CN109549025A - 一种虾用饲料添加剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于水产养殖技术领域,具体公开了一种虾用饲料添加剂及其制备方法。所述虾用饲料添加剂是按以下质量百分数的各组分混合发酵后所得:光合细菌10~15%,芽孢杆菌20~30%,酵母菌20~25%,乳酸菌25~35%,黑糖1~5%,米糠1~5%,海盐0.5~1.0%,余量辅料。本发明所述虾用饲料添加剂能通过微生物对动物肠道起到保护作用,提高了虾类免疫力,减少病害发生,提高存活率;还能通过微生物改善动物肠道内环境,增加肠道内的有益菌数量,促进动物对饲料的消化吸收,降低饵料系数,促进虾类的生长,改善生产性能,提高虾苗密度,虾肉质清甜、无腥味,形态完整,可广泛应用于水产养殖领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产养殖技术领域,具体地,涉及一种虾用饲料添加剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
近年来,水产养殖业越来越重视微生物在动物养殖过程中的重要作用。众所周知,健康动物的肠壁上紧密排列着各种微生物,其中,90%以上为有益菌。由于有益菌的紧密排列,在肠壁上形成了具有屏障作用的保护层,构成了相对稳定的微生物环境,使得肠道中的致病细菌没有生长空间,自然也没有侵染肠道细胞的机会,从而保障了动物肠道的健康。因此,保持肠道微生物的平衡状态就可以使动物有效抵抗有害微生物的攻击。
但是,这种平衡常常会被影响,如天气的变化、食物摄入种类的不同、药物的使用等,都可以破坏动物肠道的微生态平衡。平衡一旦失去,就意味着有益菌紧密排列而形成的保护层产生了漏洞,致病性细菌就有机会大量繁殖,并侵入肠道细胞,产生毒素,引起动物肠道发炎、溃烂等反应,导致动物生长、生产性能下降,甚至发病或者死亡。
因此,将活性微生物制剂作为一种添加剂补充到饲料中,直接摄入到动物肠道的微生物系统中,能对动物肠道起到保护作用,可提高机体免疫力和抗病力,防止动物体内有害物质的产生。同时,能转化养殖动物肠道、血液及粪便中有害物质的浓度,降低有害物质在机体内的累积,有利于机体的健康。
此外,有益菌其菌体本身含有大量的营养物质,同时还含有多种维生素、钙、磷和多种微量元素、辅酶Q等。微生物制剂作为饲料添加剂被动物摄食后,其所包含的多种微生物可进入消化系统,并在消化道内繁衍、代谢,产生动物生长所必需的营养物质,从而促进动物的快速生长。通过微生物制剂改善动物肠道内环境,增加动物肠道内的有益菌数量,能促进动物对饲料的消化吸收,提高饲料转化率,进一步促进动物生长。
目前用于虾类饲料添加剂的微生物种类繁多,单一使用某一微生物都存在一些缺点。现有技术中有将多种微生物培育后混合为复合微生物制剂,以期发挥它们的综合作用。但是,多种微生物共存时,由于不同微生物的生长、繁殖条件不同,有些甚至存在相互拮抗作用,限制了复合微生物制剂的应用和功能。因此,选择哪些菌种、采用何种比例进行复配制成复合微生物制剂,才能发挥最大能效,既能减少虾类病害发生、提高存活率,又能降低饵料系数、促进虾类生长,这是目前水产养殖领域亟待解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服现有技术的上述不足,提供一种虾用饲料添加剂,通过优选复配各菌种的比例,发挥了显著的协同作用,既能减少虾类病害发生、提高存活率,又能降低饵料系数、促进虾类生长。
本发明的另一目的在于提供上述虾用饲料添加剂的制备方法。
为了实现上述目的,本发明是通过以下方案予以实现的:
一种虾用饲料添加剂,是按以下质量百分数的各组分混合发酵后所得:光合细菌10~15%,芽孢杆菌20~30%,酵母菌20~25%,乳酸菌25~35%,黑糖1~5%,米糠1~5%,海盐0.5~1.0%,余量辅料。所述辅料为水、维生素。
优选地,所述虾用饲料添加剂是按以下质量百分数的各组分混合发酵后所得:光合细菌12~14%,芽孢杆菌24~27%,酵母菌22~24%,乳酸菌28~32%,黑糖1~5%,米糠1~5%,海盐0.5~1.0%,余量辅料。
更优选地,所述虾用饲料添加剂是按以下质量百分数的各组分混合发酵后所得:光合细菌13%,芽孢杆菌25%,酵母菌23%,乳酸菌30%,黑糖2.5%,米糠2.5%,海盐0.8%,余量辅料。
进一步地,所述光合细菌含有大量的促生长因子和生理活性物质,营养丰富,添加到饲料中,可补充和增加饲料营养成份、降低饲料系数;刺激动物免疫系统,促进动物胃肠道内的有益菌生长繁殖,增强消化和抗病能力,促进生长。
更进一步地,所述光合细菌包括但不限于沼泽红假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌、铜绿假单胞菌中的至少一种。
