Glass

d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 2 6 ( 2 0 1 0 ) 600-607 a v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . i n t l . e l s e v i e r h e a l t h . c o m / j o u r n a l s / d e m a a b s t r a c t Objectives. Resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGI) have demonstrated clinical success providing immediate and long-term relief from root sensitivity. RMGIs have been recently introduced as paste-liquid systems for convenience of clinical usage. The objective of this study was to measure the ability of a new paste-liquid RMGI to reduce fluid flow through human dentin, compared to an established single-bottle nanofilled total etch resin adhesive indicated for root desensitization.

Green algae of the genus Ulva (syn. Enteromorpha) are common, green macroalgae found throughout the world in the upper intertidal zone of seashores and as a fouling organism on a variety of man-made structures including ships' hulls. Adhesion of motile spores is achieved via the secretion of an adhesive, which is present in spores in highly condensed form within membrane-bound vesicles. The adhesive is initially liquid and displays a hydrogel-like behavior on release. It then starts to undergo ''curing reactions,'' becoming progressively less soluble with time in anionic detergents, less sensitive to proteolysis, and less viscoelastic, which suggests that extensive cross-linking occurs. Spores also become progressively more difficult to detach from a surface. However, the nature of this adhesive curing process is totally unknown. In the present article we have tested the hypothesis that thiol cross-linking may be involved. We show that nontoxic concentrations of the thiol-capping reagent (Ellman's reagent) or thiol-reducing agent (dithiothreitol) effectively inhibit the time-dependent development of adhesive spore strength after attachment to a surface. Furthermore, we show by SDS-PAGE immunoblot analysis of extracted adhesive proteins that the major adhesive antigen retains solubility in the presence of these reagents, after release from spores, which suggests that cross-linking had been inhibited.

The use of microfluidic glass chips for continuous single-cell lysis and assay of internal-Galactosidase (-Gal) content is described. Cells were transported single file toward a Y-shaped mixing junction at which lytic agents were introduced by suction. Flow velocities of 100 and 40 m/s were used under protein denaturing [35 mM sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)] and nondenaturing (0.1% Triton X-100) conditions, respectively. Complete and reproducible lysis of individual cells on-chip occurred within 30 s using Triton X-100 and 2 s when using SDS. Optimal concentrations of lysis and enzyme substrate reagents were determined using microtitre plate and chip-based procedures. Fluorescence peaks, due to the enzymatic product fluorescein mono-D-galactopyranoside (FMG), were detected downstream of the mixing and cell lysis point for the reaction of-Gal with 200 M of the fluorogenic substrate fluorescein-diD -galactopyranoside (FDG). FMG fluorescence was observed from cells preincubated with FDG off-chip then subsequently lysed on-chip with SDS. Unincubated cells were mixed on-chip with both FDG and Triton X-100, each individual cell generating FMG fluorescence downstream of the mixing point detected within 2 min of mixing. In contrast, viable cells incubated with FDG required 1 h or more in order to generate significant signal in a flow cytometer.

Phosphate-based glasses have been examined in many studies as a potential biomaterial for bone repair because of its degradation properties, which can be controlled and allow the release of various elements to promote osteogenic tissue growth. However most of these experiments studied either tertiary or quaternary glass systems. This study investigated a qinternary system that included titanium dioxide for degradation rate control and zinc that is considered to have a role in bone formation. Zinc and titanium phosphate glass discs of different compositions were melt synthesized and samples of each composition was tested for different physical, chemical and biological characteristics via density measurement, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, mass loss, ion release, scanning electron microscopy, biocompatibility studies via live/dead assays at three time points (day 1, 4, and 7). The results showed that the glass was amorphous and that the all thermal variables decreas...

