KM

We report the display of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (hCNTF), a survival factor for neuronal cells belonging to the ~-helical cytokine superfamily, on the surface of the filamentous bacteriophage fd. The hCNTF cDNA was fused to a DNA sequence encoding the C-terminal domain of pIII, a minor coat protein exposed at one end of fd. Gene fusions were cloned into a plasmid containing the ColE1 plasmid and fd origins of replication, and were packaged into phagemid particles upon superinfection with M13KO7 helper phage. The resulting fusion phage bound specifically to anti-CNTF antibodies and to the recombinant soluble CNTF s-receptor. Moreover, phage-displayed hCNTF was found to possess biological activity at concentrations comparable to those of the soluble cytokine. These results demonstrate that CNTF can be displayed on phage in a correctly folded and functionally active form. Binding of fusion phage to immobilized CNTF ~-receptor and subsequent elution at low pH resulted in affinity purification of CNTF-displaying virions. Utilization of this technology should enable the selection of high-affinity variants from libraries of CNTF mutants displayed on phage.

Este trabalho descreve a evolução da administração de recursos humanos nas empresas e os seus aspectos fundamentais da nova Gestão de Pessoas. O objetivo é apresentar a aplicação do novo modelo de gestão, principalmente no que tange à Gestão do Conhecimento, como uma ferramenta estratégica nas organizações. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, exploratória e descritiva sobre o assunto buscando identificar os principais tópicos na construção da atual Gestão de Pessoas. Conclui-se que se torna imprescindível a definição de uma estratégia na organização envolvendo todas as pessoas do processo operacional para atrair e reter colaboradores mais capazes, pois em um ambiente competitivo em que as empresas estão inseridas, um dos principais fatores de uma vantagem competitiva é a gestão estratégica de pessoas possibilitando a aplicação efetiva dentro das empresas

There appears to be several problems with repositories in knowledge management systems (KMS). During the twenty-plus years of KMS there have been many criticisms of the use of repositories and the KM initiatives giving rise to them. Such repositories have been used by a range of company types and sizes and in a number of sectors. However, many of the initiatives have failed to achieve their expected benefits, as evident in the literature, which obscured any real benefits. There may have been misguided expectations arising from the capacity to remember ‘knowledge’ that ‘information’ systems (IS) provide, and from the ease with which old or mislaid knowledge may be found using them. Such expectations weren’t aligned to the goals of KM initiatives and the organizational needs that led to them. We perceive two issues. The first is that many scholars and practitioners still view KMS as a category of IS. Secondly, KMS are implemented retrospectively – they are designed and built to meet current needs as informed by past challenges which may orientate a KMS towards tackling past issues and make KMS inflexible. KMS need to be less rigid and more adaptable to the constantly evolving needs of an organization. We report on a KM project with a company that delivered a successfully flexible and adaptable KMS based on a standard IS repository. The project was carried out based on an action research approach within a knowledge-intensive service provider which had been experiencing problems it believed could be addressable through KM. By adopting the socio-technical perspective of KMS and a hybrid strategy between personalisation and codification a KMS was built, evaluated, and modified through action research within the customer service department of the Firm. The paper represents a work-in-progress report and describes the R & D approach including findings from the relevant literature in knowledge management and change management. In our findings we put forward a new perspective into how knowledge repositories could be viewed and put into practice mainly through the removal of a rigid structure, which arguably hinders participation in KM. We argue that our approach empowers the users and produces greater trust enhancing collaboration. We contend that these well-established aspirations of KM have not yet been thoroughly or widely explored with traditional repository-based KMS. Through our findings we consolidate a number of good/best practices previously documented. These show that by empowering and trusting the end user, and through the introduction of a flexible design of a KMS and its repository, help motivating the users. The paper describes how this has been observed within the situation of an IT customer service department. A side effect of the research is a set of new insights into tacit knowledge.

