Laser Ablation

Gem corundum, a minor but persistent megacryst in east Australian basalt fields, is mined from some placer concentrations. Laser ablation, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses and O isotope determinations on a colour range of corundum from different fields, show that chromophore (Fe, Cr, Ti, V) and genetic indicator (Ga, Mg, d 18 O) values can distinguish corundum sources (magmatic, metamorphic and metasomatic) before basalt incorporation. They also characterise corundum groups from different fields. This identified two metamorphic groups, one carrying ruby at Barrington Tops, and a magmatic group distinct from those from other gem fields (lower Fe, northeast Tasmania; higher Fe, Yarrowitch). Ruby-bearing groups show clear provincial characteristics and include lower temperature spinel-facies groups (Barrington, Yarrowitch) and higher temperature garnet-facies groups (Cudgegong-Macquarie River). High Mg/Fe and Ni values in the latter approach those for corundum in diamond, and are a possible diamond indicator. The corundum derived from diverse fold-belt and felsic sources in underlying lithosphere forms a dataset for comparing corundum from other basalt fields.

Laser ablation is investigated as a microsampling technique for determining the content and spatial distribution of hydrogen and deuterium in zirconium alloys. Zr-2.5wt%Nb (Zr-2.5Nb) material is ablated under vacuum with the 1.06 lm output of a Nd:YAG laser. Elemental H and D in the ablation plume are detected in a time-of-¯ight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) following photo-ionization via the 1s±2s two-photon resonance near 243 nm. The laser/surface interaction is shown to be characterized accurately by a simple thermal model and the subsequent ablation is consistent with volume evaporation from the melted alloy. Elemental compositions in the ablation plume are found to represent those in the alloy. The analytical capabilities of laser ablation sampling are studied and discussed using various Zr-2.5Nb samples with known deuterium concentration gradients and bulk deuterium content. Crown Ó 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

The expansion of a laser-ablation plume into different ambient gases is investigated theoretically using a two-fluid gas-dynamic model and experimentally with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Both calculations and measurements, performed for laser ablation of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x in oxygen or noble gases, reveal an oscillatory behaviour of plume expansion dynamics which is strongly dependent on the molecular weight of the ambient gas. Simple gas-dynamic considerations based on the analogy between an ablation plume and a supersonic underexpanded gaseous jet are found to explain a number of the effects of the interaction between the plume and the background gas. The effect of plume focusing observed previously at fairly high pressures of various ambient gases is reasonably described using the phenomenology of the underexpanded jet. The analogy also predicts vortex formation at the plume periphery.

Fe/Al multilayers with different composition were prepared by conventional, direct-pulsed laser deposition (DPLD) and crossed-beam pulsed laser deposition (CBPLD). Films were studied by means of X-ray reflectometry, wide-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray absorption fine structure experiments. Ballistic simulations of the deposition processes were performed. It is found that adjacent Fe and Al layers are partially intermixed during the deposition, forming

Purposeto introduce the Innovative Electronics Manufacturing Research Centre (IeMRC) Flagship Project: Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing (OPCB), its objectives, its consortium of 3 Universities and 10 companies and to describe the university research being carried out. This paper briefly reviews the motivation for developing novel polymer formulations, fabrication techniques, layout design rules and characterisation techniques for hybrid electronic and optical printed circuit boards using multimode polymer optical waveguide interconnects.

