Knowledge based economy

This article focuses on the critical role ICT policy design and implementation can play in developing a knowledge-based economy in distressed US communities. Using a multiple case study research design, the study tests three hypotheses: (1) linkages among government, education and industry are a critical success factor for ICT interventions; (2) due to the long-term nature of ICT, vision and leadership are also critical; and (3) investments in technology infrastructure must be part of a larger local planning process to succeed. These hypotheses are supported, but the strength of the article is in the details about how communities crafted unique responses to critical issues.

Recent studies emphasize the needs of a wider set of skills engineers require than ever thought. In this paper, authors report on a systematic literature review on this issue. Findings of the review are spanned over two main folds: 1-A conceptual ontological framework of engineering skills in the context of generic-and employability-skills of KBS and KBEs citizens and workforce, and 2-A global set of 24 mutual common skills, but different in topology, between engineering and generic competencies. The work outlined in this paper is probably one of the most comprehensive and wide scan of literature on the required talent and skills of current and future engineers.

The necessity of differentiation within industrial-profile companies, correlated with the high importance granted to environmental problems, have led to the development of new ways of obtaining the competitive advantage ,within the knowledge-based economy. Thus, a new model of investment strategy, with a high degree of applicability, states the development of an exclusively environmental-focused industrial cluster, between large sized competing organisations, in order to implement an Environmental Management System.

In the knowledge-based economy, the fundamental determinants of the company’s value, in the present, have an intangible nature. The intangible investments are the most important factors of the enterprise success. Wealth, growth and welfare are driven nowadays by intangible investments. The knowledge economy is characterized by huge investments in human capital and informational technology. The current accounting regulation does not allow companies to capitalize a big part of investments in intangibles (produced by a company) and to report these as assets in the financial reports. There are inconsistencies regarding the book-keeping treatment of the two categories of intangible assets: internally generated and externally, acquired from the outside of the company.

The nature of work has changed dramatically due to globalisation, migration, technological advances and the emergence of the knowledge-based economy. These changes have been accompanied by the increased prevalence of new and emerging types of risk to workers’ health and safety, such as psychosocial risks. This paper reviews the key regulatory and voluntary standards on occupational health and safety of relevance to the management of psychosocial risks in the workplace that are applicable to the European Union member states. The review indicates that regulatory standards set the minimum level of protection for workers and voluntary standards may further enable organisations to go beyond their legal obligations. However, the review also highlights that the terms ‘stress’ and ‘psychosocial risks’ are not mentioned explicitly in most pieces of legislation leading to lack of clarity on the terminology used. While voluntary standards seek to address this, very few provide specific guidance on the process of psychosocial risk management to enable organisations to manage psychosocial risks successfully. On the basis of the review, the case for the development of a voluntary standard for psychosocial risk management is presented. The paper further discusses the recent development of such a standard and its implications at the European level.► Regulatory OSH standards set the minimum level of protection for workers. ► They lack clarity in terminology used on psychosocial risks and their management. ► Few voluntary standards provide guidance on the psychosocial risk management process. ► PAS1010 aims to address these issues and promote prevention of psychosocial risks.s its development are outlined.

Copenhagen today appears to be a resurgent city and city region. It came back to life in the mid-1990s and, until recently, has shown marked growth in key variables such as jobs, income and inhabitants, primarily as a result of the rise and spatial dynamics of its service-and knowledge-based economy. Its resurgence is also evident in the central municipalities that 20 years ago struggled with the repercussions of a long-term urban crisis. Financially, the central city was almost doomed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and the city of Copenhagen was close to bankruptcy. Central-city development was characterized by a set of eroding processes that included de-industrialization, suburbanization, high unemployment rates, high welfare costs, an outdated housing market, strong segregation and various other factors. Copenhagen city and its city region have now been revitalized and today are a strong national centre of economic growth. Although one can catch glimpses of the crisis in key variables, urban turn remains strong; for instance, up to now, rising unemployment has been seen mainly outside the large urban areas in Denmark. However, the housing-market bubble has burst and other signs of crisis have been appearing since as early as 2006. Nevertheless, the city is far removed from the gloomy days of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The rise of the Copenhagen city region Copenhagen has been revived in the past two decades following the severe crisis of the 1970s and 1980s. Today the city is a strong national growth centre that is dominated by the rise of the new economy in terms of a strong service-and knowledge-based economy, a growing entertainment scene and a rise in creative industries. In this essay we outline the main features of the crisis of the 1980s and highlight the major components of urban resurgence in order to contextualize the current crisis within the long-term transformation of Copenhagen city and its city region. We distinguish here between the central city of Copenhagen and the Copenhagen city region: the former is made up of two central municipalities-Copenhagen (with approximately 500,000 inhabitants) and Frederiksberg (with approximately 100,000 inhabitants)-which cover one third of the total population of the city region; the latter includes suburbia and the outer city. The 1980s: crisis and doom in the central city In the 1970s and 1980s, the central city of Copenhagen was characterized by a set of eroding processes. First, there was a process of continuous de-industrialization, which included the closure and downsizing of manufacturing firms as a result of the economic crisis and of spatial restructuring of manufacturing that took place in many European