进一步地,所述芽孢杆菌能产生多种消化酶,促进动物对营养物质的消化吸收。芽孢杆菌具有较强的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性,同时还具有降解饲料中复杂碳水化合物的酶,如果胶酶、葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶等,这些酶能破坏植物饲料细胞的细胞壁,促使细胞的营养物质释放出来,并能消除饲料中的抗营养因子,减少抗营养因子对动物消化利用的障碍。
更进一步地,所述芽孢杆菌包括但不限于地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌中的至少一种。
进一步地,所述酵母菌富含动物生长所需的多种营养物质和生长因子,如蛋白质、氨基酸、矿物质、维生素、核酸和多糖等,满足了动物机体所需要的营养要求,促进了动物的健康生长和发育,在饲料中适当添加酵母菌可以改善饲料适口性,增加采食量,提高饲料转化效率。
更进一步地,所述酵母菌包括但不限于毕氏酵母、产脘假丝酵母、热带假丝酵母中的至少一种。
进一步地,所述乳酸菌能调节动物胃肠道的菌群平衡,通过营养竞争、附着位点竞争或分泌抗生素、细菌素等抑制病原微生物,增强机体免疫力,调节机体肠道粘膜的免疫活性,提高动物在遭受病害侵袭时的存活率。乳酸菌还能分泌乳酸,产生多种消化酶,促进动物对饲料的消化吸收,进而降低饲料系数,促进动物生长。
更进一步地,所述乳酸菌包括但不限于植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌中的至少一种。
为了使上述多种微生物菌群维持一个相对稳定的状态,同时也考虑到每种菌群的特殊作用和它们之间的相互作用关系,本发明按照一定比例混合各菌种后利用特殊的发酵工艺,使得各种微生物菌群在发挥自身生物学功能的基础上相互提供能量和基质,表现出显著的协同作用,形成了一个微生物系统稳态,可实现效能最大化。相比于单一菌群而言,本发明所提供的虾用饲料添加剂既能减少虾类病害发生、提高虾类存活率,又能降低饵料系数、促进虾类生长。
上述虾用饲料添加剂的制备方法包括如下步骤:将光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌分别配置成菌悬液,每种菌悬液中有效活菌数为107~108cfu/mL,再按比例混合得到复合菌液;向复合菌液中加入黑糖、米糠、海盐和余量辅料,于25~30℃、pH 6.0~7.0、150~180rpm条件下发酵20~30天后即得虾用饲料添加剂。
优选地,所述发酵的条件为28℃、pH 6.5、160rpm,发酵的时间为25天。
作为一种可选择的具体实施方案,所述虾用饲料添加剂的制备方法如下:
S1.按成本1000公斤的容量计算,先向发酵桶中按以上配比加入各菌液,每种菌悬液中有效活菌数为107~108cfu/mL,加入检验过的合格的无任何化学物质的天然水,搅拌均匀;
S2.盖上密封盖全封闭,留气管插在外围装满2000mL水的瓶子里,在发酵过程中产生的气体通过塑料管往装满水的瓶子喷出,有大量的气泡,在这过程会自然的有气体喷出,同时防止外面细菌进入;发酵条件为28℃、pH 6.5、160rpm,各类菌种数量在发酵期间不断增殖;
S3.发酵到5~6天会产生泡沫,由小变大,到了10天左右泡沫会慢慢消失,随着泡沫消失面上会有一层白色的悬浮物,这是酵母菌作用,整个过程完成需要25天左右,即得虾用饲料添加剂。
所制备得到的虾用饲料添加剂有一种较浓的甜酸香味,pH值小于3.8。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
本发明所提供的虾用饲料添加剂通过优选复配各菌种的比例,发挥了显著的协同作用,通过微生物对动物肠道起到保护作用,提高了虾类免疫力,减少病害发生,提高存活率;还通过微生物改善动物肠道内环境,增加动物肠道内的有益菌数量,促进动物对饲料的消化吸收,降低饵料系数,促进虾类的生长,改善生产性能,提高虾苗密度,虾肉质清甜、无腥味,形态完整,可广泛应用于水产养殖领域。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作出进一步地详细阐述,所述实施例只用于解释本发明,并非用于限定本发明的范围。下述实施例中所使用的试验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所使用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,为可从商业途径得到的试剂和材料。
实施例1~5
一种虾用饲料添加剂,由以下各组分按照一定比例混合发酵所得:光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌、黑糖、米糠、海盐和辅料。所述各组分的配比如表1所示:
表1实施例1~5虾用饲料添加剂的配方
