CN111642654A - 一种液态微生态复合饲料及其在水产养殖中的应用 - Google Patents
一种液态微生态复合饲料及其在水产养殖中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract
本发明公开一种液态微生态复合饲料及其在水产养殖中的应用,涉及水产养殖技术领域,其由复合菌液、虫浆组成;所述复合菌液接种至虫浆的接种量为0.5%‑2%;所述复合菌液包括光合菌、芽孢菌液、酵母菌以及乳酸菌,且体积份数比为1‑2:3‑5:2‑5:1‑3;本发明提供的液态微生态复合饲料有效提高了饲料利用率,同时有效的抑制水产养殖中病害的发生,提高水产动物的存活率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及微生物混合饲料领域,尤其涉及一种液态微生态复合饲料及其在水产养殖中的应用。
背景技术
近年来水产养殖业发展迅猛,集约化高密度养殖规模不断扩大,在一定程度上推动了社会经济的发展,然而这种为增加单位面积产量而应用的集约化高密度养殖导致养殖生态环境遭到了破坏,并且极大地增加了水产动物间病原体交叉感染的机会。为此,各类养殖病害多发,甚至造成水产动物大面积死亡,养殖水体环境也随之恶化。
针对传统病害的防治,传统的方法主要是大量使用抗生素和某些化学合成药物作为饲料添加剂或渔药。长期大量使用抗生素和化学合成药物,不但破坏和干扰养殖环境的正常微生物区系,导致微生物的生态失调,且导致抗生素和化学合成药物在水产品中残留量过多,通过食物链进入人体而富集,对人类健康造成潜在的危害。
除此之外,从养殖经济效益出发,如何降低饲料生产成本以及其饲料系数也成为养殖饲料亟待解决的问题之一。
发明内容
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明目的在于提供一种液态微生态复合饲料及其在水产养殖中的应用。
第一方面,本发明提供一种液态微生态复合饲料,由复合菌液、虫浆组成;
所述复合菌液的接种量为0.5%-2%;所述复合菌液包括光合菌、芽孢菌液、酵母菌以及乳酸菌,且体积份数比为1-2:3-5:2-5:1-3。
优选的,所述芽孢菌液包括枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌,其体积份数比为2-5:1-3:1-2。
优选的,所述复合菌液的接种量为1.2%;所述光合菌、芽孢菌液、酵母菌以及乳酸菌的体积份数比为1:4:3:2。
优选的,所述复合菌液中各个菌的菌浓度均大于5×10^8cfu/ml。
第二方面,本发明提供一种液态微生态复合饲料在水产养殖中的应用,还包括植物原料;将上述任一项所述的液态微生态复合饲料,与所述植物原料混合后投入养殖池塘中;所述液态微生态复合饲料、植物原料的质量比为1-5:5-9。
优选的,所述植物原料经研磨处理,且粉碎粒度为1.0-2.5mm。
优选的,所述植物原料包括麦麸、豆粕、膨化玉米、大豆,其质量比为1-12: 1-6:1-4:1-4。
优选的,所述养殖池塘中的养殖对象为南美白对虾。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果在于:本发明将复合菌剂与虫浆配置成液态饲料,并以一定配比与传统饲料混合投入养殖;其中复合菌剂是通过多次复配实验,得到较佳的菌种类型配比,以及不同菌种之间的最佳比例;
其中光合菌体内含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素、矿物质、核酸和多种微量元素等,因此营养价值极高,可作为主要的蛋白质饲料来源,为鱼虾等利用,此外,还含有辅酶Q和生长促进因子,可增强宿主免疫力,促进生长发育;同时,光合菌利用其自身光合作用,产生氧气,增加水体溶氧;
乳酸菌在微需氧或厌氧条件下生长产生乳酸及短链脂肪酸;耐酸性强,对胃中的酸性环境有一定的耐受性,pH为3-4.5时仍能生存;通过生物颉颃作用,抑制大肠杆菌和沙门菌等致病菌的生长繁殖,降解亚硝氨、氨、吲哚和粪臭素等有害物质,从而增强宿主抗病能力,维持正常的生态平衡。
芽孢杆菌能够产生蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶及多种氨基酸和维生素类物质等,且能降解植物性饲料中某些复杂的糖类;在水产动物摄入芽孢杆菌后,芽孢杆菌生长过程中可消耗大量的氧,维持肠道厌氧环境,从而抑制致病菌的生长,维护肠道生态平衡;具有平衡和稳定乳酸杆菌的作用。