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The construction industry in Singapore is under great pressure to improve its performance. The C21 report, Re-Inventing Construction, is a key milestone in the development of Singapore's construction industry. The report set several recommendations, which represent the future blue print for the industry. This study aimed to identify the main engines for change that would enable and motivate Singapore's construction industry to achieve the C21 target of becoming a world-class industry in a knowledge-based economy. This paper focuses on ÿve areas of construction activities: professional standards, skills levels, buildability, construction safety, and internationalisation. An industry wide survey was conducted. A total of 12 key factors were identiÿed to be e ective in enabling construction ÿrms to change and achieve the objectives set by the C21 report. The results of the study have shown that the industry is more in favour of developing the business environment in which market forces would demand the desired changes and improvements. ?

Studentification is the process that generates from residential concentration of Higher education students and accompanied by spatial structure transformations which has social, economic, cultural and physical impacts in districts enclaves of university campuses or higher education institutes. This process is believed to have some influences like gentrification and can stimulate social segregation and the widening socio-spatial polarization of different social groups, via the displacement of established residential groups. Studentification has been represented as a BritiSh phenomenon; although; recent evidence suggests that it occurs within other international contexts. The important key factor in this regard is the government-sponsored expansion of higher education to foster global economic competitiveness and innovation via knowledge-based economies and societies. In this paper we wish to scrutinize the meaning, causes and consequences of studentification and raise questions about some of underlying influences and effects of current and future forms of urban change in Kuala Lumpur city. We do this by focusing upon the relationships between national agenda in terms of economic and knowledge development and regional as well as local plans and strategies, and consider how process of studentification may be instrumental to the production of gentrifiers within Kuala Lumpur city context. The outcome of this study will support the residential decision making process.

The nature of work has changed dramatically due to globalisation, migration, technological advances and the emergence of the knowledge-based economy. These changes have been accompanied by the increased prevalence of new and emerging types of risk to workers' health and safety, such as psychosocial risks. This paper reviews the key regulatory and voluntary standards on occupational health and safety of relevance to the management of psychosocial risks in the workplace that are applicable to the European Union member states. The review indicates that regulatory standards set the minimum level of protection for workers and voluntary standards may further enable organisations to go beyond their legal obligations. However, the review also highlights that the terms 'stress' and 'psychosocial risks' are not mentioned explicitly in most pieces of legislation leading to lack of clarity on the terminology used. While voluntary standards seek to address this, very few provide specific guidance on the process of psychosocial risk management to enable organisations to manage psychosocial risks successfully. On the basis of the review, the case for the development of a voluntary standard for psychosocial risk management is presented. The paper further discusses the recent development of such a standard and its implications at the European level.

With the rapid growth of technologies, our economic society and life are changing significantly in the 21th century. The way to capture their competitive advantage has become the most important issue for enterprises in the rapidly changing and uncertain business environments. Many researches have pointed out that the adoption of technology is the most important tool for enterprises to keep their competitive advantage. The survival of an enterprise in the age of knowledge-based economy depends on how to improve their technological capability.

