Papers by Paul Glatkowski
A D A 2 rISTRIBUTION/AVAILAPILITY OF REPORT 2b. OECLASSIFICATION,-. ,veMA)N SCHEDULE Distribution... more A D A 2 rISTRIBUTION/AVAILAPILITY OF REPORT 2b. OECLASSIFICATION,-. ,veMA)N SCHEDULE Distribution Unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 1990-14 64. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION T6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION University of Pennsylvania If apli"be O Gc. ADDRESS (City. State, aid ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City State, and ZIP Code
Journal of Polymer Science Part B, Oct 1, 1988
Blends of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), with other polymers were made by film-casting from an... more Blends of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), with other polymers were made by film-casting from an aqueous mixture of the water-soluble sulfonium salt precursor to PPV and the second polymer. The rates of chemical doping, using AsF,, and of eledrochemical doping, using perchlorate counter ion, of the PPV component are strongly influenced by the nature of the added macromolecule. In all cases studied the blends appear to be phase separated under all conditions. The most versatile blend was with poly(ethy1ene oxide) (PEO), which could be heated to 225°C without degradation and which yielded the highest electrical conductivity when doped. The utility of blends was demonstrated using freestanding PPV/PEO blend samples as rechargeable battery electrodes.
Proceedings of SPIE, Jun 1, 1991
Nonlinear optics (NLO) is increasingly important for a variety of military and commercial needs r... more Nonlinear optics (NLO) is increasingly important for a variety of military and commercial needs ranging from new types of laser weapons to fiber optic communications networks, to optical computing applications. Rapid advances in optical phase conjugation, optical switching, and logic have demonstrated the enormous potential for practical applications with concurrent fast-paced materials development. The research has established that polyimides potentially have the excellent intrinsic properties and tailorability to meet the requirements of a wide range of nonlinear optical devices. The research described in this manuscript is a multidisciplinary effort to target key applications and material and processing requirements for these polymers. It discusses the synthesis, characterization, and processing of the nonlinear optical properties of polyimides which have been tailored for nonlinear optical activity.
Proceedings of SPIE, May 1, 1992
The development of new infrared transmitting optical fibers with low optical losses, sufficient m... more The development of new infrared transmitting optical fibers with low optical losses, sufficient mechanical strength, and temperature range to meet the demanding conditions of many process environments and the availability of improved, ruggedized low-cost FTIR spectrometers have made in situ FflR measurements possible. This paper discusses the development of in situ fiber optic remote FT spectroscopy and its application to the characterization of polymer resin synthesia 1. IN'I'RODUCTION When a beam of light in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum interacts with a substance, a quantized amount of that energy may be absorb&L The light which is absorbed is associated with certain vibrational transitions which are unique to each chemical species within the substance. The absorption spectrum which is Obtained is referred to as an IR spectrum of the materiaL When a chemical reaction occurs, bonds are formed or broken. The formation and breakage of these bonds can also be observed in the IR spectrum. Infrared transmitting optical fibers are a class of optical fibers which differ from conventional silica glass based optical fibers, in that they transmit the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e from 0. 1 to 15 m (10,000 cm' 667 cm1). Infrared transmitting fibers are made of halide glasses, chalcogenide glasses, as well as polycrystalline oxidea Table 1 lists the characteristics of some typical IR transmitting optical fibers The development of new infrared transmitting optical fibers with low optical losses, sufficient mechanical strength, and temperature range to meet the demanding conditions of many process environments and the availability of improved, ruggedized low-cost FTIR spectrometers have made in situ FT.ER measurements possible. The potential applications of in situ fiber optic FTIR spectroscopy include anesthesia gas monitoring in hospital operating rooms, advanced composite part cure monitoring15, polymer synthesis process monitoring, analysis of biological fluids6, and inspection of polymer coatings on substrates6. In particular this manuscript discusses the application of this technology to the monitoring of the extent of polymer synthesis reactions. 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The FflR spectrometer used in this technique consists of a Bomem Model 155 spectrometer equip with a liquid nitrogen cooled mercuiy cadmium telluride (MCT) detector, coupling optics, chalcogenide glass infrared transmitting optical fiber cables, and a chalcogenide glass infrared transmitting evanescent wave sensor of proprietary design. A NEC APC W Personal Computer (IBM 174/SPIE Vol. 1637 Environmental and Process Monitoring Technologies (1992) 0-81 94-0783-6/921$4.0O AT compatible), and FflR data acquisition and analysis software package (LabCa1c, Galactic Industries) was used to obtain and analyze infrared spectra. The fiber sensors were mounted in a polypropylene boat which was suitable for filling with resin solutions and neat NMP. Single beam spectra were acquired over the range 900 -4000 cnr' with 64 scana These solutions contained aliquots of a reaction in which the aliquots were withdrawn at specific times during the reaction of the polymer. The single beam spectra of the polymer solutions and the neat NMP were ratioed against an open beam spectrum of the sensor fiber in air. The resultant absorbance files were baseline corrected, smoothed, and offset Additionally subtraction of the NMP solvent spectrum from each of the spectra of the polymer solutions was performed. Thble L Characterislics ouR Fibers Property Chalcogenide Glass Fluoride Glass Sapphire AgBr/Cl Core Diameter 250 .tm 250 tm 250 m 250 m Coating Thickness 45.tm 45gm none none Cladding Thickness 30 .tm 40 &m core only core only Wavelength Range 3 to 10 tm 330
Proceedings of SPIE, Apr 1, 1992
Polyimides possess interesting nonlinear optical properties. The overall goal of our effort is to... more Polyimides possess interesting nonlinear optical properties. The overall goal of our effort is to develop the requisite synthesis and processing techniques to produce polyimides with high (Chi) (3) and low absorptive losses. The target value for many applications is (Chi) (3)/(alpha) equals 10-7 esu-cm. The synthesis and characterization of both the linear and nonlinear optical properties of these materials and the requirements for their utilization in optical bistability is reported.
