Solar Cell

A transparent solar cell window module based on the integration of traditional silicon solar cells and organic-inorganic nanocomposite material was designed and fabricated. The transparent solar cell window module was composed of a nanocomposite light-guide plate and traditional silicon solar cells. The preparation of the nanocomposite light-guide plate is easy without modification of the traditional casting process, the nanoparticles sol can be added directly to the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) monomer syrup during the process. The solar energy collected by this window can be used to power up small household electrical appliances.

A complete analysis & assessment have been done which can be utilized as bankable DPR.
The whole process of setting up a solar PV Module Production Unit and the required
business model have discussed in detail. Also The Market Analysis, Financial aspects,
Marketing strategies can be found in this article.

The band gap of Cd1-xMgxTe can be easily tuned from 1.48 to 3.5 eV (x = 0 to 1), and hence this material is a potential candidate for developing the wide band gap top cell in tandem solar cells. In this paper, we present an all-sputtered Cd1-xMgxTe/CdS top cell developed on commercial SnO2:F-coated (Tec-7) glass substrates with sheet resistance of

CdTe/CdS thin £lm solar cells have been grown by closed space sublimation and high vacuum evaporation at different temperatures. After the growth, a standard CdCl 2 treatment was applied for 30 min at 430 • C. The microstructure of the cells was studied by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. A recrystallization after the CdCl 2 treatment was observed not only for CdTe but also for CdS. For all cells, diffusion of S into CdTe and Te in CdS were studied. The presence and distribution of Cl at the interface and at grain boundaries was also investigated. The lattice parameter as an indicator for a compositional change in the CdTe absorber layer after the CdCl 2 treatment was determined from convergent beam electron diffraction. The results were cross-checked with X-ray diffraction and compared with results obtained for a Cd 50 S 5 Te 45 polycrystal. The chemical composition at the interface of the cells was studied directly with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping.The diffusion of S is found to depend on the extent of CdCl 2 treatment. While a diffusion of Te at the interface was not observed, segregation of Cl and Te at the CdTe/CdS interface was clearly revealed. Based on these results, a formation of a Te-Cl compound is proposed to explain the catalytic role of Cl for the CdTe/CdS recrystallization.

This paper presents a comparative study at two models of electrical power generator of hybrid sistem of PLTS and PLN/Genset. Solar Power Plant (SPP) in Indonesia, the most popularly used for the electricity needs of rural (remote areas) and lighting the street lamps, the sistem as it is popularly known as SHS (Solar Home Sistem). For small-scale power, generally using the sistem DC (direct current), so that losses and self consumption due to the use of inverter can be ignored. The rapid of developtment of solar technology, the solar is not only designed for small-scale power sistems, DC, but the growing use AC sistem, for the needs of the household and to maximize use solar energi and getting sufficient power supply and continuous as well as reduce the cost of electricity tends to up and expensive, it can be operated with solar power generation (including PLN) by way of a hibrid, which can be a PLN-PLTS, PLTS-PLT wind, solar-generator and such). There are 2 models of hybrid systems on the market, From the configuration of the hybrid system forms a model 1 and model 2 (both serial and parallel), it can be concluded that the performance of both models in perinsipnya have the same reliability in maintaining the continuity of supply of power to the load, but the simplicity of the sistem equipment, model 1 is simpler than the model 2, and when viewed from the solar readiness for supply of power to the load, the model 2 is much better than model 1, while in terms of investment, the model 2 is much more expensive than model 1.

SnS is of interest for use as an absorber layer and the wider energy bandgap phases e.g. SnS 2 , Sn 2 S 3 and Sn/S/ O alloys of interest as Cd-free buffer layers for use in thin film solar cells. In this work thin films of tin sulphide have been thermally evaporated onto soda-lime glass substrates with the aim of optimising the properties of the material for use in superstrate configuration device structures. The thin films were characterised using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) to determine the film composition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the phases present and structure of each phase, transmittance versus wavelength measurements to determine the energy bandgap and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the surface topology and topography. These properties were then correlated to the deposition parameters. Using the optimised conditions it is possible to produce thin films of tin sulphide that are pinhole free and conformal to the substrate that are suitable for use in thin film solar cell structures.

