Computation

Self-assembly of molecular units into complex and functional superstructures is ubiquitous in biology. The number of superstructures realized by self-assembly of man-made nanoscale units is also growing. However, assemblies of colloidal inorganic nanocrystals 1-3 are still at an elementary level, not only because of the simplicity of the shape of the nanocrystal building blocks and their interactions, but also because of the poor control over these parameters in the fabrication of more elaborate nanocrystals. Here, we show how monodisperse colloidal octapod-shaped nanocrystals self-assemble, in a suitable solution environment, on two sequential levels. First, linear chains of interlocked octapods are formed, and subsequently the chains spontaneously self-assemble into threedimensional superstructures. Remarkably, all the instructions for the hierarchical self-assembly are encoded in the octapod shape. The mechanical strength of these superstructures is improved by welding the constituent nanocrystals together. The organization of colloidal nanocrystals into ordered structures is a necessary step towards the fabrication of artificial solids and new devices. Superstructures can be built either by self-assembly directly in solution, or on a substrate following solvent evaporation or de-wetting 4-6. A variety of forces can be involved in their formation: van der Waals (vdW) attractions between the particles, steric repulsions between the hydrophobic tails of the surfactants (often coating the nanocrystal surface), capillary forces during solvent evaporation, attractive depletion forces, Coulomb forces between surface charges or electric dipoles, and magnetic forces 1,3,5,7-12. The assembly of many ordered threedimensional (3D) superstructures, for example, simple, binary, or ternary assemblies of spherical nanoparticles 13-17 , and smectic-like multilayers of hexagonally packed nanorods 18 , as well as liquid crystalline phases, is found to be solely driven by entropy 19-21. More elaborate assemblies could be achieved from such simple building blocks by encoding information for the self-assembly in the surface pattern of the nanoparticles, for instance by DNA functionalization to modify the strength and directionality of particle-particle interactions 22-24. Furthermore, bifunctional linkers and key-lock molecular pairs have been employed to align nanorods in chain-like structures 25. Directional electric and/or solvophobic interactions were further employed to drive the organization of spherical nanoparticles into lattices 26. Finally, templating has been successfully applied to create hierarchical superstructures using principally spherical particles 27,28 , and layerby-layer methods have been exploited to generate hierarchically organized materials 29. However, limitations in synthesis, selective functionalization, and purification processes have posed serious 872

This paper establishes the existence of a stationary equilibrium and a procedure to compute solutions to a class of dynamic general equilibrium models with two important features. First, occupational choice is determined endogenously as a function of heterogeneous agent type, which is defined by an agent's managerial ability and capital bequest. Heterogeneous ability is exogenous and independent across generations. In contrast, bequests link generations and the distribution of bequests evolves endogenously. Second, there is a financial market for capital loans with a deadweight intermediation cost and a repayment incentive constraint. The incentive constraint induces a nonconvexity. The paper proves that the competitive equilibrium can be characterized by the bequest distribution and factor prices, and uses the monotone mixing condition to ensure that the stationary bequest distribution that arises from the agent's optimal behavior across generations exists and is unique. The paper next constructs a direct, non-parametric approach to compute the stationary solution. The method reduces the domain of the policy function, thus reducing the computational complexity of the problem. JEL Classification: C62; C63; E60; G38.

In the first part of the study, nine estimators of the first-order autoregressive parameter are reviewed and a new estimator is proposed. The relationships and discrepancies between the estimators are discussed in order to achieve a clear differentiation. In the second part of the study, the precision in the estimation of autocorrelation is studied. The performance of the ten lag-one autocorrelation estimators is compared in terms of Mean Square Error (combining bias and variance) using data series generated by Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that there is not a single optimal estimator for all conditions, suggesting that the estimator ought to be chosen according to sample size and to the information available on the possible direction of the serial dependence. Additionally, the probability of labelling an actually existing autocorrelation as statistically significant is explored using Monte Carlo sampling. The power estimates obtained are quite similar among the tests ass...