Proceedings of SPIE, Dec 1, 1991
Fiber Optic Remote Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) SpectroscopyMark A. Druy, Paul J. Glatkowski... more Fiber Optic Remote Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) SpectroscopyMark A. Druy, Paul J. Glatkowski, and W. A. StevensonFoster-Miller, Incorporated350 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02154ABSTRACTThe development of new infrared transmitting optical fibers with low optical losses, sufficientmechanical strength, and temperature range to meet the demanding conditions of many processenvironments; and the availability of improved, ruggedized low-cost FTIR spectrometers have made insitu FTIR measurements possible. This paper discusses the development of in situ fiber optic remoteFTIR spectroscopy and its application to the characterization of thin polymer coatings on substrates.1. INThODUCTIONWhen a beam of light in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum interacts with asubstance, a quantized amount of that energy may be absorbed. The light which is absorbed isassociated with certain vibrational transitions which are unique to each chemical species within thesubstance. The absorption spectrum which is obtained is referred to as an ER spectrum of the materiaLWhen a chemical reaction occurs, bonds are formed or broken. The formation and breakage of thesebonds can also be observed in the JR spectrum.Infrared transmitting optical fibers are a class of optical fibers which differ from conventionalsilica glass based optical fibers, in that they transmit the infrared portion of the electromagneticspectrum, i.e from 0. 1 to 15 itm (10,000 cm' -
Proceedings of SPIE, Mar 1, 1992
The development of new infrared transmitting optical fibers with low optical losses, sufficient m... more The development of new infrared transmitting optical fibers with low optical losses, sufficient mechanical strength, and temperature range to meet the demanding conditions of many process environments; and the availability of improved, ruggedized low-cost FTIR spectrometers have made in situ FTIR measurements possible. This paper discusses the development of evanescent wave in situ fiber optic remote FTIR spectroscopy and its application to assaying components of biological fluids.
Proceedings of SPIE, Feb 7, 1994
A study of real-time in situ monitoring of the chemical states of urethane cross-linked solid roc... more A study of real-time in situ monitoring of the chemical states of urethane cross-linked solid rocket propellant during cure and aging using an embedded fiber optic sensor and a Fourier transform IR spectrometer is presented. The aging study focused on the monitoring and identification of chemical species that migrate across the propellant-insulation bondline. In this work, a short length of tapered chalcogenide fiber was used as the sensor. The segment of fiber containing the taper sensor was mounted in a temperature controlled aluminum boat to which either inert or live propellant samples were added. The spectral data collected over a six month period indicated that the equipment and sensors were suitable for monitoring the degree of curve and contaminant migration in solid rocket propellant.
Proceedings of SPIE, Apr 30, 1993
This paper describes initial studies that were performed to develop a personal wear badge for the... more This paper describes initial studies that were performed to develop a personal wear badge for the accumulated exposure detection of benzene vapor. Small sections of optical fiber were coated with a membrane specific for the adsorption of benzene vapor. After exposure the fiber was placed in a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and the infrared spectra of the surface bound benzene was obtained. The qualitative exposure levels were determined by peak intensities. Benzene was detected at a concentration of 100,000 ppm. Dichlorobenzene was also detectable (80,000 ppm) and could be differentiated from benzene by unique absorbance peaks. The sensor was reusable and the cumulative exposure was determined as a function of time. The sensor modifications were based on the incorporation of benzene absorbing compounds contained in a thin, high surface area porous membrane coating applied to the fiber surface. The surface coating technology was developed and demonstrated on an active fiber system. A sensor cell was designed to allow handling and direct insertion into the FTIR spectrometer.
Proceedings of SPIE, Dec 31, 1993
The development of new infrared transmitting optical fibers with low optical losses, sufficient m... more The development of new infrared transmitting optical fibers with low optical losses, sufficient mechanical strength, and temperature range to meet the demanding conditions of many process environments -- and the availability of improved, ruggedized low-cost FTIR spectrometers -- have made in situ FTIR measurements possible. This paper discusses the development of a mid-IR tapered infrared transmitting optical fiber for monitoring the cure of epoxy resins.