We present a new thin-film solar cell structure in which the traditional transparent conductive oxide electrode (ZnO) is replaced by a transparent conductive coating consisting of a network of bundled single-wall carbon nanotubes. Optical transmission properties of these coatings are presented in relation to their electrical properties (sheet resistance), along with preliminary solar cell results from devices made using CuIn1-xGaxSe2 thinfilm absorber materials. Achieving an energy conversion efficiency of >12% and a quantum efficiency of ~80% demonstrate the feasibility of the concept. A discussion of the device structures will be presented considering the physical properties of the new electrodes comparing current-voltage results from the new solar cell structure and those from standard ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2/Mo solar cells.

This paper focuses on the metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy growth of 3-junction (3J) solar cells where the epitaxial Ga 0.44 In 0.56 P top and Ga 0.92 In 0.08 As middle subcells are grown lattice-mismatched on a Ge substrate. Single-junction metamorphic devices with 8% and 12%-In, GaInAs are grown on 100 mm dia. (0 0 1) Ge substrates and evaluated in comparison to approximately lattice-matched GaAs and Ga 0.99 In 0.01 As subcells. Layers are observed to be nearly 100% relaxed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction. Threading dislocation densities of B2 Â 10 5 cm À2 in the 8%-In layers are observed by electron beam induced current and cathodoluminescence. Single-junction devices show a constant offset between open-circuit voltage and bandgap of B380 mV. Building upon these results, 3J metamorphic Ga 0.44 In 0.56 P/ Ga 0.92 In 0.08 As/Ge solar cells are fabricated. Very high performances of small area devices are reported with 28.8% efficiency under the AM0 spectrum and 31.3% efficiency under the AM1.5G 1-sun terrestrial spectrum. r

This paper proposes a novel concept for integrating ultrathin solar cells into modules. It is conceived as a method for fabricating solar panels starting from back-contact crystalline silicon solar cells. However, compared to the current state of the art in module manufacturing for back-contact solar cells, this novel concept aims at improvements in performance, reliability, and cost through the use of an alternative encapsulant, namely silicones as opposed to ethylene vinyl acetate, an alternative deposition technology, being wet coating as opposed to dry lamination; and alternative module-level metallization techniques, as opposed to cell-level tabbing-stringing or conductive foil interconnects. The process flow is proposed, and the materials and fabrication technologies are discussed. As the durability of the module, translated into the module's lifetime, is very important in the targeted application, namely solar cell modules, modeling and reliability testing results and considerations are presented to illustrate how the experimental development process may be guided by experience and theoretical derivations. Finally, feasibility is demonstrated in some first proofs of the concept, and an outlook is given pointing out the direction for further research.

Two approaches for structuring thin metal layers for seed and growth metallization for back-contacted solar cells using hot-melt inkjet as masking technology are evaluated. The characteristics of a hot-melt printed image relevant for process development are discussed. A metal liftoff process and a metal etching process, both creating a meander-shaped opening in a metal layer -hence an interdigitated grid -based on hot-melt inkjet are established. The process sequences are characterized regarding the shunt resistance between the grids and the contact resistance to an underlying emitter layer on appropriate test structures. The contact resistance is found to be increased on samples fabricated by metal lift-off compared to samples fabricated by metal etching. The lift-off process is found to open lines with a width of around 120 µm reliably, whereas a line opening width in the range of 50 µm is reliably represented with the etching process sequence, whereas a high shunt resistance is considered the criterion for a successful process.

