Theory

The author enquires mto the question in how far the pedagogics of primary education may be considered a discipline of empincal research To this end, she first studies wntings on the theoreti¬ cal self-understandmg of the pedagogics of primary educationfmding deficits in this respect, she then goes on to examme educational-psychological research claiming to be relevant to the field of primary education The results, however, show that this claim seems not to be supported Finally, the author points to possible alternative approaches, refernng to the expectations, linked to action-onented empincal research on primary education, its tasks and its problems,-research that can be legitimated both methodologically and theoretically Anschrift der Autorin

The authors of the volume ('From May ’68 to November ’89: Transformations of the World, Literature, and Theory') intervene in the study of the student movement’s “rehearsal” for a world revolution and its afterlife in the 1980s and 1990s by addressing two hitherto neglected aspects – the literary and the peripheral. They consider the roles played by the (semi-)periphery of the modern world-system, on the one hand, and modernist literature and theory, on the other, in transforming the existing world order in the fields of culture, politics, economy, and everyday life. How were critical theory and neo-avant-garde literature in the world, in Slovenia, and in Yugoslavia intertwined with the student protest that advocated the transformation of the capitalist world-system and its socialist counterpart? The monograph focuses on the processes that connected the events of 1968 and 1989 in the social, literary, and theoretical spheres in the sign of continuity and turning points, and at the same time defined our contemporary world.

Cet article décrit de façon critique le recours aux théories de l’attachement comme fondement de la loi en matière de protection de la jeunesse. Il situe ces théories dans leur contexte historique et montre en quoi elles s’inscrivent dans un mouvement contestable de naturalisation des rapports humains.

By examining via a case study the political authority of US proliferation experts since the 1960s, this article contributes to nuclear weapons proliferation studies and to the growing literature on the role of expertise in democracies. First, it argues that policy choices are determined by an understanding of history and that approaching nuclear history as a history of nuclear weapons proliferation is a presumption shared by both US experts and policy makers. Second, it shows that this understanding of history, relying on the metaphorical use of the term proliferation (which was imported from biology), strongly distorts the facts. Third, the article shows that nuclear experts are plagued by a conservative bias as a result of this use of the proliferation metaphor. Instead of challenging the faulty proliferation narrative, most experts have backed it without question. Fourth, the legitimacy that experts lend to this view of history has important political effects: it provides an authoritative assessment of past policies and limits the possibility of political innovation. Policy initiatives tend to be restricted to changes in speed or intensity. The article suggests three changes that might restore room for informed political innovation in nuclear weapons policies.

The use of theories in construction management research (CMR) is very important so as to generate an acceptable and generalizable construction management (CM) knowledge. This has generated a lot of research contributions that revealed the need to examine the use of theories and models in CMR by answering the following questions: (1) how often theories and models have been used in CMR?, (2) what are the types of, and the base disciplines of theories and models used in CMR? and, (3) what methodological patterns were followed by the theories and models used in CMR? In answering these questions, 846 empirical research articles published in Construction Management and Economics (CME) from 2005-2014 were quantitatively analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage analysis, and statistical hypothesis tests such as chi-square and t-test. The 10-year period between 2005 and 2014 was demarcated into a 2 five-year periods (2005-2009 and 2010-2014), so as to ensure a clearer grasp of the trend of events over the period. The findings suggest that CMR continues to be generally atheoretical. The conclusion was made based on the findings, while the use of theories in future CMR was recommended.

What is an emotion?'' William James's seminal paper in Mind (1884) proposed the idea that physiological and behavioral responses precede subjective experience in emotions that are marked by ''distinct bodily expression.'' This notion has broadly inspired the investigation of emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity, a research topic with great longevity. The trajectory of this literature is traced through its major theoretical challenges from the Cannon-Bard, activation, and Schachter-Singer theories, through its rich empirical history in the field of psychophysiology. Although these studies are marked by various findings, the overall trend of the research supports the notion of autonomic specificity for basic emotions. The construct of autonomic specificity continues to influence a number of core theoretical issues in affective science, such as the existence of basic or 'natural kinds' of emotion, the structure of affective space, the cognition-emotion relationship, and the function of emotion. Moreover, James's classic paper, which stimulated the emergence of psychology from philosophy and physiology in the latter nineteenth century, remains a dynamic force in contemporary emotion research.