When serial neurocognitive assessments are performed, 2 main factors are of importance: test-retest reliability and practice effects. With children, however, there is a third, developmental factor, which occurs as a result of maturation. Child tests recognize this factor through the provision of age-corrected scaled scores. Thus, a ready-made method for estimating the relative contribution of developmental versus practice effects is the comparison of raw (developmental and practice) and scaled (practice only) scores. Data from a pool of 507 Portuguese children enrolled in a study of dental amalgams (T. A. DeRouen, B. G. Leroux, et al., 2002; T. A. DeRouen, M. D. Martin, et al., 2006) showed that practice effects over a 5-year period varied on 8 neurocognitive tests. Simple regression equations are provided for calculating individual retest scores from initial test scores.

Calculia is considered to be the ability of performing arithmetic operations, the preconditions for the development of mathematical skills in the complex functioning of psychological functions represented in neuro-anatomical systems, as well in the interaction with the environment. Problems in acquiring arithmetic skills can be described as difficulties in counting as well as developmental dyscalculia. Reported prevalence rate for this problem in general population is 6%-10%. The most common difficulties in counting are: difficulties in logic, difficulties in planning, perseverance of inappropriate (responses) procedures and poor understanding of arithmetic operations. This paper aims to identify the influence of assessed arithmetic skills and to clarify to what extent the assessed cognitive skills affect each other in children with difficulties in counting. The relations between the level of working memory and acquiring of arithmetic skills, between the attention and the conceptual...

In many sciences, including cognitive science and biology, it is assumed that certain physical systems process information and effectively realize computation. For example, it is being claimed that DNA is being decoded in a manner that is best described as computational or that brains are analog computers. The skeptics, however, propose that the notion of computation is purely in the eye of the observer and computational properties cannot be hold to be objective.

In this talk, I will discuss the criteria for realistic ascription of computational properties to physical systems. Computational ascriptions will be treated as a kind of abstract mathematical ascriptions, and I will show in what sense these ascriptions are not merely conventional but refer to natural kinds. Along with general criteria that apply to other abstract properties being ascribed in sciences, such as explanatory and predictive value and implementation of functional properties vs. instantiation, I will discuss specific problems of computational descriptions such as defining computation via Turing-Church thesis, individuation of computational systems, mapping of causal chains in program states and the level of detail required at the computational level of description of the system. The proposed criteria will cover both analog and digital computation as kinds of information processing. As a result, the claims in biology about the nature of DNA information decoding will turn out to be empirical and falsifiable, and not decidable a priori in a philosopher's armchair.

Item compilations and booklet design for the main study 3.2.9 Assembling the item blocks for inclusion in the booklets 3.3 Scoring the Assessment Items 3.3.1 General method used to score the constructed-response items 3.3.2 Developing the scoring guides 3.3.3 Item release policy References THE TEACHER EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDY IN MATHEMATICS (TEDS-M) TECHNICAL REPORT

Power computations for one-level experimental designs that assume simple random samples are greatly facilitated by power tables such as those presented in Cohen's book about statistical power analysis. However, in education and the social sciences experimental designs have naturally nested structures and multilevel models are needed to compute the power of the test of the treatment effect correctly. Such power computations may require some programming and special routines of statistical software. Alternatively, one can use the typical power tables to compute power in nested designs. This paper provides simple formulae that define expected effect sizes and sample sizes needed to compute power in nested designs using the typical power tables. Simple examples are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the formulae.

Computation is now regarded as an equal and
indispensable partner, along with theory and experiment, in the
advance of scientific knowledge and engineering practice.
Numerical simulation enables the study of complex systems and
natural phenomena that would be too expensive or dangerous, or
even impossible, to study by direct experimentation. The quest
for ever higher levels of detail and realism in such simulations
requires enormous computational capacity, and has provided the
impetus for dramatic breakthroughs in computer algorithms and
architectures. Due to these advances, computational scientists
and engineers can now solve large-scale problems that were once
thought intractable. Computational science and engineering
(CSE) is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary area with
connections to the sciences, engineering, and mathematics and
computer science. CSE focuses on the development of problemsolving
methodologies and robust tools for the solution of
scientific and engineering problems. We believe that CSE will
play an important if not dominating role for the future of the
scientific discovery process and engineering design. The
computation science is now being used widely for environmental
engineering calculations. The behavior of environmental
engineering systems and processes can be studied with the help
of computation science and understanding as well as better
solutions to environmental engineering problems can be
obtained.