The consumption of energy increases due to population increased day by day. This is necessarily in each step of life. Energy resources are of two types, one is renewable energy sources and other is non renewable energy sources. But we know that non renewable sources will exhausted. The importance of renewable sources cannot be underestimated. According to utilization of renewable sources , the fundamental point is impact on environment. In this paper we discuss about the some pros and cons of renewable sources and future trends. In recent years, the more prices of fossil fuels and greenhouse effects have built the opportunities in the production of renewable energy resources. Renewable energy is considered a more better source of fuel than nuclear power now a days because they are more safe than non renewable energy sources.

Trace element contamination and other defects trap photo-induced charge in photovoltaic materials and devices. With few exceptions, trace elements have a strongly degrading influence on device performance at concentrations below the minimum detectable limit for even the most sensitive ion beam analytical techniques. However, grain boundaries in polycrystalline silicon solar cells may getter trace impurities from surrounding grains and may achieve detectable concentration levels. By combining Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) to image impurities with Ion Beam Induced Charge (IBIC) to image the charge collection efficiency the existence of spatial correlations between impurity distributions and charge collection efficiency may be investigated. Using these methods we find that the distribution of impurities in a commercial polycrystalline solar cell suggests a correlation between some elements and the variations in charge collection efficiency. 0 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

We describe a new method towards bulk-heterojunction hybrid polymer solar cells based on composite films of zinc oxide (ZnO) and a conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MDMO-PPV). Spin-coating diethylzinc as a ZnO precursor and MDMO-PPV from a common solvent at 40 % humidity and annealing at 110 °C provides films in which crystalline ZnO is found to be intimately mixed with MDMO-PPV. Photoluminescence and photoinduced spectroscopy demonstrate that photoexcitation of these hybrid composite films results in a fast and long-lived charge transfer from the polymer as a donor to ZnO as ato be obtained n acceptor. Using the ZnO-precursor method, hybrid polymer solar cells have been made with an estimated air-mass of 1.5 (AM 1.5) energy conversion efficiency of 1.1 %. This new method represents a fivefold improved performance compared to similar hybrid polymer solar cells based on amorphous TiO2.

The mixed solvent approach has been demonstrated as a promising method to modify nanomorphology in polymer solar cells. This work aims to understand the unique role of the additive in the mixture solvent and how the optimized nanoscale phase separation develops laterally and vertically during the non-equilibrium spin-coating process. We found the donor/acceptor components in the active layer can phase separate into an optimum morphology with the additive. Supported by AFM, TEM and XPS results, we proposed a model and identified relevant parameters for the additive such as solubility and vapor pressures. Other additives are discovered to show the ability to improve polymer solar cell performance as well.

We report on terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide) (TDI) as electron acceptor for bulk-heterojunction solar cells using poly(3hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) as complementary donor component. Enhanced absorption was observed in the blend compared to pure P3HT. As shown by the very efficient photoluminescence (PL) quenching, the generated excitons are collected at the interface between the donor and acceptor, where they separate into charges which we detect by photoinduced absorption and electron-spin resonance (ESR). Time-of-flight (TOF) photoconductivity measurements reveal a good electron mobility of 10 −3 cm 2 V −1 s −1 in the blend. Nevertheless, the photocurrent in solar cells was found to be surprisingly low. Supported by the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum as well as morphological studies by way of X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, we explain our observation by the formation of a TDI hole blocking layer at the anode interface which prevents the efficiently generated charges to be extracted.

Japan's Research and Development (R&D) activities on high-performance III-V compound space solar cells are presented. Studies of new CuInGaSe 2 thin-film terrestrial solar cells for space applications are also discussed. Performance and radiation characteristics of a newly developed InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction space solar cell, including radiation response, results of a flight demonstration test of InGaP/ GaAs dual-junction solar cells and CuInGaSe 2 thin-film solar cells, and radiation response of three component sub-cells are explained. This study confirms superior radiation tolerance of InGaP/GaAs dual-junction cells and CuInGaSe 2 thin-film cells by space flight experiments.