Theory at both the micro and macro level predicts that investments in superior human capital generate better firm-level performance. However, human capital takes time and money to develop or acquire, which potentially offsets its positive benefits. Indeed, extant tests appear equivocal regarding its impact. To clarify what is known, we meta-analyzed effects drawn from 66 studies of the human capital-firm performance relationship and investigated 3 moderators suggested by resource-based theory. We found that human capital relates strongly to performance, especially when the human capital in question is not readily tradable in labor markets and when researchers use operational performance measures that are not subject to profit appropriation. Our results suggest that managers should invest in programs that increase and retain firm-specific human capital.

Historically, training, research and practice in counselling and psychotherapy have been dominated by unitary theoretical models. Although integrative and eclectic positions have been developed as alternatives, these have not been successful in generating research, and have resulted in a further proliferation of competing models. In this paper we introduce a 'pluralistic' framework for counselling and psychotherapy and discuss the implications of this framework for research. The basic principle of this pluralistic framework is that psychological difficulties may have multiple causes and that there is unlikely to be one, 'right' therapeutic method that will be appropriate in all situations -different people are helped by different processes at different times. This pluralistic framework operates as a meta-theory within which it is possible to utilise concepts, strategies and specific interventions from a range of therapeutic orientations. The framework is structured around three domains -goals, task and methods -by which therapeutic processes can be conceptualised, critically examined and empirically investigated. These domains, and the relationships between them, are outlined; and the collaborative relationship at the heart of the pluralistic framework is discussed. The pluralistic framework provides a means for empirical research directly to inform practice, and potential lines of empirical inquiry are outlined, along with findings from a recent study of counselling in schools.

Historically the concept of risk is rooted in Renaissance lifestyles, in which autonomous agents such as sailors, warriors, and tradesmen ventured upon dangerous enterprises. Thus, the concept of risk inseparably combines objective reality (nature) and social construction (culture): Risk = Danger + Venture. Mathematical probability theory was constructed in this social climate in order to provide a quantitative risk assessment in the face of indeterminate futures. Thus we have the famous formula: Risk = Probability (of events) x the Size (of future harms). Because the concept of harm is always observer relative, however, risk assessment cannot be purely quantitative. This leads to the question, What are the general conditions under which risks can be accepted? There is, after all, a difference between incurring a risk and bearing the costs of risks selected for by other agencies. Against this background, contours of a theology of risk emerge. If God creates a self-organizing world of relatively autonomous agents, and if self-organization is favored by cooperative networks of autopoietic processes, then the theological hypothesis of a risk-taking God is at least initially plausible. Moreover, according to the Christian idea of incarnation, God is not only taking a risk but is also bearing the risks implied by the openness of creation. I thus argue for a twofold divine kenosis-in creation as well as in redemption. I discuss some objections to this view, including the serious counterargument that risk taking on behalf of others remains, even for God, a morally dubious task. What are the conditions under which the notion of a risk-taking God can be affirmed without leaving us with the picture of God as an arbitrary, cosmic tyrant? And what are the practical implications for the ways in which human agents of faith, hope, and love can learn to cope with the risks of everyday life and of political decisions?

Densities (ρ), ultrasonic speeds (u), and excess molar volumes () of binary mixtures of some aromatic ketones in acrylonitrile have been measured over the entire range of composition at 308.15 K. From these experimental results, parameters such as the isentropic compressibilities K S , interaction parameter χ 12, Flory parameters, A i coefficients, standard deviations σ(Y E), and molar sound

There exist structural inhomogeneities of different scales in ion-exchange membranes. We suggest a microheterogeneous model for the description of inhomogeneities on the microphase scale, and show that they are the main factor determining the concentration dependence of membrane transport properties such as electrical conductivity, diffusion permeability and transport numbers. A set of tests is proposed for determination of model structural-kinetic parameters of membranes.

1] We present a new statistical method to construct a model for the chemical composition of Earth's primitive mantle along with its variance. Earth's primitive mantle is located on the melting trend exhibited by the global compilation of mantle peridotites, using cosmochemical constraints on the relative abundances of refractory lithophile elements (RLE). This so-called pyrolite approach involves the least amount of assumptions, thereby being probably most satisfactory compared to other approaches. Its previous implementations, however, suffer from questionable statistical treatment of noisy geochemical data, leaving the uncertainty of model composition poorly quantified. In order to properly take into account how scatters in peridotite data affect this geochemical inference, we combine the following statistical techniques: (1) modeling a nonlinear melting trend in the multidimensional compositional space through the principal component analysis, (2) determining the primitive mantle composition on the melting trend by simultaneously imposing all of cosmochemical constraints with least squares, and (3) mapping scatters in original data into the variance of the final model through the bootstrap resampling technique. Whereas our model is similar to previous models in terms of Mg, Si, and Fe abundances, the RLE contents are at $2.16 ± 0.37 times the CI chondrite concentration, which is lower than most of previous estimates. The new model is depleted by >20% in a number of incompatible elements including heat-producing elements, U, Th, and K, and this depleted nature is further amplified (up to 60%) in terms of predicted composition for the present-day mantle.