Sole nurseries are located in the main bays and estuaries of the Bay of Biscay, where juveniles from the same stock concentrate and constitute temporarily isolated groups. This context being favourable for elemental analyses of juvenile otoliths, this study has been initiated with the aim of obtaining environmental imprints of the main nurseries of origin of juveniles recruiting to the adult stock, and of evaluating the relative contribution of these nurseries to the stock. The objectives were to compare (i) the otolith elemental imprints obtained by sampling juveniles in the Loire and the Gironde nurseries, and (ii) two multi-elemental analysis techniques: laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) and solution-based ICPMS (SB-ICPMS) adapted to small volumes. Depending on the fish origin, differences in Sr and Rb concentrations were shown using LA-ICPMS. Comparisons between the antero-dorsal and postero-ventral sites from where otolith material was ablated also suggested a spatial heterogeneity in otolith composition at least for some metals. From linear discriminant analyses, 73 % and 79 % of individuals (bootstrap estimations) were correctly classified with respect to their origin from the composition of the antero-dorsal and postero-ventral areas, respectively. The SB-ICPMS analysis was more powerful, which resulted in an 89 % rate of correct classification from a 2-variable model (Mg and Cd), whereas a 5-variable model (Li, Mg, Rb, Cd, Th) resulted in a 91 % rate of correct classification (bootstrap estimations). These results confirm that sole juveniles from the main estuaries of the French Atlantic coast could be discriminated by the elemental fingerprints of their otoliths. © 2000 Ifremer/CNRS/IRD/É ditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS otolith / trace elements / ICPMS / estuarine nursery / juvenile / recruitment Résumé -Empreintes élémentaires des otolithes de la sole (Solea solea) : un outil pour discriminer les nourriceries du golfe de Gascogne ? Les nourriceries de la sole sont localisées dans les principales baies et estuaires du golfe de Gascogne où les juvéniles se concentrent et constituent des groupes du même stock, temporairement autonomes, caractérisés par leurs traits démographiques. L'isolement des juvéniles dans des zones sous diverses influences continentales offre un contexte propice à l'analyse élémentaire de leurs otolithes. Cette méthode permet de rechercher les éléments traces susceptibles de représenter une signature environnementale de la * Correspondence and reprints: [email protected] 497 © 2000 Ifremer/CNRS/IRD/É ditions scientifiques et mé dicales Elsevier SAS PII: S 0 3 9 9 -1 7 8 4 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 4 0 -7/FLA

This paper refers to a silicon micromachined tuning fork gyroscope, which is driven via two piezoelectric thin film actuators. The device responds to an external angular rate by a torsional motion about its sensitive axis due to the Coriolis effect. The shear stress in the upper torsional stem, which is proportional to the angular rate, is detected via a piezoresistive readout structure. In addition to the wanted signal corresponding to the angular rate, there are unwanted contributions from the drive motion, e.g., from mechanical unbalances and from asymmetries of the piezoelectric excitation induced by fabrication tolerances. These effects, which disturb the sensor signal with varying contributions in amplitude and phase, have already been examined for capacitive surface micromachined sensors. In this paper, they are identified for a piezoelectrically driven, bulk-micromachined gyro and compared to results of FEM simulations. System-level simulations are performed and show possibilities to compensate the main parasitic effects. Results of eliminating the mechanical unbalance by femtosecond laser trimming are presented and compared with the simulations.

www.hplsa2018.com

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we extend a warm and cordial welcome to you to be part of 22th Symposium on High Power Laser Systems and Applications, held conjointly with eminent researchers and scholars from all around the globe during October 9 - 12, 2018 in the amazing venue of Villa Mondragone, Frascati, near Rome, Italy.
You can be a part of this event by participating as a speaker by giving oral presentation or you can give poster presentation in your area of expertise.
Selected papers will be published in the Proceedings published by SPIE.
The conference will also provide delegates with the opportunity to consolidate their knowledge and understanding of the latest scientific advancements on laser systems and their applications.

Welcome in Frascati!

Processes of adsorption and metalation of a cationic water-soluble free base porphyrin, i.e., 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP) on Ag colloids have been monitored by surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) as a function of time and porphyrin concentrations. Ag colloids employed were prepared either by laser ablation or by chemical reduction (by sodium borohydride and citrate) of Ag salts. SERRS intensities of TMPyP depend on the morphology of the colloidal aggregates in each system; aggregation, in turn, is governed by a balance between the so-called "diffusion limited aggregation" and "contact limited aggregation" processes, strongly influenced by the TMPyP concentration and the initial state of the colloidal particles (i.e. the residuals ions stuck at the substrate surface). The time evolution of the overall SERRS intensities is thus a function of the colloid preparation procedure. On the other hand, the kinetics of metalation reflects primarily the accessibility of the substrate surface for porphyrin adsorption. Consequently, it is highly sensitive to porphyrin concentration, the covering of the colloid surface by porphyrin molecules being the main qualitative limiting factor. Moreover, the process of metalation is controlled by residual ions at the substrate surface and therefore completely different for laser-ablated and chemically prepared Ag colloids. In the former, the amount of the metalated species is only limited by the adsorbate concentration while in the latter it is also mediated by the removal of residual ions from the colloidal surface by porphyrin molecules.