The plasmid pBR322 was one of the fast EK2 m~tip~ose cloning vectors to be designed and constructed (ten years ago) for the efficient cloning and selection of recombinant DNA molecules in Escherichiu co&. This 4363-bp DNA molecule has been extensively used as a cloning vehicle because of its simplicity and the availability of its nucleotide sequence. The widespread use of pBR322 has prompted numerous studies into its molecular structure and function. These studies revealed two features that detract from the plasmid's effectiveness as a cloning vector: (a) plasmid instabihty in the absence of seiection and, (b) the lack of a direct selection scheme for r~ornb~~t DNA molecules. Several vectorsbased on pBR322 have been ~ons~ct~ to overcome these limitations and to extend the vector's versatility to accomodate special cloning purposes. The objective of this review is to provide a survey of these derivative vectors and to summarize information currently available on pBR322. INTRG~U~ION Since the early days of molecular cloning, bacterial plasmids have received much attention because of their usefulness as vectors in recombinant DNA experimentation. The design and construction of cloning vectors has now become a complex and highly sop~s~~at~ area of study, yielding a vast amount of ~fo~a~on and a great number of specialiied vectors for investigators to use.

This paper presents and describes a new pragmatism orientation technique for identifying and measuring knowledge management to grow an organisation. The technique brings together Dilip Bhatt KM components. The empirical study presents results, a Kiviat diagram, highlights the principal significance for comparison alignment between two KM models (Non-IT and IT connections) using Composite Features Diagramming methodology.

This method illustrates an abundance characteristics component results in visual qualitative technique that also enables conducted quantitative evaluation to fundamentally analyse, measure and transform an organisation success level retrospectively. It studies these links in a Healthcare organisation context, where KM is a strategic concern. Finally, further recommendation is subsequently addressed for future exploration works.

Los modelos de regresió n multivariables se utilizan ampliamente en la investigació n de ciencias de la salud. Con frecuencia, el objetivo en la recolecció n de datos obedece al afá n de explicar las interrelaciones que existen entre ciertas variables o a determinar los factores que afectan a la presencia o ausencia de un episodio adverso determinado. Es ahí donde los modelos de regresió n multivariables pasan a ser un instrumento ú til, al suministrar una explicació n matemá tica simplificada de dicha relació n. El objetivo final será obtener un modelo simplificado que tenga sentido desde una perspectiva bioló gica, se atenga estrechamente a los datos disponibles y aporte predicciones vá lidas al aplicarlo a datos independientes.

This article proposes a framework for assessing knowledge management system (KMS) success models. The framework uses three criteria: how well the model fits actual KMS success factors, the degree to which the model has a theoretical foundation, and if the model can be used for both types of KMSs. The framework is then applied to four KMS success models found in the literature and is determined to be a useful framework for assessing KMS success models.

Background: With the emergence of new technologies and increasing competition among organizations for of organization in its different aspects has become a necessity. Yet, among various areas of performance and numerous organizational resources to be controlled, knowledge and intellectual sources are becoming more and more important.

This paper investigated the correlation between the level of knowledge management (KM) and efficiency of ceramic tile companies in Iran. KM was measured with four components: infrastructure, process, people, and strategy and then efficiency was measured with data envelopment analysis (DEA). First, factor analysis was used in order to determine KM factors. Then, the partial correlation between KM components and efficiency was computed. Finally, multiple linear regressions were computed with the four independent variables (factors) and efficiency. Results showed positive relationship between the KM level and the efficiency in ceramic tile industry.

This paper takes a marketing perspective of knowledge management and introduces the concepts of marketing knowledge and knowledge-based marketing based on a review and evaluation of the extant literature. A conceptual framework of knowledge-based marketing is developed and the essential processes of marketing knowledge co-creation with the main actors in the business ecosystem of global firms are analysed. Traditional marketing approaches have focused overly on explicit knowledge and neglected the important role of tacit knowledge, specifically in international (cross-cultural) settings. This paper aims to adjust this imbalance in the extant literature, and makes a call for a new knowledge-based marketing paradigm.

Intestinal function in young animals is influenced by maternal factors, such as alterations in the maternal diet. Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) enhances intestinal growth and absorption in mature animals. Glucocorticosteroids induce intestinal maturation in neonates and increase sugar uptake in adult animals. It is not known if maternally administered GLP-2 or glucocorticosteroids have persistent effects on intestinal transport in the offspring. This study was undertaken to determine (1) the influence of maternal GLP-2, dexamethasone (DEX) and GLP-2+DEX on intestinal sugar uptake in postweanling offspring and (2) if alterations in uptake are due to variations in intestinal morphology, sugar transporter abundance or the abundance of selected signals. Nursing rat dams were treated during pregnancy and lactation with GLP-2 (0.1 Ag/g per day sc), DEX (0.128 Ag/g per day sc), GLP-2+DEX or placebo. The offspring were sacrificed 4 weeks after weaning, and glucose and fructose uptake was determined using an in vitro intestinal ring uptake technique. sodium-dependent glucose transporter, glucose transporter (GLUT) 5, GLUT2, sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase and selected signals were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The treatments did not affect body weights or intestinal morphology. GLP-2 and GLP-2+DEX increased jejunal fructose uptake, and GLP-2+DEX increased the jejunal and ileal maximal transport rate for glucose uptake. Protein kinase B and mammalian target of rapamycin abundance were also increased, while transporter abundance was unchanged. We speculate that these alterations in sugar uptake may be due to changes in the intrinsic activity of the transporters mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway. These alterations in uptake may have nutritional implications for the offspring of mothers who may be treated with GLP-2 or glucocorticosteroids. D