Nunes and Bryant (Children doing mathematics, Blackwell, Oxford, 1996) proposed that an understanding of the additive composition of number could be a precursor to an understanding of the decimal structure. If this is so, children should achieve an understanding of additive composition before they can handle the decimal structure. The aim of our study was to determine the developmental timing

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On May 18, 2009, British computer scientist Stephen Wolfram
officially launched a new search product called Wolfram
j
Alpha
(WA). This launch was preceded by months of speculation and
hype online about exactly what WA would be and how it would
compare to Google and other search engines. This article will
explore the basic features of WA, show some example queries
and results, and discuss the usefulness and limitations of this
new tool.
KEYWORDS  Computation, Internet, search engines, Wolfram
|Alpha

Data security plays a crucial role in healthcare monitoring systems, since critical patient information is transacted over the Internet, especially through wireless devices, wireless routes such as optical wireless channels, or optical transport networks related to optical fibers. Many hospitals are acquiring their own metro dark fiber networks for collaborating with other institutes as a way to maximize their capacity to meet patient needs, as sharing scarce and expensive assets, such as scanners, allows them to optimize their efficiency. The primary goal of this article is to develop of an attack detection model suitable for healthcare monitoring systems that uses internet protocol (IP) virtual private networks (VPNs) over optical transport networks. To this end, this article presents the vulnerabilities in healthcare monitoring system networks, which employ VPNs over optical transport layer architecture. Furthermore, a multilayer network architecture for closer integration of the...

Most of the statistical procedures in meta-analysis are based on the estimation of average effect sizes from a set of primary studies. The optimal weight for averaging a set of independent effect sizes is the inverse variance of each effect size, but in practice these weights have to be estimated, being affected by sampling error. When assuming a random-effects model, there are two alternative procedures for averaging independent effect sizes: Hunter and Schmidt’s estimator, which consists of weighting by sample size as an approximation to the optimal weights; and Hedges and Vevea’s estimator, which consists of weighting by an estimation of the inverse variance of each effect size. In this article, the bias and mean squared error of the two estimators were assessed via Monte Carlo simulation of meta-analyses with the standardized mean difference as the effect-size index. Hedges and Vevea’s estimator, although slightly biased, achieved the best performance in terms of the mean square...

In this paper, we have proposed a fingerprint orientation model based on 2D Fourier expansions (FOMFE) in the phase plane. The FOMFE does not require prior knowledge of singular points (SPs). It is able to describe the overall ridge topology seamlessly, including the SP regions, even for noisy fingerprints. Our statistical experiments on a public database show that the proposed FOMFE can significantly improve the accuracy of fingerprint feature extraction and thus that of fingerprint matching. Moreover, the FOMFE has a low-computational cost and can work very efficiently on large fingerprint databases. The FOMFE provides a comprehensive description for orientation features, which has enabled its beneficial use in feature-related applications such as fingerprint indexing. Unlike most indexing schemes using raw orientation data, we exploit FOMFE model coefficients to generate the feature vector. Our indexing experiments show remarkable results using different fingerprint databases.

Recent advances in real-time structural analysis has given architects the freedom to design and manufacture forms and structures that previously would have been difficult if not impossible to achieve. Until recently these advances had not been seen as a driving force within the area of asymmetrically designed tensegrity structures. This paper presents a new design method that is integrating analysis tools into a computational design process. Through the lens of the recently completed Underwood Pavilion this paper demonstrates how this process of designing tensegrity structures can be streamlined. This process allows for greater access to such structures and a higher level of flexibility in designing tensegrity systems by the design community at large. Acting as a case study, the Underwood Pavilion describes a process where traditional methods of form finding are complimented by a new parametric approach to design tensegrity based lightweight structures and envelope systems.