In this article, the authors respond to J. D. Cohen, K. O. Dunbar, D. M. Barch and T. S. Braver's (1997) comment on their target article. The present article (a) takes issue with the characterization given by Cohen et al. of the authors' approach as a classical speed-of-processing account of Stroop effects, (b) discusses the value and relevance of other theoretical concepts, such as traditional accounts of working memory and parallel distributed processing (PDP) approaches to Stroop effects, (c) further examines the possibility that the differences the authors observed in Experiment 2 between normal participants' performance and that of participants with schizophrenia may have been due to distractor stimulus degradation, particularly for participants with schizophrenia, and (d) argues for the relevance of the prefrontal cortex, as well as other brain areas, in accounting for their results. The authors conclude with a final theoretical question.

Delegation of authority is an important process that needs to be captured by any access control model. In role-based access control models, delegation of authority involves delegating roles that a user can assume or the set of permissions that he can acquire, to other users. Several role-based delegation models have been proposed in the literature. However, these models consider delegation in presence of the general hierarchy type. Multiple hierarchy types have been proposed in the context of Generalized Temporal Role ...

This paper is the first of a series of two papers dealing with the determination of the deformability, tensile strength and fracturing of anisotropic rocks by diametral compression (Brazilian test) of discs of rock. It presents a combination of analytical and experimental methods for determining in the laboratory the elastic constants and the indirect (Brazilian) tensile strength of transversely isotropic rocks, i.e. rocks with one dominant direction of planar anisotropy. A computer program based on the complex variable function method and the generalized reduced gradient method was developed to determine the elastic constants of idealized linearly elastic, homogeneous, transversely isotropic media from the strains measured at the center of discs subjected to diametral loading. The complex variable function method was also used to construct charts for determining the indirect tensile strength of anisotropic media from the failure loads measured during diametral loading. Brazilian tests were conducted on four types of bedded sandstones assumed to be transversely isotropic. Based on strain measurements obtained with 45 ° strain gage rosettes glued at the center of the discs, the five independent elastic constants of the tested rocks could be determined. The elastic constants determined with the Brazilian tests were compared with those obtained from conventional uniaxial compression tests. The indirect (Brazilian) tensile strength of the tested sandstones was found to depend on the angle between the apparent planes of rock anisotropy and the direction of diametral loading.

We cannot pretend to educate young people for citizenship and political participation without teaching them to understand and use the new media, which are essential means of expressing ideas, forming public opinions, and building institutions and movements. But the challenge of media literacy education is serious. Students need advanced and constantly changing skills to be effective online. They must understand the relationship between the new media and social and political institutions, a topic that is little understood by even the most advanced social theorists. And they must develop motivations to use digital media for civic purposes, when no major institutions have incentives to motivate them. Until we address those challenges, students will struggle to make sense of the new media environment, let alone take constructive action.

We discuss the paradox of the apparent simplicity of ecosystem process control and the high diversity of (soil) organisms. Simple process models usually can predict, e.g., decomposition and nitrogen mineralization, without explicitly including organism biomass, species diversity or abundance dynamics.

The distinctive contribution of sociological social psychology can be referred to as sociological miniaturism, a way of interpreting social processes and institutions that is microsociological more than it is psychological. We argue that social psychology of this variety permits the examination of large-scale social issues by means of investigation of small-scale social situations. The power of this approach to social life is that it permits recognition of the dense texture of everyday life, permits sociologists to understand more fully a substantive domain, and permits interpretive control. In the chapter we provide examples of this approach from two quite distinct theoretical orientations: symbolic interactionism and social exchange theory. We discuss the ways in which the study of two substantive topics, social power and collective identity, using these perspectives can be informed by closer collaboration between theorists within sociological social psychology. In the end it is o...

People worldwide are increasingly acquiring virtual possessions. While virtual possessions have become ubiquitous, little work exists on how people value them, and how their experiences of them differ from material possessions. In this paper, we reflect on and synthesize findings from five studies we conducted over the past five years that investigated people's perceptions of and practices with virtual possessions. Through the higher-level perspective we adopt, we propose three thematic qualities that help characterize people's experiences with virtual possessions, as compared to their material things: placelessness, spacelessness, and formlessness. We draw on these proposed qualities as lenses to help frame future research and practice opportunities for better supporting value construction activities with virtual possessions.

