Economic Development

Mentality is defined as an assembly of manners of acting or thinking about someone or something. Related to the history of mentalities in the 19th century the core elements were the building of the nation and the constitutional law and only at the beginning of the 20th century the economic development and the relations between social classes. Mentalities change hard

The accumulated science base in public research centres (PRCs), current learning processes in firms and emergent knowledge flows among actors are creating knowledge spaces at the regional level in Mexico. These conditions represent an advantage upon ...

This paper explores arts festivals in terms of their relationship to local economic development within the rural island region of Orkney in Scotland. Fourteen qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with arts festival organisers, tourism representatives and local volunteers during the summer festival season. The findings offer new insights into the factors affecting how arts festivals impact the local economy; the areas of the local economy that are affected by arts festivals; and the implications of funding from awarding bodies on the endogenous development of arts festivals. For instance, it is concluded that supporting the cultural values of locals is vital to the economic success of rural arts festivals through a strategic design in the combined integration of minimised paid staff and maximised volunteers. Furthermore, it is revealed how in certain cases the initial retention of funding may benefit start-up arts festivals in terms of strategic development of their...

This article gives a broad characterization of China’s political economy, as well as specific aspects of its socio-economic instabilities. With a focus on China’s export-oriented industry sectors, concepts from comparative and international political economy are applied to show how the Chinese economy can be understood as a variegated form of state- permeated capitalism that at the same time is deeply integrated into world economic processes. The article goes on to portray the socio-eco- nomic dynamics, as well as the instabilities of China’s new capitalism, that are at the root of the state leadership’s attempts to turn away from a one-sided model of export and investment-driven growth. Thereby, a number of obstacles are revealed for the “rebalancing” of the economy: a continued dependence on exports, a lack of domestic consumer de- mand which impedes a significant “social” upgrading, the ongoing low- wage model for which there is no end in sight, the limits of the state’s steering capacity and the weaknesses of its fragmented, competition- driven structure.

This chapter examines SEZs in India as a spatial development model with state-sanction for public and private land aggregation, as an economic model targeting external investors through spatial and legal exceptions, and as a governance model within the context of rescaled state power and competitive regional governments, after liberalization. The pathways, politics and emergent spaces and economies of SEZs reveal both the challenges of governing land rights and land transfers and the limited economic potential of economic enclaves to achieve economic benefits without deep – seated and generally accessible economic reforms. The chapter concludes that the SEZ experience highlights the need for economic planning beyond prominent investors and corporates and nuanced engagement with local land and labor dynamics, such as the growing significance of small and medium sized cities, informality, role of women, the land tenure spectrum and entry barriers for small and medium scale enterprises.

‘As industry practitioners know well from experience, generalization is hard to come by. Whether it's manufacturing, services, or something in between, it's the details that seem to matter most when it comes to determining outcomes. The value in this book is enormous because details tell the stories across a diverse set of industries. I applaud the editors and authors on their substantial achievement. Manufacturing and related supply chains are dynamic, and this book is rich with information that offers deeper understanding about the processes involved.’
– Professor Frank Giarratani, Center for Industry Studies, University of Pittsburgh, US

‘This book represents a major contribution to our thinking about modern manufacturing industries and is not just timely it is long overdue! The authors have done an outstanding job in bringing to bear a range of multi-disciplinary perspectives on a domain which all too often suffers from rather narrow disciplinary analyses. Ranging from engineering to social science and drawing on examples from the US, Europe and Asia, the book provides not only a wealth of fact and illustration but a rich landscape to inform those charged with industrial policy and manufacturing strategies.’
– From the foreword by Sir Mike Gregory, University of Cambridge, UK

The Handbook of Manufacturing Industries in the World Economy

The Handbook of Manufacturing Industries in the World Economy provides a critical and multi-disciplinary state-of-the-art review and analysis of current manufacturing processes, practices and policies. Expanding our knowledge and understanding of production and innovation, this collection demonstrates that manufacturing continues to matter in the world economy.

The contributors, including scholars ranging from engineering to policy to economic geography, cover manufacturing policy and the revival of the industrial base in the US, UK and Canada and engage national and regional strategies for implementing advanced manufacturing policies. Questions of economic resilience in the wake of the recent recession are asked, and industry and firm case studies are utilised in an international comparative context. Applying a wide range of international cases from the US, EU, Australia and Asia, this approach allows readers to view transformations in production systems and processes across sectors, technologies and industries.