The purpose of this review was to report on the effectiveness and focus of academic self-management interventions for children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. Twenty-two studies published in 20 articles and involving 78 participants met inclusionary criteria. The overall mean effect size (ES) across those studies was 1.80 (range -0.46 to 3.00), indicating effects were generally large in magnitude and educationally meaningful. Self-monitoring interventions were the predominant type of self-management technique used by researchers. The mean ES for intervention types were self-evaluation (1.13), self-monitoring (1.90), strategy instruction techniques (1.75), self-instruction techniques (2.71), and multiple-component interventions (2.11). Interventions targeted improvement in math calculation skills more than any other area. The mean ES by academic area were math interventions (1.97), writing (1.13), reading (2.28), and social studies (2.66). There was evidence to support a claim of the generalization and maintenance of findings. Implications, limitations, and areas for future research are discussed.

Many people has contributed to the completion of this dissertation and I am grateful to all of them. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Kenneth Barner, for providing the encouragement, supervision and support needed during my Ph.D. studies. His optimistic look into life and positive thinking always inspired me. He gave me the freedom to pick the topic I wanted and always pushed me to think outside the box. I would like to thank my committee members, Gonzalo Arce, Javier Garcia-Frias and Can Aysal for dedicating their time to read my thesis and providing useful perspectives and comments to the work presented to them. A special thanks goes to Can Aysal for helping me out along the way with many obstacles I faced. I also want to thank the people from my lab for providing such a great working

How do our mental representations of number change over development? The dominant view holds that children (and adults) possess multiple representations of number, and that age and experience lead to a shift from greater reliance upon logarithmically organized number representations to greater reliance upon more accurate, linear representations. Here we present a new theoretically motivated and empirically supported account of the development of numerical estimation, based on the idea that number-line estimation tasks entail judgments of proportion. We extend existing models of perceptual proportion judgment to the case of abstract numerical magnitude. Two experiments provide support for these models; three likely sources of developmental change in children's estimation performance are identified and discussed. This work demonstrates that proportion-judgment models provide a unified account of estimation patterns that have previously been explained in terms of a developmental shift from logarithmic to linear representations of number.

Despite the numerous examples of anticipatory cognitive processes at micro and macro levels in many animal species, the idea that anticipation of specific words plays an integral role in real-time language processing has been contentious. Here we exploited a phonological regularity of English indefinite articles ('an' precedes nouns beginning with vowel sounds, whereas 'a' precedes nouns beginning with consonant sounds) in combination with event-related brain potential recordings from the human scalp to show that readers' brains can pre-activate individual words in a graded fashion to a degree that can be estimated from the probability that each word is given as a continuation for a sentence fragment offline. These findings are evidence that readers use the words in a sentence (as cues to their world knowledge) to estimate relative likelihoods for upcoming words.

Detached Eddy Simulations (DES) is a hybrid URANS-LES technique that was proposed to obtain computationally feasible solutions of high Reynolds number flows undergoing massive separation with reliable accuracy. Since its inception, DES has been applied to a wide variety of flow fields, but mostly limited to unbounded external aerodynamic flows. This is the first study to apply and validate DES to predict the internal flow and heat transfer in non-canonical flows of industrial relevance. The prediction capabilities of DES in capturing the effects of Coriolis forces, which are induced by rotation, and centrifugal buoyancy forces, which are induced by thermal gradients, are also authenticated.

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Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP): Matlab computation software

WenJun Zhang
School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong

Received 10 July 2017;Accepted 23 December 2018;Published 1 March 2019
IAEES

Abstract
How to determine relative importance (e.g., weight) of nodes or links in a network is one of the focus in network biology. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) can be used to determine weights of edges (i.e., links) and vertices (i.e., nodes) of a network, which is suitable for the hierarchical structure problems hard to be quantified. In present article, the Matlab computation software of AHP was presented for practical uses.

https://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/nb/articles/2019-9(1)/e-suppl/Zhang-Supplementary-Material.rar

Correlated data are very common in the social sciences. Most common applications include longitudinal and hierarchically organized (or clustered) data. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) are a convenient and general approach to the analysis of several kinds of correlated data. The main advantage of GEE resides in the unbiased estimation of population-averaged regression coefficients despite possible misspecification of the correlation structure. This article aims to provide a concise, nonstatistical introduction to GEE. To illustrate the method, an analysis of selectivity effects in the Swiss Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on the Oldest Old is presented.

