Revista Phoînix
A PHOÎNIX é um periódico de publicação semestral do Laboratório de História Antiga (LHIA) do Instituto de História (IH) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). O LHIA tem como objetivo divulgar as pesquisas em Antiguidade, realizadas no Brasil e no exterior. A PHOÎNIX constitui-se num veículo privilegiado para atingir esse objetivo.
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Submissões para o número 2: até 30/09.
PHOÎNIX is a biannual journal from Ancient History Laboratory (Laboratório de História Antiga - LHIA) from History Institute (Instituto de História - IH) of Federal Universiy of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ). LHIA aims to propagate researches in Antiquity, conducted in Brazil and abroad. PHOÎNIX is a privileged locus to accomplish it.
Visit our website!
https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/phoinix/index
Deadline to number 1: March, 31st.
Deadline to number 2: September, 30th.
Supervisors: Fábio de Souza Lessa, Neyde Theml, Renata Cardoso de Sousa, Giovana Vicchione, Ian Bonze, Victor Lisboa da Fonseca Santos, and Lennyse Bandeira
Address: Largo de São Francisco de Paula, 01 - Centro - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
Visite nosso site!
https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/phoinix/index
Submissões para o número 1: até 31/03.
Submissões para o número 2: até 30/09.
PHOÎNIX is a biannual journal from Ancient History Laboratory (Laboratório de História Antiga - LHIA) from History Institute (Instituto de História - IH) of Federal Universiy of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ). LHIA aims to propagate researches in Antiquity, conducted in Brazil and abroad. PHOÎNIX is a privileged locus to accomplish it.
Visit our website!
https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/phoinix/index
Deadline to number 1: March, 31st.
Deadline to number 2: September, 30th.
Supervisors: Fábio de Souza Lessa, Neyde Theml, Renata Cardoso de Sousa, Giovana Vicchione, Ian Bonze, Victor Lisboa da Fonseca Santos, and Lennyse Bandeira
Address: Largo de São Francisco de Paula, 01 - Centro - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
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Phoînix 2020.2 by Revista Phoînix
Palavras-chave: Mesopotâmia; arte; corpo; erotismo; nudez.
NUDITY AND EROTICISM IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Abstract: This article proposes a reflection on images of naked bodies (female and male), created more than 4,000 years ago, in ancient Mesopotamia. Initially, we discussed the notion of visual representation in the Mesopotamian world, since they believed in the power of signifiers and their status as an integral part of reality. The concept of mimesis, that is, representation as a means of imitating real things in the world, is not sufficient to understand the art of Eastern antiquity. We start from the foundations of cuneiform writing, defined as symbolic because the signifier is interpreted as recalling the direct meaning, where each sign, having both a pictographic and phonetic value, has the potential to evoke other referents. In the visual arts of ancient Mesopotamia, the body is the place where the genre is visually differentiated. Dressed or naked men and women, children, androgynous people, eunuchs and hermaphrodites were represented, but the most important model of gender differentiation was the representation of the body without clothes. Nudity is a common motif that appears in numerous forms of representation and the description of the erotic aspects of nakedness of bodies is common in several literary genres. Most of these objects, made in reliefs of clay plates or terracotta figures, of small dimensions were created in Babylon in the 2nd millennium BCE and continued to be produced, without interruption, until the 7th century CE, in the Sassanid era. The main objective of these images, whose frontality of the body and the gestures point to an explicit portrait of the genitalia and the breasts, would be to show their sexual attributes, emphasizing the viewer’s gaze. Female frontal nudity was associated with sexual conduct, whereas the naked male body had numerous meanings, sometimes negative, such as death and defeat, sometimes positive, as the heroic strength of the hero. In this contribution, we intend to build a reading key for these images of nudes and question whether we could consider them as representations of that society’s sexual desire.
Keywords: Mesopotamia; art; body; eroticism; nudity.
Palabras-clave: tejido; trama; Helena; Andrómaca; Ilíada.
WEAVING A DOUBLE PURPLE CLOAK: FEMALE FABRICS AT ILIAD
Abstract: The world of textiles is an integral part of almost every human culture and fulfills different social functions. In Greek epic the reference to textiles is continuous. The poet often lingers in costume descriptions or in references to textile work that reveal direct knowledge. In ancient Greece, this world has an intimate bond with women because it constitutes an almost exclusively feminine work and because, as a supplement to the body, it plays a key role in the construction of the feminine identity. Textile elements (like other objects in the oîkos) also serve as a means of non-verbal communication for women, which allows for a broadening of the limited range of action and expression of characters who, prescriptively, have limited agency in the epic. The main objective of this article is to analyze the weavings of Helen at book 3 and Andromache at book 22 of Homer’s Iliad to establish comparisons and determine similarities and differences.
Keywords: weaving; fabric; Helen; Andromache; Iliad.
Palabras-clave: madre; duelo; Tetis; Ilíada; actualidad.
A MOTHER IN GRIEF: PAIN AND RESISTANCE, FROM ILIAD TO TODAY
Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the discourse that makes up the funeral lament of Tethys (Il. 18. 49-64), both from its artistic composition and from the perspective of cultural studies, considering its strategic position in the book and in its entirety of the iliadic poem. We will observe the differences that this discourse presents compared to the typical pattern of funeral lament (ALEXÍOU, 2002), the emotions it transmits and the way it is subversive with respect to the heroic code. Likewise, we will demonstrate that the current situation of the Iliad resides in its expression of emotional experiences that transcend time and space.
Keywords: mother; grief; Tethys; Iliad; today
Palabras-clave: trabajo, relaciones sociales, Hesíodo, Trabajos y Días.
LABOR IN THE WORK OF HESÍODO AS ARTICULATOR OF SOCIAL LINKS
Abstract: This article will analyze the dimension of work in Hesiod's texts and will understand it as an articulator of social relations. First of all, let us think of the dimension of work as that which generates the installation of men in the world, that is, how they appropriate their environment and make it their habitat, their dwelling place. It is a cultural fact and opens that double ethical and poetic installation. There is an érgon, a work, the fruit of the work displayed by the creative capacity of man, his condition as the architect of what belongs to him and an êthos, a way of life, a way of being, that he conducts. The work is thus, a way of installation that accounts for a way of living. Therefore, the work is articulated in a plexus of relationships that determine different axes: a horizontal axis, which involves other men, an ascending axis, which defines the relationship with the gods, a family axis that in the case of the work that concerns us, focuses on the peculiar relationship between Hesiod and his brother, and finally a social axis that borders on the community as a whole.
Keywords: labor; social relations; Hesiod; Works and Days.
Palavras-chave: Caronte; ritos; morte; Hades; Atenas.
CHARON AND THE REPRESENTATION OF DEATH IN ATHENS IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
Abstract: From Homer, the Greeks maintained the belief that all men dying headed toward the world of the god Hades. However, the effective transition was assured only through burial and the celebration of funeral rituals. In the epic poems, the dying individual, and by the proper funeral homage of the family members, went alone on his journey to the world of the dead, being awaited and received by the Chtonian deities Cerberus, Persephone, and Hades.
Keywords: Charon; rites; death; Hades; Athens.
Palavras-chave: Osíris; Abidos; Egito Ptolomaico; Egito Romano; estelas funerárias.
ABYDOS AND OSIRIS BEYOND THE PHARAOHS: THE MAINTENANCE OF AN EGYPTIAN WORLDVIEW
Abstract: This article aims to analyze the evidence of the maintenance of Abydos as a ‘center of worship’ for the god Osiris in the Greco-Roman period. To this end, we mobilize written documentation that addresses the Greco-Roman perspective on Abydos and its religious and funerary meanings. To enrich the discussion, we list material and archaeological documents from Abydos, such as stelae and sarcophagi. We argue that the continuity of the cult of Osiris in the locality demonstrates the Egyptians’ search for the preservation of their religious practices in the face of a change in the political-cultural scenario.
Keywords: Osiris; Abydos; Ptolemaic Egypt; Roman Egypt; funerary stelae.
Palavras-chave: elegância; sutileza; Vitrúvio; templos dóricos; arquitetura grega.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING OF 'ELEGANCE' AND 'SUBTLETY' IN THE VITRUVIUS TREATY ON ARCHITECTURE
Abstract: Motivated by the passage 4,1,8 of the Vitruvius On Architecture treaty (ca. 30/20 BC), this article aims to attest to a legitimate change in the architectural conception of Greek Doric temples. This change is addressed in the analysis interface between textual sources and material culture. We verified the relevance and the role played by “elegance” and “subtlety”, according to Vitruvius, in the modus operandi of Greek architects, as technical and methodological resources for the development of the Greek Doric temple project between the 5th-2nd centuries BC. We aimed to clarify and establish links between these relatively subjective concepts and the underlying logic that guided the architects, both in design and in the precise applications on site. We conclude that “Elegance” and “Subtlety” were concepts that were part of the formation of the Greek architect, and that were reflected in a remarkable way which resulted in an extremely refined, elegant and subtle monumental architecture.
Keywords: elegance; subtlety; Vitruvius; Doric temples; Greek architecture.
Palavras-chave: ars poetica; Principado; Catulo; Ovídio; mores maiorum.
NOVIS AND ANTIQUIS: ROMAN ARS POETICA BETWEEN INOVATION AND TRADITION INSIDE CATULIAN AND OVIDIAN ELEGIES POINTS OF VIEW (I BC/I AD)
Abstract: When one gets in touch with poetry from the vast ancient world, it is possible to notice their pedagogic value associated to the ability to spread and reinforce social, moral, poetic and political values. Through aemulatio and imitatio procedures, writers were able to claim their authority by merging imitation and innovation, always referring to the traditions of their predecessors. When we analyze elegiac poems from Catullus and Ovid (I BC/I AD), both considered to be Latin, we try to comprehend how roman ars poetica appears in these records. They both lived through the frontier period, between the ending of res publica and the beginning of Augustus’s principate. Aspects concerning the imitatio of their predecessors were left to us throughout their work. We believe that these poets creative imitation dialogued not only with the poetic tradition from before, but also with moral and social tradition of what we call mores maiorum.
Keywords: ars poetica; Principate; Catullus; Ovid; mores maiorum.
Palavras-chave: pandemias; Império Romano; cidade tardo‑antiga; Cipriano de Cartago.
THE PLAGUE OF CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE (C. 249‐270 AD): A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSE TO A PANDEMIC
Abstract: The Cyprian Plague was a pandemic that last for twenty and one years between 249‐270 AD during what we use to call The Third‐Century Crisis (235‐284 AD.). In this paper, we will present the mainstream of interpretation about this pandemic in order to understand how this epidemic outbreak impacted the historical context mentioned above as a period that we can classify as a context of critical events that impose challenges to the imperial state and the population. In this sense, we will discuss about the social and political responses to the pandemic regarding policies undertaken by the roman emperors in the timeframe of the occurrence of this plague based on the available source’s evidence. Our primary sources for this debate will be the treatises Ad Demetrianus and De mortalitate, written by Cyprian of Carthage, among other documents written by other ancient authors that provides us data on the pandemic (De laudi martirii, written by Pseudo‐Cyprian; Vita Cipriani, written by Pontius, The Deacon; Epistula, written by Dionysus of Alexandria and we can find it at Historia Ecclesias- tica, written by Eusebius of Caesarea). We argue that The Plague of Cyprian was an important feature of the so‐called Third‐Century Crisis context that impacted the religious and social policies of the Roman emperors of this period, specially for those who inhabit Roman Africa territories.
Keywords: pandemics; Roman Empire; Late Antique city; Cyprian of Carthage.
Phoînix 2020.1 by Revista Phoînix
THE OBSTACLE AS SECOND DEATH IN THE COFFIN TEXTS: APEP AS AN EMBODIMENT OF THE ENEMY
Abstract: Apep is the serpent that daily threatens the sunrise and, consequently , in a funerary context, the rebirth of the dead who, as entourage of Solar Boat, thus attains the cosmic cycle and eternity. The first known record of this creature was found during the First Intermediate Period and, in the Middle Kingdom's Coffin Texts there is an important symbolic development. In this paper it will be analyzed the role and symbology of Apep in this textual corpus, aiming to pinpoint the main lines that underlie its conceptualization from the earlier stages on. It seeks to understand specifically how it becomes a symbol of enemy in the Egyptian cosmic-mythological.
Keywords: Ancient Egypt; Coffin Texts; Apep; second death; enemy.
Palavras-chave: discurso; Homero; guerreiro; contexto; ideologia.
THE WARRIOR BEHAVIOR BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT: HOMER AND THE ARISTOCRATIC IDEOLOGY
Abstract: In the present article, we analyze the discourses referring to the warriors behavior present in Homer's epics-Iliad and Odyssey-in order to show how the construction of the ethos of those who went to war was closely connected to context of the investigated works, especially in which belongs to the ideological formations of which they were part. We will also argue that although the poet gives greater prominence to the individual characteristics of the warrior, he still emphasizes the defense of the community, which highlights his position in a broader discursive process.
Keywords: discourse; Homer; warrior; context; ideology.
Palavras-chave: Grécia; Mediterrâneo; morte; conexão; deuses.
LES FRONTIÈRES DE LA MER HELLÉNIQUE: LE MONDE DES DIEUX, DES HOMMES E DES MORTS
Résumé: Cet article vise à comprendre la dynamique du monde marin dans sa conception par les Hellènes du point de vue de la connectivité, surtout dans l'imaginaire. En ce sens, la Méditerranée est un espace capable de relier le monde des vivants, des morts et des immortels. Dans ce lieu de frontières géographiques et imaginaires, entre les périodes archaïque et clas-sique, les Grecs explorent l'espace marin à travers son domaine maritime.
Mots-clés: Grèce; Méditerranéen; la mort; connexion; dieux.
Palavras-chave: democracia ateniense; Atenas clássica; História Militar; marinheiros; hóplitas.
THE STANDING OF SAILORS IN DEMOCRATIC ATHENS
Abstract: Sailors were praised as much as hoplites in democratic Athens. In the eyes of the dēmos fighting at sea was no less of a benefit than doing so on land. They believed that a citizen equally met his martial duty by serving as a sailor or a hoplite. Non-elite citizens insisted that Athenians fighting sea battles be equally recognised for their courage. All this differed from the negative view of sailors that elite citizens had held in archaic times. In the military realm the dēmos had thus successfully redefined traditional aristocratic values.
Keywords: Athenian democracy; classical Athens; military history; sailors;
hoplites.
Palavras-chave: República romana; aristocracia; denários; Minúcios Augurinos; iconografia numismática.
THE COIN REVERSE: LOOKS AT ROMAN LIFE THROUGH THE MINUCII AUGURINI DENARII
Abstract: This article aims to establish looks at the Roman public life in the second half of the II century BCE through the analysis of the images of the denarii's reverses issued by Caius and Tiberius Minucius Augurinus (Rome, 135 and 134 BCE), highlighting the aristocracy's power, their attributes and their representations. It works with the hypothesis that Wallace-Hadrill's assumption about the constitutive elements of the Roman aristocracy's authority may be equally perceived through the numismatic iconography. It also adopts Enrico Montari's concept about the religious characteristic of the romans' representation system.
Keywords: Roman republic; aristocracy; denarii; Minucii Augurini; numismatic iconography.
Palavras-chave: polifonia; poesia didática; epicurismo; estoicismo; deuses.
POLYPHONY IN THE AETNA, ROMAN DIDACTIC POEM Abstract: in this article, we intend to focus on the aspect of "polyphony" (here understood as a variety of "voices") in the Aetna, a didactic poem written at the beginning of the Roman Imperial Period. Following analyses that have shown Stoic and Epicurean elements in this work, we try to demonstrate that its philosophical texture is not homogeneous. We also comment on the issue of how "polyphony" is reflected in the images concerning the gods.
Keywords: polyphony; didactic poetry; Epicureanism; Stoicism; gods.
Palabras-clave: Antología Palatina; epigrama; poesía descriptiva; Dioniso; vino.
“GUIDE, O BLESSED ONE, THE SWEET-VOICED WINE” (GA. 9.403):
DIONYSUS AND THE WINE IN THE DESCRIPTIVE EPIGRAMS
OF THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY
Abstract: From the 10th century but discovered at the end of the 16th, the Greek Anthology (hereinafter GA) is a compendium of diverse collections whose ninth book contains 827 poems, most of them epigrams. The time frame is very wide, from VI BC to IX AD. Anonymous, attributable or of known authors, these sources differ in estimation, geography, epoch and poetic quality. The book subject to the current study summarized a declamatory and descriptive corpus, in Greek terms, epidictic. This research focuses on Dionysus and his offering, wine, exploring the reasons, tone and references to the god -who is called through various epithets-, with the threefold purpose of checking the plastic-representative nature of his qualities and concerns, to weigh the main elements that the collective imaginary kept and to justify the many-sided relationship between man and divinity in these poetic documents. The methodology to be applied is based on philological and historical review, through three sequenced and complementary stages, appropriate to the nature of the epigrammatic genre: inquiry of the historical-cultural context, textual and philological analysis and hermeneutic study, with some, etymological footnotes. In order to achieve these goals, a dozen texts from GA 9 have been selected, translated from the original language and compared with their Latin and English versions, along with the construction of a semantic network in ancient Greek about vitiviniculture and a brief holistic approach in which central aspects, textual (aesthetic-ethical) and contextual (geographical, historical, religious) components meet, plus some etymological notes. The poems have been classified into two groups, by au thorship and anonymous; the first of which is further subdivided into three classes, according on whether they are of known authorship, of uncertain or questionable dating.
Keywords: Greek Anthology; epigram; descriptive poetry; Dionysus; wine.
Palavras-chave: História dos Sertões; cordéis nordestinos; recepção dos clássicos; mitologia greco-romana.
WHEN THE GODS VISITED THE “SERTÕES”: CLASSICAL AN-
TIQUITY IN THE CORDÉIS OF JOÃO MARTINS DE ATAÍDE
Abstract: Cordel in its current form is a genre created in Brazil, by Brazilians and in the Northeast, especially in the Sertão of Paraíba. In the first pamphlets, the cordelistas pointed to a Sertão that was inhospitable, but loaded with idyllic images, heroism, and characters who fled the norms established by a desired modern society. In the universe created by poets, characters and spaces from Antiquity are accessed to integrate the narratives. This article is dedicated to the study of the reception of the classics in the work of João Martins de Ataíde (1880-1959), especially in the cordel entitled “Peleja de Manoel Raymundo com Manoel Campina” (published in Recife, in 1941). This study was carried out on two fronts: in the first, we’ll investigate the trajectory of the poet in the broader context of Cordel as a literary genre. Hereupon, in dialogue with Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca’s Theory of Argumentation (1958), we will analyze how classical mythology was appropriated by the cordelista in the construction of his poetic narrative.
Keywords: History of the Sertões; northeastern cordéis; classics reception; Greco-Roman mythology.
Palavras-chave: Ensino a Distância; TICs; História da Antiguidade.