We have developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) cellular microarray platform to enable the rapid and efficient tracking of stem cell fate and quantification of specific stem cell markers. This platform consists of a miniaturized 3D cell culture array on a functionalized glass slide for spatially addressable high-throughput screening. A microarray spotter was used to deposit cells onto a modified glass surface to yield an array consisting of cells encapsulated in alginate gel spots with volumes as low as 60 nL. A method based on an immunofluorescence technique scaled down to function on a cellular microarray was also used to quantify specific cell marker protein levels in situ. Our results revealed that this platform is suitable for studying the expansion of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as they retain their pluripotent and undifferentiated state. We also examined neural commitment of mouse ES cells on the microarray and observed the generation of neuroectodermal precursor cells characterized by expression of the neural marker Sox-1, whose levels were also measured in situ using a GFP reporter system. In addition, the high-throughput capacity of the platform was tested using a dual-slide system that allowed rapid screening of the effects of tretinoin and fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) on the pluripotency of mouse ES cells. This high-throughput platform is a powerful new tool for investigating cellular mechanisms involved in stem cell expansion and differentiation and provides the basis for rapid identification of signals and conditions that can be used to direct cellular responses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 106: 106–118. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Large-area graphene substrates provide a promising lab bench for synthesizing, manipulating, and characterizing low-dimensional materials, opening the door to high-resolution analyses of novel structures, such as two-dimensional (2D) glasses, that cannot be exfoliated and may not occur naturally. Here, we report the accidental discovery of a 2D silica glass supported on graphene. The 2D nature of this material enables the first atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy of a glass, producing images that strikingly resemble Zachariasen's original 1932 cartoon models of 2D continuous random network glasses. Atomic-resolution electron spectroscopy identifies the glass as SiO 2 formed from a bilayer of (SiO 4 ) 2− tetrahedra and without detectable covalent bonding to the graphene. From these images, we directly obtain ring statistics and pair distribution functions that span short-, medium-, and long-range order. Ab initio calculations indicate that van der Waals interactions with graphene energetically stabilizes the 2D structure with respect to bulk SiO 2 . These results demonstrate a new class of 2D glasses that can be applied in layered graphene devices and studied at the atomic scale.

Vial ''Fogging'' is a phenomenon observed after lyophilization due to drug product creeping upwards along the inner vial surface. After the freeze-drying process, a haze of dried powder is visible inside the drug product vial, making it barely acceptable for commercial distribution from a cosmetic point of view. Development studies were performed to identify the root cause for fogging during manufacturing of a lyophilized monoclonal antibody drug product. The results of the studies indicate that drug product creeping occurs during the filling process, leading to vial fogging after lyophilization. Glass quality/ inner surface, glass conversion/vial processing (vial ''history'') and formulation excipients, e.g., surfactants (three different surfactants were tested), all affect glass fogging to a certain degree. Results showed that the main factor to control fogging is primarily the inner vial surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. While Duran vials were not capable of reliably improving the level of fogging, hydrophobic containers provided reliable means to improve the cosmetic appearance due to reduction in fogging. Varying vial depyrogenation treatment conditions did not lead to satisfying results in removal of the fogging effect. Processing conditions of the vial after filling with drug product had a strong impact on reducing but not eliminating fogging.

We report on the fabrication of buried cannel waveguides in Sapphire crystals by 250-kHz high repetition rate ultrafast laser. The micro-fluorescence analysis generated by trace Cr 3+ dopant is used to elucidate the micro-structural modifications.

A laser direct-writing method producing high-resolution patterns of gold, silver and alloy plasmonic nanoparticles implanted into the surface of glass substrates is demonstrated, by scanning a pulsed UV laser beam across selected areas of ultra-thin metal films. The nanoparticles are incorporated beneath the surface of the glass and hence the patterns are scratch-resistant. The physical mechanisms controlling the process are investigated and we demonstrate that this technique can be used to fabricate a wide range of plasmonic optical structures such as wavelength selected diffraction gratings and high-density substrates for lab-on-chip surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

This paper discusses both occupational health risks to workers and environmental health risks to residents and workers. The report presents an overview of the available health literature for causes of diseases, injuries, and accidents from solid waste management collection, treatment, and disposal technologies. Illnesses discussed include infectious diseases, allergies, respiratory damage, and cancers. Some diseases are derived from direct ingestion of infectious micro-organisms, others involve infection through contamination of the food chain, whereby animals or other vectors have ingested infectious micro-organisms. Injuries include joint and spinal damage, fractures, puncture wounds, damage to eyes and ears. Accidents include slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, being caught in processing equipment, and being run over by mobile equipment. As the next steps toward improving occupational and environmental health and safety in s...

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The present paper deals with an experimental convective heat transfer investigation around a film-cooled, high-pressure gas turbine rotor blade mounted in a stationary, linear cascade arrangement. The measurements were performed in the von Karman Institute Isentropic Light Piston Compression Tube facility. The test blade was made of Macor glass ceramic and was instrumented with thin film gages. The coolant flow was ejected simultaneously through the leading edge (three rows of holes), the suction side (two rows of holes), and the pressure side (one row of holes). The effects of overall mass weight ratio, coolant to free-stream temperature ratio, and free-stream turbulence were successively investigated.