Service industries hold an increasingly dynamic and pivotal role in today's knowledge-based economies. The logistics industry is a classic example of the birth and development of a vital new service-based industry, transformed from the business concept of transportation to that of serving the entire logistical needs of customers. Quantum advances in science, technology, and communication in the new millennium have compelled ®rms to consider the potential of the so-called new ªresourcesº (technology, knowledge and relationship networks) that are essential if ®rms are to operate effectively within the emerging business model, and to utilise the opportunities to innovate and gain market leadership. Through an extensive literature review, this paper examines the factors that nurture innovation in logistics services, identi®es the contributions of the new ªresourcesº and, using industry examples, examines the application of these resources to logistics ®rms as they assume an extended role within the new business model. The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at

The objective of this deliverable is to explore the systemic properties of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship. We develop: a) analytical framework on the relationship between knowledge intensive entrepreneurship (KIE) and innovation system by developing the concept of entrepreneurial propensity of innovation system, and b) methodology for assessment and measurement of knowledge intensive entrepreneurship at both industry and national level.

A three tier regional economic indicator framework has been created to address the transition necessary for economic regions moving from a manufacturing-based to a knowledgebased economy. The proposed framework responds to a basic weakness of a knowledge deficient region. The framework is consistent with a set of five regional strategies adopted by the leadership of the regional economic initiative. The goal is that the unique set of outcomes offered will become a critical part of the distinctive strategies for economic development, as well as a tool to facilitate communication with the legislature and the general public. Early findings based on current use of the framework are reported. The findings illustrate the simplicity and robustness of the framework. The framework is divided into three complementary frames of measures and indicators: the regional framework, the sub-regional framework, and the clusters framework. The framework of indicators uses the system approach of inputs (assets, enablers), processes, and outcomes. The regional framework includes the following aspects: cultural enablers, physical and administrative infrastructure, quality of life, education, renovation, human, process, market, and financial capital. The framework also includes the need to assess the cultural readiness of the region to adopt the new economy"s realities. For the indicators to be simultaneously valid and helpful, they had to identify measurable variables and be operational (i.e., to be affected by the policies and decisions of the driving actors). Where possible, the region was benchmarked against national averages to allow for external observation as a meaningful comparison. Where the national average was not available, the region was benchmarked against the state (Wisconsin). Sub-regions were also identified to provide depth to the regional indicators. The rationale for this proposal is that in a large and diverse region (e.g., the 18 counties in the Northeast Wisconsin (NEW) region that is a mix of rural and urban communities with very diverse demographics), there are specific sub-regional idiosyncrasies. In the case of the Northeast Wisconsin region, four sub-regions were identified. It was also clear that by monitoring the major industrial clusters, the unique aspects that are more appropriately measured at the cluster level of analysis might be captured. Twelve major clusters were identified.

Romania's integration into the European Union is a complex, long-term process, entailing expectations and requiring contributions from the whole range of the Romanian society components; integration engenders opportunities, but also conditionalities, potential advantages, but also inevitable costs. Given its crucial importance, the quality of this process should be subjected to explicit consideration, from a pragmatic point of view, by formulating and operationalising valid answers, to the question as to "How do we get integrated?" At present, when one year has already elapsed since the adherence, as for the approach of Romania's European integration issues is concerned, certain inertial effects of the dominant logic of consistency with the accession criteria, peculiar to the candidate country previous status, are still manifest. As against the anchor of the integration quality, pertaining to the post-accession development, there is suggested, as an alternative, the adoption of the dominant logic of proactivity; accordingly, the main types of competences corresponding to the latter are highlighted: the strategic thinking competence, the negotiation and multi-actor decision-making competence, the inter-cultural communication competence, and the project-based, collaborative action competence.

C.R. Vennemann), [email protected] (I.-L. Darkow). 1 81% of the respondents answered the question on how important they expect the trend of obtaining information with greater ease and developing knowledge to be on global business during the next 5 years as very important or important.