The simplicity of photovoltaic motors makes them ideal candidates for fully autonomous applications requiring thousands of operating hours without maintenance, like water pumping. Photovoltaic motors use photovoltaic cells optically commutated by a shutter driven by the motor rotor to convert light energy into mechanical energy, without the need of any brushes or other power electronics. With the decrease of photovoltaic cells price, photovoltaic motors could be more affordable and reliable than conventional systems, and therefore particularly well suited for off-grid applications. The concept has been patented under various forms, but the scientific literature is so far very scarce. In this article, we attempt to classify photovoltaic motors, and to explain in details their physical working principle. Then we compare the different architectures by defining two pre-design factors linked to the system maximal output power. Finally, we report first experimental results on a photovoltaic switched reluctance motor (PV SRM) prototype using a 6/4 switched reluctance machine and 12 photovoltaic cells.

In this paper, an energy system comprising three energy sources, namely PV, wind and fuel cells, is proposed. Each of the three energy sources is controlled so as to deliver energy at optimum efficiency. Fuzzy logic control is employed to achieve maximum power tracking ...

Abstract: - This paper describes a fully integrated acoustic sensor that combines high sensitivity, wide frequency range and low cost of batch processed miniaturized silicon components. A sputtered piezoelectric ZnO layer transforms the mechanical deflection of ...

In photovoltaics, research is aiming to investigate new materials able to push the efficiency limit for solar cells towards the highest values without increasing the fabrication cost. This paper presents a review about graphene material and its potential use in all technological fields. Due to its high conductivity, transparency and amazing properties. It seems that it has an important place in the next generation of solar cells instead of silicon or thin film based solar cells, researchers found diverse applications for graphene in nanoelectronics, aviation, industry, transport, biomedecine and others. This paper present a review about the state of art about the graphene material in photovoltaic solar cells where very interesting efficiencies were recorded.

The effect of ZnO buffer layer on the performances of inverted multilayers organic solar cells has been studied. ZnO:Al conductive films and insulating ZnO films deposited by spin coating have been probed. The ZnO buffer layer has been introduced between the ITO cathode and the Organic acceptor. The cells are based on the multilayer junctions bathocuproine/fullerene/copper phthalocyanine. The organic photovoltaic cells performances improvement depends of the ZnO layer introduced. ZnO:Al conductive layers decreases the potential barrier at the interface cathode/organic. This allows decreasing the series resistance which improves significantly the cell efficiency. Insulating ZnO increases only slightly the solar cells performance by increasing significantly the shunt resistance and therefore the open circuit voltage of the cells.

Our effort towards the attainment of high performance devices has yielded several devices with total-area conversion efficiencies above 16%, the highest measuring 16.8% under standard reporting conditions (ASTM E892-87, Global 1000 W/m2). The first attempts to translate this development to larger areas resulted in an efficiency of 12.5% for a 16.8-cm2 monolithically interconnected submodule test structure, and 15.3% for a 4.85-cm2 single cell. Achievement of a 17.2% device efficiency fabricated for operation under concentration (22-sun) is also reported. All high efficiency devices reported here are made from graded bandgap absorbers. Bandgap grading is achieved by compositional Ga/(In+Ga) profiling as a function of depth. The fabrication schemes to achieve the graded absorbers, the window materials and contacting are described

The angular distribution of infrared radiation, emitted by high efficiency single-crystalline silicon solar cells, was analyzed. Measurements were performed on cells with planar and inverted-pyramids surfaces, both showing integral emissions that approach the cosine function in the 0°-90°interval. Textured cell maintains the cosine distribution at the different wavelengths; planar device shows a distribution, which deviates from the cosine function at increasing wavelength. Correspondence between emission and absorption properties was demonstrated valid as a function of emission/ absorption angle. From the angular distribution of electroluminescence light, the devices absorption properties for incident light with directions different from the surface normal were estimated.

Taking into account the temperature gradients in solar cells, it is shown that their efficiency can be increased beyond the Shockley-Queisser-limit [1]. The driving force for this gain is the temperature gradient between this region and its surroundings. A quantitative theory is given. Though the effect is found to be weak in conventional solar cells, it is argued that it can be substantially increased by proper choice of materials and design of the device. In particular, it is shown that the insertion of a quantum well can enhance the efficiency beyond the one of a single gap cell, due to the presence of temperature jumps at the heterojunctions.