We report on laboratory studies of the effectiveness of directed energy planetary defense as a part of the DE-STAR (Directed Energy System for Targeting of Asteroids and exploRation) program.  DE-STAR [1][5][6] and DE-STARLITE [2][5][6]  are directed energy "stand-off" and "stand-on" programs, respectively.  These systems consist of a modular array of kilowatt-class lasers powered by photovoltaics, and are capable of heating a spot on the surface of an asteroid to the point of vaporization.  Mass ejection, as a plume of evaporated material, creates a reactionary thrust capable of diverting the asteroid’s orbit.  In a series of papers, we have developed a theoretical basis and described numerical simulations for determining the thrust produced by material evaporating from the surface of an asteroid [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In the DE-STAR concept, the asteroid itself is used as the deflection "propellant". This study presents results of experiments designed to measure the thrust created by evaporation from a laser directed energy spot.  We constructed a vacuum chamber to simulate space conditions, and installed a torsion balance that holds an "asteroid" sample.  The sample is illuminated with a fiber array laser with flux levels up to 60 MW/m2 which allows us to simulate a mission level flux but on a small scale. We use a separate laser as well as a position sensitive centroid detector to readout the angular motion of the torsion balance and can thus determine the thrust. We compare the measured thrust to the models. Our theoretical models indicate a coupling coefficient well in excess of 100 µN/Woptical, though we assume a more conservative value of 80 µN/Woptical and then degrade this with an optical "encircled energy" efficiency of 0.75 to 60 µN/Woptical in our deflection modeling. Our measurements discussed here yield about 45 µN/Wabsorbed as a reasonable lower limit to the thrust per optical watt absorbed.

Global Tumor Ablation Market Forecast & Regional Analysis 2023” Report Highlights:

• Exploring the Commercial Aspects of Tumor Ablation Therapy
• Recent Advances in Tumor Ablation Therapy
• Demand & Features of the Tumor Ablation Therapy
• Technological Aspect of Tumor Ablation Therapy
• Technology, Devices & Tools Involved in Tumor Ablation Therapy
• Clinical Status of Tumor Ablation Therapy in Various Cancer Types
• Global Tumor Ablation Therapy Market by Region, Technology & Mode of Treatment

The effect of micro patterning of cemented carbide surface using nanosecond diode pumped solid-state pulsed laser on the strength of induction brazed carbide and steel joints has been investigated. Surface patterns increase the total surface area of the joint and, for an originally hydrophilic surface, increase the wettability of a liquid on a solid surface such that, instead of building droplets, the liquid spreads and flows on the surface. Microcomputed tomography (µ-CT) was used to observe the filler/carbide interface after brazing and to analyze the presence of porosity or remnant flux in the joint. Microstructures of the brazed joints with various surface patterns were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The strength of the joints was measured using shear tests. Results have shown that the groove pattern on the surface of carbide increases the joint strength by 70-80%, whereas, surface patterns of bi-directional grooves (grid) reduced the joint strength drastically. Dimples on the carbide surface did not show any improvement in the strength of the brazed joints compared to samples with no surface pattern.

Lateral distribution of the 10 B isotope within a boron carbide film of 550 nm maximum thickness deposited on silicon wafer using pulsed laser deposition technique has been determined taking advantage of the high cross section for (n,a) reaction and nuclear tracks detectors (NTD-LR-115 Kodak Pathé). A radioisotope neutron source (252 Cf, 20 mg) and a 60 Â 60 Â 80 cm 3 graphite cube as moderator produce a relatively uniform thermal neutron field. Details of the passive detector etching process and data processing are included. The track density reveals the boron density spatial distribution. A 3D picture is produced to visualize the boron-10 spatial distribution. The result suggests that a gradient in the boron distribution exists to almost a factor of three. The advantages of the technique are discussed.

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass specrrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has been applied to the characterization of the trace element composition "fingerprint" of selected gold samples from Western Australia and South Africa. By comparison of the elemental associations it is possible to relate goid to a specific mineralizing event, mine or bullion sample. This methodology facilitates identification of the provenance of stolen gold or gold used in salting activities. In this latter case, it is common for gold from a number of sources to be used in the salting process. Consequently, gold in the prospect being salted will not come from a single source and identification of multiple sources for this gold will establish that salting has occurred. Preliminary results also indicate that specific elemental associations could be used to identify the country of origin of gold. The technique has already been applied in 17 cases involving gold theft in Western Australia, where it is estimated that up to 2% of gold production is "relocated" each year as a result of criminal activities.