In this paper we describe that telemedicine technology how affect on knowledge management in general and specifically on knowledge sharing process. This issue may be important in health sector and knowledge oriented organizations that eager to improve knowledge sharing I their organizations. Via telemedicine and E-health technologies, healthcare organizations can deliver healthcare to patients in distance area , so we can touch productivity and improve effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare organization . Although the potential benefit of using telemedicine have been knowledge sharing, that most of current research focus on economic benefit of using telemedicine .in this paper we try to develop new framework in knowledge sharing base on some theoretical and conceptual issues that shows knowledge management benefits. And also try to develop model to explain how knowledge sharing occurs I telemedicine practices and finally show that knowledge sharing is potential benefit of using telemedicine. In this case we examine finding in one healthcare organization that will show results at the end of paper.

This research paper is based on extensive research work on success factors and framework of knowledge management in competency building of business organization. In this research paper the researcher analyzed the success factors, which are enablers towards decision making process and explore the knowledge management in every phases of the organizational decision making process. The researcher is also tried to optimize the decision making capabilities in competency building on decision making platform towards business optimization. This paper is also emphasized the success factors which directly affected to decision making capabilities in competency building of business organization.

This is a longitudinal case study that explored the relationship between use of organizational memory and knowledge, knowledge management, and knowledge worker productivity within the engineering group at a nuclear power plant. Three data points were taken over 5 years. The group used a knowledge management system (KMS) and it was found that the system improved effectiveness/productivity of the organization. The organization had not identified measures for determining productivity improvements, so the key results of the case study are models showing the impact of knowledge use on productivity.

Non-profit organizations are identified as knowledge intensive. This qualification, coupled with a range of environmental forces exerted by both the public and for-profit sectors have irrevocably changed the landscape within which the not-for profit sector works, and its consequent functioning. Non-profit organizations, faced with an increasingly competitive environment, require adoption of a strategic approach to ensure sustainability, part of which requires strategic management of their knowledge assets.

Resúmen.-El trabajo rescata los Sistemas de Información que dan valor a los negocios considerando nuevos enfoques de gestión (SCM 3 , CRM 4 , ERP 5 y KM 6 )[TUR02] que son aplicaciones empresariales que integran la información a través de la empresa y crean nuevos y poderosos vínculos con clientes y proveedores dentro de las organizaciones modernas, enfoques basados en Tecnología de Información. El trabajo es enriquecido e impulsado por aplicaciones Linux "Software Libre" y "Open Source" adaptado para satisfacer las necesidades emergentes de estas organizaciones modernas de "alta tecnología" o "empresas digitales".

The various pathogenic Yersinia species are not readily and efficiently transformed by classical methods. For this reason, the electroporation technique was applied for genetic transformation of these species. Using optimal conditions, we were able to transform the six Yersinia ...

The main aim of Knowledge Management (KM) is to connect people to quality knowledge as well as people to people in order to peak performance. This is also the primary goal of Learning Management (LM). In fact, in the world of e-learning, it is more widely recognised that how learning content is used and distributed by learners might be more important than how it is designed. In the last few years, there has been an increasing focus on social software applications and services as a result of the rapid development of Web 2.0 concepts. In this paper, we argue that LM and KM can be viewed as two sides of the same coin, and explore how Web 2.0 technologies can leverage knowledge sharing and learning and enhance individual performance whereas previous models of LM and KM have failed, and present a social software driven approach to LM and KM.