AN UNIVERSITY BEYOND CAMPUS: NEW TEACHING METHODS
Abstract: It is proposed to discuss an expansion of the learning space at the University taking into account the availability and use of new distance learning technologies, with an impact in the area of Antiquity. Different positions will be presented about the use and viability of this form of teaching in the university. Among the longe-distance learning resources that focus on the history of antiquity there are projects that make available to historians and to the general public a rich set of greco-roman literary and epigraphic sources and courses prepared by important that exponentially increase enrollment around the world.
Keywords: Long-distance learning; ICT; History of Antiquity.
Xenofobía y racismo en el Mundo Antiguo. Barcelona:
Universitat de Barcelona Edicions, 2019. 266 p., por Renata Cardoso de Sousa.
Palavras-chave: Mesopotâmia; arte; corpo; erotismo; nudez.
NUDITY AND EROTICISM IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Abstract: This article proposes a reflection on images of naked bodies (female and male), created more than 4,000 years ago, in ancient Mesopotamia. Initially, we discussed the notion of visual representation in the Mesopotamian world, since they believed in the power of signifiers and their status as an integral part of reality. The concept of mimesis, that is, representation as a means of imitating real things in the world, is not sufficient to understand the art of Eastern antiquity. We start from the foundations of cuneiform writing, defined as symbolic because the signifier is interpreted as recalling the direct meaning, where each sign, having both a pictographic and phonetic value, has the potential to evoke other referents. In the visual arts of ancient Mesopotamia, the body is the place where the genre is visually differentiated. Dressed or naked men and women, children, androgynous people, eunuchs and hermaphrodites were represented, but the most important model of gender differentiation was the representation of the body without clothes. Nudity is a common motif that appears in numerous forms of representation and the description of the erotic aspects of nakedness of bodies is common in several literary genres. Most of these objects, made in reliefs of clay plates or terracotta figures, of small dimensions were created in Babylon in the 2nd millennium BCE and continued to be produced, without interruption, until the 7th century CE, in the Sassanid era. The main objective of these images, whose frontality of the body and the gestures point to an explicit portrait of the genitalia and the breasts, would be to show their sexual attributes, emphasizing the viewer’s gaze. Female frontal nudity was associated with sexual conduct, whereas the naked male body had numerous meanings, sometimes negative, such as death and defeat, sometimes positive, as the heroic strength of the hero. In this contribution, we intend to build a reading key for these images of nudes and question whether we could consider them as representations of that society’s sexual desire.
Keywords: Mesopotamia; art; body; eroticism; nudity.
Palabras-clave: tejido; trama; Helena; Andrómaca; Ilíada.
WEAVING A DOUBLE PURPLE CLOAK: FEMALE FABRICS AT ILIAD
Abstract: The world of textiles is an integral part of almost every human culture and fulfills different social functions. In Greek epic the reference to textiles is continuous. The poet often lingers in costume descriptions or in references to textile work that reveal direct knowledge. In ancient Greece, this world has an intimate bond with women because it constitutes an almost exclusively feminine work and because, as a supplement to the body, it plays a key role in the construction of the feminine identity. Textile elements (like other objects in the oîkos) also serve as a means of non-verbal communication for women, which allows for a broadening of the limited range of action and expression of characters who, prescriptively, have limited agency in the epic. The main objective of this article is to analyze the weavings of Helen at book 3 and Andromache at book 22 of Homer’s Iliad to establish comparisons and determine similarities and differences.
Keywords: weaving; fabric; Helen; Andromache; Iliad.
Palabras-clave: madre; duelo; Tetis; Ilíada; actualidad.
A MOTHER IN GRIEF: PAIN AND RESISTANCE, FROM ILIAD TO TODAY
Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the discourse that makes up the funeral lament of Tethys (Il. 18. 49-64), both from its artistic composition and from the perspective of cultural studies, considering its strategic position in the book and in its entirety of the iliadic poem. We will observe the differences that this discourse presents compared to the typical pattern of funeral lament (ALEXÍOU, 2002), the emotions it transmits and the way it is subversive with respect to the heroic code. Likewise, we will demonstrate that the current situation of the Iliad resides in its expression of emotional experiences that transcend time and space.
Keywords: mother; grief; Tethys; Iliad; today
Palabras-clave: trabajo, relaciones sociales, Hesíodo, Trabajos y Días.
LABOR IN THE WORK OF HESÍODO AS ARTICULATOR OF SOCIAL LINKS
Abstract: This article will analyze the dimension of work in Hesiod's texts and will understand it as an articulator of social relations. First of all, let us think of the dimension of work as that which generates the installation of men in the world, that is, how they appropriate their environment and make it their habitat, their dwelling place. It is a cultural fact and opens that double ethical and poetic installation. There is an érgon, a work, the fruit of the work displayed by the creative capacity of man, his condition as the architect of what belongs to him and an êthos, a way of life, a way of being, that he conducts. The work is thus, a way of installation that accounts for a way of living. Therefore, the work is articulated in a plexus of relationships that determine different axes: a horizontal axis, which involves other men, an ascending axis, which defines the relationship with the gods, a family axis that in the case of the work that concerns us, focuses on the peculiar relationship between Hesiod and his brother, and finally a social axis that borders on the community as a whole.
Keywords: labor; social relations; Hesiod; Works and Days.
Palavras-chave: Caronte; ritos; morte; Hades; Atenas.
CHARON AND THE REPRESENTATION OF DEATH IN ATHENS IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
Abstract: From Homer, the Greeks maintained the belief that all men dying headed toward the world of the god Hades. However, the effective transition was assured only through burial and the celebration of funeral rituals. In the epic poems, the dying individual, and by the proper funeral homage of the family members, went alone on his journey to the world of the dead, being awaited and received by the Chtonian deities Cerberus, Persephone, and Hades.
Keywords: Charon; rites; death; Hades; Athens.
Palavras-chave: Osíris; Abidos; Egito Ptolomaico; Egito Romano; estelas funerárias.
ABYDOS AND OSIRIS BEYOND THE PHARAOHS: THE MAINTENANCE OF AN EGYPTIAN WORLDVIEW
Abstract: This article aims to analyze the evidence of the maintenance of Abydos as a ‘center of worship’ for the god Osiris in the Greco-Roman period. To this end, we mobilize written documentation that addresses the Greco-Roman perspective on Abydos and its religious and funerary meanings. To enrich the discussion, we list material and archaeological documents from Abydos, such as stelae and sarcophagi. We argue that the continuity of the cult of Osiris in the locality demonstrates the Egyptians’ search for the preservation of their religious practices in the face of a change in the political-cultural scenario.
Keywords: Osiris; Abydos; Ptolemaic Egypt; Roman Egypt; funerary stelae.
Palavras-chave: elegância; sutileza; Vitrúvio; templos dóricos; arquitetura grega.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING OF 'ELEGANCE' AND 'SUBTLETY' IN THE VITRUVIUS TREATY ON ARCHITECTURE
Abstract: Motivated by the passage 4,1,8 of the Vitruvius On Architecture treaty (ca. 30/20 BC), this article aims to attest to a legitimate change in the architectural conception of Greek Doric temples. This change is addressed in the analysis interface between textual sources and material culture. We verified the relevance and the role played by “elegance” and “subtlety”, according to Vitruvius, in the modus operandi of Greek architects, as technical and methodological resources for the development of the Greek Doric temple project between the 5th-2nd centuries BC. We aimed to clarify and establish links between these relatively subjective concepts and the underlying logic that guided the architects, both in design and in the precise applications on site. We conclude that “Elegance” and “Subtlety” were concepts that were part of the formation of the Greek architect, and that were reflected in a remarkable way which resulted in an extremely refined, elegant and subtle monumental architecture.
Keywords: elegance; subtlety; Vitruvius; Doric temples; Greek architecture.
Palavras-chave: ars poetica; Principado; Catulo; Ovídio; mores maiorum.
NOVIS AND ANTIQUIS: ROMAN ARS POETICA BETWEEN INOVATION AND TRADITION INSIDE CATULIAN AND OVIDIAN ELEGIES POINTS OF VIEW (I BC/I AD)
Abstract: When one gets in touch with poetry from the vast ancient world, it is possible to notice their pedagogic value associated to the ability to spread and reinforce social, moral, poetic and political values. Through aemulatio and imitatio procedures, writers were able to claim their authority by merging imitation and innovation, always referring to the traditions of their predecessors. When we analyze elegiac poems from Catullus and Ovid (I BC/I AD), both considered to be Latin, we try to comprehend how roman ars poetica appears in these records. They both lived through the frontier period, between the ending of res publica and the beginning of Augustus’s principate. Aspects concerning the imitatio of their predecessors were left to us throughout their work. We believe that these poets creative imitation dialogued not only with the poetic tradition from before, but also with moral and social tradition of what we call mores maiorum.
Keywords: ars poetica; Principate; Catullus; Ovid; mores maiorum.
Palavras-chave: pandemias; Império Romano; cidade tardo‑antiga; Cipriano de Cartago.
THE PLAGUE OF CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE (C. 249‐270 AD): A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSE TO A PANDEMIC
Abstract: The Cyprian Plague was a pandemic that last for twenty and one years between 249‐270 AD during what we use to call The Third‐Century Crisis (235‐284 AD.). In this paper, we will present the mainstream of interpretation about this pandemic in order to understand how this epidemic outbreak impacted the historical context mentioned above as a period that we can classify as a context of critical events that impose challenges to the imperial state and the population. In this sense, we will discuss about the social and political responses to the pandemic regarding policies undertaken by the roman emperors in the timeframe of the occurrence of this plague based on the available source’s evidence. Our primary sources for this debate will be the treatises Ad Demetrianus and De mortalitate, written by Cyprian of Carthage, among other documents written by other ancient authors that provides us data on the pandemic (De laudi martirii, written by Pseudo‐Cyprian; Vita Cipriani, written by Pontius, The Deacon; Epistula, written by Dionysus of Alexandria and we can find it at Historia Ecclesias- tica, written by Eusebius of Caesarea). We argue that The Plague of Cyprian was an important feature of the so‐called Third‐Century Crisis context that impacted the religious and social policies of the Roman emperors of this period, specially for those who inhabit Roman Africa territories.
Keywords: pandemics; Roman Empire; Late Antique city; Cyprian of Carthage.
THE OBSTACLE AS SECOND DEATH IN THE COFFIN TEXTS: APEP AS AN EMBODIMENT OF THE ENEMY
Abstract: Apep is the serpent that daily threatens the sunrise and, consequently , in a funerary context, the rebirth of the dead who, as entourage of Solar Boat, thus attains the cosmic cycle and eternity. The first known record of this creature was found during the First Intermediate Period and, in the Middle Kingdom's Coffin Texts there is an important symbolic development. In this paper it will be analyzed the role and symbology of Apep in this textual corpus, aiming to pinpoint the main lines that underlie its conceptualization from the earlier stages on. It seeks to understand specifically how it becomes a symbol of enemy in the Egyptian cosmic-mythological.
Keywords: Ancient Egypt; Coffin Texts; Apep; second death; enemy.
Palavras-chave: discurso; Homero; guerreiro; contexto; ideologia.
THE WARRIOR BEHAVIOR BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT: HOMER AND THE ARISTOCRATIC IDEOLOGY
Abstract: In the present article, we analyze the discourses referring to the warriors behavior present in Homer's epics-Iliad and Odyssey-in order to show how the construction of the ethos of those who went to war was closely connected to context of the investigated works, especially in which belongs to the ideological formations of which they were part. We will also argue that although the poet gives greater prominence to the individual characteristics of the warrior, he still emphasizes the defense of the community, which highlights his position in a broader discursive process.
Keywords: discourse; Homer; warrior; context; ideology.
Palavras-chave: Grécia; Mediterrâneo; morte; conexão; deuses.
LES FRONTIÈRES DE LA MER HELLÉNIQUE: LE MONDE DES DIEUX, DES HOMMES E DES MORTS
Résumé: Cet article vise à comprendre la dynamique du monde marin dans sa conception par les Hellènes du point de vue de la connectivité, surtout dans l'imaginaire. En ce sens, la Méditerranée est un espace capable de relier le monde des vivants, des morts et des immortels. Dans ce lieu de frontières géographiques et imaginaires, entre les périodes archaïque et clas-sique, les Grecs explorent l'espace marin à travers son domaine maritime.
Mots-clés: Grèce; Méditerranéen; la mort; connexion; dieux.
Palavras-chave: democracia ateniense; Atenas clássica; História Militar; marinheiros; hóplitas.
THE STANDING OF SAILORS IN DEMOCRATIC ATHENS
Abstract: Sailors were praised as much as hoplites in democratic Athens. In the eyes of the dēmos fighting at sea was no less of a benefit than doing so on land. They believed that a citizen equally met his martial duty by serving as a sailor or a hoplite. Non-elite citizens insisted that Athenians fighting sea battles be equally recognised for their courage. All this differed from the negative view of sailors that elite citizens had held in archaic times. In the military realm the dēmos had thus successfully redefined traditional aristocratic values.
Keywords: Athenian democracy; classical Athens; military history; sailors;
hoplites.
Palavras-chave: República romana; aristocracia; denários; Minúcios Augurinos; iconografia numismática.
THE COIN REVERSE: LOOKS AT ROMAN LIFE THROUGH THE MINUCII AUGURINI DENARII
Abstract: This article aims to establish looks at the Roman public life in the second half of the II century BCE through the analysis of the images of the denarii's reverses issued by Caius and Tiberius Minucius Augurinus (Rome, 135 and 134 BCE), highlighting the aristocracy's power, their attributes and their representations. It works with the hypothesis that Wallace-Hadrill's assumption about the constitutive elements of the Roman aristocracy's authority may be equally perceived through the numismatic iconography. It also adopts Enrico Montari's concept about the religious characteristic of the romans' representation system.
Keywords: Roman republic; aristocracy; denarii; Minucii Augurini; numismatic iconography.
Palavras-chave: polifonia; poesia didática; epicurismo; estoicismo; deuses.
POLYPHONY IN THE AETNA, ROMAN DIDACTIC POEM Abstract: in this article, we intend to focus on the aspect of "polyphony" (here understood as a variety of "voices") in the Aetna, a didactic poem written at the beginning of the Roman Imperial Period. Following analyses that have shown Stoic and Epicurean elements in this work, we try to demonstrate that its philosophical texture is not homogeneous. We also comment on the issue of how "polyphony" is reflected in the images concerning the gods.
Keywords: polyphony; didactic poetry; Epicureanism; Stoicism; gods.
Palabras-clave: Antología Palatina; epigrama; poesía descriptiva; Dioniso; vino.
“GUIDE, O BLESSED ONE, THE SWEET-VOICED WINE” (GA. 9.403):
DIONYSUS AND THE WINE IN THE DESCRIPTIVE EPIGRAMS
OF THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY
Abstract: From the 10th century but discovered at the end of the 16th, the Greek Anthology (hereinafter GA) is a compendium of diverse collections whose ninth book contains 827 poems, most of them epigrams. The time frame is very wide, from VI BC to IX AD. Anonymous, attributable or of known authors, these sources differ in estimation, geography, epoch and poetic quality. The book subject to the current study summarized a declamatory and descriptive corpus, in Greek terms, epidictic. This research focuses on Dionysus and his offering, wine, exploring the reasons, tone and references to the god -who is called through various epithets-, with the threefold purpose of checking the plastic-representative nature of his qualities and concerns, to weigh the main elements that the collective imaginary kept and to justify the many-sided relationship between man and divinity in these poetic documents. The methodology to be applied is based on philological and historical review, through three sequenced and complementary stages, appropriate to the nature of the epigrammatic genre: inquiry of the historical-cultural context, textual and philological analysis and hermeneutic study, with some, etymological footnotes. In order to achieve these goals, a dozen texts from GA 9 have been selected, translated from the original language and compared with their Latin and English versions, along with the construction of a semantic network in ancient Greek about vitiviniculture and a brief holistic approach in which central aspects, textual (aesthetic-ethical) and contextual (geographical, historical, religious) components meet, plus some etymological notes. The poems have been classified into two groups, by au thorship and anonymous; the first of which is further subdivided into three classes, according on whether they are of known authorship, of uncertain or questionable dating.
Keywords: Greek Anthology; epigram; descriptive poetry; Dionysus; wine.
Palavras-chave: História dos Sertões; cordéis nordestinos; recepção dos clássicos; mitologia greco-romana.
WHEN THE GODS VISITED THE “SERTÕES”: CLASSICAL AN-
TIQUITY IN THE CORDÉIS OF JOÃO MARTINS DE ATAÍDE
Abstract: Cordel in its current form is a genre created in Brazil, by Brazilians and in the Northeast, especially in the Sertão of Paraíba. In the first pamphlets, the cordelistas pointed to a Sertão that was inhospitable, but loaded with idyllic images, heroism, and characters who fled the norms established by a desired modern society. In the universe created by poets, characters and spaces from Antiquity are accessed to integrate the narratives. This article is dedicated to the study of the reception of the classics in the work of João Martins de Ataíde (1880-1959), especially in the cordel entitled “Peleja de Manoel Raymundo com Manoel Campina” (published in Recife, in 1941). This study was carried out on two fronts: in the first, we’ll investigate the trajectory of the poet in the broader context of Cordel as a literary genre. Hereupon, in dialogue with Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca’s Theory of Argumentation (1958), we will analyze how classical mythology was appropriated by the cordelista in the construction of his poetic narrative.
Keywords: History of the Sertões; northeastern cordéis; classics reception; Greco-Roman mythology.
Palavras-chave: Ensino a Distância; TICs; História da Antiguidade.
AN UNIVERSITY BEYOND CAMPUS: NEW TEACHING METHODS
Abstract: It is proposed to discuss an expansion of the learning space at the University taking into account the availability and use of new distance learning technologies, with an impact in the area of Antiquity. Different positions will be presented about the use and viability of this form of teaching in the university. Among the longe-distance learning resources that focus on the history of antiquity there are projects that make available to historians and to the general public a rich set of greco-roman literary and epigraphic sources and courses prepared by important that exponentially increase enrollment around the world.
Keywords: Long-distance learning; ICT; History of Antiquity.
Xenofobía y racismo en el Mundo Antiguo. Barcelona:
Universitat de Barcelona Edicions, 2019. 266 p., por Renata Cardoso de Sousa.
Palavras-chave: Levante; antigo Israel; Moab; colonialismo; memória cultural.
THE MONUMENT OF THE KING MEŠA‘ OF MŪ’ABA: THE ENTANGLEMENT OF THE FACTS INVOLVING MOABITES AND ISRAELITES OF THE NORTH IN THE AGE OF IRON II
Abstract: This article aims to present a historical context of the conflict involving Moabites and Israelites from the north at the beginning of the second half of the 9th century B.C.E., whose contemporary source is the monument commemorating the retakes of cities by Meša‘, Moabite king. We insert the translation of the monumental inscription into its proper contexts and, as far as the event is concerned, we take literary layers of the Hebrew Bible. We aim to reconstruct aspects of the sociocultural interactions present in the vital movements of the small Levantine kingdoms, especially material exchanges in the religious field – language used in the inscription –, but also of the reality of intense land disputes. With this, we remember the one hundred and fifty years of the excavation of the “Moabite stele”.
Keywords: Levant; ancient Israel; Moab; colonialism; cultural memory.