Intellectual property rights (IPR) have been created as economic mechanisms to facilitate ongoing innovation by granting inventors a temporary monopoly in return for disclosure of technical knowhow. Since the beginning of 1980s, IPR have come under scrutiny as new technological paradigms appeared with the emergence of knowledge-based industries. Knowledge-based products are intangible, non-excludable and non-rivalrous goods. Consequently, it is difficult for their creators to control their dissemination and use. In particular, many information goods are based on network externalities and on the creation of market standards. At the same time, information technologies are generic in the sense of being useful in many places in the economy. Hence, policy makers often define current IPR regimes in the context of new technologies as both overand under-protective. They are over-protective in the sense that they prevent the dissemination of information which has a very high social value; they are under-protective in the sense that they do not provide strong control over the appropriation of rents from their invention and thus may not provide strong incentives to innovate. During the 1980s, attempts to assess the role of IPR in the process of technological learning have found that even though firms in high-tech sectors do use patents as part of their strategy for intellectual property protection, the reliance of these sectors on patents as an information source for innovation is lower than in traditional industries. Intellectual property rights are based mainly on patents for technical inventions and on copyrights for artistic works. Patents are granted only if inventions display minimal levels of utility, novelty and nonobviousness of technical know-how. By contrast, copyrights protect only final works and their derivatives, but guarantee protection for longer periods, according to the Berne Convention. Licensing is a legal aid that allows the use of patented technology by other firms, in return for royalty fees paid to the inventor. Licensing can be contracted on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis, but in most countries patented knowledge can be exclusively held by its inventors, as legal provisions for compulsory licensing of technologies do not exist. The fair use doctrine aims to prevent formation of perfect monopolies over technological fields and copyrighted artefacts as a result of IPR application. Hence, the use of patented and copyrighted works is permissible in academic research, education and the development of technologies that are complimentary to core technologies. Trade secrecy is meant to prevent inadvertent technology transfer to rival firms and is based on contracts between companies and employees. However, as trade secrets prohibit transfer of knowledge within industries, regulators have attempted to foster disclosure of technical know-how by institutional means of patents, copyrights and sui-generis laws. And indeed, following the provisions formed by IPR regulation, firms have shifted from methods of trade secrecy towards patenting strategies to achieve improved protection of intellectual property, as well as means to acquire competitive advantages in the market by monopolization of technological advances. This paper is drawn from a report commissioned by AWT (Adviesraad voor het Wetenschaps-en Technologiebeleid) published as AWT Background Study No. 21 (June, 2001).

In common with other Newly Industrialized Economies in Asia, Singapore is moving toward a knowledge-based strategy for growth. Increasing prominence has been given to the role of Singapore's universities in stimulating economic growth through industrially relevant research, technology commercialization, high-tech spin-offs, attracting foreign talent, and inculcating entrepreneurial mindsets. The National University of Singapore (NUS) is examined as a case study of how East Asian universities are responding to the globalization of the knowledge economy. It is argued that a shift toward an ''entrepreneurial university '' model [Etzkowitz, H., Webster, A., Gebhart, C., & Terra, B. R. C. (2000). The future of the university and the university of the future: Evolution of ivory tower to entreprenenurial paradigm. Research Policy, 29(2), 313-330] is critical for NUS to contribute effectively to Singapore's transition to a knowledge-based economy.

As the world moves towards a "knowledge based economy", knowledge is increasingly being considered as the main driver of this economy. The success of economies in the future shall be based on how companies or organizations acquire, use, and leverage knowledge effectively. However, most organizations tend to over-emphasize on systems and tools, rather than on the core component that is knowledge sharing within the organization. Knowledge sharing is vital in knowledge-based organizations such as universities, since the majority of the employees are knowledge workers. In an educational set up, effective knowledge sharing ensures that academics are able to realize and develop their potential to the fullest. Educational institutions play a key role in knowledge creation. The tacit knowledge that academic staff creates or gains is embedded in their minds and constitutes the storehouse of an educational institution's intellectual capital. This paper focuses on knowledge sharing activities among academic staff in Business Schools in the Klang Valley. With the help of a survey-based methodology, this paper examines the barriers that exist in sharing knowledge in an academic environment. An attempt is made to identify the mechanisms that may help in encouraging knowledge sharing.

The aim of the article is to explore different aspects concerning the distinction between the expert and the consultant. We analyse theoretically and empirically these distinctions in the framework of the knowledge-based economy in order to introduce the central concepts of epistemic community and community of practice. The question is to know to which community experts and consultant belongs. We also investigate the role that some actors coming from outside the firm play in reinforcing knowledge creation and codification processes in the firm.