Neater representations for variance are given for small sample sizes, especially for 3 and 4. With these representations, variance can be calculated without a calculator if sample sizes are small and observations are integers, and an upper bound for the standard deviation is immediate. Accessible proofs of lower and upper bounds are presented for a broad spectrum of readers.

Researchers from the University of Melbourne's New Technologies for Teaching Mathematics project created a lesson for the Year 10 students at their Victorian research schools. Two important goals of secondary school mathematics education are to build students' conceptual knowledge and to teach students to think mathematically. Mathematics education research supports the notion that seeing concepts represented in multiple ways both supports students' sense-making and enriches their learning. The design of lessons must be carefully considered in order not to create excessive cognitive load for the learner. The study focused on one 'lesson', designed to provide exemplars for lessons where new powerful, mathematically able integrated documents (Nspire) are used to support students' exploration of various representations of a given mathematical problem. Based on applications of quadratic functions, 'Marina's Fish Shop' was designed as a capstone lesson...

The purpose of this study is to compare the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian estimation methods for polychoric correlation (PCC) under diverse conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation. Two new Bayesian estimates, maximum a posteriori (MAP) and expected a posteriori (EAP), are compared to ML, the classic solution, to estimate PCC. Different types of prior distributions are used to investigate the sensitivity of a prior distribution onto the Bayesian PCC estimation. In this simulation study, it appears that the MAP would be the estimator of choice for the PCC. The performance of the MAP is not only better than the ML but also appears to overcome the limitations of the EAP (i.e., the shrinkage effect).

This paper discusses changes in young children’s learning performance and efficiency during clinical interviews in which each child interacted with a variety of virtual manipulative mathematics apps on iPads. Researchers interviewed 100 children ages 3 to 8 using a protocol format with two pre-assessment apps, four learning apps, and two post-assessment apps. Data were gathered quantitatively and qualitatively, using wall and screen-capture videos, pre and post assessments of performance, and time-stamping to record efficiency. Following 30-40 minute interviews where children interacted individually with the mathematics apps, results showed that children in the Preschool group increased efficiency while maintaining performance, children in the Kindergarten group increased performance while maintaining efficiency, and children in the Grade 2 group increased their performance and efficiency in skip counting, but not in place value. Overall, children in different age groups responded i...

Distributed-memory multicomputers such as the the Intel Paragon, the IBM SP-2, and the Thinking Machines CM-5 o er signi cant advantages over shared-memory multiprocessors in terms of cost and scalability. Unfortunately, extracting all the computational power from these machines requires users to write e cient software for them, which is a laborious process. The PARADIGM compiler project provides an automated means to parallelize programs, written using a serial programming model, for e cient execution on distributed-memory multicomputers. In addition to performing traditional compiler optimizations, PARADIGM is unique in that it addresses many other issues within a uni ed platform: automatic data distribution, communication optimizations, support for irregular computations, exploitation of functional and data parallelism, and multithreaded execution. This paper describes the techniques used and provides experimental evidence of their e ectiveness on the Intel Paragon, the IBM SP-1, and the Thinking Machines CM-5.

Successful Selective-Pole Switching (SPS) of faulted Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission line depends on rapid secondary arc extinction. Two factors which govern the probability of secondary arc extinction are the effective value of the steady-state secondary arc current and the rate of rise of the recovery voltage. Successful application of SPS requires keeping the magnitude of the secondary arc current below a certain level. The purpose of this work is to present a method for the computation of the effective value of the secondary arc current on a double-circuit transmission line employing SPS. The model developed for the double-circuit line takes into account the mutual coupling between the two individual circuits. A typical 400 kV double-circuit line is considered and the effective value of the secondary arc current is evaluated for both transposed and untransposed configurations of the line. Then a comparison with the results available from simple network analysis is made.