Palavras-Chave: Ritos funerários; Idade do Ferro; Ilhas Britânicas; York-shire; "speared corpses".
ON THE ART OF KILLING THE DEAD? CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE SPEARED CORPSES OF IRON AGE BRITAIN
Abstract: This paper is a close examination of the speared-corpse ritual found in Iron Age Britain, particularly the cases discovered in East Yorkshire. It not only gives an assessment of the burials and finds associated with this particular funerary rite, but also offers the reader a critical evaluation of the main historiographic interpretations of the spearing ritual in funerary contexts. Taking into consideration both antiquarian and recent discoveries, the discussion aims to highlight aspects of theatricality and performance used in the making of memory, social identities, and ultimately, gendered values associated with Iron Age masculine identities.
Keywords: Funerary rites; Iron Age; Britain; Yorkshire; speared corpses.
Palabras clave: poema; invocación; divinidad; aproximación; asimilación.
“HE IS HAPPY WHOMEVER THE MUSES LOVE AND BEFRIEND; FROM HIS LIPS, IN A STREAM, ISSUES SPEECH, OF A SWEETNESS.” THE INVOCATION AS A TRAIL OF THE POEM
Abstract: The project of this work consists of thinking the dimension of the invocation, usually associated with a proem as a preliminary stroke of the poem. We will take different proemies, from different poems and, even, from a different historical cut; we will choose the Theogony, the Works and Days and some proemies belonging to the Homeric Hymns, as well as the Homeric invocation to the Muse in the catalog of the ships, in order to analyze them and detect certain lines of continuity between them. We will approach the text since an anthropological perspective tending to track the duality of planes that are played between men and mortals, and the characteristics
that can be inferred from bothtópoi. Beyond taking the invocation as a way of approaching the divine, it has always appeared as the condition of possibility of the song itself, reserving the peculiar record of knowledge-power that we have traveled in all the chosen cases.
Keywords: poem; invocation; divinity; approximation; assimilation.
Palabras clave: Atenas; democracia; ciudadanía; ideas políticas; epitáphioi lógoi.
EPITÁPHIOI LÓGOI: CIVIC OFFERINGS AND THE CITIZENS' VOICE DURING THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
Abstract: Elaborated since the perspective of the history of political ideas, the article stops in the epitáphioi lógoi, speeches framed in ceremonies where the Athenians of the classic stage evoked the fighters who had died for their polis. According to Nicole Loraux, the pieces that make up the corpus may not be attributed to the personal reflection of those who expressed these funeral speeches, but are inserted into a discursive matrix crossed by topics that give unity. Based in the prestigious researcher's consideration, the study analyzes whether these common places allow an approach to the representation Athenian citizens of the classical period had about themselves.
Keywords: Athens; democracy; citizenship; political ideas; epitáphioi lógoi.
Palavras-chave: Platão; história; Alcibíades; pólis; indivíduo.
THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE POLIS: A REFLECTION ON WRITING HISTORY
Abstract: How might a dialogic narrative about a fictional meeting between Socrates and Alcibiades contribute to our account of history? The starting point of the present work is based on the hypothesis that the report of the dialogue between the philosopher and his student, found in the text known as First Alcibiades, opens an opportunity to the study of Athens’ 5th century’s history not from a realistic or strictly historical point of view but from a reflective and metaphysical perspective. It shall be argued that the philosophical discourse is complementary to the historical account and that the philosophical narrative analyses the causes of the events that are object of Thucydides’ History of Peloponnesian War. Our intention is to support that the philosophical fiction present in Alcibiades configures a way of thinking corresponding to a way of representing history.
Keywords: Plato; history; Alcibiades; polis; individual.
Palavras-chave: democracia; Atenas; política; ensino de História Antiga; desnaturalização.
COMMUNAUTÉ POLITIQUE ET DÉMOCRATIE: RÉFLEXIONS SUR "L'HÉRITAGE" ATHÉNIENNE Résumè: Cet article a le but de réfléchir sur la conception de la démocratie aujourd'hui et sur la manière dont cette conception est associée à un héritage grec. Généralement, la principale différence relevée entre les démocraties anciennes et les démocraties modernes concerne leur modalité: notre système est représentatif alors que celui des Athéniens était direct. Ce que nous croyons, c’est que les différences sont bien plus grandes que cela et constituent en même temps le véritable « héritage »avec auquel nous devrions nousrapporter. La conception d’une communauté civique comme essentiellement politique et libre, mais consciente des responsabilités individuelles avec cette communauté, est un élément important d’un projet politique émancipateur.
Mots-clés: démocratie; Athènes; la politique; l’enseignement de l’Histoire Ancienne; dénaturalisation.
Palavras-chave: bruxas; literatura latina; Antiguidade Romana; bruxaria; antropologia.
REPRESENTATIONS OF WITCHCRAFT IN THE ROMAN LITERATURE BETWEEN THE FIRST CENTURY B.C. AND THE SECOND CENTURY A.D.: A HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH
Abstract: Since the 1980s, the growing interest of philologists, historians and anthropologists regarding the presence of magic in the Ancient Mediterrenean has made a number of previously poorly studied figures from ancient literature receive more attention of the ancient world’s scholars. Among these figures are the “witch type” characters, found exclusively in the Latin literary tradition. However, until now the increase in interest in these characters has been hampered by the lack of consensus among scholars regarding the conceptual definitions of witchcraft and its correlate terms. We are still far from solving this impasse; however, it promotes a number of fruitful debates. In this sense, this article aims to bring into this debate contributions from Anthropology – a field in which research on this topic has a long tradition – and from the case study of the representations of witchcraft in Roman literature between the 1st century b.C. and the 2nd century A.D. This article is divided into three parts: in the first one, we will consisely present the current state of the studies on the Latin witches and their impasses; in the second one, the current context of the witchcraft studies in Anthropology will be presented; in the third one, we will apply the contributions of Anthropology to the classical studies on the matter.
Keywords: witches; Latin literature; Ancient Rome; witchcraft; anthropology.
Palavras-chave: música; Império romano; Nero; Adriano; Juliano.
MUSIC AND IMPERIAL POWER: NERO, HADRIAN AND JULIAN THE APOSTATE
Abstract: The study about the music of the Imperial period points that some emperors had a special relation with the musical culture, namely with the cultivated music of those times, the music considered of Greek tradition. We will deal particularly with three emperors, Nero, Hadrian and Julian the Apostate, although the phaenomenon is not restricted to these emperors. Besides they themselves had been educated in music and had conditions to perform music, what was not common in Roman tradition, they were governors identified with the Greek cultural legacy. Thus, their relation with music was connected to the philo-Hellenism that was in the basis of their project of Empire. Their interest for music was often treated by ancient historians as a negative trait. We understand that their relation with music is in the basis of the kind of legitimacy they sought as rulers, in the basis of the idea of Empire that inspired them. We think as well that, at the same time, thorough their action, they played an important role in disseminating Greek cultivated music throughout the Empire, thus contributing to preserve its memory to posterity. However, what prevails in the moderns’ eyes, is the stereotyped view of a bloody Nero playing the lyre while Rome burns, generating a distorted image of the role of music in the heart of these emperors’ power project.
Keywords: music; Roman Empire; Nero; Hadrian; Julian the Apostate
Palavras-chave: extrema-direita; Terre et Peuple; guerra cultural; guerra étnica; História Antiga.
ETHNIC WAR, CULTURAL WAR, TOTAL WAR: NOTES ON THE INTERPRETATION OF HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA FROM ANTIQUITY BY FRENCH EXTREME RIGHT MAGAZINE TERRE ET PEUPLE
Abstract:This article presents some remarks that emerged from the research I have carried out for a few years on the French extreme right and its instrumental appropriation of Antiquity. My object is the Terre et Peuple magazine, a periodical linked to extreme right views in the French academia that has reached a considerable capillarity in European territory. I approach what this publication and its group call an “Ethnic war” in connection with the interactions among, on the one hand, foreign immigrants and their descendants in France, and, on the other, what they identify as the “true” French population on account of its origin. The history of Antiquity, in rough terms, is used as a wide backdrop for the rationale employed by Terre et Peuple to defend its assumptions, which can be easily traced back to neo-Nazi or neo-fascist tenets. My analysis primarily covers the two first decades of the periodical with a focus on its interpretation of historical and archaeological data regarding the Indo-European and Gaul-Roman worlds.
Keywords:extreme right; Terre et Peuple; cultural war; ethnic war; Ancient History.
Palavras-chave: espaço comum; "no meio"; assembleia; Aqueus; Ilíada XIX.
L'IMPORTANCE DEL'ESPACE COMMUN ("AU MILIEU") DANS L'ASSEMBLÉE DES ACHÉENS AU CHANT XIX DE L'ILIADE
Résumé: La proposition de ce bref article est de présenter et commenter l'expression "au milieu" comme signe de l'espace commun ou publique dans trois exemples (vers 77, 173 et 249) de l'assemblée des Achéens au chant XIX de l'Iliade, pour nuancer l'hypothèse de Marcel Detienne (au chapitre 5 de Les maîtres de vérité dans la Grèce archaïque) d'un modèle politique spatial circulaire dans lequel toute la communauté guerrière aurait déjàchez Homère un droit égal ou semblable (comme si pré-démocratique) de participation, et restreindre ce droit, en fait, seulement à une aristocratie guerrière des rois ou chefs plus vaillants ou puissants (comme, d’ailleurs, Detienne lui-même le reconnaît discrètement), soulignant dans ce contexte pré-politique le rôle de protagoniste positif d’Ulysse.
Mots-clés: espace commun; “au milieu”; assemblée; Achéens; chant XIX de l’Iliade.
CONTEMPT AND DEGENERACY IN THE CENTRAL PLOT OF THE ILIAD: A STUDY OF THE POLITICAL MEANING OF THE SUPERLATIVE EKHTHISTOS
Abstract: The four occurrences in the Iliad of ekhthistos, superlative of ekhthros, “hateful” or – as I prefer – “execrable”, are related to the motif of the royal authority’s crisis in the poem, particularly regarding Agamemnon and his pursuitof legitimation in his speeches, mostly through many references to Zeus. According to my interpretation, expressing loathing to slaughter in the warand to the contact with corpses, ekhthistos is used when a king exerts his characteristic function in the Indo-European societies of guardian of life and provider of the community’s living. Always the head of the Achaean army, Agamemnon acts both as its main commander and as the community’s protector, splitting up between the protection of life and the promotion of death.
Keywords: Iliad; royalty; Agamemnon; ekhthistos.
Palavras-chaves: democracia; Aristóteles; Heródoto; demos; participação popular.
BRIEF CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT DEMOCRACY AND DEMOS IN HERODOTUS AND ARISTOTLE
Abstract: Herodotus and Aristotle present the types of government both from a quantitative perspective (when one, few or many occupy the power) and a qualitative perspective (when the government is good or bad). The government of many is the democracy and to understand their praise and criticismo to itwe will draw parallels between the excerpt called "Dialogue of the Persians" by Herodotus (Histories, 3.80-83) and books III and IV of The Politics by Aristotle. These works demonstrate both continuity and disruption of the Greeks' political thinking about democracy, which is generally praised forit granting of freedom and equality, and is criticized for allowing the government to remain in the hands of the demos, considered unprepared for assignment. The study of ancient democracies allows us to reflect about democracy today, thinking about its inherent challenges, one of them being related to popular participation.
Keywords: democracy; Aristotle; Herodotus; demos; popular participation.
Palavras-chave: corrupção; Roma antiga; Plauto; Salústio.
THE ANCIENTS'S CORRUPTION AND OURS: APPOINTMENTS FOR THE STUDY OF ROMAN CORRUPTION
Abstract: This article starts by debating the alternatives for comparing modern and ancient corruption. We conclude that studies of corruptionin contemporary societies allow us to cast a new glance on ancientcorruption, assuming it is not limited to a moral vice or misuse of conduct but a component of social life that has its own historicity. We then study some uses of corruption in the literature, briefly analysing how Romans' understanding of corruption varied considerably over time, taking Plautus and Sallust as examples. At last, we emphasise the importance of the provincial world for Roman corruption.
Keywords: corruption; Ancient Rome; Plautus; Sallust.
Palavras-chave: Império Romano; cultura política democrática; republicanismo; linguagem política; historiografia.
THE MARCUS AURELIUS' POLITEÍA
Abstract: The debate about the Marcus Aurelius's "good government", once assumed in ancient sources and developed by modern historians, is retaken in order to question the representation and conception of the possible politeía in Meditations. It is sought to compare the use of the term along with others ancients authors, such as Polybius and Plato, to evidence the semantic and political change in the use made by Marcus Aurelius.
Keywords: Roman Empire; democratic political culture; republicanism; political language; historiography.
Palavras-chave: comunas italianas; História Medieval; política; participação; republicanismo.
FORMS OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN MEDIEVAL ITALIAN COMMUNES Abstract: This paper brings a comparative appreciation of English and Italian-speaking historians who discuss the forms and possibilities of political participation in Medieval Italian communes. Recent historiography has shown two strong tendencies: the first emphasizes the role of thepopolo and guilds in increasing the political mechanisms in republican cities and the second interprets Italian republicanism eminently in ancient and Roman keys underestimating contemporary manifestations of political practices less closely related to Roman tradition.
Keywords: italian communes; Medieval History; politics; participation; republicanism.
Palavras-chave: História das Mulheres; Atenas Clássica; Jean-Pierre Vernant; Nicole Loraux; Vida Comum.
POLITICS AND THE "COMMON LIFE"
Abstract: Approach to the three main characteristics of the "spiritual universe of the polis", according to Jean-Pierre Vernant, from the point of view of the relationship between women and the polis, focusing on classical Athens. The debate is based on Nicole Loraux's arguments about the impossibility of approaching a history of women in the ancient world, which at the same time brings to light a political operation of distinction between male and female to define the spaces and agents of the polis. It discusses the possibility of understanding the values of this spiritual universe, affirming the political presence of women in common life.
Keywords: History of Women; Classical Athens; Jean-Pierre Vernant; Nicole Loraux; Common Life.
Palavras-chave: De rerum natura; Lucrécio; epicurismo romano; religião romana; República Tardia.
THE HYMN DEDICATED TO VENUS IN THE DE RERUM NATURA: THE REFORMULATION OF THE ANCESTRAL BASIS OF RELIGIOUS AUCTORITAS
Abstract: The present article analyzes Lucretian dispute against the currents models of authority transmitted by Roman ancestral tradition, which faced a downturn due to unprecedented circumstances that emerged from the civil wars of the first century BCE and the imperial expansion. The author seeks to establishin new bases the senators and priests' religious auctoritas, closely bound to thesacred beginning of Romanhistory and Romulo' 'inaugural' auspices. In the hymn dedicated to Venus (LUCR., 1. 1-43), Lucretius praised Epicurus as a new political-social and religious authority, and provided a more ‘scientific’ version of the founding myth of the urbs, based on the divine non-intervention in human affairs.
Keywords: De rerum natura; Lucretius; Roman epicureanism; Roman religion; Late Roman Republic.
CRIMEN MAGIAE IN ROMAN AFRICA: THE CHARGES OF MAGIC AGAINST APULEIUS (SEC. II D.C.)
Abstract: The judgment of Apuleius, described in his Apology, evidences the place occupied by the performes of miraculous works in Roman imperial society. The magi, considered dangerous individuals, agents of instability and punishable, were also characterized as characters who hold a key power in the conduct of the daily events of thein habitants of the cities. We believe, therefore, that the charges brought against Apuleius, analyzed from the legislation in force in them iddle of these condcentury, allowus a better understanding of the magic actions existing in Roman-African society, enablingus to envisage the miraculous performance of agents of an exceptional power.
Keywords: Roman Africa; Oea; Apuleius; magic; power.
Palavras-chave: Jaroslav Cerny; vila Deirel Medina; Egito antigo.
THE EGYPTIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY BY/OF JAROSLAV CERNY
Abstract: This paper aims, by honoring Jaroslav Cerny, to study the countless and relevant contributions of this researcher to the field of the studies on Egyptogy, in particular his researches concerning the way of life and culture of the residents of the village of Deir el Medina, which were in charge of the construction of the tombs and the temples in the Valleys of the Kings, Queens and the Nobles, composing micro-histories of these characters.
Keywords: Jaroslav Cerny; Deir el Medina Village; Historiography of Ancient Egypt.
Palavras-chave: poemas homéricos; Destino; moira; Zeus; predestinação.
FORMULAS AND MEANINGS FOR FATE IN THE HOMERIC POEMS Abstract: Despite being one of the issues often cited by philologists to discuss the question of the dating of the Homeric poems, particularly the chronological relationship between the Iliad and the Odyssey, the fact is this is a complex and non-consensual issue. Discussions begin on the fact that (the) poet(s) do not always use the same formula or word to translate the idea we usually translate as "destiny". This essay aims to make a state of the art, drawing attention to what we consider to be a common methodological error: the forced adaptation of what Greeks understood by moira, e.g., and what in the XXI century is meant by Destiny.
Keywords: Homeric poems; Destiny; Moira; Zeus; predestination.
Palabras-clave: Atenas; democracia; asamblea; Aristófanes; Caballeros.
ARISTOPHANES’ COMIC ASSEMBLY AND ATHENIAN DEMOCRATIC POLITICS
Abstract: This article explores the links between Aristophanic comedy and Athenian democracy,focusing on the representation of the assembly. Based on this, first, a balance of the ways in which scholars have addressed the problem of political comedy is drawn and it is made a proposal to investigate what elements Aristophanes offers to think about politics. Subsequently, the interaction between the rol of spectators in the theater and that of citizens in the assembly is analyzed, highlighting the homology between both behaviors and addressing in this context the references to the functioning of the assembly in different playwright's comedies, with particular attention to the elements that the Knights contributes in this respect.
Keywords: Athens; democracy; assembly; Aristophanes; Knights.
Palabras clave: Cicerón; De domo sua; libertas; Clodio.
THE DEBATE OVER LIBERTAS AT THE END OF THE REPUBLIC. A READING OF CICERO’S DE DOMO SUA
Abstract: At the end of the Republic, libertas was a central concept in the debates between optimates and populares, and it was not by chance that Publius Clodius Pulcher chose to place an altar dedicated to the goddess Libertas in the land expropriated to Cicero during his exile. In De domo sua, a speech delivered in 57 BC, Cicero argues for the restitution of his house and his properties, indicating as invalid the dedicatio carried out by the tribune. In this paper the particular use of the noun LIBERTAS in the speech is examined, taking into consideration that it designates both a concepto and a cult deity.
Keywords: Cicero; De domo sua; libertas; Clodius.
Palavras-chave: Eneida; fama; rumor; imortalidade; apoteose.
THE EPIC LITERARY MOTIF OF HEROIC IMMORTALITY AND THE SEMANTIC USES OF FAME FROM VIRGIL’S AENEID
Abstract: In this article we discuss two complementary expedients of heroic immortality from the virgilian epic: good fame as the vehicle of uirtus and glory and the immortality that results from the hero's apotheosis. Together with the perspective of the hero's post mortem elevation and inscription on the Roman pantheon, the poet deals with another notion of immortality whose expression derives most directly from the human dimension. From the analysis of excerpts from Aeneid we aim to reflect about themultiple spectrum of uses and senses of fame in the virgilian lexicon. On the one hand, the fama can refer to the notion of political rumor or rumor that spreads and, on the other hand, the word designates the good reputation of the individual, built in life.