Students, scholars and policymakers in the fields of public policy, economic geography, city and regional planning, and business and management will find this collection invaluable in understanding how firms and industries adapt, through dynamic and design-driven strategies, to produce for established and emerging markets.

Contents:

PART I: INTRODUCTION

PART II:(PROCESSES) BUILDING BLOCKS: FACTOR INPUTS AND PRODUCTION ORGANIZATION
1. Manufacturing Management in Theory and Practice
Paul L Forrester

2. Manufacturing and Labor
Sally Weller

3. How Does Financialization Affect Manufacturing Investment? Preliminary Evidence from the US and UK
Susan Christopherson

4. Manufacturing Logistics
Peter V. Hall

5. Reshoring and the ‘Manufacturing Moment’
Margaret Cowell and John Provo

6. Relocation of Production Activities and Underlying Social Dynamics: An Analytical Framework based on a Canadian Perspective
Patrice Jalette

7. Tool-less Manufacture: Digital Fabrication, 3D Printing and the Third Industrial Revolution
Michael Ward

8. Engineering and Manufacturing: Concurrent Maturation of xRL
Ben Wang, William C. Kessler and Andrew Dugenske

9. Energy and Manufacturing: Technology and Policy Transformations and Challenges
Marilyn A. Brown and Gyungwon Kim

10. Design and Manufacturing: The Competitiveness of American, European and Chinese Industrial Design Companies
Vida Vanchan and John Bryson

11. Intellectual Property and Patents: Knowledge Creation and Diffusion
Dieter Kogler

PART III: INDUSTRY AND FIRM CASE STUDIES
12. Manufacturing Textile Futures: Innovation, Adaptation and the UK Textiles Industry
Megan Ronayne

13. Finding a Future for the U.S. Furniture Industry
Susan Walcott

14. New Geographies of Advanced Manufacturing: The Case of Machine Tools
Ron Kalafsky

15. Farm Machinery: A Changing Path to Feed the World
Dawn M. Drake

16. Hidden in Plain Sight: The North American Optics and Photonics Industry
Jennifer Clark

17. Traditional and Emerging Markets in the Global Steel Supply Chain
Carey Durkin Treado

18. Intermediate Manufacturing: Profit, Dependency and Value Attainment in Supply Chains
Rachel Mulhall

19. Aerospace Manufacturing: Past, Present and Future
Colin G. Drury

20. Manufacturing Stoke: Emergence, Transformation and Consolidation in the Surfboard Industry
Andrew Warren and Chris Gibson

21. Migrant Manufacturing: Translocal Production and the Establishment of a Polish Bakery in Birmingham, UK
Catherine Harris

22. Škoda Auto: The transformation from a domestic to a Tier Two lead firm
Petr Pavlínek

23. Samsung: Restructuring, Innovation, and Global Networks
Sam Ock Park

PART IV: POLICY NARRATIVES IN MANUFACTURING
24. Stability Amid Industrial Change: The Geography of U.S. Deindustrialization since 1980
Marc Doussard and Greg Schrock

25. Searching for Advanced Manufacturing in the United Kingdom and United States: Definitions, Measurement and Public Policy
Finbarr Livesey

26. National Manufacturing Policy, Local Real Estate Markets, and the Missing Region: Prospects for Urban Industrial Development in the U.S.
Laura Wolf-Powers

27. The City and Industry: Deurbanizing Manufacturing in New York City?
Lynn McCormick

28. Manufacturing in the Knowledge Economy: Innovation in Low-tech Industries
Teis Hansen and Lars Winther

29. Crafting a Comeback: Cultivating an Innovative Ecosystem in Mature Regions
Maryann Feldman and Lauren Lanahan

30. From Skill Mismatch to Reinterpretation: Challenges and Solutions for Manufacturing Worker Retention and Recruitment
Nichola J. Lowe

PART V: CONCLUSION

Este trabajo se propone abordar el audiovisual titulado "Marking 50 years of Progress", realizado por la United States Agency por International Development (USAID), para celebrar los 50 años transcurridos desde el decreto presidencial que dio nacimiento a dicha Agencia. El objetivo es analizar el audiovisual en tanto elaboración simbólica de un discurso político para acercarse a la forma en que la USAID concibe, piensa y promociona el “desarrollo”.