酵母菌细胞内富含蛋白质、核酸、维生素和多种酶,可增强饲料的适口性,为动物体提供养分,促进消化吸收;可中和肠道中毒素,直接和肠道病原体结合,有效抑制肠道病原体的繁殖,改善肠道微生态环境,从而增强机体的免疫能力及抗病能力;并可降低黄曲霉的毒性。
本申请通过多次复配实验令上述菌在一定比例下得以共生,并发挥其优势,提高饲料转化利用率,降低饲料系数,同时以生物绿色无污染的方式,增强水产动物机体的免疫机能;降低水产动物的病害发病率,促进动物生长,提高水产动物存活率。
具体实施方式
下面将结合具体实施例进一步说明本发明的内容,但不应理解为对本发明的限制。在不背离本发明精神和实质的情况下,对本发明方法、步骤、条件所作的修改或替换,均属于本发明的范围。若无特别说明,实施例中所用的实验方法均为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规方法和技术,所使用的试剂或材料均为通过商业途径得到。
按以下步骤配备液态微生态复合饲料:
1、将待使用的光合菌、芽孢菌液、酵母菌以及乳酸菌分别单独进行培养,其中芽孢菌液需进一步分为枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌进行单独培养,先于三角瓶中配置液体培养基,接种各个菌种,培养24-48小时后接种至种子罐中进行进一步扩大培养;
2、检测各个菌的菌浓度,待各个菌菌浓度大于5×10^8cfu/ml时,以一定比例进行混合,得到复合菌液;
3、将配置好的复合菌液以一定的接种比例接种至新鲜虫浆中,继续培养24-48小时,得到液态微生态复合饲料。
按以下步骤进一步配置应用于水产养殖的饲料:
4、在复合菌液与新鲜虫浆的培养期间,配置植物原料,将麦麸、豆粕、膨化玉米、大豆以一定质量比配置好后将混合物进行研磨;
5、将混合物放入超微粉碎机,粉碎直至颗粒粒度在1.0-2.5mm范围内;
6、将液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料以一定比例混合投放于养殖池塘中。
以下将按照上述步骤,以不同实施例验证不同配比下也台微生物混合饲料在水产养殖中的具体应用情况。
于广东省惠州市惠东一标准室内养殖塘,以南美白对虾为养殖对象,选择9 个池塘,每个池塘4*5m,水深1.2-1.5m,池塘为正方形、东西走向、砂质泥底,塘堤宽度2米;于每个池塘投放2万尾虾苗。
实施例1
(1)池塘1:以以下比例对各个原料进行配比:
枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌的体积份数比为2:3:2;
光合菌、芽孢就、酵母菌、乳酸菌的体积份数比为1:3:2:3;
复合菌液接种至虫浆的接种量为2%;
麦麸、豆粕、膨化玉米、大豆质量比为1:6:4:4;
液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为1:9;
(2)池塘2
将不接种复合菌液的虫浆与植物原料按质量比1:9进行配比;
其中植物原料中各原料配比与池塘1中相同。
实施例2
(3)池塘3
枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌的体积份数比为4:1:1;
光合菌、芽孢就、酵母菌、乳酸菌的体积份数比为1:4:3:2;
复合菌液接种至虫浆的接种量为1.2%;
麦麸、豆粕、膨化玉米、大豆质量比为6:3:2:3;
液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为3:7;
(4)池塘4
将不接种复合菌液的虫浆与植物原料按质量比3:7进行配比;
其中植物原料中各原料配比与池塘3中相同。
实施例3
(5)池塘5
枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌的体积份数比为5:2:1;
光合菌、芽孢菌液、酵母菌、乳酸菌的体积份数比为2:5:5:1;
复合菌液接种至虫浆的接种量为0.5%;
麦麸、豆粕、膨化玉米、大豆质量比为12:1:1:2;
液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为5:5;
(6)池塘6
将不接种复合菌液的虫浆与植物原料按质量比5:5进行配比;
其中植物原料中各原料配比与池塘5中相同。
实施例4
(7)池塘7
本实施例与实施例2中的池塘3仅为液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的配比不同。
枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌的体积份数比为4:1:1;
光合菌、芽孢就、酵母菌、乳酸菌的体积份数比为1:4:3:2;
复合菌液接种至虫浆的接种量为1.2%;
麦麸、豆粕、膨化玉米、大豆质量比为6:3:2:3;
液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为2:8;
实施例5
(8)池塘8
本实施例与实施例2中的池塘3仅为液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的配比不同。
枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌的体积份数比为4:1:1;
光合菌、芽孢就、酵母菌、乳酸菌的体积份数比为1:4:3:2;
复合菌液接种至虫浆的接种量为1.2%;
麦麸、豆粕、膨化玉米、大豆质量比为6:3:2:3;
液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为1:9;
实施例6
本实施例与实施例2中的池塘3仅为液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的配比不同。
枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌的体积份数比为4:1:1;
光合菌、芽孢就、酵母菌、乳酸菌的体积份数比为1:4:3:2;
复合菌液接种至虫浆的接种量为1.2%;
麦麸、豆粕、膨化玉米、大豆质量比为6:3:2:3;
液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为4:6;
根据上述各个实施例分别对相应池塘进行投喂,对南美白对虾采用饱食法进行投喂,每日添加量为池塘水体体积的0.05%,其中测得虾苗初始平均体重2.05g/尾;以饲喂四周为周期进行检测,分别检测四周内虾苗的存活率,增重率,同时对实施例2、4、5的成虾进行抽样检测,分别检测其水分含量、粗蛋白含量、氨基酸含量、粗脂肪含量,另外进行分组对成虾整体进行以感官评定 (以10分为满分)。
具体结果如表1-4所示。
首先,从表1中进行分析,其中实施例1-3均设置对照组,即池塘1与2、池塘3与4、池塘5与6均为有无添加复合菌液的区别,将每个实施例内部进行对比,可以看出,池塘1、3、5中饲养的虾苗增重率、存活率以及饲养系数均比同实施例中的对照组更优,池塘1中的虾苗增重率达166.34%,而池塘2的增重率仅为83.90%;池塘1中的虾苗存活率达96.32%,池塘2中未92.33%;反观实施例2或3均是如此,添加的复合菌液的池塘的虾苗存活率和增重率更高、饲养系数更低,因此成本投入更少,整体经济效益更高。
其次,同时对比池塘1、3、5,由表1中可以看出,其中池塘3表现最佳,虾苗增重率高达188.78%,高于池塘1和池塘5,存活率方面也略高与池塘1与 5,且饲料系数为1.06,极大提高了饲料的转化效率。
为了进一步探究液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的最佳混合比例,进一步设置了池塘7、池塘8以及池塘9作为对照,以池塘3为对照组,调整液态微生物与植物原料的比例,其中池塘3中液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为3:7,池塘7中液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为2:8,池塘8中液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为1:9,池塘9中液态微生态复合饲料与植物原料的质量比为4:6。
由表2中可看出,池塘3中采用液态生物混合饲料与植物原料的质量比为 3:7,的表现最佳,其粗蛋白相较于其他实施例而言最高,达到22.15,比同实施例中的池塘4高出近4个百分点,池塘4中的虾苗的粗蛋白含量仅为22.15,而池塘7-9中虾苗的粗蛋白含量虽未比池塘3中的高,但均超过21%,表现较优;除此之外,池塘4中虾苗的粗脂肪为0.31%,为表2中几个池塘中最高的一组,表现最佳为池塘3,仅为0.26%,由此可见,实施例2中池塘3中饲养的虾苗其蛋白含量更高,粗脂肪含量更低,综合营养价值更高;从感官体验上进行评价,其中池塘3与池塘9均为9分,池塘4为最低,为7分,池塘7与池塘8居中,为8分,由此可见,较高比例的液态微生态复合饲料在对虾苗感官体验具有利好的表现。