Keywords: Aeneid; fame; rumor; immortality; apotheosis.
Palavras-chave: crise financeira; guerra social romana; história romana; história econômica da antiguidade; direito romano.
ENTRE LE DROIT ET LA COUTUME DANS LA ROME DELA RÉPUBLIQUE TARDIVE ET IMPÉRIALE: AUTOUR DES QUESTIONS FINANCIÈRES
Résumé: Le but de cet article est de présenter quelques considérationssur la relation ténue entre le droit et la coutume tirées de deux études,la première se concentrant sur la période républicaine et l’autre surl’Empire. L’article est divisé en trois parties. Dans la première partie,nous analyserons le contexte de la crise financière survenue en 89 avantJ.-C. dans la ville de Rome pendant la guerre sociale (91-88 avant J.-C.). Parmi les crises financières qui marquèrent la fin de la Républiqueromaine, celle-ci est l’une des mieux documentée et révèle un problèmejuridique et social très particulier. En effet, l es autorités publiques eurentdu mal à remédier à la crise en raison de l’impasse entre loi et coutume :les créanciers invoquèrent la coutume pour percevoir ce qui leur était dû,alors que les débiteurs prétextèrent une prétendue loi interdisant le prêtd’argent contre intérêts pour cesser de rembourser leurs dettes. Dans ladeuxième partie, une discussion sera présentée sur la question du respectdes cout mes régionales en matière de taux d’intérêt sous l’Empire, dans lajurisprudence du Digeste. Dans la troisième partie, seront présentées deslois romaines qui ont vainement tenté d’interdire ou de limiter l’empruntd’argent à intérêt garanti par la coutume invétérée. De cette manière,nous analyserons l’i mportance de l’impasse entre loi et coutume dans le développement de la vie financière à Rome.
Mots-Clés: crise financière; guerre sociale romaine; histoire romaine; histoire économique; droit romain.
Palavras-chave: Pontifex Maximus; poder; Augusto; Roma.
THE PONTIFEX MAXIMUS: A READING ABOUT THE MAXIMUS PONTIFICATE OF AUGUSTO (CENTURY I B.C.)
Abstract: In this article aim to understanding the pontificate in the city of Rome. From this, based on documentary bases such as Cicero and Livy, we will investigate the relevance of the participation and the interference of the Pontifex Maximus in the urbs. It is known, therefore, that this religious position guaranteed to the priests ample benefits associated with political power, since the Pontifex determined, for example, the sites of public buildings. In this sacred scenario we will produce critical reflections on the performance of Augustus, especially at the time of year 12 B.C. In that period, the Princeps not only assumed the administration of the iusdiuinum as noted in his Res Gestae, but also spread images of the guardian of the religio; then, the pontificate would transform him into a pious ruler and maintainer of the mores maiorum of the Res Publica.
Keywords: Pontifex Maximus; power; Augustus; Rome.
Palavras-chave: Principado Romano; Heliogábalo; identidade cultural; performances de gênero.
CULTURAL IDENTITY AND GENDER IN THE ROMAN PRINCIPATE: A PROPOSAL FOR AN INTERSECCIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE EMPEROR HELIOGABALUS (3rd CENTURY CE)
Abstract: Heliogabalus was a young Roman Emperor from a Syriac origin, member of the Severan dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire from 193 to 235 of the common era. Although in a short period of government (218-222), extremely negative representations of Heliogabalus were presented in several contemporary and subsequent texts to his government. These representations emphasize the negative construction of Heliogabalus’ image, pointing out his bad government and his deviant gender performances, associated with certain homoerotic practices and his supposed uncontroller sexual manners. In the same way, these representations point to the “religious abuses” of the emperor, part of his “barbaric” customs. In this article, I aim to analyze the representations of Heliogabalus in the textual documentation written by his contemporaries Cassius Dio, Herodian and Philostratus. I intend todevelop an intersectional analysis on those aspects of gender performances and cultural identity for a better understanding of the negative image ofHeliogabalus in these texts.
Keywords: Roman Principate; Heliogabalus; cultural identity; gender performances.
Palavras-chave: Odisseia; guerra; herói; Elpenor; Jean Giraudoux.
FALSIFYING THE ODYSSEY IN ELPÉNOR (1926) BY JEAN GI-RAUDOUX OR WHEN WAR DOESN'T MAKE HEROES
Abstract: This paper takes up as itsobject Elpénor (1926), by Jean Girau-doux. Marked by the experience of the Great War (1914-1918), in which the writer takes part, the work is a kind of retelling of the Odyssey, where the hero Odysseus is replaced by the mediocre warrior who gives it his name: Elpenor, neither too brave in war nor too smart according to Homer. We try to explore how this updating of the hero and his stories are in dialogue with the war experienced by the author. To achieve this aim we analyze how the old stories renewed participate in a process that allows them to develop the current challenges communicating themthrough a code already known.
Keywords: Odyssey; war; hero; Elpenor; Jean Giraudoux.
Palabras clave: Homero; Creta; Heródoto; Tucídides.
TO BE A CRETAN: A STRATEGIC IDENTITY IN THE HOMERIC NARRATIVE AND IN THE HISTORICAL TALE
Abstract: The “political” use of myth as a foundation of identity has an interesting precedent in the so-called “Cretan biographies” of Odyssey. The present article analyzes the lines 172 to 184 of the biography contained in book 19 in particular, as well as the Cretan links of Iliad characters and the recovery of some Cretan elements in the tragedies Ajax and Philoctetes by Sophocles. Finally, the references of the first book of the Herodotus’ History and of the first book of Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War are analyzed, as keys for understanding the Cretan identity as an ethnic, unstable and controversial notion.
Keywords: Homer; Crete; Herodotus; Thucydides.
Palabras-clave: Hesíodo; etnicidad; trabajo; poder; Grecia Antigua.
WORK, POWER AND SOCIETY IN HESIOD. THE MARKS OF THE ETHNICITY
Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to think the power dimension in He-siod's work, specifically in Works and Days, through an anthropological and political view. We refer to the power relations that are set in Human's necessity to work, as the axis from which human existence and the institution of a certain ethnicity hinges on. First of all, we will address to the vertical axis to observe the power relations between Zeus and Men, between divine and human dimensions. Secondly, we will reveal the same questions of power relations that Men have with each other as the mayor actors of work experience. Ultimately, we want to think the Work topic as the Human life epicenter and, from that center, suggest different relations from an anthropological and political view.
Keywords: Hesiod; ethnicity; work; power; Ancient Greece.
Palabras clave: Suplicantes; Esquilo; otro; heraldo de los egipcios; identidad cultural.
THE CONDITION OF BEING "OTHER" IN AESCHYLUS' SUPPLICES: A (COMPARATIVE) ANALYSIS OF THE EGYPTIAN HERALD SCENE
Abstract: We propose to study the impact that could have experienced the Greek spectator when the Egyptian herald enters the scene (vv. 825 y ss.). In our analysis, we will consider the multimediatic potency of the tragic genre, since we will compare this entry with that of the Danaids and the impression that its observation produces on the internal spectator, Pelasgus (vv. 234 y ss.). From Stuart Hall's (2006) concept of "identification", we aim to demonstrate that both pictures of the scene reveal the rupture of the antithetical pairs Greek/Barbarian and civilized/uncivilized. In that rupture lies part of the tragic effect of the play.
Keywords: Supplices; Aeschylus; other; Egyptian herald; cultural identity.
Palavras-chave: Grécia clássica; Eurípides; etnicidade; Medeia.
HOSTILE POLICYICS WITH THE BARBARIAN: MEDEA'S CASE
Abstract: In this article we aim to analyse the vulnerability of the foreigner, based on Euripides' work Medea. This way, we also discuss the notion of Hellenic ethnicity and the ethos of the heroine Medea, who breaks with the expected model of the ideal woman in Classical Greece. Despite the many versions for this character's myth, the Euripidean tragedy is responsible for consolidating in literature the infanticide as an act of revenge against the former husband Jason. She, who had left her homeland to follow him, was abandoned with the children and was without family or friends in a foreign land.
Key-words: Classical Greece; Euripides; ethnicity; Medea.
Palavras-chave: política; linguagem; categorias sociais; etnocentrismo; antropocentrismo.
GREEKS AND BARBARIANS IN PLATO'S STATESMAN
Abstract: In section 262d1-3 of Plato's dialogue Statesman, the Stranger from Elea warns his young interlocutor regarding that which, according to him, is a common error among the Athenians: "they cut off the Hellenes as one species, and all the other species of mankind, which are innumerable, and have no ties or common language, they include under the single name of 'barbarians'". In addition to the evident criticism to the ethnocentrism of such a habit, the character speaks of another politically relevant theme, namely the problem of the conceptions involved in each designation that we use by custom. That is, by the way, a recurring subject in the two Platonic dialogues starred by the Stranger of Elea: to what extent do words correspond to the things designated? To what extent can we trust our common language when undertaking an investigation? What understandings are embedded in the names we employ? Questions such as these necessarily come to the mind of the reader of those works. Questions that are not accidentally raised by an anonymous stranger, known only by his origin. These are the topics that I intend to explore in this article, from a detailed analysis of the aforementioned section.
Keywords: Politics; language; social categories; ethnocentrism; anthropocentrism.
Palavras-chave: Estrabão; Geografia; Ibéria; bárbaro; civilizado.
REPRESENTATIONS OF OTHERNESS IN STRABO’S GEOGRAPHY: THE BARBARIAN VERSUS CIVILISED DICHOTOMY, BOOK III
Abstract: When people from different cultures meet in the battlefield, such military encounters turn into pivotal moments of discovery and confrontation between two identities, "us" versus "others". The societal notion of otherness features in many literary works from the Greek Antiquity, such as Homer’s epic poems and the Attic tragedy as well as Herodotus’ Histories and Strabo’s Geography, bearing testimony to the importance given to the differentiation in regard to what formed part of the Greek world. This text proposes to explore various excerpts from Strabo’s Geography, Book III, that favour the perception of the contrasting elements that differentiate the “civilised” from the “barbarian” in Iberia during a period of Roman occupation, from the viewpoint of a Greek author living in Rome between the rules of emperors Augustus and Tiberius, ie, in the transition from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD.
Keywords: Strabo; Geography; Iberia; barbarian; civilised.
Palavras-chave: História Natural; maravilhas; bárbaro; costumes; estrangeiro.
ROMAN IMAGE ABOUT FOREIGN PEOPLE AND ABOUT HIMSELF
Abstract: Foreign people always arouse curiosity and Romans are not indifferent when they come across unknowing people, maybe inhabitant of a distant place, with different customs and lifestyles. In the Natural History, Pliny shows us a repertoire of beliefs and unusual histories about various people; only a physical or moral quality, an strange birth or an exceptional longevity were enough to instigate the imagination and to consider these qualities as "monstrosities" or mirabilia. Animals could be found in some specific places, but there are men even in inhospitable places of the earth, far from the sea, in desert places, with strange customs. In book VII, we can see, for example, observations about some ethnic group strange to the Romans. Some observations are retaken throughout the book, that we will approach with some examples.
Keywords: Natural History; wonders; barbarous; costumes; stranger.
Palavras-chave: Augusto; culto imperial; moedas romanas; Hispania; Siro-Palestina.
THE IMPERIAL CULT AND THE COINS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Abstract: It is our goal in this paper to show how the effigies and augustean signa imperii on the coins struck under Augustus in Hispania and Syro-Palestine advertised the imperial cult, the State and his leader, Augustus, thus guaranteeing merit and prestige for himself. Augustus was the first to be concerned with the systematic political organization of images, searching for the public acknowledgement of his military qualities, of his Divi filius status, and of his virtues in ruling the State. Aesthetics was, therefore, put at the service of politics.
Keywords: Augustus; imperial cult; Roman coins; Hispania; Syro-Palestine.
Palavras-chave: estoicismo; astrologia; Otávio Augusto; ordem.
THE STOIC NATURE AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE STARS ON HUMANS LIFE: MARCUS MANILIUS AND HIS SEARCH FOR AN “UNIVERSAL SIMPATHY” (FIRST CENTURY A.C.)
Abstract: A necessity in put in order the political-social space in the last years of roman Republic and beginning of Empire, with Octavius Augustus (first century a.C.), could be analyzed by todays historians with literary historical documents of this time. The new leader capacity was presented by many ways, and by different authors, because a consensus was necessary for establish an end to Civil Wars. Thinking in that way, Manilius, with his didactic poetry Astronomicas, proposes a learning of astrological knowledge because he realized that this was the best path for anyone who desire understand the human action ordered by an cosmic creator force that is human itself. This understanding is possible for our author when associate with a specific philosophical knowledge: stoicism. For that reason, this present article shows this knowledge for we understand not only Manilius necessity in put time in order, but also teaching about the connection necessary between man and nature (divine).
Keywords: stoicism; astrology; Octavius Augustus; order.
à excelência. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad X, 2017. 168p., por Maria do Céu Fialho.
Palavras-chave: Mesopotâmia; tribo; chefia; palácio; realeza.
TRIBAL CHIEFDOM AND URBAN ROYALTY IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA: NOTES FOR AN APPROACH
Abstract: The interactions and conflicts between palatial power and nomadic peoples were poorly treated in historiography. This article indicates some ways to approach the relations between the urban royalty and the tribal chiefdoms, aiming to suggest an alternative explanatory model, the bedouin-palace.
Keywords: Mesopotamia; tribe; chiefdoms; palace; royalty.
Palavras-chave: festival; celebração; poder.
NEW YEAR, NEW LIFE: THE RENEWAL WITH THE AKITU FESTIVAL IN BABYLON
Abstract: This text addresses one of the cultural manifestations of the city of Babylon, the festival of Akitu. This was an annual commemoration that also celebrated the New Year and was led by representatives of the political and religious powers. The different moments of its realization were developed in distinct symbolic spaces during the twelve days of its promotion.
Keywords: festival; celebration; power.
Palavras-chave: tradução; Homero; Odisseia; tempestade; resiliência; crise migratória.
STORM ON THE HIGH SEAS
Abstract: We offer a translation and commentaries of a storm passage in Homer’s Odyssey, (V, 278-383). Poseidon stirs up the storm, which nearly drags and kills Odysseus. The goddesses Ino Leucotea/ Brancadei (who throws his protective veil to him) and Athena come to his rescue. We pro- pose that the whole passage can be analyzed like an allegorical picture. A remarkable and emblematic passage like that stimulates us to think about the concept of “resilience”. Finally, we compare the storm scene and the migrant crisis when, until 2016, at least 3,800 persons died or were declared missing in the Mediterranean Sea.
Key-words: translation; Homer; Odyssey’s storm; resilience; migrant crisis.
Palavras-chave: Heródoto; poesia grega arcaica; sedução feminina.
AN INTERDISCURSIVE ANALISIS OF GIGES’ LOGOS
Abstract: The article approaches the well-known logos of Gyges, presented by Herodotus in histories (I, 8.1-12.1). The analysis of this narrative is based on the interdiscursive traditions established for the Halicarnassus historian with the of Archaic Greek Poetry. We intend to interpret the theme of feminine nudity and betrayal as questions associated to the risk of der-rocade of political power.
Keywords: Herodotus; archaic greek poetry; feminine seduction
Palavras-chave: ética; hedonismo; cirenaicos; epicurismo; prazer.
L’HÉDONISME DANS LES VIES ET DOCTRINES DES PHILOSOPHES ILLUSTRES DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE : LES CYRÉNAÏQUES ET ÉPICURE
Résumé: Cet article traite de l'analyse critique qui oppose la philosophie cyrénaïque dans le livre II de l'oeuvre de Diogène Laërce à la présentation de la pensée d'Épicure dans le livre X. Il s'agit en plus de montrer la volonté de l'auteur à prouver la grande importance de la philosophie épicurienne au détriment de la philosophie cyrénaïque, surtout en ce qui concerne la question du plaisir et les différences particulières à chacun des deux types d’hédonisme. Il semblerait que, pour Laërce, Épicure récupère un sens de l’éthique socratique sur le plaisir, ce qu’on ne retrouve ni dans la pensée d’Aristippe ni dans celle de ses disciples. Cependant, en regardant de plus près le texte on voit ressortir plutôt des similitudes que des différences entre les deux. On remarquera enfin la grande influence de l’école cyrénaïque sur la pensée d’Épicure, en particulier sur son éthique.
Mots-clés: éthique, hédonisme, école cyrénaïque, épicurisme, plaisir.
Palavras-chave: estátuas de culto; M. Túlio Cícero; religião romana.
THE MOST ANCIENT CERES: CICERO, DE SIGNIS (IN VERREM 2.4.105-115)
Abstract: In search of the meanings assigned to statues of the gods in the Roman public arena, this paper deals with Cicero's discourse on the statue of Demeter (In verrem 2.4.105-115), in which the goddess of Enna becomes "the most ancient Ceres", linked to the Roman religion.
Keywords: Cult statues; M. Tullius Cicero; Roman religion.
Palavras-chave: Graciano; Quinto Aurélio Símaco Eusébio; Laudação; imagem imperial; esperança.
THE YOUNG EMPEROR GRATIAN AND THE HOPE OF A NEW CENTURY IN THE LAUDATIO IN GRATIANUM AUGUSTUM, OF QUINTUS AURELIUS SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS (369 A.D.)
Abstract: This article aims to contextualize some of the praises imputed by the neoplatonic senator Quintus Aurelius Symmachus Eusebius (340-402?) to Gratian emperor (359-383). We ask ourselves how the ruler was described by the speaker and the neoplatonist senator. What virtues were linked to Gratian? And these virtues were related to what actions? How the "hope" (spes) did help sustain this discourse in favor of imperial power? Our study has as main document the Laudatio in Gratianum Augustum (369?), pronounced by Symmachus in the name of the senate of Rome. We suggest that the narrative elaborations presented by the senator integrated the policies of support of the power of command of Gratian, because these elaborations conferred to this august the necessary qualities to a correct secular leader. They emphasized the imperial actions that benefited his people.
Keywords: Gratian; Quintus Aurelius Symmachus Eusebius; Laudation; imperial image; hope.
Palavras-chave: Platonismo e Tradição Clássica no Brasil; Simão de Vasconcelos e a Crônica da Companhia de Jesus; Platonismo e anarquismo; Maria Lacerda de Moura; José Oiticica.
THE ARKHÉ OF THE NEW WORLD AND “PLATO’S OPINION”: INTEGRATION AND CONTACTS
Abstract: The presence of the Greek classics in the formation of Brazil is a theme that encompasses a diversity of experiences, both in terms of the integration processes-insofar as Brazil integrated itself into the "wisdom of the nations"-and the multiple contacts that allowed the understanding of the historical, political and cultural dimensions that shaped the brazilian nation. Therefore, it is from this perspective, that of integration and contacts, that we propose to present a first analysis about the "means" by which the platonic dialogues were integrated to a certain understanding of Brazil: on the one hand, their presence in the seventeenth century in the analyses of Father Simão de Vasconcelos, and, on the other hand, the critical view of Brazil in the first half of the twentieth century, expressed in the work of two anarchist thinkers: Maria Lacerda de Moura and José Oiticica.