Despite rapid growth in the student component of global migration flows, the study of international student migration/mobility (ISM) is a relatively neglected field in migration research. This special issue helps to address this lacuna. This introductory paper highlights the contradictions between international students as 'desired' because of their internationalism and fee contributions, and as 'unwanted' because of the politics of migration control especially in the context of the securitisation of study in the post 9/11 scenario. It argues that interrogating the terms 'international' and 'students' is critical to addressing the slipperiness that underlies these contradictions. Focusing on students per se ignores their multiple roles, as family members, actual or potential workers, or perhaps refugees and asylum-seekers, while definitions of international students ignore the diversity of study that students undertake. After summarising the papers that follow, this paper concludes with an agenda for future research on ISM: greater theoretical insight drawing on the cognate field of mobility studies; more in-depth ethnographic research on mobile students who recognise their multiple roles in knowledge diffusion and social reproduction; further research on ISM datasets and quantitative surveys, which employs statistical analysis; more attention paid to gender and race as they relate to ISM; and a stronger link to pedagogy and systems of higher education and knowledge production.

This article offers a theoretical foundation for cognitive behavioral music therapy in forensic psychiatry. First, two cases are presented to give an insight into music therapy in forensic psychiatry. Secondly some background information on forensic psychiatry is provided. The Risk-Need-Responsivity model is explained as a starting point and the role of music therapy in this treatment is explained. The third part offers a cognitive behavioral music therapy model and explains the (neurological) role of music and the music therapist in the treatment of forensic psychiatric problems. The article ends with a few final remarks.

The robust effects of knowledge on memory for domain-relevant information reported in previous research have largely been attributed to improved organizational processing. The present research proposes the distinctiveness theory of skilled memory, which states that knowledge improves memory not only through improved organizational processing but also through more effective processing of differences between items in the context of the similarity defined by organization. Individuals with either high or low knowledge about NFL football were presented with lists containing items from the target domain (NFL football) or a control domain (cooking). Individuals either performed a category sorting task, a pleasantness rating task, or both. Results on a surprise free recall test later showed knowledge effects on memory (high knowledge individuals had greater recall than low knowledge individuals for football items but not for cooking items). Secondary measures established that the knowledge effect on memory was due not only to better organizational processing but also to more effective item-specific processing.

Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) is employed to rank the irrigation subsystems of Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project, Rajasthan, India. Seven performance evaluation criteria, namely, land development works, timely supply of inputs, conjunctive use of water resources, participation of farmers, economic impact, crop productivity and environmental conservation are employed. Kohonen Artificial Neural Networks (KANN) is employed to classify the irrigation subsystems that can be utilized for further ranking by MAUT. Spearman rank correlation technique is employed to compute correlation coefficient values between the obtained ranking pattern. Sensitivity analysis studies are also made to check the robustness in ranking. The proposed methodology can be applied for similar situations.

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In order to validate the dry-cast model developed by us, a multifaceted experimental approach was undertaken whereby three process variables can be followed independently in real time. Since it is extremely difficult to determine experimentally the concentration and temperature profiles within the cast polymer solution, experiments were designed so as to provide information on the coupled mass-and heattransfer processes by measuring other process variables. The experimental data-acquisition technique combined gravimetric, inframetric, and light-reflection analyses which provided information on the overall mass change, surface temperature, and the onset and duration of phase separation, respectively. Structural studies were conducted using scanning electron microscopy. These studies revealed that macrovoids or "fingers" can be formed in dry-cast membranes. A hypothesis for the formation of fingers based on the model predictions and experimental observations is proposed.

بومی‌سازی، پوششی برای دگماتیسم: مواجهات ایرانی با حق بر شهر لوفور
آیدین ترکمه
« در این نوشته به دنبال آن هستم تا به طور فشرده به اغتشاش اپیستمولوژیک یا شناخت‌شناسانه‌ای بپردازم که در مطالعات شهری به چشم می‌خورد. در واقع استفاده‌کنندگان از مفهوم حق بر شهر، آن را نیز «واژه‌»ای می‌دانند در کنار واژگان دیگر که حالا باید آن را نیز در خورجینِ کلیدواژگانیِ خود داشته باشند. دقیقن در راستای منطقِ کاربستِ نظریه، این نویسندگانِ جریان غالبِ مطالعات شهری تصور می‌کنند که حق بر شهر را نیز باید برای ایران به کار بست و کاربردی کرد. حالا طبق چه استدلالی و با اتکای به چه پشتوانه‌هایی، مشخص نیست. مثلن همان طور که در یک دوره مفاهیم توسعه‌ی پایدار و بعدتر، حکم‌رواییِ خوبِ شهری و جلوتر تاب‌آوری و بازآفرینی شهری به واژگان مسلط تبدیل شدند و هنوز هم تا حدی هستند، این بار نوبت به «حق بر شهر» است.»