In this paper we use key learnings from the Cooperative Research Centre for Remote Economic Participation (CRC REP), Remote Education Systems and Pathways to Employment research projects to critique the white paper on Developing the North and the potential of such a future to unleash the norths potential. With very little about how to maximise the values of Aboriginal peoples or even a recognition of the availability of an Aboriginal workforce, we ask how this traditionally orientated development proposal will build strengths and capacities within the North, not simply contribute to Gross National Product (GNP). From a strong research base we highlight flawed assumptions behind current Aboriginal employment strategies and what does and does not work in terms of local Aboriginal workforce development. Through this we point to an extensive gap in innovation with industry and entrepreneurial activity limited to five growth sectors. Finally, drawing on the results and implications of our respective research projects, we propose some ways in which industries, regulators, legislators and government sponsored innovation initiatives could respond to better harness the latent potential of Aboriginal peoples and communities.

The financial sector in India is going through a phase of rapid expansion, where, the government of India is making efforts to enhance to financial umbrella for those who are deprived of these services, especially banking'. Many studies in past have presented and explained the role of financial development in boosting economic growth. Accordingly, it is expected that financial development will lead to economic expansion. This paper aims to analyze the trend of financial development and its relationship with national output in India. The results of this study describe that financial development and economic development in India have a bi-directional causal relationship.

We investigate the relationship between height and some economic-development indicators in modern Spain by means of a recently constructed times series of data on conscripts.We estimate a Vector Autoregressive EquilibriumCorrectionModel (VECqM) to quantify the height and GDP per capita response to various living-standard indicators.
We observe that conditions that perpetuate an elevated level of sickness and mortality and that raise the relative price of consumption goods tend to impede human growth, as reflected in a decline in average adult height,whereas factors that promote the purchase of health services and that help to open up the economy to international trade and ideas have tended to have an opposite effect from the 1850s onward. Our results also indicate that neither the level of per capita GDP nor its growth rate has a unidirectional relation to various measures of living standards, chiefly adult stature. Instead, our findings suggest that there may be behavioral factors (e.g., emphasis on health services), political factors
(e.g., degree of openness), and economic factors (e.g., relative consumer costs to GDP deflator) whose affects may have been influenced the level of GDP, over the sample period.

Policy decisions at the organizational, corporate, and governmental levels should be more heavily influenced by issues related to well-being—people’s evaluations and feelings about their lives. Domestic policy currently focuses heavily on economic outcomes, although economic indicators omit, and even mislead about, much of what society values. We show that economic indicators have many shortcomings, and that measures of well-being point

Actions directed at saving the remaining natural resources, be it forests, biodiversity, or
whole ecosystems should be expected to increase as levels of environmental degradation increase. This expectation is consistent with the comment of Dudley et al(1999) that there is an excellent outlook for protected area increases; and with information indicating that since 1962 protection of public areas has increased tenfold(Molnar 2005). For example, most countries have already protected or are planning to protect a percentage of their resource base, and pressures from NGOs seeking maximum protection are right now strong. Conservation International reports that in 2005 it has projects in 40 countries(Seligmann 2005). Also, the conflict between social goals and preservation goals should be expected to increase as the levels of natural resources available for traditional social uses decrease. For example, as environmental stakeholders press for more resource protection, social stakeholders will press for their right to exploit their available resources, especially, sustainably. This should not be a surprise as the conflict between conservation and the people or communities affected by it is known(Wright1996; Stolton and Dudley 1999) and it is now more widely recognized(Molnar 2005).

This article explores the patterns of class inequality and capital accumulation in Brazil, showing the drivers and limits of the decline in inequality that occurred during the Workers' Party governments. It proposes that minimum wage hikes and greater social security changed the demand pattern and kick-started a cumulative causation process. Growth and redistribution thus reinforced each other for a period, and then spelled their own limits. As growth accelerated in the 2000s, a Gini decomposition indicates that class inequality decreased, but confined to changes between workers-capitalist income and social stratification were preserved. This also endogenously led to a re-gressive structural change, as low-productivity, labour-intensive services grew and international trade patterns worsened. This created a medium-term dependence on commodity prices for balance-of-trade solvency, and heightened cost-push inflation, which could not be overcome under the limited policy framework in place. The constrained basis for reducing inequality and the regressive structural change underscore that developmental strategies requires broad, multi-dimensional inequality-reducing measures and an encompassing catching-up project.