Keywords: Platonism and Classical Tradition in Brazil; Simão de Vasconcelos and the Crônica da Companhia de Jesus; Platonism and anarchism; Maria Lacerda de Moura; José Oiticica.
Palabras-clave: mito; cinema; Grécia; héroes; re-imaginar.
GREEK MYTHOLOGY IN THE CINEMA: A MODERN CREATIVE REINVENTION PROCESS
Abstract: This article discusses the process of modern recreation that occurs to the Greek myth through the images of the film language. Through the review critical of several classic films, mainly of Italian production and U.S., and treatment that they became the leading actors of the Greek myth, heroes, gods, monsters, and hybrid creatures, as well as recurring themes, especially the underworld field, will be how this process of plausible rein- vention, with the Greek myth manipulation suffers, ends up enriching it and, somehow, do it this in a way consistent with the modern world.
Keywords: myth; cinema; Greece; hero; re-imagine.
Vie et mort de deux statues. Paris: Seuil, 2014. 372 p., por José Antonio Dabdab Trabulsi.
Livro do Tempo: Escritas e reescritas. Teatro Greco-
Latino e sua recepção I. Coimbra, São Paulo: Imprensa
da Universidade de Coimbra, Annablume, 2016. 384p., por Renan Marques Liparotti.
Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2015, 200 p., por Renata Cardoso de Sousa.
Palavras-chave: Augusto; Suetónio; escrita biográfica.
AUGUSTUS BY SUETONIUS: THE MAN AND THE MAKING OF THE GOD
Abstract: The study focuses on the life of Augustus by Suetonius, the most complete literary source on the emperor and also the longest Suetonian biography. It analyses the way the author organizes the narrative, selects events and addresses his main topics in order to paint a strongly ideological portrait of Augustus.
Keywords: Augustus; Suetonius; biographical writing.
Palavras-chave: poesia didática; gênero literário; cinegético; Grattius Faliscus; caça.
WAYS OF INSERTION OF GRATTIUS FALISCUS’ CYNEGETICON IN THE TRADITION OF ANCIENT DIDACTIC POETRY
Abstract: This article deals with the description of a Latin poem about hunting, cynegeticon, as a typical textual representation of an ancient didactic poetry. Alongside with the description, the article will also intend to particularize the poem within its literary type, based upon Grattius Faliscus’ specific way to building the character of the “student” in the poem and to dividing the thematic levels of the book between obvious/concrete and underpinning/abstract.
Keywords: didactic poetry; literary genre; cynegeticon; Grattius Faliscus; hunting.
Palavras-chave: literatura latina; personagem; movimento; espaço; tempo.
CHARACTERS IN MOTION IN THE VRBS – CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE ESPACE, THE TIME AND THE RISIBLE IN THE LATIN LITERATURE
Abstract: The Latin literature, with its innovative features that came from an acknowledged union between ingenium (“talent”) and ars (“technique”) in his distinct phases, legated us subsidies of incontestable value in what refers to a roman view of the world. And the contribution of poets like the comediographer Plautus, the satirists Horace and Juvenal and the epigramist Martial, and his textual practices, wich highlight a perfect notion of use of the mechanisms that bring up the laughter, take to the modern reader a perceptible atmosphere of the lived time and the traveled space, in special in the City. We come to such consideratons from an observation of the character’s composition that give life to the poetry: they move, they dialogue, they feel. Thus, this work aims to present a selection of characters that, walking around in the city and tasting the flavours in the taverns and the usual dinners, let us see a kind of dynamic of the Vrbs. Keywords: Latin literature; character; movement; space; time.
Palavras-chave: Eusébeia; asebeia; transgressão; matricídio; Atenas.
EUSÉBEIA: UN VALEUR DU ‘SYSTÈME DE CONDUITE’ ATHÉNIEN (Ve SIECLE AVANT J.-C.)
Résumé: Eusébeia (pietié) était un des valeurs du ‘système de conduite’ athénien de le Ve siècle avant J.-C. Pour faire partie de cette ‘système’ les déviations commis contre cette valeur ont été considérés comme formes de transgression. Dans cet article en parlent sur pieté, nous mettrons l’accent sur la piété filiale. Comme documentation iconographique nous utiliserons images sur la céramique attique. Dans ces images nous verrons le matricide effectuée par Oreste comme un exemple de la transgression au valeur d’eusébeia, en d’autres termes, une démonstration de l’impiété (asebeia).
Mots-clés: Eusébeia; asebeia; transgression; matricide; Athènes.
Palavras-chave: caos; ataxia; cosmos; ordem; desordem; Gigantomaquia; Centauromaquia; Amazonomaquia.
THREE GREEK MYTHS OF CHAOS AND ATAXIA
Abstract: The idea of "vacuum" seems to have been present in Greek culture almost from the its beginning. Indeed, if we look at the fact that the Homeric Poems and the work attributed to Hesiod are the earliest known literary testimonies of the Greeks' culture, then it seems to us more than evident that the ideas of "chaos" and disorder or ataxia have been the subject of reflection by poets since at least the eighth century BC. This essay aims to analyze three cases of the Greek mythology in which these ideas seem the basic theme that structures them: the myths of Gigantomachy, Centauromachy and Amazonomachy.
Key-words: caos; ataxia; cosmos; order; disorder; Gigantomachy; Centauromachy; Amazonomachy.
Palavras-chave: 'o mesmo'; 'o outro'; morte; crenças antigas; leitura antropológica.
HOW NAMING THE UNNAMEABLE? LIFE AND DEATH IN ARCHAIC GREEK SOCIETIES
Abstract: The present work reflects on the death as an anthropological fact and on its territorialization in the framework of the archaic Greek beliefs, from a reading of the text of N. Fustel de Coulanges, The ancient city. In the first place we will address the tension between the sameness and otherness, problematic object of the Anthropology, in order to think to the death like a form of the Other. Second, we will think about the relation of man to death by making a philosophical-anthropological reading of Alcestis.
Keywords: Sameness; Otherness; Death; Ancient beliefs; Anthropological reading.
Palabras clave: Zeus; Suplicantes; Esquilo; Orfismo; Papiro de Derveni.
ORFIC? ZEUS IN AESCHYLUS’ SUPPLIANTS. BETWEEN COLLECTIVE EXPERIENCE AND TRAGIC POÍESIS
Abstract: The purpose of this analysis is the elaborated version by Aeschylus (deliberately or not) of the divine element in terms of the development of the drama's plot. In this case, we have noticed that the representation of Zeus in the Suppliants, inevitable divinity of the work, displays itself lined with striking features that cause its examination. To do this, we select some passages of the tragedy in which Zeus is presented as omnipotent and ubiquitous, similar to the orphic god. For this analysis, the best source is the Derveni papyrus, because besides including the oldest and shortest version of a Hymn to Zeus, that version is contemporary to the Suppliants. However, we do not propose an orphic reading of the work, but a possible justification of those images and ideas that are atypical for public religion of the fifth century b. C. The selected passages, therefore, are important to measure indirectly the impact and degree of development that this movement could have had in classical Athens, in a framework known and shared by both the author and the public.
Keywords: Zeus; Suppliants; Aeschylus; Orphism; Derveni Papyrus.
Palavras chave: Ésquilo; Eurípides; comédia; pintura mural e suas técnicas.
THEATRE AND PAINTING, TWO FORMS OF MIMESIS
Abstract: Preserved almost only through ceramics, Greek painting, in big wall pictures too, is refered by several literary testimonies. Even if discrete, theatre is an interesting vehicle of information, under descriptions or metaphors, making clear the popularity of this form of art.
Keywords: Aeschylus; Euripides; comedy; wall painting and its techical processes.
Palavras-chave: Tucídides; Heródoto; Hannah Arendt; historie; syngrapho.
THE PROLOGUES OF HERODOTUS AND THUCYDIDES: SOME PHILOSOPHICAL AND PHILOLOGICALl CONSIDERARIONS
Abstract: The prologues of Herodotus and Thucydides’s histories show the conditions that Hannah Arendt considers fundamentals to the rise of Greek historiography: grandiosity and immortality – to which we add politics. On the other hand, the concepts of historie and syngrapho allow us to establish significant differences between the works of the two Greek historians. The philological study of the verb syngrapho reveals many of the specific characteristics of the tucididian text.
Keywords: Herodotus; Thucydides; Hannah Arendt; historie; syngrapho.
Palavras-chave: Arqueologia; colonizações helênicas; comunidade; contatos; teoria pós-colonial.
COMMUNAL ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL COMPLEXITY: A NEW FRONTIER?
Abstract: Studies on social complexity have a long tradition in the archaeological thought. In the last 16 years, the developments in the discussion on social inequality and on the production of collective and personal identities have changed our view on community building. Nowadays, the debate is centred on human agency and, above all, on communal commitment. By taking examples from cases of Greek colonisations in the Western Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions, I arguein favour of the contributions of a postcolonial perspective in order to further our understanding of the matters of agency and community's material constructions.
Keywords: Archaeology; Greek Colonisations; Community; Contacts; Postcolonial Theory.
Palavras-chave: Heródoto; etnicidade; interdiscurso; tradição épica.
ALEXANDER I, SON OF AMYNTAS: THE HERODOTIAN NARRATIVE AND MACEDONIAN ETHNICITY DURING GRECO-PERSIAN WARS
Abstract: In Book VIII of Histories, Herodotus describes the slaughter of Persian emissaries at the palace of king Amyntas of Macedon. The hellenic-ity of the Macedonians was a contentious issue in the Ancient world. In this article we analyze the discursive resources used by Herodotus as part of broader efforts to hellenize the Macedonians in the mid-fifth century B.C.
Keywords: Herodotus; ethnicity; interdiscourse; epic tradition.
Palavras-chave: falsificação; moedas falsas; moedas verdadeiras; ficção; teatro.
LA CONTREFAÇON ET LE THÉÂTRE GREC: DEUX FACES D'UNE MÊME PIÈCE
Résumé: Dans cette réflexion, je voudrais discuter la fiction au-delà du ψεῦδος (pseûdos) dans le monde grec. J'examine, pour ce faire, le statut de la fiction ou du fictionnel, en particulier dans les fausses pièces. Dans la relation de l'homme grec avec sa monnaie, tant réelle que fausse, on est confronté à des situations où il y a des pièces fausses qui sont autorisées à intégrer la circulation et, par conséquent, sont équivalentes aux vraies; ainsi que pièces contrefaites qui sont capables de mettre en échec la vraie monnaie; et encore des contrefaites qui peuvent devenir plus réelles que les réelles. Il faut noter que le contraste entre ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (alétheia) ne permet pas de percevoir la fluidité de la frontière entre une idée et l’autre. D’où, peut-être, la raison d’observer comment cette même frontière se comporte dans les pratiques du monde grec, en principe pratiques peu habituées aux notions de ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (comme dans le cas de la monnaie), mais qui, inévitablement, ont participé à leur élaboration et à leur sophistication. Et qui aident (ces pratiques) à expliquer le pacte de fiction au théâtre classique.
Mots-clés: contrefaçon; fausses pièces; varies pièces; fiction; théâtre.
Palavras-chave: Filoctetes; espaço; Lemnos; pólis; abandono.
PHILOCTETES, LEMNOS AND THE ABANDON OF THE HUMAN Abstract: In this paper we present a reflection on certain aspects of Sopho-cles' Philoctetes, a tragedy that shows the condition of solitude, aridity and the savagery present both in the representation of Philoctetes and in the place where the hero lives, the island of Lemnos. We propose a reading of these characteristics in the light of a mental construct on social life elaborated by the ancient Greeks as a mark of the isonomic life.
Keywords: Philoctetes; space; Lemnos; polis; abandon.
Palavras-chave: Império Romano; epigrafia jurídica; elites provinciais romanas; Hispania; integração provincial.
THE JURIDICAL EPIGRAPHY AND THE PROVINCIAL INTEGRATION PROCEDURES IN HISPANIA
Abstract: The epigraphic production can be considered one of the most expressive icons of the integration process of the new political and social habits in the new context promoted by the creation and consolidation of Ro-man Empire. Through epigraphic production, it's possible to access a load of information about different social groups. Regarding the provincial citizens, their identification, the local strategies of political promotion, the agents’ route in their administration of the cities, the political alliances forged, and the means of communication with the Imperial Administration are research objects of great significance. Taking said points into consideration, the following study points the importance of the leges provinciales for the study of provincial integration during High Roman Empire. In order to achieve that, a brief case study will be made, focusing in the laws of Flavian period in Hispania civitates.
Key-words: Roman Empire; juridical epigraphy; Roman provincial elites; Hispania; provincial integration.
Palavras-chave: Nero; Suetônio; homoerotismo; estudos de gênero; Es-poro; Doríforo.
SUETONIUS ON NERO'S MARRIAGE TO SPORUS AND DORYPHOROS
Abstract: In this article, I will present the translation and analysis of chapters 28 and 29 of Suetonius's Life of Nero, with a linguistic commentary and references to other excerpts of the biography and other documents from different literary genres. In order to understand the intentions of the author and his discursive strategies, I formulate some notes on the Lives of the Twelve Caesars and the narrative technique of Suetonius. As for the meaning of the episodes presented, I briefly follow the historiographical discussion from the mid-twentieth century onward.
Keywords: Nero; Suetonius; Homoeroticism; Gender Studies; Sporus; Doryphorus.
Resumo: Como reage a elite pagã às leis que gradualmente limitam a religião tradicional e impõem a fé cristã? De que modo os nobres romanos buscam, em um primeiro momento, coexistir, resistir e, em seguida, adaptar-se e estabelecer compromissos com essa nova situação? Tratou-se de uma dura resistência armada, ou, ao contrário, de um transcurso indolor? Nosso estudo de caso para aprofundar o tema será uma inscrição a respeito dos sálios, um antigo sacerdócio tradicionalmente ocupado pelos jovens patrícios romanos. Na ausência do seu maximus, os pontífices passam, então, a agir autonomamente, buscando levar adiante a prática dos seus ritos ancestrais e restaurando os antigos edifícios-nesse caso, as mansiones dos sálios, há muito abandonadas. Servindo-nos das leis contidas no Livro XVI do Código de Teodósio, podemos acompanhar melhor o processo de mudança no interior da elite de Roma, mais complexo do que comumente se considera, feito de ações e reações, resistências e compromissos, até a inevitável conversão.
Palavras-chave: religião romana; sacerdócio sálio; mudanças religiosas.
THE LAST DANCE OF THE SALIANS: ROMAN PAGAN ELITE AND CHRISTIAN EMPERORS IN 4th CE.
Abstract: How Pagan elite reacted to the laws that gradually limited the traditional religion and impose the Christian faith? By which ways the Roman nobles tried, at first, coexist, resist and then adapt and engage them with the new situation? There was a fierce armed resistance, or, conversely, a peaceful change? Our case study will be an inscription about the Salians, an old priesthood traditionally occupied by young Roman patricians. In the absence of their maximus, the pontifices act autonomously, trying to carry on the practice of their ancestral rites and restoring old religious buildings, in this case the mansiones of the Salians, abandoned long time ago.Based on the laws in the Book VII of the Theodosian Code, we can analyze the process of religious change within Roman elite, which was more complex than is commonly realized, including actions and reactions, resistance and commitments until an inevitable conversion.
Keywords: Roman religion; Salian priesthood; Religious change.
Palavras-chave: Aedos em Homero; poesia oral; sociedade homérica.
ITINERANT DEMIURGE OR COURT PROFESSIONAL? REEVALUATING THE HOMERIC SINGER
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to categorize the types of singers presented in the Homeric poems, and to consider the relation of those categories with historical singers from periods that have been identified as Homer's period. The paper will emphasize specifically the area of activity of the singers in the poems. In other words, the investigation will center on the possibility of association between the singer and a preferred place for performances, or if there are itinerant singers. The objective here is to demonstrate that the phenomenon is not presented as homogeneous, but through multiple variations that have consequences for the historical understanding of the problem.
Keywords: Singers in Homer; oral poetry; homeric society.
Palavras-chave: cidade grega; pólis; Glotz; Vlassopoulos; historiografia.
THINKING AND “UNTHINKING” THE GREEK PÓLIS
Abstract: This work tries to examine the construction and the critic of the greek concept of pólis as the central concept in the study of ancient Greece, specially through the works of two major authors in this respect: Gustave Glotz and Kostas Vlassopoulos.
Keywords: greek city-State; pólis; Glotz; Vlassopoulos; historiography.
Palabras-clave: femenino; Suplicantes; Esquilo; lírica; ruiseñor.
THE FEMININE IN ATHENIAN LITERATURE OF CLASSICAL PERIOD. AESCHYLUS’ SUPPLICES: THE NIGHTINGALE-WOMAN
Abstract: Aeschylus’ Supplices dramatizes an ordinary circumstance for any Athenian woman of the classic period: the transition from childhood to maturity through the ritual of marriage, a unique event across women’s life, that means an abrupt change to a new life, within a foreign family.Supplices does not propose the performance of an ideal model: the Danaids not only escape from their land and their kinship, they also avoid the ideology of submission, becoming one of the paradigms of feminine transgression in Greek classical theatre. We examine this aspect starting from the philological and literary interpretation of one of the tragic odes (776-823). The analysis is based on the link between tragedy and archaic lyric poetry, according to the lines of research proposed by Calame (1977) and Swift (2010).
Keywords: feminine; Supplices; Aeschylus; lyric; nightingale.
Palavras-chave: Genealogia heroica; gens Iulia; Roma republicana; Eneida.
FROM IULIUS TO IULII: THE ROMAN AND ITALIC GENTES IN PORSUIT OF THE HEROIC PAST
Abstract: In this paper we intend to track the fabrication of Iulii's heroic genealogy (family of Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus) and its multiple and contextual appropriations by historical actors to then understand its accommodation to the Virgil's epic architecture, the Aeneid. Rethink the origins of the gens and to seek a connection with the heroic past was a plausible solution for new branches that have appeared on the political scene boasting ancient gentile names and a way to turn this ancestral link into a distinct predicate, worthy to be remembered in the writings of all sorts, monuments and coins.
Keywords: heroic Genealogy; gens Iulia; Republican Rome; Aeneid.
Palavras-chave: Columela; Virgílio; Geórgicas; literatura agrária romana; construção textual.
RESSEMBLANCES DE COMPOSITION ENTRE LE LIVRE III DES GÉORGIQUES DE VIRGILE ET LE LIVRE VI DU DE RE RUSTICA DE COLUMELLE
Résumé: Cet article a pour but de montrer qu'il y a des aspects littéraires com-muns partagés par le livre III des Géorgiques de Virgile et par le livre VI du De re rustica de Columelle. Ces mêmes aspects, pourtant, ne se bornent pas à quelques éléments typiques des praelocutiones (dédicace, captatio beneuolentiae etc.), mais ils se répandent partout dans les livres ci-dessus mentionnés, se présentant sous la forme de digressions, de l'effort descriptif des corps des animaux rustiques, et du soin particulier dans la dispositio des sujets en rapport avec élevage.