Fluoride glasses which are used for passive and active optical fibers are subject to devitrification, especially during fiber-drawing. Kinetic parameters may be obtained through isothermal and nonisothermal methods. Basic relations deriving from the Mehl Avrami Johnson approach allow the determination of activation energy E, and Avrami exponent n. The paradox of activation energy is expressed in terms of correlation between E a value and binding energy, which raises the question of the physical meaning of activation energy. Various stability factors are listed and their validity discussed. The important problem of nucleation in fluoride glasses emphasizes the role of anionic oxygen in the nucleation mechanism. The crystallization behavior of the main fluoride glasses, including cadmium fluorochloride glasses, is reported in relation to fiber-drawing ability.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production feasibility of triaxial whiteware using sand from cast iron moulds as a raw material instead of silica, and recycled glass in place of feldspar. Formulations were prepared using sand, glass waste, and white-firing clay such that only 50% of the composition was virgin material (clay). The ceramic bodies were formed by pressing and fired at different temperatures (between 1100 and 1300 degrees C). Specimens were characterized in terms of green density prior to firing; and their flexural strength, linear shrinkage, and water absorption were measured after firing. The microstructure was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Possible environmental impacts of this recycling process were also evaluated, through solubility and leaching tests, according to Brazilian standards. Gaseous emissions during the firing process were also analysed. The results showed that it is possible to produce triaxial ceramics by using such alternati...

The delivery of the tetracycline and hydrocortisone drugs that have been incorporated into bioactive glasses was studied in this work. The potentiality of these systems in direct pulp capping is also discussed. A bioactive glass with a composition of (SiO 2 ) 0.80 (P 2 O 5 ) 0.04 (CaO) 0.16 , was prepared by sol-gel. Sols were prepared with the addition of approximately 2 wt% of tetracycline or hydrocortisone separately for the delivery studies. A third set of samples of bioglass sols containing 2 wt% of each drug were prepared with the same purpose. The amounts of drugs delivered were monitored by ultraviolet spectrophotometry in the tetracycline and hydrocortisone wavelengths. The drug release behavior was strongly dependent on the system. The glass-tetracycline samples showed a rapid drug release kinetics, while glasshydrocortisone samples show much slow release profiles. The different drug release behaviors have been explained by faster gel formation reaction between hydrocortisone and TEOS due to a stronger interaction between these reagents. On the samples with both drugs, the release was simultaneous and for each drug, the amounts delivered followed a profile similar to the samples with only this specific drug.

We have demonstrated the successful production of titanium phosphate glass microspheres in the size range of $10-200 lm using an inexpensive, efficient, easily scalable process and assessed their use in bone tissue engineering applications. Glasses of the following compositions were prepared by meltquench techniques: 0.5P 2 O 5 -0.4CaO-(0.1 À x)Na 2 O-xTiO 2 , where x = 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 mol fraction (denoted as Ti3, Ti5 and Ti7 respectively). Several characterization studies such as differential thermal analysis, degradation (performed using a novel time lapse imaging technique) and pH and ion release measurements revealed significant densification of the glass structure with increased incorporation of TiO 2 in the glass from 3 to 5 mol.%, although further TiO 2 incorporation up to 7 mol.% did not affect the glass structure to the same extent. Cell culture studies performed using MG63 cells over a 7-day period clearly showed the ability of the microspheres to provide a stable surface for cell attachment, growth and proliferation. Taken together, the results confirm that 5 mol.% TiO 2 glass microspheres, on account of their relative ease of preparation and favourable biocompatibility, are worthy candidates for use as substrate materials in bone tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomaterialia j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l oc a t e / a c t a b i o m a t * Errors in Q 1 and Q 2 chemical shifts are 0.5 ppm for all compositions. ** Errors in Q 1 and Q 2 percentage values are 1% for all compositions.