实施例1~5所述虾用饲料添加剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌分别配置成菌悬液,每种菌悬液中有效活菌数为107~108cfu/mL,再按比例混合得到复合菌液;向复合菌液中加入黑糖、米糠、海盐和余量辅料,于28℃、pH 6.5、160rpm条件下发酵25天后即得虾用饲料添加剂。
对比例1~5
一种微生物复合菌剂,由以下各组分按照一定比例混合发酵所得,所述各组分的配比如表2所示:
表2对比例1~5微生物复合菌剂的配方
对比例1~4所述微生物复合菌剂的制备方法与实施例1所述虾用饲料添加剂的制备方法大致相同;对比例5所述微生物复合菌剂的制备方法除了发酵条件为35℃、pH 8.0、180rpm,发酵时间为15天,其余操作步骤与实施例1所述虾用饲料添加剂的制备方法大致相同。
应用例
选取广东省深圳市同一水域的11个相邻虾塘为试验点进行验证试验,分别编号为1~11,每个虾塘为5亩,水深为1.5米左右,每个虾塘均在6月份每亩放养5万尾体长约1.5cm的青虾苗。放养后虾塘1~5分别投加实施例1~5虾用饲料添加剂3kg,虾塘6~10分别投加对比例1~5微生物复合菌剂3kg,虾塘11作为对照组不施加任何菌剂。各虾塘以常规养殖方法养殖,然后在2个月后统计每个虾塘每亩虾苗的存活率和饲料系数,结果如表3所示。
表3各虾塘青虾养殖数据表
综上所述,与对比例1~5和对照组相比,向虾塘中施加实施例1~5虾用饲料添加剂后,明显提高了青虾的免疫力,减少了病害(如烂鳃病)的发生,提高了其存活率;此外,还促进了青虾对饲料的消化吸收,降低了饵料系数,促进青虾的生长,改善了生产性能,提高虾苗密度,虾肉质清甜、无腥味,形态完整,具有较高的经济效益。
最后所应当说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对本发明保护范围的限制,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明及思路的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动,这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明权利要求的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种虾用饲料添加剂,其特征在于,是按以下质量百分数的各组分混合发酵后所得:光合细菌10~15%,芽孢杆菌20~30%,酵母菌20~25%,乳酸菌25~35%,黑糖1~5%,米糠1~5%,海盐0.5~1.0%,余量辅料。
2.根据权利要求1所述虾用饲料添加剂,其特征在于,所述虾用饲料添加剂是按以下质量百分数的各组分混合发酵后所得:光合细菌12~14%,芽孢杆菌24~27%,酵母菌22~24%,乳酸菌28~32%,黑糖1~5%,米糠1~5%,海盐0.5~1.0%,余量辅料。
3.根据权利要求2所述虾用饲料添加剂,其特征在于,所述虾用饲料添加剂是按以下质量百分数的各组分混合发酵后所得:光合细菌13%,芽孢杆菌25%,酵母菌23%,乳酸菌30%,黑糖2.5%,米糠2.5%,海盐0.8%,余量辅料。
4.根据权利要求1所述虾用饲料添加剂,其特征在于,所述光合细菌为沼泽红假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌、铜绿假单胞菌中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述虾用饲料添加剂,其特征在于,所述芽孢杆菌为地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌中的至少一种。
6.根据权利要求1所述虾用饲料添加剂,其特征在于,所述酵母菌为毕氏酵母、产脘假丝酵母、热带假丝酵母中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求1所述虾用饲料添加剂,其特征在于,所述乳酸菌为植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌中的至少一种。
8. 权利要求1~7任一项所述虾用饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:将光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌分别配置成菌悬液,每种菌悬液中有效活菌数为107~108cfu/mL,再按比例混合得到复合菌液;向复合菌液中加入黑糖、米糠、海盐和余量辅料,于25~30℃、pH 6.0~7.0、150~180rpm条件下发酵20~30天后即得虾用饲料添加剂。
9. 根据权利要求8所述制备方法,其特征在于,所述发酵的条件为28℃、pH 6.5、160rpm,发酵的时间为25天。
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