Mots-clés: Columelle; Virgile; Géorgiques; littérature agronomique romaine; construction textuelle.
Palavras-chave: economia romana; história romana; empréstimo de dinheiro a juros; República romana; Império Romano.
LES POUVOIRS PUBLICS ET LE PRÊT D'ARGENT A INTÉRÊT DANS LA ROMA ANTIQUE
Résumé: Mon objectif dans cet article est d'étudier les relations établies entre les pouvoirs publics romains et le prêt d'argent à intérêt pendant la fin de la République et début de l'époque impériale romaine.
Mots-clés: économie romaine; histoire romaine; prêt d'argent à intérêt; République romaine; Empire romain.
Palavras-chave: Principado; províncias; Plínio, o Jovem; Trajano.
ASPECTS OF THE OMISSION OF PROVINCIAL ORIGIN OF TRAJAN IN THE SPEECH OF PLINY THE YOUNGER
Abstract: The ambiguity of the political system of the Principalityis expressed in many ways, including the succession system of the Caesars and the requirements to achieve the imperial power. In this sense the rise of Trajanputs on display the two issues, because it did not reach the government for a dynastic solution as had happened so far, and neither belonged to a traditional aristocratic family Urbs. Although the uniqueness of the situation can raise the idea that he had too mittheir Hispanic originshouldpay attention to the fact that in the period the integration of the imperial provinces broadened the possibilities for political participation. Such a frameworkisset out in the Panegyric of Trajan by Pliny the Younger whereis exaltedand emphasized the integration of the provinces and the provincial to the ideas androman values.
Keywords: Principate; provinces; Pliny the Younger; Trajano.
Troy. Nova York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. 406 p., por Renata Cardoso de Sousa.
Palavras-chave: Aquiles; Ilíada; experiência; Homero.
Palavras-chave: Assíria; iconografia; violência; guerra; representação.
POUVOIR, GUERRE ET VIOLENCE DANS ’ICONOGRAPHIE ASSYRIENNE
Résumée: Ce document présente les résultats partiels d’un projet de recherche qui vise à comprendre la relation entre la religion et les conflits militaires qui ont marqué la formation du grand empire neoassyrien de l’Antiquité, a travers la répresentation imagée des symboles religieux dans les récits visuels de la guerre. Dans le monde mésopotamien, le relief sur pierre a été l’une des plus importants manifestations artistiques et les plus utilisés étaient les bas-reliefs sur des dalles d’albâtre, décomposé en deux parties ou plus, couvrant les murs des palais. La pratique culturelle de la création de ces reliefs monumentaux était associée au moment politique de construction de grands empires. La plupart des scènes représentées évoquent la guerre et les campagnes militaires menées par les Assyriens contre ses ennemis. Ces représentations ont été utilisées comme propagande politique, sociale, économique, religieuse, avec une forte charge idéologique, qui visait à légitimer le pouvoir des gouvernants envers leurs sujets, dans une tentative de perpétuer son image et ainsi leur pouvoir.
Mots-clés: Assyrie; iconographie; violence; guerre; répresentation.
Palavras-chave: Aquiles; juventude; poesia homérica.
WHEN HOMER IGNORES THE TIME: ACHILLES’YOUTH
Abstract: Achilles is the most complex homeric character. The hero of whom the Muse sings the anger in the Iliad is also the character which the age is most difficult thing to be defined. This article intends to reflect about the criteria definitions of age-grade considering that the aging is biological events socially reflected.
Keywords: Achilles; youth; homeric poetry.
Palavras-chave: espaço; ginásio; Grécia Antiga; nudez.
GYMNASIUM AS A PLACE OF FORMATION OF CITIZENS: SPORTS PRACTICES IN ANCIENT GREECE
Abstract: In this article we argue that the gymnasium, public space and inseparable from polyadic dynamics, was a socially constructed place where Hellenic values were extolled through sports practices and social interactions.
Keyword: Space, Gym, Ancient Greece, Nudity.
FEMALE EDUCATION, PLEASURE AND POWER IN ATHENS (sixth to fourth century BC)
Abstract: In our article we present the spheres of coexistence and the processes of education of Athenian courtesans as a reference point, comparing them to similar points in the lives of legitimate wives and daughters of Athenian citizens, and thus elucidate the specific goals and characteristics desired in the development of each group.
Keywords: private banquets, education, power, prostitution, sex.
Palavras-chave: religião romana; religião e política; discursos e rituais; Ordem Sagrada; Terminalia.
TERMINALIA: BOUNDERIES AND SACRED SPACE
Abstract: Roman rituals can be analysed as sacralising mechanisms for the political and social order of urbs that institutes the place and the role of everything and everyone in the city, and it’s relationships with the “outside”. On the boundary-marking of proprieties there were not only considerations regarding the economic life, but religious considerations that expressed and reaffirmed the Roman time-space perception. We’ll show, off of literary data, some elements of the Terminalia, dedicated to Terminus, the protector deity of territorial marks which, in turn, legitimized the organizing of space in archaic and republican Rome, and of the propagatio terminorum, which was the base for a conception of territorial limits, dynamical and subject to expansion on time and space.
Keywords: Roman Religion; Religion and Politics; Discourses and Rituals; Sacred Order; Terminalia.
Palavras-chave: África Romana; mosaico; representação; Egito; identidade/alteridade.
NILOTIC NATURE: AN AFRO-ROMAN MOSAIC REPRESENTATION
Abstract: F The Egypt was a recurring theme in Roman figurative art. In the Roman provinces of the North Africa, approximately twenty mosaics showing Egyptian motives can be found. To this presentation, it was selected a fragment from a policromatic figurative mosaic, that decorated the floor of a triclinium (dinner room) from a domus (urban residence of the elite), in the port city of Hadrumetum (nowadays Sousse in Tunisia), dated from the 3rd century AD. Nowadays, this fragment (2,10m X 1,38m) is part of the holdings at the Sousse Museum (inv. no 10.457). The aim of this work is to identify and analyze the cultural implications present in the imagetic discourse of the chosen mosaic. The work starting point is that an image is a language composed of iconic signs and, therefore, allowing interpretation. To comprehend the meanings production mode of this mosaic imagetic discourse, the sign dynamic proposed by Pierce will be applied, centered in the fellow relationship between the three component poles of the semiotic process, which are: the object or subject matter (that which is represented by the sign), the representamen (that which is perceptible in the sign) and the interpretant or meaning (that which depends of the context of its use and the expectative of the receptor).
Keywords: Roman Africa; mosaic; representation; Egypt; identity/alterity.
THE « PUBLIC CLIENTS » OF PERICLES IN THE 20TH CENTURY HISTORIOGRAPHY
Abstract: Based on a study of some contemporary biographies of Pericles, I propose an interpretation of the impact of the present on the reconstruction of the past, especially in the case of the so-called “public clients” of Pericles.
Keywords: Pericles; public clients, Ancient Greece; contemporary historiography.
Palavras-chave: História Econômica; Império Romano; formalismo; substantivismo; pós-modernismo.
DID A ‘ROMAN ECONOMY’ EVER EXIST?
Abstract: The way to understand or define our subject depends, above all, on some basic, diverging stances towards the question of what history is about. Some opinions may even lead to deny that ‘Roman economy’ could be a valid subject for research, for instance when one invokes an irreducible diversity of reality that such a label would tend to hide and, therefore, one argues, for instance, in favour of the existence of several economies instead of one in what pertains to the ancient Roman empire. The article focus on the debate about such issues, especially on its new aspects since 1970. The author thinks it useful to maintain ‘Roman economy’ as a subject for research.
Keywords: Economic history; Roman Empire; formalism; substantivism; postmodernism.
Palavras-chave: Deir el Medina; epigrafia; deuses e escritas de si; hieróglifos; Antigo Egito.
DEIR EL MEDINA: GODS AND WRITINGS IN EPIGRAPHY. (THE VOTIVE STELAE)
Abstract: History is made of discourses about the world and the society. When the texts that register history are written in hieroglyphs, the narrative turns to be more instigant for the presence of signs under the form of images – the ideograms. Nowadays, the using of this signs is back in traffic signs, in emoticons and advertisements. This fact makes modern and more challenging the study of the epigraphes. They evidence a unity through the diversity of communication media developed by men along the millenia. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate narrative strategies used by the ancient scribes in the communication with their gods in stones that, by nature, are ineffaceable.
Keywords: Deir el Medina; epigraphy; gods and writings of himself; hieroglyphs; ancient Egypt.
Palavras-Chave: feminino; Tesmophorias; identidade; religiosidade.
FOR DEMETER AND PERSEPHONE: THE PERSPECTIVE IN TESMOPHORIANTES COMEDY OF ARISTHOFANES
Abstract: The Greek religion allows us to visualize an area of public life in which the female had a recognized andactive space. Through onde of the most famous rites that were part of the festival dedicated to the God Dionysus, the dramatic representations had the opportunity to recall that gender relations in the V b. C Atens. The athenian Aristophanes comedy writer and, through comedy entitled, Thesmophorias, presents important contribution to studies on the Ancient world, informing women about participanting and therir fame and the existence of mortal life blance the rite of Thesmophores dedicated gods Demeter and Persephone.
Keywords: Female; Tesmophorias; Identity; Religiosity.
Palavras-chave: Cassandra; rapto; violência; iconografia; vasos áticos.
SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE RAPE OF CASSANDRA: A STUDY OF ITS ICONOGRAPHY IN ATTIC VASES (SIXTH AND FIFTH CENTURIES BC)
Abstract: In studies of the iconography of the rape of Cassandra has been raised the possibility that the Trojan prophetess had been sexually assaulted by Lesser Ajax; hypothesis rejected by most authors. However, evidence found in iconographic representations on Attic vases of the sixth and fifth centuries BC, as the nudity of the girl, exposing the sexual region of her body, and the gestures and postures of the attacker, allowing sustain it.
Keywords: Cassandra; Rape; Violence; Iconography; Attic vases.
Palavras-chave: Cartago; ocidente helenístico; tirania; política; guerra.
“NO TYRANT WILL DESTROY OUR CITY!”: OLIGARCHIC CONTROLAND THE FAILURE OF THE ATTEMPT OF RISING TYRANNY IN PRE-BARCID HELLENISTIC CARTHAGE
Abstract: Little is known about Carthaginian politics, despite a few fragments and short references in authors such as Aristotle and Polybius. However, a careful look at the problems faced by Carthaginians during the Greek (310-307 BC) and Roman (256-255 BC) expeditions will cast light on how Carthaginian oligarchic control prevented the rise of any autocratic power, whether declared or merely potential.
Keywords: Carthage; Hellenistic west; tyranny; politics; war
Palavras-chave: Antiguidade Tardia; historiografia antiga; apologia cristã; Lactâncio.
LACTANTIUS AND THE TOPOS OF HISTORIA MAGISTRA VITAE: AN STUDY OF THE OPUSCULE ‘ON MANNER IN WHICH THE PERSECUTORS DIED’
Abstract: Our main purpose in this article is to examine how the topos of historia magistra vitae had influenced the opuscule Of the manner in which the persecutors died of the Christian rhetor Lactantius (c.250-c.325). In this opuscule, we can observe the intersection of the canons of classical historiography and the Christian ideas about the Divine Providence as governor of the History.
Keywords: Late Antiquity; Ancient Historiography; Christian Apology; Lactantius.
Palavras-chave: simbologia; cabeça; Cuchulainn; Medusa.
SYMBOLS OF THE HEAD CUT AMONG THE CELTS AND SOME ANALOGIES WITH THE GORGON MYTH
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the symbolism of the cut head myth among the Celts and their belief that the head could transmit power to whoever possessed it, to convey the soul from one body to another, have the power of healing and terrorize the enemies. The myth is examined in some works of Celtic origin mainly connected to some characters, such as Cuchulainn, Bendigeid Vran (or Bran, the Blessed) and Gawain in his confrontation with the Green Knight. We also see an analogy between the Celtic belief in the head and the myth of Medusa’s myth, whose head, sliced by Perseus, still had power to petrify and has also been used for sacred purposes, such as healing. Thus, the head symbology to Celts and Greeks is connected to warrior and magical-religious elements, belief which was continued over the years.
Keywords: symbolism; head; Cuchulainn; Medusa.
Palavras-chave: espaço social; experiência de vida; poesia homérica
La Teogonía supone la divinización del universo que nos rodea, la personifi cación de los fenómenos y las actividades con las que los hombres se enfrentan en su vida humana. Todo lo efímero de la vida cobra un estatuto divino y eterno y recibe un nombre que lo personifi ca. Así el dolor, el temor, la alegría, la justicia y todo aquello que concierne a los hombres en su precario existir, queda personifi cado a través del nombre que lo nombra.
El otro propósito de la Teogonía es dar cuenta del orden del universo, de su legalidad, de su sentido cósmico, aludiendo precisamente a la noción de kosmos como orden. El universo responde a una armonía que debe interpretarse en clave religiosa y debe ubicarse en el topos de lo Mismo, frente a la posibilidad-amenaza de lo a-cósmico como forma de lo Otro, en tanto pérdida del principio ordenador de lo real.
Palavras-chave: mito; legalidad; orden cósmico; Mismidad; Otredad.
Palavras-chave: Etnologia; Oriente; Guerras Pérsicas; Historiografia.
Palavras-chave: mar; monstros; imaginário; Atenas.
Palavras-chave: magia; ritos; religião; atenienses; defixiones.
Palavras-chave: África Romana; mosaico; sexualidade; erotismo.
Palavras-chave: poesia; tradução; tragédia; persas; Ésquilo.
Palavras-chave: Egiptologia; relações internacionais; espacialidade; percepção egípcia dos estrangeiros; Período Imperial do Egito faraônico.
tempo. As imagens pintadas da Guerra de Troia, antes de serem ilustrações de um evento do passado, são manifestações da imagem que a cidade de Atenas faz de si mesma em relação à guerra. Presente na memória coletiva dos atenienses, a Guerra de Troia é um acontecimento no qual a cidade fundamenta seus valores, sua sociedade e os respectivos papéis de seus cidadãos. Em suma, a guerra, antes de ser uma atividade restrita aos guerreiros, envolve toda a cidade, isto é, os não guerreiros, entre os quais, a mulher e o homem idoso, pais do guerreiro, ocupam um lugar preponderante.
Palavras-chave: Guerra de Troia; iconografia; vasos áticos; imaginário; atenienses
Palavras-chave: práticas esportivas; artesãos áticos; Grécia Clássica; heróis.
Palavras-chave: Senado; poder augustal; prerrogativas do Senado imperial.
Palavras-chave: economia romana; incêndio de Roma; moeda romana; Nero; taxas de juros.
Palavras-chave: druidas; espaços públicos; oppida celtas; Gália do final da Idade do Ferro; assembleias celtas.
Palavras-chave: Império Romano; João Crisóstomo; Constantinopla; conflito.
Palavras-chave: literatura polêmica; Patrística Pós-Nicena; antissemitismo; teologia; hermenêutica.
Edson Moreira Guimarães Neto
Palavras-chave: História; curso de História da UFRJ; cronologia.
Palavras-chave: Esparta; História Comparada; gênero, discursos de identidade.
Palavras-chave: viagens; comércio; colonização; artesanato; Corinto.
Palavras-chave: Grécia Homérica e Arcaica; Homero; poesia oral.
Palavras-chave: Geografia; Cristianismo africano; História; fronteira étnica; identidade.
Palavras-chave: Historiografia; Moses Finley; Escola de Frankfurt; Marxismo; História Social.
Palavras-chave: mosaico; África Romana; culinária.
Palavras-chave: Hispania, ginástica, iuvenes, palestra, campus.
Palavras-chave: corpo; Grécia Clássica; iconografia; práticas esportivas.
Palavras-chave: sátira; sátira menipeia; ironia; paródia; melancolia.
Palavras-chave: Roma, escravidão, liberdade, manumissão, estoicismo.
Palavras-chave: Tácito, Histórias, Historiografia Latina, guerra civil, 69 d.C.
Palavras-chave: Aristóteles, estética, história, filosofia, arte.
Palavras-chave: Campo político; Atenas antiga; Pierre Bourdieu; Democracia Antiga; Grécia Clássica.
Palavras-chave: Práticas de poder, Mesopotâmia Antiga, justiça.
Palavras-chave: deposição; ritualização; oferta de prestações; Europa Centro-Ocidental das Idades do Bronze e do Ferro.
Abstract From the Neolithic to the Roman conquest, European prehistory is marked by the practice of deposition in natural places. Based on recent research above all developed in the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian academia, I here aim to demonstrate that such phenomenon from Late Bronze Age (LBA) to early La Tène period (LT A) was oriented by the same logicst hat guided the depositions in burial context, i.e. that there was a system of ritual economy on which the political economy of Central-Western European societies was grounded. In order to do so, I will compare the data from LBA to LT A deposits and burials of four regions – Bourges (Cher, France), Vix/Châtillon-sur-Seine (Burgundy, France), Châtillon-sur-Glâne (Fribourg Canton, Switzerland) and Eberdingen- Hochdorf/Hohenasperg (Baden-Wür- ttemberg, Germany).
Keywords: deposition; ritualization; prestations; Bronze and Iron Age Central-Western Europe.
Palavras-chave: espaços; santuários, deuses; Corinto.
Résumé: Nous voudrions comprendre l ́organi- sation des espaces sacrés à Corinthe pendant les Bacchiades et les Cypsélides. L ́espace de l ́Acropole et de l ́agorá avec les sanctuaires d ́Hélios– Deméter et d ́Apollon seront étudiés dans cet article.
Mots-clé: espaces; sanctuaires; dieux; Corinthe.
Palavras-chave: Atenas; caçador; pescador.
Résumé: Cet article se propose de comparer les activitès de la pêche et de la chasse dans l'Athènes de la période classique. Nous analyserons le lieu d'ambivalence occupé par le pêcheur par rapport le chasseur terrien.
Mots-clé: Athènes; chasseur; pêcheur.
Palavras-chave: República Romana; Caio Graco; eqüestres; Guerras Civis; Lex Repetundarum.
Abstract: Analyzing Apianus, Plutarcus and Veleius Paterculu's works, the goal of this paper is to consider about the exchange relations of Tribunus of Plebis Gaius Gracchus with equester order members in the final Roman Republic.
Keywords: Roman Republic; Gaius Gracchus; equites; Civil Wars; Lex Repetundarum.
Abstract: This paper focuses on woman's plastic representation, in a trans-historical perspective, which starts on Hesiod's Teogony and Erga's descriptions of the creation of the first woman, Pandora. In the fictional description of the creature there is a semiotic constellation of the feminine, which has persisted in woman's icono-graphic and poetical imagery for all post-classical tradition. Taking the virgin and virginity as concepts, the feminine body is apprehended as a vessel full of potencies and secrets, archives of unpronounced knowledges and values that iconology hasn't ceased to recognize and investigate. Signs such as vase and flower, perfumes and gardens frequently associated to femininity stand out. The study of some images of ancient Greek pottery, famous Renaissance paintings and gardens prove that the virgin, a silent body closed for sex, carries on a discourse which has been kept open for representations of oneself and of its sensibility, both in literature and arts.
