adult defendants as "childish" as an arena of negotiation involving judges, lawyers, psychiatrists, probation service professionals, plaintiffs and defendants. Being categorized a "childish" defendant can be legally constructed as either abject and leading to the aggravation of punishment, or conversely, exalt and mitigating. Based on court rulings retrieved from an Israeli judicial database, four tropes of such “childish defendants” are identified and discussed: the innocent childish defendant, the influenced childish defendant, the childish defendant who is unable to control his/her behavior, and the childish defendant who lacks boundaries, with varying consequences for the court’s exercise of stringency, leniency, and other forms of social control. I conclude by discussing the findings' implications for political intersections of law and age, and specifically childhood. The construction of childishness, as it takes place in courts, is further discussed as a means of control that transcends biological age.

State-of-the-art speech recognition systems are trained using human transcriptions of speech utterances. In this paper, we describe a method to combine active and unsupervised learning for automatic speech recognition (ASR). The goal is to minimize the human supervision for training acoustic and language models and to maximize the performance given the transcribed and untranscribed data. Active learning aims at reducing the number of training examples to be labeled by automatically processing the unlabeled examples, and then selecting the most informative ones with respect to a given cost function. For unsupervised learning, we utilize the remaining untranscribed data by using their ASR output and word confidence scores. Our experiments show that the amount of labeled data needed for a given word accuracy can be reduced by 75% by combining active and unsupervised learning.

An Electronic Medical Record (EMR) must provide a secure, permanent archive for an individual's medical records and also function as a multi-purpose database that supports the complex, varied activities of patient care. Meeting these objectives requires unusual flexibility in how data are retrieved and processed. Semantic and referential integrity must preserved both over time and as chunks of information are exchanged with other systems. Relationships between data entries must determined dynamically based on actual events, rather than statically through application design. Distributed data requires that new forms of system security be incorporated into an EMR at a structural level, with an emphasis on the labeling of elements to be secured behind a security barrier, with audit trails to document necessary overrides and monitor for suspicious use. A modular information architecture is proposed that integrates requirements for structure, content, and processing, and security.

This paper examines the validity of the two claims advocated in Chomsky (2014) and address some inconsistencies in these claims. One claim concerns the proposed unification of the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) and the Empty Category Principle (ECP) under the labeling theory Chomsky advances in the paper. This paper shows that the EPP and the ECP are not in fact given a unified account under labeling theory as proposed but rather they are still approached by the two independent principles, i.e. the EPP by labeling and the ECP by the Phase Impenetrability Condition. The other claim that this paper investigates is on the proposal that the operation Merge can apply freely in relation to other operations in the syntax. This paper shows that at least in certain cases, the timing of the application of Merge cannot be free but should instead be constrained, especially in relation to the operation of Labeling Algorithm.

Biological labeling has been demonstrated with CdSe quantum dots in a variety of animal cells, but bacteria are harder to label because of their cell walls. We discuss the challenges of using minimally coated, bare CdSe quantum dots as luminescent internal labels for bacteria. These quantum dots were solubilized with mercaptoacetic acid and conjugated to adenine. Significant evidence for the internal staining of Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative) using these structures is presented via steady-state emission, epifluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In particular, the E. coli adenine auxotroph, and not the wild type, took up adenine coated quantum dots, and this only occurred in adenine deficient growth media. Labeling strength was enhanced by performing the incubation under room light. This process was examined with steady-state emission spectra and time-resolved luminescence profiles obtained from time-correlated-single-photon counting.

This paper proposes dynamic thresholding scheme for fingerprint identification. As a user authentication method by fingerprint recognition technology, verification method based on 1:1 matching was mainly used in the past, but identification method based on 1:N matching is generally used recently. The control of the value of FAR is very important in the application areas such as access control and time attendance systems. This paper proposes dynamic thresholding scheme which could properly control the value of FAR according to the field of applications and size of the fingerprints database.