Summary form only given. Telecommunications has continued to push optical fibers towards ever-more demanding applications-such as high bit rates, dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM), and long distances-and in response there has been renewed interest in alternative fiber designs to lift fundamental limitations of silica fibers. A particularly exciting departure from traditional fibers are fibers based on photonic band gaps, forbidden frequency

We aimed to evaluate the in vitro osteogenic and osteoinductive potentials of BioS-2P and its ability to promote in vivo bone repair. To investigate osteogenic potential, UMR-106 osteoblastic cells were cultured on BioS-2P and Bioglass 45S5 discs in osteogenic medium. The osteoinductive potential was evaluated using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on BioS-2P, Bioglass 45S5 and polystyrene in non-osteogenic medium. Rat bone calvarial defects were implanted with BioS-2P scaffolds alone or seeded with MSCs. UMR-106 proliferation was similar for both materials, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization were higher for BioS-2P. Bone sialoprotein (BSP), RUNX2 and osteopontin (OPN) gene expression and BSP, OPN, ALP and RUNX2 protein expression were higher on BioS-2P. For MSCs, ALP activity was higher on Bioglass 45S5 than on BioS-2P and was lower on polystyrene. All genes were highly expressed on bioactive glasses compared to polystyrene. BioS-2P scaffolds promote...

In this report we show that the amplitude of specularly diffracted light from a plane rough surface as a function of incident angle cosine is Fourier transform of the height distribution on the surface. Therefore, an even height distribution function, which is the case for many rough surfaces, can be obtained by measuring the specularly diffracted light intensities. Also, it is observed that for polychromatic illumination the spectrum of the specularly diffracted light is modified and the modification depends on roughness, incident angle, and wavelength. It is also shown that, for a fixed incident angle, the height distribution on the rough plane is Fourier transform of the spectral modifying function. Experimental studies on some surfaces of different roughnesses, prepared by grinding sheet-glasses by powders of different grain sizes, show that the corresponding height distributions are Gaussian and the rms heights obtained by the two approaches are quite consistent.

A Vimbodí i Poblet tenen el privilegi d’acollir el primer forn de vidre documentat que es coneix a Catalunya, el qual data del segle XII (1188)  Però la indústria vidriera que li donà nom no s’establí a Vimbodí fins a l’any 1903, quan uns vidriers procedents de Fulleda escolliren l’indret per les facilitats a l’hora de trobar llenya, matèria primera dels forns de vidre, i, sobretot, per la proximitat de l’estació de ferrocarril. A Vimbodí es fabricà
vidre fins al 1954, que va tancar el darrer forn. El 1993 es va posar en marxa l’actual museu i es reobrí el forn de vidre. El mestre vidrier Paco Ramos es va traslladar a viure al poble i, des de fa més de 15 anys, és l’encarregat de mantenir l’ofici de vidrier a Vimbodí.
(Vimbodí i Poblet, Conca de Barberà, Catalunya)

Our effort towards the attainment of high performance devices has yielded several devices with total-area conversion efficiencies above 16%, the highest measuring 16.8% under standard reporting conditions (ASTM E892-87, Global 1000 W/m2). The first attempts to translate this development to larger areas resulted in an efficiency of 12.5% for a 16.8-cm2 monolithically interconnected submodule test structure, and 15.3% for a 4.85-cm2 single cell. Achievement of a 17.2% device efficiency fabricated for operation under concentration (22-sun) is also reported. All high efficiency devices reported here are made from graded bandgap absorbers. Bandgap grading is achieved by compositional Ga/(In+Ga) profiling as a function of depth. The fabrication schemes to achieve the graded absorbers, the window materials and contacting are described

This study compared the initial and final failure loads and failure modes of indirect resin composite laminate veneers with and without fiber reinforcement. Forty intact lower canines received standard laminate preparations and were randomly assigned into four test groups (n=10). In Group 1, indirect resin composite veneers were repaired with two layers of preimpregnated bidirectional glass fiber weave and a restorative composite; in Group 2, with a layer of preimpregnated unidirectional glass fibers and a restorative composite; and in Group 3, with an experimental semi-IPN matrix composed of multidirectional short glass fibers. Indirect resin composite veneers without any fiber reinforcement were used as control (Group 4). All specimens were thermocycled and tested with a universal testing machine. On the final failure load, there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) among the test groups. Within each group, pairwise comparison of initial and final failure loads revealed statistically significant differences (p<0.05), except for Group 4 (p>0.05). On failure mode, unreinforced specimens showed instantaneous failure, whereas reinforced specimens mostly demonstrated elongated failure.

Windows for infrared sensors on missiles, aircraft and high energy laser systems must be of excellent spectral properties, high optical quality, large and durable enough to protect delicate sensors from harsh operating conditions. This paper describes work being done for IR window applications on heavy metal oxyfluoride (HMOF) glasses, which provide a combination of infrared transparency, strength, hardness, and environmental stability in a largely-sized formable material, and represents potential candidate materials for infrared windows.