An experimental facility was developed to asses in situ the degradation of crystalline silicon solar cells, fabricated by the Solar Energy Group of the National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), by measuring the current-voltage characteristic curve. The cells were irradiated with 10 MeV protons and fluences between 10 8 and 10 13 p=cm 2 ; using an external beam of the linear tandem accelerator TANDAR, at CAC-CNEA. Furthermore, theoretical simulations were performed to establish the relation between the variation of the electrical parameters and the degradation of the lifetime of minority carriers in the base. The damage constant for 10 MeV proton irradiated silicon solar cells of n þ -p-p þ structure and 1 O cm base resistivity was determined. Finally, a proposal of a new model of radiation damage for silicon solar cells is discussed. r

Ž. The composition and solar cell behaviour of CuInS rZnSe junctions have been studied with XPS and electroreflectance ER 2 Ž. techniques. Quite stoichiometric ZnSe thin films grow on CuInS substrates by chemical bath deposition CBD , even if using 2 different concentration of Zn and Se precursors. This result contrasts with those of films grown on conducting SnO , which 2 Ž. 0 present a higher concentration of Zn not bonded to Se, mainly as Zn O,OH and metallic Zn. ER at different incidence angles Ž. angle resolved electroreflectance, ARER shows two signals from the CuInS surface in contact with ZnSe. The signal with 2 increasing intensity at lower incidence is assigned to an interfacial CuInS phase with higher energy gap. A lower conversion 2 efficiency was found on those cells where this signal is more intense. XPS results at the CuInS rZnSe interface seem to indicate 2 that such interfacial ARER signal is associated with an interfacial In excess.

Partial shading of photovoltaic modules is a widespread phenomenon in all kinds of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. In many cases the PV arrays get shadowed, completely or partially, by the passing clouds, neighboring buildings and towers, trees or the shadow of one solar array on the other, etc. This further leads to nonlinearities in characteristics. In this study, the simulation and experimental results of uniform and partial shading of PV modules are presented. Different shading pattern have been investigated on series and parallel connected photovoltaic module to find a configuration that is comparatively less susceptible to electrical mismatches due shadow problems. Simscape simulation model is employed to model the solar cell taking into account its series and parallel resistance.

In this article, a new treatment to reduce boron contamination of the interface between the p-and i-layer is presented. An ammonia flush, performed at 10 Pa for 1 min, after deposition of the p-layer considerably reduces the boron contamination at the p -i interface of amorphous silicon p -i -n solar cells prepared in a single-chamber reactor. This treatment avoids the need to move the substrate out of the reactor during the full deposition process of a solar cell, thereby reducing costs. The measurement of boron contamination depth profile in the i-layer was done by Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy and the effectiveness of the treatment was supported by quantum efficiency and I -V measurements of solar cells.

The aim of this study is to understand the effect of the glass frit chemistry used in thick-film Ag pastes on the electrical performance of the silicon solar cell. The study focuses on the physical behavior of the glass frit during heat treatment as well as the resulting Ag−Si contact interface structure. We observe that the glass frit transition temperature (Tg) and softening characteristics play a critical role in the contact interface structure. The glass transition temperature also significantly influences the contact ohmicity of the thick-film metal grid. A high glass frit transition temperature generally results in thinner glass regions between the Ag bulk of the grid and the Si emitter. It was found that a glass frit (with high Tg) that crystallizes fast during the firing cycle after etching the silicon nitride and Si emitter results in smaller Ag crystallite precipitation at the contact interface. This results in smaller junction leakage current density (Jo2) and higher open-circuit voltage (Voc). Using high Tg pastes (with the appropriate Ag powder size), greater than 0.78 fill factors and >17.4% efficiency were achieved on 4 cm2 untextured single crystal Si solar cells with 100 Ω/sq emitters.