We assessed the value of lymph node density for predicting disease specific survival after lymphadenectomy for penile cancer.Data were collected retrospectively in 75 and prospectively in 88 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1979 and 2007. We identified 45 patients with penile cancer and nodal metastasis who underwent lymphadenectomy with curative intent. Lymph node density was analyzed as a categorical variable by grouping patients into 2 or 3 categories based on equal percents. We explored the prognostic value of lymph node density for predicting disease specific survival in this cohort.Median followup was 23.7 months in all patients. By the time of analysis 22 patients had died, including 18 (82%) of penile cancer and 4 (18%) of other causes. Median lymph node density in patients alive or dead of other causes was 3.4% (IQR 2.9–5.9) compared to 43.3% (IQR 15.6–80) in those dead of disease (p <0.001). Median lymph node density in all patients was 6.7%. Estimated 5-year disease specific survival in patients with lymph node density 6.7% or less was significantly better than that in patients with lymph node density greater than 6.7% (91.2%, 95% CI 53.9–98.8 vs 23.3%, 95% CI 7.0–45.1, p <0.001). In models comparing lymph node density to known prognostic features lymph node density remained statistically significant, while the other factors were no longer statistically associated with disease specific survival.Lymph node density proved to be a significantly better prognosticator of disease specific survival than the current TNM nodal staging system in patients with penile cancer and nodal involvement. Further independent validation is required to determine the clinical usefulness of lymph node density in this patient population.

This paper elaborates various linkages between knowledge management (KM) and productivity measurement (PM) in contest of developing productivity measurement to sustain automobile ancillary industries. Based on the literature review,a framework linking the managementcapabilities to support sustainability. The framework identifies ways to promote sustainability through the creating the effectivelinks between KM and PM which the organization s can develop their productivity to ensuresustainabilityacross the business and social justice contexts. This approach provides the managers with framework for addressingsustainability issues andfor developing individuals and organizational capabilities to support through KM and PM.

Improving project management, product development and engineering processes is for many companies crucial to survive in a fast changing environment. However, these activities are rarely integrated well due to the diversity of stakeholders with individual knowledge about projects, products and processes. This case study shows how Alcatel-Lucent over time achieved effective interaction of engineering processes, tools and people on

This article describes a knowledge management (KM) success model that is derived from observations generated through a longitudinal study of KM in an engineering organization and KM success factors found in the literature, which were modified by the application of these observations and success factors in various projects. The DeLone and McLean (1992, 2003) IS Success Model was used as a framework for the model, since it was found to fit the observed success criteria and provided an accepted theoretical basis for the proposed model.

A chimeric vector pKR612B 1 was developed containing the neomycin phosphotransferase (APH) gene from the TnS transposon under the control of the gene VI promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), and was used to transform higher plant protoplasts. Plasmid pDOB612, the parental vector of pKR612B1, has two unique restriction sites, SmaI and BumHI, positioned just downstream of the CaMV gene VI promoter sequence. These unique cloning sites can be used for any kind of gene insertion into this vector. Using the polyethylene glycol transformation procedure, a large number of turnip and tobacco protoplasts were transformed and proved to be resistant to kanamycin (Km). From tobacco protoplasts whole Km-resistant plants were regenerated and shown to contain the integrated foreign gene. APH activity was detected in both transformed calli and in regenerated plants. DNA from transformed clones was analysed by Southern blot hybridization, showing the presence of the TnS-derived gene.

Under carbon starvation, Aspergillus nidulans produced a fungal/bacterial type chitinase, ChiB. The chiB gene was cloned and subcloned into pJC40 expression vector containing a 10XHis fusion tag, and the ChiB protein was expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli. Recombinant and native ChiB enzymes shared the same optimal pH ranges and showed similar substrate specificities with endo-acting cleavage patterns.

Benang Tri Datu (Tridatu) adalah benang yang terdiri dari tiga macam warna yaitu : merah, putih dan hitam yang merupakan simbol manifestasi Hyang Widhi yang dibuat oleh pemangku di pura pada saat hari baik dan memiliki makna meningkatkan aura tersendiri. Tiga warna benang Tri Datu juga sebagai lambang Kesucian Tuhan dalam manifestasinya sebagai Brahma (pencipta), Wisnu (pemelihara), dan Dewa Siwa (pelebur), disamping sebagai lambang Tri Kona, yaitu  Lahir,  Hidup dan  Mati,

Bilgi Yönetiminde Liderliğin Rolü: Kapadokya Bölgesinde Faaliyet Gösteren Kobi’lerde Bir Araştırma