The feasibility of using in vivo autofluorescence for the diagnosis of skin cancer was evaluated. In vivo fluorescence measurements were performed on healthy human volunteers, and patients with different types of benign and malignant skin tumours. Fluorescence spectra as well as fluorescence images were acquired. The excitation-emission matrix of normal skin (n=3) showed a broad peak at the shortest excitation wavelength (365 nm) and at 440 nm fluorescence wavelength, smoothly decreasing towards longer excitation and fluorescence wavelengths. Non-melanoma skin tumours (n=31) and control skin excited with 375 nm showed a broad fluorescence band from 400 to 700 nm, peaking around 436 nm. No significant differences in measurements between tumours and the corresponding control sites were found. A large spatial variation in the fluorescence intensity was observed both in the tumours and in the control sites. Standard deviations found ranged from 0.15 to 1.5 times the mean fluorescence. Fluorescence images, excited with 375 nm and taken with an image intensified CCD camera, on eight malignant melanomas and eight benign pigmented lesions did not indicate any fluorescence intensity distribution specific to the malignancy of the lesion. Neither the shape of the fluorescence spectra, nor the spatial distribution of the fluorescence intensity showed any signature specific to the histopathological nature of the lesions investigated. Optical diagnostics of skin tumours using the autofluorescence does not seem to be feasible at the present time.

We present experimental data on mass removal during 1064-nm pulsed laser ablation of graphite, niobium and YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconductor. Evidence for the transition from normal vaporization to phase explosion has been obtained for these materials, showing a dramatic increase in the ablation rate at the threshold fluences of 22, 15 and 17.5 J/cm2, respectively. A numerical model is used to evaluate the ablation rate and temperature distribution within the targets under near-threshold ablation conditions. The results are analyzed from the viewpoint of the vaporized matter approaching the critical point with increasing laser fluence. A possible means of the estimating the thermodynamic critical temperature from the data for nanosecond laser ablation is discussed. It is suggested that the critical temperature of refractory metals is higher than that estimated with the traditional methods due to plasma effects. An analogy with the boiling crisis (the transition from nucleate to film boiling) is drawn to explain the formation of ablation craters with spallated edges.

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) have been applied as the most important inorganic mass spectrometric techniques having multielemental capability for the characterization of solid samples in materials science. ICP-MS is used for the sensitive determination of trace and ultratrace elements in digested solutions of solid samples or of process chemicals (ultrapure water, acids and organic solutions) for the semiconductor industry with detection limits down to sub-picogram per liter levels. Whereas ICP-MS on solid samples (e.g. high-purity ceramics) sometimes requires time-consuming sample preparation for its application in materials science, and the risk of contamination is a serious drawback, a fast, direct determination of trace elements in solid materials without any sample preparation by LA-ICP-MS is possible. The detection limits for the direct analysis of solid samples by LA-ICP-MS have been determined for many elements down to the nanogram per gram range. A deterioration of detection limits was observed for elements where interferences with polyatomic ions occur. The inherent interference problem can often be solved by applying a double-focusing sector field mass spectrometer at higher mass resolution or by collision-induced reactions of polyatomic ions with a collision gas using an ICP-MS fitted with collision cell. The main problem of LA-ICP-MS is quantification if no suitable standard reference materials with a similar matrix composition are available. The calibration problem in LA-ICP-MS can be solved using on-line solution-based calibration, and different procedures, such as external calibration and standard addition, have been discussed with respect to their application in materials science. The application of isotope dilution in solution-based calibration for trace metal determination in small amounts of noble metals has been developed as a new calibration strategy. This review discusses new analytical developments and possible applications of ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS for the quantitative determination of trace elements and in surface analysis for materials science. ᮊ

We report on advances in polymeric waveguide technologies developed worldwide for the telecom and datacom markets, and we describe in detail one such technology developed at AlliedSignal. Optical polymers are versatile materials that can be readily formed into planar single-mode, multimode, and microoptical waveguide structures ranging in dimensions from under a micrometer to several hundred micrometers. These materials can be thermoplastics, thermosets, or photopolymers, and the starting formulations are typically either polymers or oligomers in solution or liquid monomers. Transmission losses in polymers can be minimized, typically by halogenation, with state-of-the-art loss values being about 0.01 dB/cm at 840 nm and about 0.1 dB/cm at 1550 nm. A number of polymers have been shown to exhibit excellent environmental stability and have demonstrated capability in a variety of demanding applications. Waveguides can be formed by direct photolithography, reactive ion etching, laser ablation, molding, or embossing. Well-developed adhesion schemes permit the use of polymers on a wide range of rigid and flexible substrates. Integrated optical devices fabricated to date include numerous passive and active elements that achieve a variety of coupling, routing, filtering, and switching functions.