Synthetic Metals, Apr 1, 1991
A D A 2 rISTRIBUTION/AVAILAPILITY OF REPORT 2b. OECLASSIFICATION,-. ,veMA)N SCHEDULE Distribution... more A D A 2 rISTRIBUTION/AVAILAPILITY OF REPORT 2b. OECLASSIFICATION,-. ,veMA)N SCHEDULE Distribution Unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 1990-14 64. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION T6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION University of Pennsylvania If apli"be O Gc. ADDRESS (City. State, aid ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City State, and ZIP Code
Proceedings of SPIE, Apr 1, 1991
The real-time in situ monitoring of the chemical states of epoxy and polyimide resins were invest... more The real-time in situ monitoring of the chemical states of epoxy and polyimide resins were investigated during cure using an embedded fiber optic sensor and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). In this work a short length of sapphire fiber is used as the sensor for monitoring the cure of the epoxy, while for the polyimide resin, we use a chalcogenide fiber as the sensor. The cure of the epoxy resin/graphite fiber composite is monitored in an autoclave, while the cure of the polyimide resin/graphite fiber composite is monitored in a high temperature press. The sapphire sensor is connected to infrared transmitting zirconium fluoride optical fiber cables which penetrate the wall of the autoclave and interface to the FTIR spectrometer. The chalcogenide sensor connects to other chalcogenide fibers which act as a transmission link to the FTIR spectrometer. The results indicate that this equipment and sensors are suitable for monitoring the degree of cure of the laminates throughout the entire cure cycle.
Proceedings of SPIE, Oct 21, 1994
This manuscript summarizes the effort to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a field-portab... more This manuscript summarizes the effort to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a field-portable Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) instrument that can perform a quick and accurate chemical analysis of unknown waste materials at Air Force bases without removing a sample for analysis. We report that devices containing a tapered infrared fiber optic sensor can remotely detect and quantify the range of liquid hazardous waste typically found at Air Force bases. Partial Least Squares (PLS) calibration equations were formulated and shown to accurately predict the concentration of components in a mixture with an error or +/- 0.05% volume.
A badge was developed as a personal vapor detector to record the cumulative exposure of an indivi... more A badge was developed as a personal vapor detector to record the cumulative exposure of an individual to benzene vapor. The badge consisted of an optical fiber, small sections of which were coated with a membrane specific for the adsorption of benzene vapor. Membranes made of polyethylene and nylon, and filled with zeolite were applied to a silver halide fiber. Following exposure, the fiber was subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The coating successfully retained the benzene vapor for several days. A concentration of 100,000 parts per million (ppm) could be detected. Concentrations of dichlorobenzene of 80,000ppm were also detected. Unique absorbance peaks were used to distinguish the two compounds. It was possible to reuse the sensor. However, the desired detectability range of 1 to 100ppm was not met.
Journal of the Society for Information Display, 2005
Transparent and electrically conductive coatings and films have a variety of fast-growing applica... more Transparent and electrically conductive coatings and films have a variety of fast-growing applications ranging from window glass to flat-panel displays. These mainly include semiconductive metal oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped and stabilized with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS). In this paper, we show alternatives to ITO and conducting polymers, using single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT). These CNT-based technologies offer conducting substrates having a broad range of conductivity, excellent transparency, neutral color tone, good adhesion, abrasion resistance, and flexibility. Additional benefits include ease of both processing and patterning. This paper reports on optoelectronic properties and structure characterization of these materials.
Applied Physics Letters, 2007
Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks form a highly transparent and electrically conductiv... more Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks form a highly transparent and electrically conductive thin film that can be used to replace traditional transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) in a variety of applications. Here, the authors demonstrate their use as a transparent back contact in a near-infrared (NIR) transparent CdTe solar cell. SWCNT networks are hole-selective conductors and have a significantly greater NIR transparency than TCOs—qualities which could both make them very useful in tandem thin-film solar cells. SWCNT networks can be incorporated into single-junction CdTe devices and in CdTe top cells for mechanically stacked thin-film tandem devices, as described here. The best device efficiency using SWCNTs in the back contact was 12.4%, with 40%–50% transmission between 800 and 1500nm.
MRS Proceedings, 1992
ABSTRACTThe research described in part in this manuscript is a multi disciplinary effort to targe... more ABSTRACTThe research described in part in this manuscript is a multi disciplinary effort to target key applications and material and processing requirements for these third order nonlinear optical polymers. It discusses the synthesis, characterization, and processing of nonlinear optical properties of polyimides which have been tailored for nonlinear optical activity.
2011 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2011
The adverse effects of spacecraft charging, electro static discharging (ESD), and solar array arc... more The adverse effects of spacecraft charging, electro static discharging (ESD), and solar array arcing in plasma environments as well as solar array design features resultant thereof are well studied and not further explored in this extended abstract. Modern and future spacecraft and space solar array designs both necessitate the need for, and enable the development of, lightweight, cost effective, and
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Papers by Paul Glatkowski