Özet

Bilgi yönetimi sürecinde liderlik, grup amaçlarını ya da organizasyonel hedefleri başarmak için gereksinim duyulan öğrenme süreçlerinde, diğer grup üyelerinin desteklendiği bir süreç olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu süreç içerisinde liderin öncelikli görevi, organizasyonun bilgi varlıklarını harekete geçirerek bilgiden yarar sağlayabilmektir. Bilgi yönetiminde işletmelerin başarısı, lider/yöneticilerin değişime ayak uydurabilmeleri ve aynı zamanda liderlik özelliklerine sahip olmaları ile mümkün olabilecektir. İşletmelerin bilgi yönetimi uygulamasında başarı sağlayabilmeleri için; işletme içinde güven ortamının yaratılması, işletmenin bilgi vizyonunun belirlenmesi, hedef odaklı bir bilgi yönetim stratejisinin izlenmesi, işletme süreçlerine ve faaliyet alanına uygun teknolojilerin seçilip yerleştirilmesi, çalışanların bilgi paylaşımının kolaylaştırılması, performans ve bilgi paylaşımının ödüllendirilmesi, bilgi yönetiminin iç süreçlere yerleştirilmesi ve destekleyici bir alt yapının oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Çalışmada, bilgi yönetiminde liderliğin rolü ve önemi ortaya konulmakta, bilgi yönetiminin başarısı için, liderlik rollerinin neler olduğu açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Uygulama kısmında ise, ülkemizde faaliyet gösteren işletmelerde bilgi yönetimi uygulamaları ve liderlik ilişkisi konu edilmektedir. Bu çerçevede, işletmelerin bilgi yönetimi uygulamasında nasıl başarı elde edebileceklerine ve sorunlarını aşmaları için bilgi yönetimini bir strateji olarak nasıl kullanabileceklerine ilişkin öneriler sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Bilgi Yönetimi, Liderlik, Bilgi Yönetiminde Liderlik Rolleri

LEADERSHIP ROLES IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY IN SMEs OPERATING IN CAPPADOCIA REGION

Abstract

In the process of knowledge management (KM), leadership can be defined as a process in which the other members of the group are supported in learning processes which are necessary for accomplishing group goals or organizational objectives. In this process, the principal task of the leader is to benefit from knowledge through mobilizing knowledge assets of the organization. The success of the businesses in KM depends on leaders’ keeping in pace with the change and also on leadership qualities. In order to be successful in KM applications, the businesses need to build a trust atmosphere, to determine their knowledge visions, to follow a goal-oriented KM strategy, to select and install technologies appropriate for their procedures and scope of operations, to facilitate the knowledge sharing of the employees, to reward performance and knowledge sharing, to install KM in house processes, and to provide a supporting infra-structure. In this study, the role and importance of leadership in KM are exposed while explaining the leadership roles to be employed in order to be successful in KM. The relationship of KM applications and leadership in the companies working in our country is the subject of the application of the study. In this respect, suggestions on how to reach success in KM and on how to use the KM as an organizational strategy to overcome the troubles are made to businesses.

Keywords: Knowledge Management, Leadership, Leadership Roles in KM

This paper reviews the achievement of benefits through Enterprise Content Management (ECM) systems in public sector organisations. From the literature there are few benefits which deal with ECM benefits in organisations, especially in public sector. The main benefits have been anecdotal and not linked to a theoretical basis. In this paper a framework to classify these benefits is proposed and benefits identified in the literature are discussed and classified. The paper also proposes a more substantial framework through a comparison with benefits from enterprise resource planning systems (ERPs) and Knowledge Management systems (KMs) which are applicable to the ECM environment. From a practical perspective this research will be of value to public sector organisations as these organisations are making substantial investments in the implementation of ECM systems often without achieving the expected benefits. Thus, this study will enhance the understanding of achievements of benefits thr...

IS1296, a new insertion sequence belonging to the IS3 family of insertion elements has been identified in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp, mycoides (Mmm) biotype small colony (SC), the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). IS1296 is 1485-bp long and has 30-bp inverted repeats. It contains two open reading frames, ORFA and ORFB, which show significant similarities to the ORFs which encode the transposase function of IS elements of the IS3 family, in particular IS150 of Escherichia coli. IS1296 is present in 19 copies in Mmm SC-type strain PG1 and in 18 copies in a recently isolated field strain L2. It seems to transpose at low frequency in Mmm SC. IS1296 is also present in 5 copies in Mmm biotype large colony (LC)-type strain Y-goat, and in two copies in Mycoplasma sp. 'bovine group 7' reference strain PG50. It is, however, not present in other species of the 'mycoides cluster' or other closely related Mycoplasma sp. of ruminants.