For a long period, analytical applications of laser induced plasma spectrometry (LIPS) have been mainly restricted to overall and quantitative determination of elemental composition in bulk, solid samples. However, introduction of new compact and reliable solid state lasers and technological development in multidimensional intensified detectors have made possible the seeking of new analytical niches for LIPS where its analytical advantages (direct sampling from any material irrespective of its conductive status without sample preparation and with sensitivity adequate for many elements in different matrices) could be fully exploited. In this sense, the field of surface analysis could take advantage from the cited advantages taking into account in addition, the capability of LIPS for spot analysis, line scan, depth-profiling, area analysis and compositional mapping with a single instrument in air at atmospheric pressure. This review paper outlines the fundamental principles of laser-induced plasma emission relevant to sample surface studies, discusses the experimental parameters governing the spatial (lateral and in-depth) resolution in LIPS analysis and presents the applications concerning surface examination. ᮊ

This study presents an evaluation of Norwegian kyanite quartzites from Gullsteinberget, Knøsberget, Kjeksberget, Sormbrua, Tverrådalen, Juovvačorrú and Nasafjellet as potential deposits of high-purity quartz (HPQ) for use as raw material for special applications in high-technology industries. Fine-grained quartz, which forms 70 to 85 vol.% of these rocks, generally contains less than 50 μg g −1 (total sum) of the structurally incorporated trace elements B, Li, Al, Ge, Ti, Fe, Mn, K and P. The concentrations are in the same range as those found in HPQ products, which are being mined and produced in Norway and elsewhere. Quartz analyses were performed using laser ablationinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Complimentary whole-rock analyses and cathodoluminescence studies of quartz were carried out to reveal processes, which have led to the low trace-element concentrations in quartz. This discovery, together with a better knowledge of the processes leading to the formation of HPQ in kyanite quartzites, could lead to the recognition of a new global type of HPQ resource applicable for industrial use. However, the processing technology necessary to separate HPQ from kyanite quartzite economically has not been developed so far.

The Yidun Arc is a Triassic volcanic arc located between the Songpan Garzê Fold Belt and the Qiangtang Block, southwest China. To constrain the age of a number of the major granitic plutons from the Yidun Arc, laser ablation ICP-MS U/Pb analysis of zircon was conducted. Hafnium isotope data was also acquired through laser-ablation multicollector ICPMS analysis of zircon, with the aim of gaining insight into the age and nature of the source region of the plutons. Three age groups have been identified from seven granite samples: Early-Middle Triassic (∼ 245 to 229 Ma), Late Triassic (∼ 219 to 216 Ma) and Cretaceous (∼ 105 to 95 Ma). Hafnium analysis shows the Triassic granites to have negative and variable ε Hf values and Mesoproterozoic (∼ 1.6 Ga) depleted-mantle model ages, which is interpreted to reflect derivation from an isotopically heterogeneous, largely crustal source. The Cretaceous granite shows higher and less variable ε Hf values and slightly younger model ages (∼ 1.3 Ga), and is interpreted to be derived from melting of a more homogeneous crustal source. A depleted-mantle model age of ∼ 1.5 Ga is calculated from the pooled Triassic and Cretaceous samples. The source region for these magmas may be tentatively correlated with Mesoproterozoic material of the Yangtze Craton, which has been suggested to underlie the Yidun Arc; however, further work is necessary to demonstrate this suggestion.

Potential sources for alluvial gem corundum and zircon from the Rio Mayo area, near Mercaderes, Colombia are reviewed, based on U-Pb dating of syngenetic and protogenetic mineral inclusions in corundum samples and on a zircon megacryst. Corundum recovered from the region (approx. 99% sapphire, 1% ruby) commonly shows growth banding, includes colour change stones and exhibits overlaps in colour ranges and inclusion characteristics. This suggests a contiguous genetic suite. The U-Pb dating used laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques. Because of the young ages and low-U contents of the dated zircons, the acquired data required a special statistical treatment. The results from zircon, fluorapatite and allanite-(Ce) inclusions provide a corundum crystallization age of 8 to 11 Ma, in relation to northern Andean Miocene uplift and magmatism. The zircon megacryst gave a younger crystallization age of c. 0.6 Ma, unrelated to the corundum genesis. Geochemical parameters (trace element and O isotope ranges) for corundum samples suggest a metamorphic/metasomatic origin. The age data rules out corundum genesis during the Late Cretaceous ophiolitic generation, but leave open possible later metasomatic interactions with this substrate. The Cr/Ga and Ga/Mg ratios and O isotope range for the corundum fall within the known limits for metasomatic, desilicated felsic/ultramafic 'plumasitic' associations, suggesting a possible parental source. Allanite, extremely rare as an inclusion in corundum elsewhere, may prove a characteristic inclusion for Rio Mayo corundum.