Flat glass industry moved, in 40 years (1966 to 2006), from many companies and processes to a concentrated industry utilizing only one process, the float glass.
Alastair Pilkington has been the first one to develop an industrial process able producing flat glass on melted metal.
The first foreign license went to the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company in 1962, and this was quickly followed by manufacturers in Europe, Japan, Russia and USA. First float lines, outside Pilkington, started mid 60’s onto continental Europe at Moustier (Belgium) and Boussois (France). Today (2007), more than 350 float plants are in operation, under construction or planned worldwide.
Review of European companies with location of their production lines. Description and analysis of the key events and moves including companies which disappeared from Europe flat glass business, such as BSN, PPG and companies which appeared such as Sisecam, Guardian, Euroglas, Sangalli, Interpane, along these last 40 years…
Review of costs and prices. Review of key success developments such as coated glass and some unsuccessful trials to improve processes such as melting and refining.
Glass imports, in Western Europe & restructuring could modify current business...

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of light-curing protocol on degree of conversion (DC), volume contraction (C), elastic modulus (E), and glass transition temperature (T g) as measured on a model polymer. It was a further aim to correlate the measured values with each other. Methods. Different light-curing protocols were used in order to investigate the influence of energy density (ED), power density (PD), and mode of cure on the properties. The modes of cure were continuous, pulse-delay, and stepped irradiation. DC was measured by Raman micro-spectroscopy. C was determined by pycnometry and a density column. E was measured by a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and T g was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Data were submitted to two-and three-way ANOVA, and linear regression analyses.

Mount Pleasant Glass: A Legacy Worth Honoring
Cassandra Vivian

When the average person names the industries of southwestern Pennsylvania, they first name coal, coke and steel. Seldom to they mention boatbuilding or glass. But each has an enormous story to tell. The small community of Mount Pleasant in Westmoreland County has a big role in coal, coke and also glass. Yes glass. Three of the most important glass factories in the world existed there: Bryce Brothers, Lenox, and L. E. Smith. Here is a small example of their importance.

During fabrication of glass lens by precision glass molding (PGM), residual stresses are setup, which adversely affect the optical performance of lens. Residual stresses can be obtained by measuring the residual birefringence. Numerical simulation is used in the industry to optimize the manufacturing process. Material properties of glass, contact conductance and friction coefficient at the glass-mold interface are important parameters needed for simulations. In literature, these values are usually assumed without enough experimental justifications. Here, the viscoelastic thermo-rheological simple (TRS) behavior of glass is experimentally characterized by the four-point bending test. Contact conductance and friction coefficient at P-SK57 TM glass and Pt-Ir coated WC mold interface are experimentally measured. A plano-convex lens of P-SK57 TM glass is fabricated by PGM for two different cooling rates and whole field birefringence of the finished lens is measured by digital photoelas-ticity. The fabrication process is simulated using finite element method. The simulation is validated, for different stages of PGM process, by comparing the load acting on the mold and displacement of the molds. At the end of the process, the birefrin-gence distribution is compared with the experimental data. A novel plotting scheme is developed for computing birefringence from FE simulation for any shape of lens.

The relative fiexural strengths of ten brands of dental restorative ceramics were evaluated by a three-point bending test. The materials consisted of three low-fusing and one high-fusing feldspathic porcelains and six reinforced dental restorative ceramics which are currently in clinical use. The reinforced ceramic materials investigated utilized a number of different strengthening processes, including alumina and ceramic fiber reinforcement and controlled crystallization. The results of the investigation indicate that significant differences exist among the measured breaking strengths of the various materials. The processes of controlled crystallization and alumina reinforcement appear to be adequate means of improving the bending strength of restorative dental ceramics.

number of typical MI sites is three. This MI adsorption requires relatively low activation energy (10.7 kcal mol-') and easily proceeds even below room temperature. Two more types of CH, chemisorption (type M2 and IM) have been also observed experimentally, Although they are very similar in nature to the MI of the adsorptions since their adsorption sites consist of MgLc2+ excitation by UV light lead to the M2 and the IM adsorptions, respectively. Acknowledgment. We thank the Data Processing Center of Kyoto University for use of the FACOM M782 computer and permission to use the HITAC M680H "Puter. adsorption, they need considerable activation in the initial stage the Computer Center Of the InstitUte for Molecular Science for and OwE isolated each other. Activation by thermal energy and Registry NO. CHI, 74-82-8; MgO, 1309-48-4.