Keywords: Pandora; Hesiod; iconography; body imagination; virgin/virginity.
Palavras-chave: comunidades aldeãs; Egiptologia; campesinato; História Econômica.
Abstract: This text resumes, after more than twenty years, a research, formerly published in France, on the village communities of ancient Egypt. The subject is relevant by itself, such communities being one of the mainstays of economy and society in pharaonic Egypt; but also because it allows us to explore some deep differences of opinion existing about how human societies work and change, and the direct impact on such debates of ideological factors as well.
Keywords: village communities; Egyptology; peasantry; Economic History.
Palavras-chave: Instituições Romanas; Literatura; Horácio.
Abstract: This paper seeks an analysis of the celebrated expression carpe diem in its relation with the feminine image that rises on the Carmen Saecularis, poem in which the author presents a woman-identified as Fortuna-controled by her wedding and using it as a tool for the reconstruction of the virtus and the urbs itself under Augustus control, after decades of civil war, as a happiness insurance.
Keywords: Roman Institutions; Literature; Horace.
Palavras-chave: práticas esportivas; Grécia Clássica; paideía; imagens áticas.
Résumé: Cet article, a pour but d'analyser l'espace des pratiques sportives dans la paideía hélénique à travers de l'interprétation des signes qui nous envoient à l'athlète grec dans les images athiques non sportives.
Mots-clé: pratiques sportives; Grèce Classique; paideía; images athiques.
Palavras-chave: Baixo Império Romano; judaizantes; judeus; concílios; cristianismo.
Abstract: In spite of a traditional standpoint which places the parting of ways between Judaism and Christianity in the second century A.D., nowadays we know that the boundaries between both religions were being traced in the fourth century A.D. yet. This situation, connected with an extraordinary reinforcement of the Episcopal authority on the Christian congregations after Constantine, brings about a wide movement against Jews and Judaizers. According to some authors, the Judaizing practices were the most important and usual danger to the Church in the Later Roman Empire. Therefore, the bishops were forced to cope with the problem as soon as possible. Undisputable evidence that the Judaizing issue appears with a visible strength in the fourth century stems from the canons of the sundry councils that took place then, when the issue is treated as a matter of ecclesiastical politics, including the adoption of penalties against the deviants. In this connection, we intend to discuss in this article some aspects involving the Judaizer’s experience, focusing on how they contributed to threaten the consolidation of the Christian order in the fourth century. Bearing it in mind, we employ as main sources the councils canons, which allow us to understand the Church’s official discourse concerning the problem.
Keywords: Later Roman Empire; judaizers; jews; councils; christianity.
Palavras-chave: Mario-Attilio Levi; historiografia; fascismo; Grécia antiga; Péricles.
Résumé: Mario-Attilio Levi, le grand historien italien de l’Antiquité, a écrit, au soir de sa vie (1980), un livre sur Périclès. Il a ainsi suivi l’exemple de son maître Gaetano De Sanctis, qui avait fait la même chose dans ses vieux jours, mais plus de 30 ans plutôt (1944). Comparaison n’est pas raison; presque tout oppose les deux “Périclès”. Dans celui de Levi, nous pensons pouvoir observer des reminiscences de quelques unes de ses prises de position politiques de jeunesse.
Mots-clés: Mario-Attilio Levi; historiographie; fascisme; Grèce ancienne; Périclè.
Palabras-clave: mito; dionisismo; ritual.
Abstract: The purpose of the following paper is to think the correspondences between two antagonist pairs that seem to rule the general myth economy and, in particular, the dionysian religion, both the mythic narrative and the ritual, in the Euripide's tragedy Bacchantes. First, the disown-recognize pair, seems to be a dominant sema; on the other hand, the hybris-sophrosyne pair seems to correspond to the former logic in its respective assignments. The divinity's disown appears as the most perfect form of hybris, whereas the recognition is the sign of sophrosyne and of recognition of owns limits. The famous "Know yourself"(gnosti te auton) is the imperative to know the double limit inherent to every human being: divinity and mortality. The hybris is the transgression of the apollonian imperative and the passport to an anthropological desterritorialization in terms of ungodlyness and "sin". The ones who don't recognize the gods, who disown gods, break the human topos because they don’t recognize the limit that put aside gods and men.
Keywords: myth; dionysiac religion; ritual.
Palavras-Chave: tradição clássica no Brasil; Aristóteles-Categorias; Silvestre Pinheiro Ferreira; José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva; Meleagro de Gadara.
Abstract: Two relevant events for the study of the presence of the Classical Tradition in Brazilian Culture are connected to the arrival of the Portuguese Royal Family in Brazil in 1808: the publication in Rio de Janeiro, in 1814, by the Impressão Régia, of the first version direct from the Greek to the Portuguese Language, printed in Brazil, of Aristotle’s Categoriae, translated by Silvestre Pinheiro Ferreira, to be used in his Preleções Filosóficas (Philosophical Teachings Lectures) in the Real Colégio de São Joaquim between April 1813 and 1817, and the publication in Lisbon, in 1816, in a bilingual edition, of the translation into Portuguese, made by the Brazilian José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, of the idyll A Primavera (The Spring) by Meleager Gadarensis. The aim of this article is to analyze these two events in the context of the process of formation of Brazil as a “political community”.
Keywords: classical tradition in Brazil; Aristotle’s Categoriae; Silvestre Pinheiro Ferreira; José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva; Meleager Gadarensis.
Palavras-chave: Kerameikos; Atenas; ritos funerários.
Abstract: This paper is about Kerameikos in Athens and an analysis of the katadesmos practices magic. Our aim is to analyze the symbolic functions of this funerary ritual in the ceremony to curse someone.
Keywords: Kerameikos; Athens; funerary ritual.
Palavras-chave: numismática; moedas da Magna Grécia; história da Magna Grécia.
Abstract: This work presents an outline of the catalogue entitled “Italia et Sicilia. Moedas Itálicas, Italiotas e Siceliotas do Museu Histórico Nacional do Rio de Janeiro”, which is being prepared by the author. Such an outline refers to two important cities of the Great Greece (South Italy), “Sybaris” and “Thurium” (Lucania), to their historic events and to the iconografic aspects of their coinage, through the analysis of the samples conserved in the Museum.
Keywords: numismatic; Great Greece coins; Great Greece history.
Palavras-chave: contextos funerários; religião; política; pólis; espaço social.
Abstract: Approaching funerary practices in a polis like Athens we need to be concerned with the plurality of subjects related to the theme. From setting up spaces to ritual performance per se, from public funerals to war dead to the linking between tragedy and death, what we may call "funerary contexts" deploys itself in many aspects, crossing boundaries of what we use to point out as religious. While dealing with death, Athenians have made much more than drawing frontiers of pollution or defining sacred spaces, so that we speak about a religious dimension of funerary practices as they still have political, social, cultural dimensions; and if we aim to define which among those instances would predominate, certainly it would not be religion as we conceive it. I discuss here the relationship between funerary spaces and the religious dimension that sets a place up for understanding death as an event displaying ritual mechanisms, beliefs and dialogues between men and gods, at the same time it places a dialogue between everyday life and “beyond”, meaning outer life but still meaning more than every day material interactions. In what measure mechanisms of religion and politics interfere, produce and are produced in funerary spaces is the key theme in this article.
Keywords: funerary contexts; religio; politics; polis; social space.
textuais, iconográficas e numismáticas, tendo por objetivo estabelecer as características dos discursos de poder difundidos na época da Tetrarquia.
Palavras-chave: Império Romano; Tetrarquia; poder; representação.
Abstract: In this article, we aim to analyze the forms of symbolic representation of imperial power in the Later Empire. Therefore, we investigate textual, iconographic and numismatic sources intend to establish the characteristics of the power's discourse diffused at the time of Tetrarch.
Keywords: Roman Empire; Tetrarch; power, representation.
Abstract: Since Antiquity, the boxing-the combat with fist-was already practiced. The Roman dominion expanded it for all the Empire. In this article, we will deal with the boxing in Roman Africa based in the analysis of a figurative mosaic, dated from the end III th century and early IV th and proceeding from the inland city Thuburbo Maius. To that, we will approach the its particular historical context, that allow us to apprehend its cultural historicity.
Keywords: boxing; Roman Africa; mosaic.
Palavras-chave: literatura clássica; Antiguidade Romana; Plutarco; Júlio César; Dante Alighieri; William Shakespeare.
Résumé: Cet article a comme sujet l’apropriation de quelqu’uns textes de l’Antiquité Classique écrits par Plutarco. presents en ouvres des auteurs postérieurs, Dante Alighieri e W. Shakespeare, avec le propos de faire des critiques à la trahison aux comanders, pères et protecteurs.
Mots-clés: littérature classique; Antiquité Romaine; Plutarco; Julio Cesar- Dante Alighieri; William Shakespeare.
Palavras-chave: tragédia; ritual; dança; loucura.
We believe that Greek Tragedy has a spoken part, a sung part and a danced part. In the present article, we observe how these three sections build the scene. We focus Cassandra's madness ballet, as much as her performance when she leaves Troy (Euripide's Trojan Women) and arrives in Argos (Aeschylu's Agamemnon). This part of the drama, as we hypothesize, is meant to express, in song and dance, the feeling of being possessed.
Keywords: tragedy; ritual; dance; madness.
Palavras-chave: Waltharius; herói; épica clássica; Idade Média.
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to present the elements of the hero Waltharius, in the poem which takes his name. The manuscript was produced in latin between IX th and Xth centuries presenting elements of the German lives and their contact with Attila in Vth century, when he dominated various german tribes. The narrative tells the importance of Germanic familiar structure and the kinship ties. The main male characters are Waltharius, from Aquitane, Hagen, Frankish warrior and Gunther, Frank king. While the first two have elements of classical heroes' elements, inspired in Odysseus and Aeneas, king Gunther is a model of anti-hero. The central plot shows an important element of Germanic epic, the fight for a "cursed treasure ", which Waltarius and his bethroted, the burgund Hiltegunt carry from their escape of the Hun '.s kingdom. The poem also has Christian infl,uences through the work Psychomachia (400 A .d), by Prudentius.
Keywords: Waltharius; hero; classic epic; Middle Ages.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: pintor; identidade; alteridade.
Résumé: Cet article a pour objetif de comprendre les scènes des vases corinthiens qui accueillaient des animaux et créatures fabuleuses. Les artisans à Corinthe ont forgé des images que explicitaient les idées d'identité, de l'alterité, de culture et de sauvagerie.
Mots-clés: peintre; identité; alterité.
Palavras-chave: Atenas; pescador; ambivalência; iconografia; identidade.
Résumé: Ce travail a pour objectif d'identifier et d'examiner quelques questions présentes dans l'imagétique de la pêche à l'époque classique athénniene. La lecture de ces représentations nous permet de construire une image de la pêche et du pêcheur différente de celle présenté dans la majorité de la documentation textuelle.
Mots-clés: Athénes; pechêur; ambivalence; iconographie; identité.
Palavras-chave: oratória; retórica; gênero.
Abstract: The Forum Romanum was the locus for the production of the cultural meaning of gender in Ancient Rome, as pace structured to the acting and development of the male businesses: political speeches, the assessment of the censors, jury triais, and so on there occurred. Elsewhere, was carried on the women ' .s businesses, next to the temple ofMater Matuta, around the Forum Boarium, and the most important women s cults were held outside the Forum Romanum, with the unsurprising exception of Vesta 's temple. Each year on the Liberalia, the Roman boys of the "good families" were brought by their fathers or tutors to the Forum, to submint before a rite de passage, and if they satisfied its exigencies, they were granted the toga virilis. The "tirocinium fori" (recruitment to the forum), the culmination of the Liberalia rits, mirrored the "Tirocinium rnilítae'', producing the male body in its place, its clothes and its behavior. An importantfactor for the youngest success in the rites was the rethorical training. The orathory was fit to the men, distinguishing them form the women, from who was expected chatisty and, therefore, silence. Cicero in Brutus and in Pro Caelico shows how this male educational process was structured. The rethorical training was fundamental in the formation of a public man. The forum was a locus of the good orator and the good citizen, producing the identity of the "vir bonus".
Keywords: orator; rhetoric; gender.
Palavras-chave: texto bíblico; identidade; memória; interpretação; judaísmo.
Abstract: This article tries to understand the construction andformation ofthe identity and memory in Judaism, using the texts in the Hebrew bible as base. Witchfor we accomplished a study of the formation of the Hebrew bíblica! text. lt is necessary to stand out that the Hebraic Bible, Tanach, constitutes the fundamental stone of the culture, of the thought and of the Jewish practice, and the whole subsequent Jewish literature consists, in great scale, in comments about these texts.
Keywords: biblical text; identity; memory; interpretation; judaism.
Palavras-chave: competições esportivas; mulheres; Grécia Clássica.
Cet article, a pour but d'analyser les possibilités de la participation dês femmes dans les compétitions sportives en Grèce classique.
Mots-clé: compétitions sportive; femmes; Grèce Classique.
Palavras-chave: Roma; escravidão; política; estoicismo; Sêneca.
Abstract: This article analyzes Seneca's thought on slavery, suggesting that the Stoic view of slavery has not established a complete rupture with Aristotle's theory of slavery because it maintained the idea of the slave as an instrument and part of the master 's body. Such an idea was further taken by Seneca to discuss the nature of domestic and political power in Rome.
Keywords: Rome; slavery; politics; Stoicism; Seneca.
Palavras-chave: suicídio; tragédia; Sófocles; Atenas; democracia.
Abstract: The following report focus on the suicide under the comparative sight. Of it being a timeless theme, we determined a specific period, Athens on de V century B. C, to analyze how it cus tom was experienced to do so.
Keywords: suicide; tragedy; Sophocles; Athens; democracy.
Palavras-chave: Esparta; História de Gênero; História Comparada; identidade/ alteridade.
Abstract: This article intends work with the discourses ofthe Greeks about themselves, about Sparta (identity discourses), and the Greek's discourses about the riches Sparta wives (their places in that society).
Keywords: Sparta; identity discourses; Gender History; Comparative History.
Palavras-chave: Lucas 16,1-9, economia antiga, exegese, história, identidade.
Abstract: The article presents and analyses the parabolic narrative of Luke 16,1-9, a New Testament text which mirrors socioeconomic aspects of the Roman Empire. The parable puts forward an administrator who acts against the interests of his Lord as a chief character and a model for Christian communities at the end of the 1 st century. The examination of the interpretative history of the text reveals that the interpretation transformed him into a morally disqualified man. ln the face of the interpretative dilenuna, this stuáy intends to open borders for dialogs between Biblical exegesis and historiographic studies of contemporary literary documentation in arder to better assess the function of texts like Luke 16 in its context and in the construction of identities.
Keywords: Luke 16:1-9: ancient economy; exegesis; history; identity.
Palavras-chave: Mesopotâmia; Oriente-Próximo: direito; relações internacionais; diplomacia.
Abstract: Apparently, there was no real international law in ancient Near-East, as a consistent set of dipwmatic rules coordinating the relationship between states. However; the situation is far from a total lnck of rules, which would only give way to physical force. A large number of these rules derivates from a projection, on the level of externs contacts, of the principais witch organize the palatial centers and are shared between them.
Keywords: Mesopotamia; Near-East; law; intemational relations; diplomacy.
Palavras-chave: egiptomania; pirâmide; obelisco; identidade egípcia antiga.
Abstract: This article deals with the question that the hieroglyphs remained incomprehensible during many centuries, but the egyptomania reworks many of their shapes, notably pyramids and obelisks, that are considered to be the very essence of an ancient egyptian identity.
Keywords: egyptomania; pyramid; obelisk; ancient egyptian identity.
Palavras-chave: Atenas Clássica; tática; processos de comunicação femininos; gênero; integração.
Abstract: We understand that using specific languages, the rich citizens' wives used a tactical way to communicate. So thus, these women interchanged informations about the athenian s life, integrating not just in those groups they were inserted, but in the polis itself.
Keywords: Athens Classical; tactical; female communication processes; gender; integrating.
Palavras-chave: culto religioso; sacrifício humano; ritual.
Abstract: The religious scene of the current world is presented together much more pluralists with a multiplicity of sects, religious cults, and not conventional religions movements. Forms of neo-syncretism had contributed to differentiate the religious environment concerning the systems of beliefs and traditional rites when compared with the Antiquity.
Keywords: religious cults; human sacrifice; ritual.
Palavras-chave: numismática; moedas campanas; arte itálica.
Abstract: This work presents an outline of the catalogue called "ltalic, Italiote and Siceliote Coins of the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro" which is being prepared by the author. Such an outline refers to two cities of Campania (Italia) that are genuinely italic or samit, Allifae and Phistelia, which have minted coins >h around the 4 Century B.C.; although the iconography of some types presents a certain inspiration on the Italiot coinage of the neighbouring Greek colonies of Southern Italy, it also shows particular and very original characteristics, refiecting the physiognomy of a clearly Italic art, which has preserved an indigenous profile, not yet completely touched by outside influence, and a taste far from the classical models.
Keywords: numismatic; campanian coins; italic art.
Palavras-chave: Escola de Paris; Jean-Pierre Vernant; Marcel Mauss; Louis Gernet; escola sociológica francesa; fato social total.
Abstract: This article analyzes the points of convergence between Marcel Mauss' anthropology and Jean-Pierre Vernant's work. We discuss the influence of Louis Gemet in a significant part of Vemants writings, and in particular with reference to some of his studies concerning the passage from myth to reason as a way to apprehend historically the origins of the polis. We want to demonstrate how the notion of fact social total may be applied to the historical anthropology in Vernant's works.
Keywords: École de Paris; Jean-Pierre Vernant; Marcel Mauss; Louis Gernet; école sociologique française; fait social total.
Palavras-chave: Templo de Vesta; Forum Romanum; arquitetura Romana.
Abstract: ln Rome, between Capitolium and Palatine Hills, the Forum Romanum is the central square of the power, the center of the gods' direct epiphany and the topos of the ide a of Rome and Romans as the center of the world. ln the Forum there is the Temple of Vesta, whose cult, according to the traditional records, was instituted by Numa Pompílio, that chose the first Vestals and it is supposed that he has built the temple, which represents, with his circular plant, the typical cult and hierophany place. The roman architecture admits an idea of classicism withfunctional accent, its practical spirit decided structural and formal problems with the circle. The circular plant, under the roman architects originates the cupola, is the sacred architectural element par excellence and is the significant of the abstract concept of center.
Keywords: Temple of Vesta; Forum Romanum; Roman architecture.
Palavras-chave: imperialismo; Lusitânia; Romanização; política religiosa; contato cultural; hibridização; negociação colonial.
Abstract: Analyzing the módifications in the local religion certified by the epigraphics documents, the aim of this paper is to argue the uses of the Romanization concept to signify the results of the cultural relationship between natives and Romans at the south of Lusitania 's province during the first to the third centuries. Equally we intend to analyze the "strategies" usedfor Romans to keep it's domain in a local leve!, as well as, the appropriation and reorganization of the Roman cultural practices by the native population, questions that contribute to the consolidation of the conquest and to the processes of Romanization.