During the last five decades Tunisia managed to achieve a robust long-run GDP growth of about 5% per year, against 3.5% only, for the MENA region as a whole. However, Tunisia failed to reduce obvious inefficiencies such as high protection, financial repression, and a highly regulated economy in general. The present study attempts to explain why the country was unable to do better in this respect, even though it was a top performer in social modernization and it started its economic reforms relatively early. The study adopts the political economy approach to explain independent Tunisia's development policy choices, based on the theory of collective action and an analysis of contracting problems of representation, coordination, and commitment. The paper draws on some lessons from Tunisia for the other MENA countries. It stresses the importance of women's rights, population control, and modern education. In addition, it refers to the recent examples of Morocco and Kuwait regard...

Résumé: Les activités de transformation des matières premières agricoles ont toujours été importantes dans les ménages africains et sont longtemps restées essentiellement familiales. La crise économique que connaissent les savanes d 'Afrique centrale a ...

CHAPTER 8 Economic Reforms, Growth, and Governance: The Political Economy Aspects of Bangladesh's Development Surprise Wahiduddin Mahmud, Sadiq Ahmed, and Sandeep Mahajan Bangladesh emerged from its war of independence desperately poor, overpopulated, and ...

Tourism and Immigration on first brush seem like an odd combination to share a governance webpage. However think of it as temporary and permanent visitors to our region. At any rate I have a letter posted below that highlights the critical shortcoming of Nova Scotia’s governance on both matters, and it is my hope that via self-governance the Province of C.B.I. can turn a mismanaged shortcoming into a strategic comparative advantage and thus essentially tourism and immigration prospectively represent 2 key platform areas for growth of our future new province.

Based on the failure to cut down poverty rate to 7% by 2019, I argue that the Indonesian Government needs not only planning and identifying targets, but also look for ways to realise its objectives. The State Budget spent through social spending only have a minuscule impact on poverty reduction, which I strongly suspect to eventuate because the poor lacks the capability to decide on which aspects they should utilise the funds.

I then explained two underlying aspects of blockchain technology: smart contracts and digital identity, and how these two could help the Government achieve its development objectives.

The Government must be both a planner and a searcher. Identify what needs to be resolved and search for ways to resolve it.

The Kenan Institute’s UNC Center for Competitive Economies (C3E) conducted a “Marine Biotechnology Incubator Feasibility Study” for the Carteret Community College (CCC) in 2007. The study assessed the feasibility of a Carteret County-based business incubator serving the initial facility requirements of marine biotechnology start-up companies across the coastal North Carolina study region. The project finds that such an incubator is not feasible primarily due to an insufficient current and prospective tenant population to make such a facility financial viable. However, it further finds that alternative collaborative strategies can enable the marine science resources of coastal North Carolina to significantly contribute to the region’s economy.

Ovaj izvještaj istražuje pokretače neprijavljenog gospodarstva u Hrvatskoj, dosadašnju organizaciju borbe protiv neprijavljenog rada i preispituje aktualni te potencijalni pristup politika i mjera u rješavanju problema neprijavljenog rada u Hrvatskoj.

Pokretači neprijavljenog gospodarstva u Hrvatskoj
Značajni je napredak nedavno postignut u objašnjavanju odrednica neprijavljenog rada.  Da bi se objasnio neprijavljeni rad, podrazumijeva se da svako društvo ima institucije koje određuju, prate i provode „pravila igre“ vezane za ono što je društveno prihvatljivo.  U svim društvima postoje dva tipa takvih institucija: formalne institucije koje određuju „državni moral“ o tome što je društveno prihvatljivo (tj. zakoni i propisi) i neformalne institucije koje određuju „građanski moral“ (tj. zajednička društvena pravila koja su najčešće nepisana). 
Gledano iz perspektive navedenih institucija neprijavljeni se rad pojavljuje kada se zbog propusta formalnih institucija državni moral počne razlikovati od građanskog.  Posljednjih godina više je studija prepoznalo o kojim se propustima formalnih institucija radi. Neprijavljeni rad prevladava kada imamo: niži BDP po glavi stanovnika; rašireniju korupciju u javnom sektoru i slabiju kvalitetu upravljanja; nisku potrošnju za intervencije na tržištu rada u svrhu pomoći najranjivijim skupinama; niska izdavanja za socijalnu zaštitu i sustave socijalnih transfera koji su neučinkoviti u smanjivanju razine nejednakosti i teške materijalne deprivacije. 
Stoga, da bi se riješio problem neprijavljenog gospodarstva u Hrvatskoj potrebno je nastaviti sa sljedećim mjerama:
• poboljšati razinu BDP-a po glavi stanovnika,
• poboljšati upravljanje i smanjiti korupciju u javnom sektoru,
• održati i povećati potrošnju za intervencije na tržištu rada u svrhu pomoći najranjivijim skupinama sa aktualne niske, relativno osnovne razine,
• ustrajati na povećanju izdavanja za socijalnu zaštitu, i to povezati s 
• razvijanjem učinkovitijih sustava socijalnih transfera koji smanjuju razinu nejednakosti u prihodima i razinu teške materijalne deprivacije u hrvatskom društvu.
Pored navedenih strukturnih odrednica, postoje mnoge dodatne organizacijske i političke inicijative koje se mogu poduzimati u rješavanju problema neprijavljenog gospodarstva. 