TiO 2 dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been fabricated using TiO 2 photoelectrodes sensitized using the extracts of Delonix regia (May flower, locally called Vakai) and Eugenia Jambolana (Indian blackberry, locally called Naval) as natural sensitizers and their characteristics have been studied. Among them Eugenia Jambolana gave the best photosensitization effect and presents the prospect to be used as an environment-friendly, low-cost alternative system. The extracts having anthocyanin pigment (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside), which have carboxylic groups in the molecule can attach effectively to the surface of TiO 2 film. The solar cell constructed using the Eugenia Jambolana sensitized TiO 2 photo-electrode exhibited a short-circuit photocurrent of 1.49 mA and a power conversion efficiency of 0.5%.

In this study, hydrothermal synthesis has been introduced to incorporate ZnO nanoparticle within TiO 2 matrix by using PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) as a surfactant. Inclusion of ZnO within TiO 2 -ZnO nanocomposite increases optical absorption and reduces optical energy band gap. Within this TiO 2 -ZnO composite, recombination of photogenerated charge carrier reduces and carrier diffusion length (L D ) increases approximately by 10% which confirms its superiority over TiO 2 in the application of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The open circuit voltage (V oc ) of the DSSC with configuration ITO/TiO 2 -ZnO/Dye/I 3 À /ITO has been improved by 97 mV compared to ITO/TiO 2 /Dye/I 3 À /ITO device. Instead of TiO 2 , introduction of novel ZnO composited TiO 2 reduces the series resistance (R s ) and improves the fill-factor (FF) of the solar cell. The Short circuit current density (Jsc) of this nanocomposite based device has also been increased slightly. The increase in mobility-lifetime (μτ) product of photogenerated charge carriers of the DSSC fabricated with novel ZnO composited TiO 2 confirms its superiority in device application.

Low dimensional semiconductor crystals structures otherwise known as quantum dots are in possession of unique optoelectronic properties that allow the flow of electrons to be harvested instantaneously. The advent of quantum dot for various technological applications is motivated by their flexibility of their bandgap supporting their capability to tap power from the visible spectrum as well as the invisible infrared through absorbable wavelength ranges from about 700 nanometre to 10 micron. Besides the wide energy harvesting range, quantum dot utilizes small to area for high energy production. The emergence of quantum dot and its application in optoelectronic device such as solar is set to improve the efficiency limit of traditional devices. The configuration of quantum dot in solar cell is discussed as well as electron transfer processes. Their three unique advantages for solar-to-electric energy conversion such as provision of large surface and interfacial areas per unit volume for...

Jual Panel Surya Cirebon  Bergaransi, Panel surya adalah alat yang digunakan untuk menyerap dan mengubah sinar matahari menjadi energi listrik. Di dalam sinar matahari terkandung energy dalam bentuk photo. Ketika foton ini mengenai permukaan panel, elektronnya akan menimbulkan aliran listrik (voltaic). Jadi sistem yang dapat digunakan untuk mengubah energi cahaya matahari menjadi energi listrik disebut efek photovoltaic.

MoO 3 is a lamellar material with applications in different areas, as solid lubricants, catalysis, solar cells, etc. In the present work, MoO 3 powders, synthesized by the polymeric precursor method, were doped with nickel or cobalt. The powder precursors were characterized by TG/DTA. After calcination between 500 and 700 • C, the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. ␤-MoO 3 was obtained after calcination at low temperatures. With the temperature increase, ␣-MoO 3 is observed, with a preferential growth of the (0 2k 0) planes, when the material is doped and calcined at 700 • C. Doping with nickel increases five times the preferential growth. As a consequence, plate-like particles are observed.