Intellectual capital is recognized as one of the most critical factors for the success of organizations in a knowledge-based economy. In a knowledge-based economy high tech organizations are facing tremendous challenges to gain competitive advantage. The main objective of this study is to introduce the concept and applications of intellectual capital in Pakistani pharmaceutical industry. Pakistani pharmaceutical industry is one of the major industries and it has 70% of share to fulfill the demand of finished pharmaceutical products.

Purpose – This paper aims to complement existing theories of internationalization by studying an
important aspect which has been neglected in previous studies: the process of international
entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. International market entry is conceptualized as an
entrepreneurial, innovative act; and opportunity recognition consists of both discovery as well as
deliberate and systematic search.

Design/methodology/approach – The methodology employed involves eight case studies of small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in knowledge-based industries in Australia. The unit
of analysis is the “opportunity-firm” nexus.

Findings – The paper finds that firms with little or no prior international knowledge tend to make
use of opportunity discovery rather than deliberate/systematic search. In contrast, firms with
extensive prior international experience and knowledge were found to deliberately search and discover
their first international opportunity. International opportunity discovery did not occur simply through
serendipitous encounters with new information from networks or referrals but involved interpreting
possible matches between pre-existing means (resources, skills, new technologies) and new ends
(international markets) in a problem solving process. It favours those with the requisite prior
knowledge and entrepreneurial orientation.

Practical implications – The paper offers guidelines on what business practitioners and export
promotion agencies can and cannot do to influence opportunity recognition process. Particular
attention was paid to strategies to avoid costly deliberate search among resource-stricken SMEs.
Originality/value – This study introduces Knightian uncertainty and Kirznerian discovery as the
conceptual cornerstones of internationalization that can help account for the lack of incrementalism
and optimizing logic in internationalization among smaller firms.

In 2002, the Thai government has endorsed an information technology policy framework entitled "Thailand Vision towards a Knowledge-Based Economy (IT 2010)". The policy emphasises the roles of information technology for the enablement and facilitation of economic and social development. One of the objectives is to develop the ability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to compete in the world market. Although there are successful cases, majority of the companies among the Thai SMEs sector are still in an early stage of utilising E-commerce technologies to reap benefits from new opportunities. Therefore, there is a need to understand, to extract and to acquire knowledge about the adoption and use of the e-commerce technologies by SMEs in Thailand. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been applied to many studies on the adoption and use of innovation and technologies. This proposed study intends to use a modified TAM named, TECTAM (Thai E-commerce Technology Acceptance Model), as a research tool and model to study e-commerce acceptance among the Thailand's SMEs sector. The predominant dimensions of this study are based on TAM perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). In terms of PU, the near-term and long-term usefulness are considered. On the other hand, the PEOU will be concerned with the social influence processes and the cognitive instrumental processes. In addition, this study will investigate how to increase the benefits from the relationship between TAM and other approaches. Finally, the study aims to apply the use of TECTAM model in terms of e-commerce technologies acceptance and how they could be used. While the project is in a preliminary stage, the paper will detail the proposed methodology and approach of this project.

The importance of new firm creation in the post-Communist economies of East Central Europe (ECE) has been subject to extensive research. This paper focuses on an area of entrepreneurship which has received relatively little attention in the transition economy context but which is of particular importance for the modernization of the transition economies: knowledge-based entrepreneurship (KBE), or new firm creation

The shift in the last twenty years from an industrialised economy to a knowledge economy demands new modes of education in which individuals can effectively acquire 21st century competencies. This article builds on the findings and recommendations of a Knowledge Economy Market Development Mapping Study (KEMDMS), conducted in Queensland, Australia. The study was conducted to identify the value of design education programs from primary school through to the professional development level. This article considers the ability of design education as a framework to deliver on the 21 st century competences required for the three defining features of the creative knowledge economy-Innovation, Transdisciplinarity and Networks. This is achieved by contextualising key findings from the KEMDMS, including current design education initiatives, and outlining the current and future challenges faced. From this, this article focuses on the role of the tertiary education sector as the central actor in ...