综上所述,本发明提供的液态微生态复合饲料,与植物原料(也可为常规饲料)混合后应用于水产养殖中,通过多种微生物代谢反应产生有益代谢物,如某些有益菌刺激动物分泌有机酸、过氧化氢和细菌素等抗菌物质,抑制致病菌在肠道内生长繁殖。细菌素是一种具有生物活性蛋白成分和杀菌活性的化合物,其作用类似抗生素,但又避免了抗生素带来的污染问题;同时,饲用微生物在肠道内可以产生多种活性很高的酶,如:蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和植酸酶等多种消化酶,降解饲料中的某些抗营养因子,帮助动物对营养物质的消化吸收,改善宿主新陈代谢,提高饲料利用率。枯草芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌除具有较强活性的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶外,同时还具有降解植物饲料中某些复杂糖类的酶,如:果胶酶、葡聚糖酶和纤维素酶等,可裂解植物细胞壁而提高饲料的消化吸收率。酵母也可产生纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和植酸酶等酶类,酵母培养物中含较高植酸酶活性,补充酵母培养物可提高水产动物对纤维素的利用,促进磷的消化吸收,减少磷对环境的污染,预防和减少虾类软壳病的发生,降低鱼虾类动物的死亡率,提高单位时间内水产动物的增重率,同时降低其饲料系数,提高养殖收益。
其次,通过微生物在发酵或或代谢过程中产生生长素等生理活性物质,有助于食物消化和营养吸收,促进代谢,且许多微生物本身就富含营养物质,添加到饲料中,可作为营养物质被动物摄取和吸收,从而促进动物的生长。
最后,利用微生物与饲料以较佳的比例混合后,对水体环境也具有利好的影响,微生物制剂中的微生物代谢,尤其是异养细菌在水体和沉积物中发挥了氧化、氨化、硝化、反硝化、解磷、硫化和固氮等作用,迅速消除水体中的氨氮和硫化氢等有害物质,同时将有机物分解为CO2、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等无毒物质,进而被水体中的藻类加以利用,起到净化水质的作用。
表1
表2
以上所述仅是对本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,凡是依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所做的任何简单修改,等同变化与修饰,均属于本发明技术方案的范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种液态微生态复合饲料,其特征在于:其由复合菌液、虫浆组成;
所述复合菌液接种至虫浆的接种量为0.5%-2%;所述复合菌液包括光合菌、芽孢菌液、酵母菌以及乳酸菌,且体积份数比为1-2:3-5:2-5:1-3。
2.根据权利要求1所述的微生物混合饲料,其特征在于:所述芽孢菌液包括枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌,其体积份数比为2-5:1-3:1-2。
3.根据权利要求1所述的液态微生态复合饲料,其特征在于:所述复合菌液的接种量为1.2%;所述光合菌、芽孢菌液、酵母菌以及乳酸菌的体积份数比为1:4:3:2。
4.根据权利要求1所述的液态微生态复合饲料,其特征在于:所述复合菌液中各个菌的菌浓度均大于5×10^8cfu/ml。
5.一种液态微生态复合饲料在水产养殖中的应用,其特征在于:还包括植物原料;将权利要求1-4任一项所述的液态微生态复合饲料与所述植物原料混合后投入养殖池塘中;所述液态微生态复合饲料、植物原料的质量比为1-5:5-9。
6.根据权利要求5所述的液态微生态复合饲料在水产养殖中的应用,其特征在于:所述植物原料经研磨处理,且粉碎粒度为1.0-2.5mm。
7.根据权利要求5所述的液态微生态复合饲料在水产养殖中的应用,其特征在于:所述植物原料包括麦麸、豆粕、膨化玉米、大豆,其质量比为1-12:1-6:1-4:1-4。
8.根据权利要求5所述的液态微生态复合饲料在水产养殖中的应用,其特征在于:所述养殖池塘中的养殖对象为南美白对虾。
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