A variety of building information modeling (BIM) performance evaluation initiatives have been proposed to quantify BIM utilization capacity of enterprises. These initiatives were designed for evaluating, instead of benchmarking, an organization's performance in BIM utilization. Unlike evaluation that mainly focuses on ascertaining the achievement of BIM utilization within an organization, benchmarking is more interested in comparing one organization's BIM performance to their industry peers. By identifying gaps in specific areas, decisions to make improvements can be facilitated. This paper proposes a cloud-based BIM performance benchmarking application called building information modeling cloud score (BIMCS) to automatically collect BIM performance data from a wide range of BIM users nationwide. It utilizes the software as a service (SaaS) model of cloud computing to make the collection, aggregation, and presentation of benchmarking data autonomous and interactive. Based on the big data collected from the BIMCS database, an overall view of the industry status quo of BIM utilization may be obtained, and ultimately, a protocol for BIM performance can be developed on the basis of a better knowledge discovery process. Furthermore, BIMCS data will help individual companies compare and improve their performance in BIM utilization with respect to their industry competitors.

The received view is that computational states are individuated at least in part by their semantic properties. I offer an alternative, according to which computational states are individuated by their functional properties. Functional properties are specified by a mechanistic explanation without appealing to any semantic properties. The primary purpose of this paper is to formulate the alternative view of computational individuation, point out that it supports a robust notion of computational explanation, and defend it on the grounds of how computational states are individuated within computability theory and computer science. A secondary purpose is to show that existing arguments for the semantic view are defective.

The authors examined the effectiveness of strategy instruction taught by general educators in mixedability classrooms. Specifically, the authors compared the mathematical word problem-solving performance and computational skills of students who received schema-based instruction (SBI) with students who received general strategy instruction (GSI). Participants were 60 3rd-grade student participants randomly assigned to treatment conditions. Teachers pretested and posttested participants with mathematical problem-solving and computation tests, repeatedly measuring their progress on word problem solving across the 18-week intervention. Both SBI and GSI conditions improved word problem-solving and computation skills. Further, results show a significant difference between groups on the word problem-solving progress measure at Time 1, favoring the SBI group. However, this differential effect did not persist over time. The authors discuss implications for future research and practice.

Evaluation of planar algebraic curves arises in the context of intersections of algebraic surfaces with piecewise continuous rational polynomial parametric surface patches useful in geometric modeling. We address a method of evaluating these curves of intersection that combines the advantageous features of analytic representation of the governing equation of the algebraic curve in the Bernstein basis within a rectangular domain, adaptive subdivision and polyhedral faceting techniques, and the computation of turning and singular points, to provide the basis for a reliable and efficient solution procedure. Using turning and singular points, the intersection problem can be partitioned into subdomains that can be processed independently and which involve intersection segments that can be traced with faceting methods. This partitioning and the tracing of individual segments is carried out using an adaptive subdivision algorithm for Bezier/B-spline surfaces followed by Newton correction o...

Private tuition is a widespread problem in many developing countries, including Vietnam. Using the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys 1997Surveys -1998Surveys and 1992Surveys -1993 for analysis, the paper finds that private tuition in Vietnam is a necessary good and highly inelastic to changes in price, and the trend to attend private tuition is stronger at higher education levels. There is no evidence of gender discrimination in household expenditure on private tutoring. Ethnic minority students spend less on private tutoring at the primary level but not at the lower secondary level, as do students living in rural and remote areas. However, household spending on private tuition at the primary level can be significantly reduced by either improving the share of qualified primary school teachers or by improving the quality of school. Private tuition is found to have significant impacts on a student's academic performance, but the influence is larger for lower secondary students, especially those who are already doing well at school. The paper contributes to the available estimation techniques by developing a joint tobit-ordered probit econometric model from the simultaneous tobit equations of Amemiya (1974) to address the possible endogeneity of household spending on private tuition.