To evaluate the radiopacity, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), microhardness (KHN), degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL) of experimental adhesives. Five experimental adhesives with different concentrations of barium-borosilicate oxide microfillers [0% (R0), 30% (R30), 40% (R40), 50% (R50), 60% (R60)] were formulated based on the adhesive system Ambar (FGM). The adhesive Adper Single Bond 2 (SB, 3M ESPE) was used as commercial reference. For the radiopacity (n = 5), KHN (n = 5), WS (n = 10), and SL (n = 10) tests, adhesive disks were constructed (5.0 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm thick), while for UTS (n = 5), hourglass-shaped specimens with a cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm2 were used. The FTIR spectra of unpolymerized and polymerized adhesives were used to determine the DC. Data were submitted to a one-way ANOVA and Tukey&#39;s test (α = 0.05). All experimental adhesives showed radiopacity similar to enamel, except those of R0 and SB. Filler addition did not...

In this study, the recent trends for optical coatings in glass industries have been explored for the variety of climate dependent applications. Different coated glazings have been presented with their optical and thermal characteristics. A comparative analysis among types of coated products is also performed. It has been observed that for warm climate it is necessary to block near infra red portion of sunlight to reduce solar heat gain through windows. On the other hand, for cold climate it is necessary to allow the whole portion of light and it is necessary to block the IR radiation from escaping out to keep the interior space warm. For this purpose, Ag or Ag-alloy metallic thin film meet the requirements but they reduce visible transmittance as well. So for increasing visible transmittance, a dielectric layer of high refractive index is required. Here a variety of dielectric layers are studied. Finally for reaching the goal of low energy buildings in both warm and cold climates, appropriate optical coatings for architectural flat glass have been recommended. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

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Cases at study comprise 21 sharp force fatalities (9 suicides -7 m and 2 f; 8 homicides -5 m and 3 f; 2 accidental deaths -1 m and 1 f; 2 uncertain cases -2 m), examined from 1993 to 2002. Suicide age range was 17-75 years, mean 42.4; in seven cases the age was upper 40. Scene of death was at home in six cases, at open place in two, during hospitalisation in one. Incised wounds were pre-eminent in suicides. Homicides showed multiple stab wounds. The two accidents were caused by ''glassing''. Uncertain cases were a small stab wound to the chest and an eviration.

The occupational radiation exposure levels and the ocular health status of a sample of glassblowers in southern Ontario were evaluated. The form of ocular protection was also assessed. Measurements of radiant emissions from different Imolten glass materials were carried out. A total of six glassblowing installations, 15 glassblowers and 42 non-glassblowers participated in the study. The spectral transmittances of samples of the protective lenses were obtained. Tonomety, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, pachometry, Schirmer tear test, endothelial photography were completed on all the volunteering subjects. The glassblowers' ocular findings were compared to those of non-glassblowers.

This paper explores the current state of the art in silicon, organic, and glass interposer technologies and their high-performance applications. Issues and challenges broadly encompassing electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of these interposer technologies are discussed along with the proven and under research solutions pertaining to these challenges. An evaluation of high-performance applications for these three technologies provides a useful insight into the role of interposers for such applications. This paper is an effort to evaluate and compare the viability of silicon, organic, and glass interposer technologies for high-performance applications. This paper also discusses the future trends, promising advancements, and market requirements with special emphasis on glass interposer technologies as evaluated to be the most viable option for the future high-performance applications.

BACKGROUND Fibre reinforced composite bars (FRC) have applications as bonded retainers, space maintainers and anchorage/movement units. However, the bond strength of attachments to FRC anchorage bars is unknown. AIMS To compare the shear bond strengths of brackets bonded immediately to FRCs with different orthodontic adhesive systems and bonded with the same adhesives after a 48-hour delay, abraded with a diamond bur and etched with phosphoric acid. METHOD One hundred and five recently extracted upper premolars were randomly assigned to seven groups (N = 15 teeth per group). FRCs were bonded to the buccal surfaces of the teeth and stainless steel orthodontic brackets were bonded to the FRCs with the following adhesive systems: Group 0 (Tetric Flow); Groups 1, 2 and 3 (Immediate bonding with chemically cured, no-mix and light cured composites, respectively, the bars covered with Tetric Flow); Groups 4, 5 and 6 (Bonding to FRCs delayed 48 hours, then bonded with chemically cured, no-m...