Future energy technologies must be based on renewable sources of energy and they must be sustainable. This workshop will provide insight into unintended impacts of renewable energy and how they can be avoided. In order to steer away from the pitfalls and unintended effects it is essential that necessary knowledge is present to the developers and decision makers engaged in renewable energy. This is where this workshop is valuable in its discussion of unintended health and environmental impacts of various renewable energy technologies.
The workshop give the participants an introduction the the concept of unintended consequences, in connection with renewable energy. Furthermore, several approaches to improve the understanding of these consequences and methods for predicting them, will be discussed. This will include the concepts of rebound effects and consequential life cycle assessments (LCA). The workshop will encompass presentations and discussions of results from cross-disciplinary research on implementation of the alternative fuels hydrogen, electricity and biodiesel in the transport sector, as well as the assessment of environmental impacts from the production of solar cells. This will also cover impacts of the use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the various energy technologies. In-dept focus will also be on the formation of nanoparticles during combustion of bio-blended diesel, and the toxic effects of these new emission components.

We demonstrate high efficiency performance in two ultra-thin, Ge-free III-V semiconductor triple-junction solar cell device designs grown in an inverted configuration. Low-stress metamorphic junctions were engineered to achieve excellent photovoltaic performance with less than 3 x 10 6 cm -2 threading dislocations. The first design with band gaps of 1.83/1.40/1.00 eV, containing a single metamorphic junction, achieved 33.8% and 39.2% efficiencies under the standard one-sun global spectrum and concentrated direct spectrum at 131 suns, respectively. The second design with band gaps of 1.83/1.34/0.89 eV, containing two metamorphic junctions achieved 33.2% and 40.1% efficiencies under the standard one-sun global spectrum and concentrated direct spectrum at 143 suns, respectively.

The characterisation of minority carriers' recombination parameters is important to design any optoelectronic component, since they play an important role in the device performance. Many diagnostic techniques, steady state, quasi-steady state, transient and modulation methods for both the experimental and theoretical measurement have been developed for the determination of single or several recombination parameters. Many studies on recombination and electrical parameters of solar cells under constant magnetic field and / or electric field in the bulk due to carrier concentration have been proposed with one or three dimensional approach. In previous works, we study the effects of electromagnetic waves on silicon solar cell recombination parameters by changing the distance between the 2 MW power of radiation AM antenna and the solar cell. This work presents a one dimensional study of the influence of telecommunication source's power of radiation on a silicon solar cell illuminated by a white light in steady state. The telecommunication sources which can be an AM radio antenna or a FM radio antenna radiate electromagnetic waves. Electric field intensity depends on the power of radiation and the distance between the electric field intensity measurement point and the antenna. The magneto transport equations of excess minority carriers are solved with new boundary conditions. New analytical expressions of minority carriers' density, photocurrent density, back surface recombination velocity, intrinsic junction recombination velocity and photo voltage depending on electromagnetic field intensity are established. The effects of electromagnetic field on photo-current density, back surface recombination velocity, intrinsic junction recombination velocity and photo-voltage by making vary the antenna power of radiation are then analysed. We analyze also the effects of electromagnetic field on the electric power delivered by the solar cell to an external charge. Thus, using the maximum of electric power delivered by the solar cell to an external charge, we deduce the solar cell conversion efficiency. The analysis of electromagnetic field effects on the silicon solar cell put out the influence of AM radio antenna or FM radio antenna on recombination parameters.

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since January 2007 are reviewed.

Energy from the sun is the best option for electricity generation as it is abundantly available everywhere and
sustainable source. Advance of Photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years has made solar energy one of the practical
alternative energy sources available in the energy market. In order to make the PV energy more affordable and cost
effective, major focus of the research community and industry is improvement on power efficiency of PV systems.
Parameter extraction of solar cell plays a crucial role in the simulation and design calculation of PV system. In this
paper, in order to fast and accurately extract the solar cell parameters, differential evolution (DE) is proposed. The
single diode and double diode model of solar cell is used as the basis for the extraction problem. The analysis carried
out using current-voltage (I-V) characteristics showed that the proposed DE outperforms other methods, namely the
genetic algorithm (GA) and partical swarm optimization (PSO).