Phenolic compounds account for the most important class of secondary metabolites in raspberries and fulfill a broad range of biological functions in plants. Due to their presence in fruits they are also considered as important bioactive compounds in human nutrition and are closely related to fruit quality. In the present study a targeted UPLCeMS/MS method was used to screen various phenolic compounds in fruits of red and yellow raspberry cultivars. In total 50 phenolic compounds were detected above the quantification limit. Beside the obvious lack of anthocyanins, all yellow fruits analysed here lack procyanidin B1. The presence of this dimer, along with B3 dimers is described for the first time in raspberry fruits. Also for the first time, dihydrochalcone and stilbene derivatives and the quercetin metabolite, isorhamnetin with its glycosides, were identified in considerable concentrations in raspberries. Based on a PCA plot the red cultivar "Heritage" and the yellow "Alpen Gold" could clearly be separated from the other tested cultivars due to their distinct metabolite profiles/concentrations. This study allowed to obtain a comprehensive profile of the phenolic composition of the different raspberry varieties. The obtained data will lead to a better understanding of the overall biosynthetic network of polyphenols in raspberry and will help to explain responsible factors for the different metabolite profiles in ongoing studies.

This article returns to a theme addressed in Vol. 8(1) October 2002: knowledge management and the problem of managing tacit knowledge.  The article is primarily a review and analysis of the literature associated with the management of knowledge.  In particular, it focuses on the works of a group of economists who have studied the transformation of knowledge into information through the process of codification and the knowledge transaction topography they have developed to describe this.  The article explores the theoretical and philosophical antecedents of the economists' views.  It uses this as a basis for examining the dominant views of knowledge that appear in much of the literature on knowledge management and for performing a critical evaluation of their work.  The results of the analysis centre upon the question of when is it appropriate to codify knowledge.  They present a basic summary of the costs and benefits of codification before looking in more detail at its desirability.  The conclusions concern the implications of the above for knowledge management and the management of tacit knowledge.  They deal with the nature of knowledge management, some of the reasons why knowledge management projects fail to achieve their expectations and the potential problems of codification as a strategy for knowledge management.

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections in humans are an important public health concern and are commonly acquired via contact with ruminant faeces. Cattle are a key control point however cross-protective vaccines for the control of EHEC in the bovine reservoir do not yet exist. The EHEC serogroups that are predominantly associated with human infection in Europe and North America are O157 and O26. Intimin and EHEC factor for adherence (Efa-1) play important roles in intestinal colonisation of cattle by EHEC and are thus attractive candidates for the development of subunit vaccines. Immunisation of calves with the cell-binding domain of intimin subtypes β or γ via the intramuscular route induced antigen-specific serum IgG1 and, in some cases salivary IgA responses, but did not reduce the magnitude or duration of faecal excretion of EHEC O26:H-(Int 280 -β) or EHEC O157:H7 (Int 280 -γ) upon subsequent experimental challenge. Similarly, immunisation of calves via the intramuscular route with the truncated Efa-1 protein (Efa-1′) from EHEC O157:H7 or a mixture of the amino-terminal and central thirds of the full-length protein (Efa-1-N and M) did not protect against intestinal colonisation by EHEC O157:H7 (Efa-1′) or EHEC O26:H-(Efa-1-N and M) despite the induction of humoral immunity. A portion of the serum IgG1 elicited by the truncated recombinant antigens in calves was confirmed to recognise native protein exposed on the bacterial surface. Calves immunised with a mixture of Int 280 -γ and Efa-1′ or an EHEC O157:H7 bacterin via the intramuscular route then boosted via the intranasal route with the same antigens using cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant were also not protected against intestinal colonisation by EHEC O157:H7. These studies highlight the need for further studies to develop and test novel vaccines or treatments for control of this important foodborne pathogen.