Cyclic olefin polymers (COPs) are increasingly popular as substrate material for microfluidics. This is due to their promising properties, such as high chemical resistance, low water absorption, good optical transparency in the near UV range and ease of fabrication. COPs are commercially available from a range of manufacturers under various brand names (Apel, Arton, Topas, Zeonex and Zeonor). Some of these (Apel and Topas) are made from more than one kind of monomer and therefore also known as cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs). In order to structure these materials, a wide array of fabrication methods is available. Laser ablation and micromilling are direct structuring methods suitable for fast prototyping, whilst injection moulding, hot embossing and nanoimprint lithography are replication methods more appropriate for low-cost production. Using these fabrication methods, a multitude of chemical analysis techniques have already been implemented. These include microchip electrophoresis (MCE), chromatography, solid phase extraction (SPE), isoelectric focusing (IEF) and mass spectrometry (MS). Still much additional work is needed to characterise and utilise the full potential of COP materials. This is especially true within optofluidics, where COPs are still rarely used, despite their excellent optical properties. This review presents a detailed description of the properties of COPs, the available fabrication methods and several selected applications described in the literature.

Mass distribution and time variation of the emitted ions by time-of-flight mass spectrometer and desorbed gases by a quadrupole mass spectrometer from the H + -implanted graphite sample by the pulsed ArF (193 nm) laser irradiation have been studied. The averaged ion mass is smaller for the larger laser fluence. Most of the implanted H in the laser irradiated area was released out after a few 10 shots, when the laser fluence is above the ablation threshold. However, the ablation accompanies large amount of hydrocarbon release. Changing the power of the laser, the reduction of hydrocarbon release is studied.