Decisions about using addictive substances are influenced by distractions by addiction-related stimuli, of which the user might be unaware. The addiction-Stroop task is a paradigm used to assess this distraction. The empirical evidence for the addiction-Stroop effect is critically reviewed, and meta-analyses of alcohol-related and smoking-related studies are presented. Studies finding the strongest effects were those in which participants had strong current concerns about an addictive substance or such concerns were highlighted through experimental manipulations, especially those depriving participants of the substance. Theories to account for addiction-related attentional bias are discussed, of which the motivational theory of current concerns appears to provide the most complete account of the phenomenon. Recommendations are made for maximizing the precision of the addiction-Stroop test in future research.

The debate over the role of stochasticity is central in evolutionary biology, often summarised by whether or not evolution is predictable or repeatable. Here we distinguish three types of stochasticity: stochasticity of mutation and variation, of individual life histories and of environmental change. We then explain when stochasticity matters in evolution, distinguishing four broad situations: stochasticity contributes to maladaptation or limits adaptation; it drives evolution on flat fitness landscapes (evolutionary freedom); it might promote jumps from one fitness peak to another (evolutionary revolutions); and it might shape the selection pressures themselves. We show that stochasticity, by directly steering evolution, has become an essential ingredient of evolutionary theory beyond the classical Wright-Fisher or neutralist-selectionist debates.

This article explores the plausibility of the conflicting theoretical assumptions underlying the main criminological perspectives on juvenile delinquents, their peer relations and social skills: the social ability model, represented by Sutherland's theory of differential associations, and the social disability model, represented by Hirschi's control theory. It does so by applying the principles associated with Granovetter's theory of strong and weak ties, drawing out its theoretical implications for the criminological theories and deriving a number of hypotheses. The article uses "strategic research materials" in the form of a data set strongly biased towards the social disability model and containing information on co-offending relations among a population (N = 580) of juveniles in a Swedish town during a three-year period. Results from cross-sectional empirical analyses using, among other things, the Quadratic Assignment Procedure, clearly support the social ability model. The robustness of the initial analyses is checked through longitudinal analyses applying actor-oriented statistical models for network evolution. The article's implications for criminological, as well as multidisciplinary, research are discussed.

This is a 'must read' for anyone concerned about the effects that video games have on children and teens! Anderson and Gentile are leading researchers in the fi eld who have done a masterful job of pulling together what we know about video game effects and presenting them so that they are accessible to those who need to understand and can make the most difference-parents, teachers, clinicians, and all who work with children.

Common sequelae following a traumatic event include chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Over the last decade, the literature relating to PTSD has become progressively more sophisticated, resulting in well-supported theories and treatments for sufferers. Equivalent research relating to chronic pain has more recently gathered momentum. However, to date there has been minimal attention devoted to the concurrence of the two disorders, even though high comorbidity has been noted. This review begins by briefly summarizing the literature relating to the two disorders in terms of symptoms, prevalence and comorbidity. It explicates the major psychological theories of chronic pain and PTSD and reviews the evidence relating what factors maintain the disorders. A number of pathways by which chronic pain and PTSD may be mutually maintaining are highlighted. We conclude that chronic pain and PTSD are mutually maintaining conditions and that there are several pathways by which both disorders may be involved in the escalation of symptoms and distress following trauma. Treatment implications are considered, as are issues for future research. D

Pike, K. (1967). Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior (2nd, rev. ed.). The Hague: Mouton. Rosaldo, M. (1980). Knowledge and passion: Ilongot notions of selfand social life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Rosaldo, M. (1990). The things we do with words: Ilongot speech acts and speech act theory in philosophy. In D. Carbaugh (Ed.), Cultural communication and intercultural contact (pp. 373-407). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Original work published 1982) Sanders, R. (1987). Cognitivefoundations of calculated speech. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Searle, J. (1990a)A classification of illocutionary acts. In D. Carbaugh (Ed.), Cultural communication and intercultural contact (pp. 349-372). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Original work published 1976) Searle, J. (1990b). Epilogue to the taxonomy of illocutionary acts. In D. Carbaugh (Ed.), Cultural communication and intercultural contact (pp. 409-417). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Sigman, S. (1987). A perspective on social communication. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Stewart, J., & Philipsen, C. (1985). Communication as situated accornplishment: The cases of hermeneutics and ethnography. In B. Dervin (Ed.), Progress in communication sciences (pp.