The goal of this paper is to present the main critical failure factors extracted from analyzing 10 case studies of failure in Knowledge Management (KM) systems and projects and present a framework in which the failure factors are linked to the different stages in the cycle of KM implementation. Design/methodology/approach-"Grounded theory" as a qualitative research technique has been applied to explore the main failure factors. Data was collected reviewing scholarly articles containing KM case studies (failure in KM implementation) and after an in-depth studyapplying grounded theory method-the results of main critical failure factors categorized and analyzed in specific stages of implementing KM systems. Findings-Through review and analysis of 10 case studies, two main results were obtained: First, the main critical failure factors of KM projects were identified. Second, identified critical failure factors were traced along KM implementation cycle. A framework is proposed that shows the critical failure factors' effect in each specific stage of the KM cycle. Practical implication-The findings are incorporated into a framework of failure factors in KM projects and the proposed framework can help practitioners in organizations to avoid factors that lead to the demise of KM systems in each stage of KM project development cycle. This multi-© Emerald Group Publishing 2 case study research and its suggested framework are also useful for academics to gain a comprehensive view of KM critical failure factors for future studies. Research limitation-The results of this research are generalized based on cases from prior literature. However, we have tried to be as inclusive as possible to ensure a representative sample of reported KM failures. In addition, organizations do not provide accurate reports of failure in their projects because of their policies, the image of their organization, and privacy, which could affect the identification of all failure factors. Originality/value-To our knowledge this study is the first of its kind to provide an integrated perspective of critical failure factors for the implementation of KM through the inspection of 10 case studies and maps the failure factors on KM implementation cycle. It provides valuable information and guidelines that will hopefully pave the way for managers to avoid failure in implementation of a KM.

This article returns to a theme addressed in Vol. 8(1) October 2002: knowledge management and the problem of managing tacit knowledge. The article is primarily a review and analysis of the literature associated with the management of knowledge. In particular, it focuses on the works of a group of economists who have studied the transformation of knowledge into information through the process of codification and the knowledge transaction topography they have developed to describe this. The article explores the theoretical and philosophical antecedents of the economists&#39; views. It uses this as a basis for examining the dominant views of knowledge that appear in much of the literature on knowledge management and for performing a critical evaluation of their work. The results of the analysis centre upon the question of when is it appropriate to codify knowledge. They present a basic summary of the costs and benefits of codification before looking in more detail at its desirability. ...

Knowledge management systems (KMSs) have been criticized as having a North American bias. The cultural dimension of KMSs, particularly the relationship of learning and culture in KM projects, are rarely discussed. This paper addresses these concerns in a review of the conceptual foundations for KM and by examining implementations of KM projects. Despite the evolutionary changes in how KM is viewed, KMSs, as they have been designed, implemented, and reported, do not appear to provide for cultural diversity among users. Instead, the reports of KMSs indicate that such systems seek to create and maintain a homogeneous organizational culture, and the adoption of such a shared culture appears to be a prerequisite for success. The paper discusses KMSs as systems that exhibit boundary spanning objects and processes in three different categories, and an analysis of reported projects reveals that boundary spanning across national and ethnic boundaries is rare.

This paper reviews the literature describing research performed over the past decade on the known and possible exposures and human health effects associated with Florida red tides. These harmful algal blooms are caused by the dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, and similar organisms, all of which produce a suite of natural toxins known as brevetoxins. Florida red tide research has benefited from a consistently funded, long term research program, that has allowed an interdisciplinary team of researchers to focus their attention on this specific environmental issue-one that is critically important to Gulf of Mexico and other coastal communities. This long-term interdisciplinary approach has allowed the team to engage the local community, identify measures to protect public health, take emerging technologies into the field, forge advances in natural products chemistry, and develop a valuable pharmaceutical product. The Review includes a brief discussion of the Florida red tide organisms and their toxins, and then focuses on the effects of these toxins on animals and humans, including how these effects predict what we might expect to see in exposed people.

and shared. This has lead to a rich research agenda within which knowledge management systems (KMS) have been a key focus. Our research reveals that an important element of KM practice-knowledge appraisal-is considered in only a fragmentary and incomplete way in research. Knowledge appraisal reflects the multi-level process by which a firm's knowledge is evaluated by the organization or individual for its value. The processes are highly intertwined with the use of the KMS. It therefore requires consideration of KA across multiple levels and types of knowledge across the entire KM cycle. To achieve this goal, we develop and present a taxonomy of knowledge appraisal practices and discuss their role in the KM lifecycle emphasizing implications for research and practice.

positively related to the extent of information technology use in organizations. This article reports results from an exploratory survey of police investigation units in Norway to develop a research model linking knowledge reuse to IT use. Police investigation units are defined as value shops, where problems are solved in five primary activities.