معادلات علي يوسف تم اكتشافها منذ 2016 بعدما قرأت كتب عن الثيرمودايناميك والكيمياء الفيزيائية، ولاحظت ان تناول هذه الكتب في عنوان الكيمياء الضوئية ليس مكتمل وانما هنالك ابواب ناقصة فمثلا لماذا يتفاعل الضوء مع هذه المادة دون غيرها، والظواهر الضوئية التي تحدث بصورة طبيعية مثل الفلورة Fluorescence والفسفرة Phosphorescence و الأنبعاث الضوئي photoluminescence بالاضاقة الي الكهروضوئية Photoelectric وغيرها من التفاعلات التي يدخل فيها الضوء واهم مثال عليها هي الظواهر الضوئية غير الخطية للمواد Nonlinear Optics ، كل هذه الظواهر وجدت تفسيرات علمية لها وتطبيقات ولكن السؤال هل هنالك قانون واحد يجمعها؟ مهمة الفيزيائي حسب اعتقادي هي ان يرصد هذه الظواهر ثم جمعها في قانون فيزيائي واحد بحيث يسهل علينا التنبؤ بتصرفات هذه الظواهر في المستقبل مهما اختلفت الظروف. حقيقة كنت اظن من البداية ان قوانين الثيرمودايناميك يمكن ان تقودني الي هذه الفكرة لذا اعتكفت على دراستها حتى توصلت الي هذه المعادلات.
ومما اكتشفته بعد ذلك ان معادلاتي والبالغ عددها اكثر من ثلاثين معادلة تستطيع تفسير اغلب الظواهر الضوئية في هذا الكون وذلك بسبب اندماجها وملائمتها الكاملة لقوانين الثيرمودايناميك، فقد ارتبطت بمفاهيم مثل الانثالبي والجهد الكيميائي وثابت الاتزان وغيرها من المفاهيم التي تعتبر قلب علم الديناميكا الحرارية. حتى التفاعلات الكيميائية المعقدة مثل تفاعلات الانزيمات وغيرها يمكن ان توصف بهذه المفاهيم.
احدى النظريات المبشرة -امل ان تكون كذلك- منذ اكتشاف معادلات علي يوسف هي ان الضوء وخصوصا الليزر وجد طريقه في ان يحل مكان البترول والوقود الاحفري في توفير الطاقة للتصنيعات الكيميائية، وبالتالي يمكن توفير هذه المصادر كمواد خام تدخل في التصنيعات مباشر بدلا من أراقتها لتوفير الطاقة. كما امل ان علم الطاقة المتجددة سيأخذ مفاهيم اخرى خصوصا بعد ادخال علم الليزر عالي الطاقة والكثافة الي الثقافة العلمية وأرث المعرفة الانسانية.
معادلات علي بمشيئة الله ستغير بعض المفاهيم عن الضوء وستكون دراسات الضوء عند التفاعلات الكيميائية والتي تغتبر عالم لوحدها وذلك للطريقة الغريبة التي يتصرفها الضوء عند التفاعلات . وكمثال لذلك انه يعتقد ان عمل الليزر عند تفاعله مع سطوح المواد هو فقط تكوين بلازما ودرجات حرارة عالية يفضي الي انصهار هذا السطح وعمل فجوة بداخله بسبب هذه الحرارة ولكن معادلات علي يوسف تستطيع الاضافة علي ذلك بأن الليزر يستطيع ان يحدث هذه الفجوة بواسطة تبخير جزيئات او ذرات هذا السطح اذا تم ضبط طاقة وكثافة هذا الليزر للتغلب على القوة الرابطة لذرات هذا السطح دون عمل بلازما امام هذا السطح. ايضا من المفاهيم التي قد تغيرها معادلات علي يوسف هو الفهم السائد بأن الضوء عموما يستطيع أبداء التفاعلات او أنهائها ، لكن الفهم الصحيح ان الضوء يستطيع ان يتحكم تحكما كاملا في قيادة اي تفاعل كيميائي وبذلك يمكن له ان يتحكم في 90% من تكلفة التصنيعات العالمية عموما و الكيميائية خصوصا.
هذا اول كتاب لي باللغة العربية وسابع طبعة من سلسلة تفسير علاقات الضوء والمادة باستخدام معادلات علي يوسف ، هذه المعادلات التي اجتهدت فيها طيلة اربع سنوات في تطويرها وتفسيرها لتقدم امثل اداء في تفسير هذه العلاقة ، هذا الكتاب اسال الله ان يكون اضافة حقيقية الي المعرفة العربية.
تنقسم محتويات هذا الكتاب الي ستة فصول، ينتاول الفصل الاول الاشتقاق او مصدر معادلات علي يوسف من القوانين الرئيسية وهي معادلة ارهينيوس ودالة موجة الضوء ومعادلة شرودينجر او الهاملتوليان ثم القوانين التي تحكم الكثافة الاشعاعية بمركبات الموجة مثل المجال الكهربائي والمغناطيسي.
الفصل الثاني يقدم تعريفات اكثر عن حدود المعادلة الرئيسية وتفسير بعض سلوك المعادلة. الفصل الثالث يتحدث عن سلوك المعادلة في الواقع ، وبسبب ان الطبيعة لها قوانينها الخاصة وبالتالي ليس اي قانون يضعه الانسان ستقبله الطبيعة لان الانسان ليس من خلق الطبيعة لهذا مقارنة قوانينه وافتراضاته مع سلوك الطبيعة امر مهم جدا وضروري.
الفصل الرابع يتحدث عن علاقة معادلة علي يوسف بمفاهيم الثيرمودايناميك مثل الانثالبي والطاقة الحرة والانتروبيا وثابت الاتزان الكيميائي، هذه المفاهيم هي المحرك الرئيسي لجميع التفاعلات الكيميائية في هذا الكون. ادخال هذه المعادلة في تلك المفاهيم اعطت المعادلة حجم اكبر وجعلها اكثر دقة وشمولية لوصف الظواهر الضوئية في الكون.
الفصل الخامس عبارة عن مثال رياضي تقريبي قمت به لمقارنة النتيجة مع التجارب والابحاث العالمية والحمد لله تحصلت علي نتائج مرضية بالرغم من عدم دقتها وذلك لان المعادلة تحتوي على بعض الثوابت التي نحتاج الي تعيينها معمليا.
الفصل السادس يتحدث عن مقارنة المعادلات مع بعض القوانين الكونية التي تم اكتشافها في مطلع القرن السابق مثل معادلة اينشتاين للظاهرة الكهروضوئية و تشتت ريلاي وقد تحصلت على نتائج مرضية بحيث استطاعت معادلاتي تفسير هذه القوانين والحمد لله. بعد ذلك تاتي الخاتمة ثم قائمة المراجع ولله الحمد والمنة.
ختاما اتمنى لكم قراءة مفيدة لهذا الكتاب وامل ان يتلمس عندكم روح الابداع والاقدام لأنه في الحقيقة هذا الكتاب قد فتح بابا جديدا في مجال الفوتونات خصوصا يمكن ان يفضي الي تطبيقات كتيرة وعديدة ويضيف مفردات وافكار في جسم المعرفة الانسانية.