In the world economy the role of knowledge-based enterprises is rapidly increasing. Knowledge is becoming the main business resource and the basis for competitiveness of an enterprise. These facts are particularly evident in enterprises whose basic activity is providing intellectual services. Knowledge holders and creators in these kinds of enterprises are highly qualified employees. This is why we can say that the competitive ability of such enterprise will depend on the quality of management of highly qualified workforce. This paper describes system dynamics model whose purpose is to make strategic decisions in management of highly qualified workforce in enterprises providing intellectual services on the growing market.

As the wave of globalization washes over geographical boundaries, the world steps into the era of a new knowledge-based economy with governments striving to encourage innovation in industry especially through national systems of innovation. A national system of innovation (NSI) is considered important because how a nation utilizes and exploits its NSI will determine whether it can compete and ride the wave of globalization or be carried by it and thrashed onto the shores of the new economy. -AVVARI V. MOHAN, ALIZA AKMAR OMAR, AND KAMARULZAMAN AB. AZIZ This paper seeks to highlight the linkages developed for enabling communication among the various NSI stakeholders for achieving goals in one such effort, viz. the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) cluster of Malaysia. The MSC offers a vision to create a global multimedia climate through an integrated environment of interlinked elements and attributes. The government of Malaysia, realising the significance of the NSI as a way to better utilize, exploit, and enhance systems, is making efforts to this effect. The efforts include bringing together various stakeholder organizations under the "Multimedia Flagship Applications" to develop flagship applications. This is for the development of information technology applications to pave the way toward a knowledge-based economy. The MSC Cluster is presented here as a physical manifestation of the NSI, and it gives an idea as to how policy makers can design linkages for communication among the various stakeholders to further national innovative performance and competitiveness in general.

Large-scale outward migration is one of the symptoms of slow progress in development and low expectations of employment and higher living standards at home. Nevertheless, for many developing countries, remittances of migrants working abroad have become an important source of foreign exchange. They are private income and a means to improve the living conditions of many poor households in the receiving countries. While the ultimate policy objective must be to remedy the root causes of the migration through output and ...

A case is made for 'cultural political economy' (CPE) by exploring the constitutive role of semiosis in economic and political activities, economic and political institutions, and social order more generally. CPE is a post-disciplinary approach that adopts the 'cultural turn' in economic and political inquiry without neglecting the articulation of semiosis with the interconnected materialities of economics and politics within wider social formations. This approach is illustrated from the emergence of the 'Knowledge-Based Economy' as a master discourse for accumulation strategies on different scales, for state projects and hegemonic visions, for diverse functional systems and professions, and for civil society.

This article describes and discusses the results of a case study illustrating the interaction between university-industry-government, with specific reference to the University of Coimbra, Portugal. This example is examined in the context of a knowledge-based economy. The main aim is to incorporate the knowledge already acquired, in an effort to show how a triple helix model explains, clearly and usefully, how the part played by the University of Coimbra has been effective in promoting a regional dynamic of innovation and entrepreneurship. Analysis of this case confirms the relevance of a triple helix model in understanding reality in a straightforward and practical manner. It was noted that the interaction and alliances established tended to form a mesh of emerging communications, networks and organizations, which in our case are expressed in the creation of tri-lateral networks and hybrid organizations. Finally, the crucial role of the University is highlighted, as the promoter and driving force for the multiplicity of networks and relations established. q

Wy¿sza Szko³a Ekonomii i Informatyki w Krakowie Zeszyty Naukowe nr 10 15 8 Analiza przeprowadzona na zlecenie Hostcities przez badaczy z Uniwersytetu w Mainz oraz Management Center Innsbruck (MCI). 9 https://www.gazetatrend.pl/artykuly/49-wplyw-wielkich-imprez-sportowych-na-gospodarke 10 Oceania zwariowa³a na punkcie mundialu, "Przegl¹d Sportowy" nr 144 (15 764) z dn. 23 czerwca 2010.

Science, Technology and the International Political Economy Series Editor: John de la Mothe The upheavals of the international political economy during recent decades have fundamentally altered the relationships between firms and states, citizen-ship and management, social ...