Organizacija borbe protiv neprijavljenog rada: institucionalni okvir
Hrvatska nema nijednu agenciju zaduženu za borbu protiv neprijavljenog rada, ni središnje tijelo koje bi osiguralo koordinirano djelovanje različitih sektora uključenih u rješavanje problema neprijavljenog rada. Umjesto toga, postoji pristup koji je vrlo fragmentaran. Nadležnost za rješavanje neprijavljenog rada raspoređena je po cijelom nizu institucija od kojih svaka preuzima odgovornost za različite segmente neprijavljenog gospodarstva. Dok je kršenje radnog prava u nadležnosti Inspektorata rada, neplaćanje poreza u nadležnosti je Ministarstva financija, a prijevare u osiguranju i socijalnom osiguranju su u nadležnosti tijela socijalnog osiguranja. Trenutačno je suradnja između različitih institucija u borbi protiv neprijavljenog rada nedostatna u strateškom i operativnom smislu i u smislu dijeljenja podataka te ne postoje zajednički tematski ciljevi. Stoga je potrebno unaprijediti kvalitetu upravljanja. Potrebna je reakcija koja je više koordinirana, a taj problem će se dijelom riješiti odlukom kojom se krajem 2017. godine osniva Državni inspektorat.
Uključenost socijalnih partnera u rješavanju problema neprijavljenog rada za sada je relativno slaba a njihovo sudjelovanje u procesu donošenja odluka zanemarivo je. S obzirom na to da rješavanje problema neprijavljenog rada zahtjeva njihovo sudjelovanje, preporuča se njihovo intenzivnije uključivanje. 

Aktualni pristup politika i mjera: evaluacija
Hrvatska trenutno ima relativno suženi pristup odvraćanja i mjere politika su uvelike usredotočene na odvraćanje sudjelovanja u neprijavljenom radu povećavanjem kazni i rizika od otkrivanje. Malo se pažnje posvećuje poboljšanju prednosti i poticaja prijavljenog rada, ili čak neizravnim preventivnim alatima kao što su kampanje za podizanje svijesti i rješavanja nepravilnosti i propusta formalnih institucija (npr. osiguravanje proceduralne i redistributivne pravednosti i pravičnosti te provođenje sveobuhvatnih ekonomskih i socijalnih politika). Stoga je potrebno odmaknuti se od pretjeranog oslanjanja na mjere odvraćanja prema široj primjeni preventivnih poticaja kao i prema podizanju svijesti, i usredotočiti se na ciljanje i rješavanje najvećih pokretača neprijavljenog gospodarstva.
 

AUTHORS Stefano Migliorisi (Tech4Dev) Alessandra Balletti (Wi‐ART) Karl Edwards (Excelsio Communications) Roberto Donà (NPV) David Mendoza Ugo Silva Dias Miguel Collado di Franco Luis Deza ... EDITOR Jaime García Alba (Multilateral Investment Fund)

In recent years the environment has become an increasingly important issue in many sectors of society, from business and industry to community and government. This wide-ranging collection features contributors from the UK, Spain, Switzerland, France, Belgium, ...

The Economist (UK) invited me to participate in their periodic online debate series with World Bank economist, Wolfgang Fengler, about the need for industrialization in Africa. The 3-part series was posted online during March 12 – 22, 2013. Readers votes determine the winner.