Chapter 14 Belovode: technology of pottery production ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������186 Silvia Amicone Chapter 15 Figurines from Belovode ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 199 Julka Kuzmanović Cvetković Chapter 16 Ground and abrasive stone tools from Belovode ���������������������������������������������������������������������������205 Vidan Dimić and Dragana Antonović Chapter 17 Bone industry from Belovode ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������215 Selena Vitezović Chapter 18 Chipped stone industry at Belovode ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������221 Elmira Ibragimova Chapter 19 Chemical and technological analyses of obsidian from Belovode ������������������������������������������������233 Marina Milić Chapter 20 Archaeobotanical evidence of plant use at the site of Belovode���������������������������������������������������236 Dragana Filipović Chapter 21 Animal remains from Belovode ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������249

La tesi si occupa dello studio e del restauro del Rilievo geologico di epoca ottocentesca,
rappresentante la Provincia di Napoli e dintorni, realizzato per la casa editrice Paravia da
Domenico Locchi, cartografo e plasticista. Il manufatto, appartenente alle collezioni
dell’Università di Torino conservate nel Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, è di
proprietà del Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Università.

Il valore di questo oggetto, come strumento di immagine e diffusione della cultura
geologica, non risiede solo nella profonda capacità tecnica coniugata alla attenzione
scientifica con cui fu realizzato, ma anche in quanto testimonianza della volontà
unificatrice e modernizzatrice della comunità scientifica nel periodo dell’Unità d’Italia.
Il plastico è costituito prevalentemente da gesso policromo, su cui sono applicati degli
elementi cartacei rappresentanti i nomi dei luoghi geografici, una legenda ed un cartiglio
con le informazioni sulla committenza e sull’autore. Presenta inoltre una struttura interna
di fili metallici, vincolati attraverso chiodi a traverse lignee ed una cornice anch’essa in
legno. Lo studio approfondito del manufatto e le ricerche storico-artistiche effettuate,
hanno permesso di ampliare le conoscenze su questa tipologia di manufatti.
La storia conservativa del Rilievo in oggetto è stata particolarmente travagliata e le tracce
di queste vicende risultano ben visibili nello stato di conservazione. Le numerose
fessurazioni, erosioni del materiale gessoso ed una pellicola pittorica che presentava una
parziale mancanza di adesione al substrato, hanno suggerito una prolungata esposizione
all’umidità. Gli strati soprammessi, particolarmente deteriorati, oltre alla presenza di
numerose mancanze e lacune, oscuravano e impedivano una corretta lettura delle cromie originali, inficiandone il valore sia scientifico sia artistico.

L’intervento di restauro è stato guidato dall’osservazione macroscopica e microscopica
dell’opera e con il supporto delle indagini diagnostiche, oltre che da un’accurata
documentazione fotografica e grafica.
Considerata la polimatericità del manufatto è stato necessario un periodo di studio e test,
eseguito su provini in gesso, per determinare i materiali di intervento idonei. La fase
operativa ha visto l’utilizzo di diverse sistemi di pulitura: meccanico, chimico e laser.
E’ stato così possibile riportare in luce le diverse cromie essenziali per ristabilire la
funzionalità tecnica di un plastico geologico.

The decomposition of ethane (C 2 H 6) and the subsequent conversion to other hydrocarbons are investigated using a Q-switched (Q-SW) Nd:YAG laser induced plasma inside a controlled chamber. The metal targets, including iron, copper, nickel, and palladium, are employed to assist the plasma formation and ethane decomposition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography are used for identifying and analyzing the products to determine dissociation rates as well. Several C 1 and C 2 components, namely, methane (CH 4), ethylene (C 2 H 4), and acetylene (C 2 H 2), as well as heavier C 3 , C 4 , and C 5 components, such as propane, butane, and pentane, are obtained after ethane decomposition. The yield, selectivity, and conversion ratios of hydrocarbons mainly depend on the metal species as the active catalysts during laser exposure. The most abundant component is found to be ethylene having a selectivity of ∼39% using a palladium target. This technique offers high reproducibility to generate selective and desired hydrocarbon compounds in the controlled chamber.

The determination of naturally occurring and anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has gained recognition over the last fifteen years, relative to radiometric techniques, as the result of improvement in instrumental performance, sample introduction equipment, and sample preparation. With the increase in instrumental sensitivity, it is now possible to measure ultratrace levels (fg range) of

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has emerged in the past ten years as a promising technique for analysis and characterization of the composition of a broad variety of objects of cultural heritage including painted artworks, icons, polychromes, pottery, sculpture, and metal, glass, and stone artifacts. This article describes in brief the basic principles and technological aspects of LIBS, and reviews several test cases that demonstrate the applicability and prospects of LIBS in the field of archaeological science.