Keywords: imperialism; Lusitânia; Romanization; religio politic; cultural contact; hibridization; colonial negotiation.
província romana da África Proconsular, para aplicar a dinâmica de signo proposta por Pierce. Objetivamos compreender o modo de produção de sentidos da imagem, ou seja, como este discurso imagético provoca significações, interpretações.
Palavras-chave: Proconsularis África; mosaico; análise semiótica.
Abstract: We selected the figurative mosaic "Virgil and Muses'', that decorated a private residence in the city of Hadru-metum (modem Sousse, in Tunísia) in the Africa Proconsularis Roman province, to apply the sign dynamic, proposed by Pierce. We aim to comprehend the production mode image's significances, that is, how this imagetic discourse provokes meanings, interpretations.
Keywords: Africa Proconsular; mosaic; semiotic analysis.
Palavras-chave: religião romana; literatura romana; ideologia escravista.
Abstract: ln this article, I intend to analyze Lucius ' course, a Roman citizen, from the search for magic, what carted him the metamorphosis in ass, slavery and suffering synonym, to the acceptance of the cult of Isis, after the recovery of his humanform in the context of the Festival ofthe Navigation of Isis. With the human form, Lucius recovers the Roman citizenship, passing being devoted to the goddess 's cult. My text analyzes the passages in witch is the condemnation of magic and the popular cults, and the exaltation of the cult of Is is. To give bili of this mark, I analyze some passages ofthis Greek romance, especially the constants in the Books I and XI.
Keywords: roman religion; roman literature; slavery ideology.
Palavras-chave: tempo; espaço; teatro grego; movimento; tragédia.
Abstract: ln this article, we propose to observe and analyze the conflict deriving from the conscience of the ephemeral condition in a human being who longs for permanence. We intend to detect ambiguity and crisis through the study ofthese two categories, time and space, materialized in the moving body ofthe actor, which interacts with an audience of Athenian citizens that are placed in the situation of spectators of their own social, emotional, psychic and intellectual drama.
Keywords: time; space; greek theater; motion; tragedy.
Palavras-chave: esporte; Jogos Olímpicos; Historiografia.
Abstract: This article begins with the observation that initiatives of more articulated debates between historians of antiquity and sports historians haven 't been usually seen in Brazil. That is curious, especially when we notice that sport is one of the contemporary cultural manifestatians that has most explicitly sought ta relate with classical antiquity as for its arganizations and speeches, something clearly perceivable in one af its most renawned facets: the Olympic Games. This study aims to discuss the nature of the efforts of entailing the modem Olympic Games (recreated in 1896,from the denoted work of the French baron Pierre de Coubertin) with classical antiquity. This relation becomes explicit in the event af the Olympic Games of 1936 (Berlin) and can be easily seen on the polemic documentary Olympia (1938), by Leni Riefenstahl, a notable source used in our study. We hope that this article, which presents more problematizations than conclusions, may contribute to stimulate debates and meetings among historians of antiquity and sports historians, creating new investigation perspectives.
Keywords: sport; Olympic Games; Historiography.
Palavras-chave: Corinto; Tirania dos Cypsélidas; Estrangeiro; Rito de hospitalidade.
Résumé: Cet atricle a pour bout démontrer les rapports et conflits entre l'étranger - le rite d'hospitalité -, le commerce, l'artisanat et l'idée de la mer a Corinthe pendant la Tyrannie des Cypsélides.
Mots-clés: Corinthe; Tyrannie des Cypsélides; Étranger; Rite d'hospitalité.
Palavras-chave: Atenas Clássica; Glauco; Ambivalência; Pescador.
Résumé: Cet article se propose de discuter quelques questions associés au mythe de Glaucus le pêcheur. Il analyse notamment l'ambivalence inhérente à sa condition d'immortel et l'association que nous pouvons construire entre la figure de Glaucus et l'identité liée aux pêcheurs athéniens de la période classique.
Mots-clés: Athènes Classique; Glaucus; Ambivalence; Pêcheur.
Palavras-chave: Antiguidade Clássica; Caça; Vasos áticos; Mosaicos afro-romanos.
Abstract: From the analysis of Attic vessels and Afro-roman mosaics with hunt themes, collated with written texts, we will deal with the social consume of images on Classical Antiquity.
Keywords: Classical Antiquity; Hunt; Attic vessels; Afro-Roman mosaics.
Palavras-chave: Cícero; Pro Sulla; complexio.
Abstract: Cicero's speech in defense of the accused Catilinarian P. Sulla is also a defense of the orator himself, both for his actions during hist consulship and for the very fact that he has undertaken the defense. In this judicial oration so involved with personal and political justifications of the patronus, we can see the role of the argument from complexio in an overtly ethical persuasive arena.
Keywords: Cicero; Pro Sulla; complexio.
Palavras-chave: Atenas Clássica; Imagens esportivas; Corpo.
Résumé: Dans cet article, nous analysons la répresentation du corps dans les images sportives athéniennes pendant la période classique par le biais de l'étude de l'oinochoe athique des figures rouges du fonds du Musée National de Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ (inv. 1477), attribué au Fat Boy Group.
Mots-clés: Athènes Classique; Images sportives; Corps.
Palavras-chave: Antigo Testamento; Israel; Profecias; História; Literatura.
Abstract: In this article, we discuss the nature of the prophetic material in the Old Testament. The purpose of this kind of investigation is to answer the question: How can the historian use the biblical narratives or/and the poetic oracles as documents? Besides, we try to demonstrate the importance of Discourse Analysis as a "methodological tool" for the historian of profetism.
Keywords: Old Testament; Israel; Prophecies; History; Literature.
Palavras-chave: Comitiva céltica; Ritualização da guerra; Druida; Bardos; Religião céltica.
Abstract: The aim of this work is to study a celtic embassy described by Appian, in Roman History, at the moment of the Roman conquest of Narbonensis Gaul. The Appian text collated with other classic texts shows that the Celts made a ritual of War. We will analyze the religious functions of this phenomenon and the place of the druids and bards in this kind of situation. The Celtic embassy related by Appian let us reconstruct this kind of behavior connected the activity before war.
Keywords: Celtic embassy; War ritual; Druids; Bards; Celtic religion.
Palavras-chave: Babilônia; Transmissão do patrimônio; Prestações matrimoniais; Dote; Herança; Parentesco.
Résumé: La transmission du patrimoine familial en Babylonie a été appréhendée jusqu'à présent à partir des postulats de l'agnatisme et de la succession patrilinéaire. Le prospos de cet article est de montrer qu'une analyse de la circulation des presentations matrimoniales (dot, don nuptial) nous permet de remettre em cause cette vision. Le systhème était foncièrement marqué par la dévolution divergente, dans laquelle les biens, malgré quelques distinctions et hiérarchies, son transmis aux enfants des deux sexes, selon des principes à la fois patrilinéaires et matrilinéaires.
Mots-clés: Babylonie; Transmission du patrimoine; Prestations matrimoniales; Dot; Heritage; Parenté.
Palavras-chave: Egiptomania; Obeliscos; Portugal; Argentina.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to present a pioneer study in the historiography of egyptomania. It compares two examples, found by chance, of two similar practices at egyptomania. The starting points of this research were two images of obelisks shown in an identical material support: the covers of two books published in Portugal and Argentina, respectively.
Keywords: Egyptomania; Obelisks; Portugal; Argentina.
que tem despertado atenção dos poetas, médicos e mágicos. Freqüentemente, a vida tem sido vista como uma jornada, o rio do tempo levando a uma região desconhecida chamada morte.
Palavras-chave: Atenas Clássica; Morte; Magia.
Abstract: The passage from life to death is a spiritual mistery, a biological event that has been drawn attention of poets, doctors and magicians. Life often has been viewed as a journey, the river of time carrying to the unknown country named death.
Keywords: Classical Athens; Death; Magic.
Palavras-chave: Estatuária grega e magno-grega; Surrentum; Epigrafia grega; Mitologia grega; Iconografia.
Abstract: This work is a study of a marble statue called Ártemis su cerva, found in Surrentum (South Italy), that also shows on its base a Greek inscription. Iconographical description, critical apparatus with the opinios of the preeceding editors, stylistical analysis of the sculpture and mythological confrontings. On the other hand, it also shows the possibilities of integration for the epigraphic text, an onomastical and palaeographical research, and its implications in the social and cultural ambit.
Keywords: Greek and Great Greece statutary; Surrentum; Greek epigraphy; Greek mythology; Iconography.
Palavras-chave: Teatro romano; Educação; Terêncio; Os Irmãos.
Abstract: The aim if this article is to show how the Roman theater is an indispensable source for the knowledge about Roman society and education. This article was based on the comedy from Terentius, Adelphoe, where the comedian ponders and questions the education of the youth, showing the originality and modernity of his pedagogical ideas.
Keywords: Roman theater; Education; Terentius; Adelphoe.
principalmente o impacto de Roma na paisagem no sul da província da Lusitânia
através da organização em ciuitates e da produção de espaço social urbano.
Palavras-chave: Romanização; Província da Lusitânia; Espaço social urbano; Paisagem.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the process of Romanization, emphasizing, mainly the impact of Rome on the landscape in the south of the Lusitania 's province by the organization of the ciuitates and the production of the urban social space.
Keywords: Romanization; Lusitania's province; Urban social space; Landscape.
Palavras-chave: O Asno de Ouro; Metamorfoses; Escravos e animais; Metáfora; Romance latino; Clássicos.
Abstract: This paper discusses the ideology of slavery in The Golden Ass, an Apuleius' novel, pointing out that this question constitutes its central theme. Some pitiless descriptions pf the conditions of the slaves toiling here, comparing the humans and animals, show his keen observations of slavery condition in the Empire. In other words, the ludicrous adventures of Lucius, a Roman citizen accidentally turned into an ass, summarize the world and life of slaves in the Roman world. In this bawdy picaresque Latin novel, are found multiple digressions and tales which animals and slaves shares in a common destiny.
Keywords: The Golden Ass; Metamorphoses; Slaves and animals; Metaphor; Latin novel; Classics.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Baixa Idade Média; produção paremiológica; reapropriação do mundo clássico.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: período romano; romances gregos; "As etiópicas" de Heliodoro; amor.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Período clássico; práticas esportivas; grupos masculinos
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Baixo Império Romano; imagem imperial; "Terceira Oração" de Juliano.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Platão; arte; beleza
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mesopotâmia; séculos XIX e XVIII a.C.; herança; patrimônio doméstico.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Tragédia grega; representações da morte.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: períodos augustano e tiberiano; Surrentum; epigrafia funerária; elite municipal local.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Produções de gênero; "Econômico" de Xenofonte; discussão historiográfica.
historiadores que trabalham no campo da História das Religiões e, mais precisamente, para aqueles que estudam o Cristianismo antigo.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cristianismo antigo; textos bíblicos; metodologias teológica e histórica.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Religião tradicional romana; cristianismo; conflito religioso; identidades; poder.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: África Proconsular; ludi circenses; mosaico; textos cristãos.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Juvenal; espetáculos gladiatoriais; historiografia
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: República romana; conspiração catilinária; análise de discurso.
des citoyens Athéniens, avec leur honneur et leur virilité.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: caça; iconografia
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Império Selêucida; relações políticas
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Etnicidade; Xenofonte
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ética; Pólis; Estoicismo
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Numismática; Constâncio II; Política
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gênero; Amizade; Atenas
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Música; Guerra
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Hedonismo; Sócrates.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Isauros; Romanização
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arte Egípcia; Rio Nilo
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ideologia; Leis; Cidadania
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Guerreiro; Esparta
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Religião; Representação
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Atenas; Poder; Palavra
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gênero; Emancipação
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Comércio; Pólis
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Imperialismo; Romanização; Economia
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Representação; Espaço Rural
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Historiografia
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Escatologia; Historiografia
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Hospotalidade; Comensalidade; Celtas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cultural; Etruscos; Coríntios
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Propaganda; Poder Político; Império.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estatuto Social; Artesãos Urbanos.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ideologia; Império.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Historiografia; Reforma Amarniana.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Teatro Grego; Gênero; Aristófanes
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gênero; Ethos.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ritual; Constâncio II
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Esparta; Condição Social
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Camponeses; Historiografia; Condição Social
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Retórica; Aristóteles; Discurso Judiciário.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Navegação; Comércio
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Magia; Homero; Mito
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Guerra do Peloponeso; Teatro Grego; Festa; Vida Comum
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cristianismo; Pregação
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arqueologia Rural; Historiografia.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Romanização; Poder
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sacralização; Mito; Fundação Romana.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cristianismo; Gênero; Santidade
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Poesia Grega; Tempo
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Historiografia; Cultura Política
ANDRADE, Marta Mega de. A cidade das mulheres. Cidadania e alterida-de feminina na Atenas clássica. Rio de Janeiro: Laboratório de Histó-ria Antiga do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
CHEVIRASE, André Leonardo. O Espaço Rural na Pólis Grega. O Caso Ateniense do Período Clássico, Rio de Janeiro: Laboratório de história Antiga do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
LESSA, Fábio de Souza. Mulheres de Atenas. Mélissa, do gineceu à Ágora. Rio de Janeiro: Laboratório de história Antiga do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
DABDAB TRABULSI, José Antônio. Ensaio sobre a mobilização política na Grécia Antiga. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG, 2001.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cultura Popular; Cultural Oficial.
The objective of this paper is to approach the politics in the Homeric world in light of the anthropologic schools ' divergent views. Drawing initially from Runciman s and Flaig s work, we shall point out that Homeric society lacked the formalized institutions with which to configure a State in the proper meaning of the word. Afterwards, we shall formulate some critica I aspects, demonstrating the existence of an extremely dynamic political field.
Dans cet article, naus voudrions démontrer Ia présence de I' espace rural dans les tragédies d 'Eschyle.
Le but de ce travail est de réfléchir sur les rélations sociales, économiques et culturelles faiies entre les romains et les peuples germains, sociétés dites barbares, aux frontiéres de I 'Empire Romain. Cette réflexion aura comme base I 'oeuvre Germania de Tacite.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Etnicidade
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Historiografia; Política.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Tradução.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Budismo; Iconografia.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Pólis; Heródoto; Historiografia
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gênero; Ideologia; Prática Social.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cristianismo; Legitimidade Política.
This article intends to discuss the constitution of a divine kingship during the reign of Constantius II. In order to do it we analyze the relationship between religion and politics in the Roman Empire and, afterwards, we discuss the anthropological concept of "divine kingship ". Finally, we consider the possibility of comprehending Constantius ' monarchy as a particular kind of divine kingship in the Later Roman Empire. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Constâncio II; Poder Político; Religião.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Historiografia; Arqueologia; Poder.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Historiografia; Sociedade.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Historiografia.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Morte; Magia
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Literatura, Trabalho, Lazer.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Casamento; Iconografia
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Identidade Cultural; Império; Festas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arqueologia; Relação Econômica.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Romanização; Identidade; Alteridade.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Odisseu; Argumentação
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Escravidão; Ideologia.
GIBSON, A. SIMPSON, D. (eds.). Prehistoric Ritual and Religion: essays in Honour of Aubrey Burl. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1998.
HODIKINSON, S., POWELL, A. (ed.). Sparta. New Perspectives. London: Duckworh and Classical Press of the Wales, 1999.
CARDOSO, C. F. Deuses, múmias e ziggurats: uma comparação das religiões antigas do Egito e da Mesopotâmia. Porto Alegre: EdiPucrs, 1999.
FAVERSANI, F. A pobreza no "Satyricon" de Petrônio. Ouro Preto: UFOP, 1998.
Esta coletânea de artigos em honra a Aubrey Bur! se propõe a apresentar diferentes formas de abordagem dos círculos de pedra das Ilhas Britânicas e do Noroeste da França. Esses círculos de pedras constituem-se em monumentos megalíticos, que possuíram diferentes usos desde o Neolítico até a Idade do Ferro e permanecem, até hoje, construções que intrigam e fascinam milhares de pessoas, pesquisadores ou não, sendo, frequentem ente, relacionados à religião celta, isto é, à prática do druidismo.
Keywords: Celtas; Economia
Mots-clés: Festa; Cultura Popular.
Mots-clés: Identidade; Alteridade; Pólis; Escravidão.
Mots-clés: Virtude; Sêneca
Keywords: Escravidão; Espaço Rural.
Mots-clés: Caça; Aristocracia.
Keywords: Gênero; Ideologia; Prática Social.
Mots-clés: Iconografia.
Keywords: Viagem; Investigação.
Keywords: Escrita; Família.
Mots-clés: Urbanização; Corporações; Representação Social.
Keywords: História Social; Historiografia.
Keywords: Magia; Poder.
Mots-clés: Gênero; Cidadania; Comédia Grega.
Mots-clés: Realeza; Ritos de Passagem.
Keywords: Romanização; Império.
Keywords: Religião; Identidade; Alteridade.
Mots-clés: Simpósio; Grupos Políticos.
Keywords: Catolicismo; Iconografia; Marianismo
Mots-clés: Sêneca; Exílio.
Mots-clés: Agricultura; Cidadania.
Keywords: Representação; Ideologia; Império.
Palavra-chave: República Romana.
Keywords: Ressurreição; Imortalidade.
Keyword: Índia Antiga.
Keywords: Economia.
Mot-clé: Literatura Latina.
Keywords: Gênero; Mélissa; Ideologia.
Keywords: Astrologia.
Mot-clé: Antiguidade.
Keyword: Esparta.
Mots-clés: Antiguidade Oriental, Mesopotâmia, História Política, Reino de Larsa, Babilônia.
Keywords: História Cultural; Ovídio.
Mot-clé: Egiptologia.
Keyword: Império.
Mots-clés: Aristóteles; Mulheres.
Keyword: Historiografia.
Keyword: História Jurídica.
Mots-clés: Beleza; Contemplação; Plotino
Mots-clés: Participação Política; Mulheres.
Keyword: Império.
Keywords: Death; Homer; Plato.
Mots-clés: Symposium; Carnaval.
Mots-clés: Stoïcisme; Phèdre; Sénèque.
Mot-clé: Pêche.
Keyword: City.
Keywords: Marriage; Historiography.
Keywords: Usurpation; Roman Empire.
Mots-clés: Épigraphie; Quotidien.
Keywords: Politic Power; Mesopotamia.
Mots-clés: Céramique; Athènes.
Mots-clés: Famille; Ouvrier.
Keywords: Legislation; Julian's Empire.
Mots-clés: Mythes; Héros; Oralité.
Mot-clé: Historiographie.
Mots-clés: Femmes; Homère.
Keywords: Magic; Rites; Medea.
Mots-clés: Théâtre; Comédie.
Mots-clés: Macédoine; Royauté.
Keywords: Legislation; Empire.
Mots-clés: Pólis; Citoyen.
Mots-clés: Sainte Monique; Genre; Saint Augustin; Christianisme.
Keywords: Paganism; Christianity.
Mots-clés: Quotidien; Pouvoir; Rome Impériale.