Innovation, Design, Design Thinking

Inserted on the questioning of visual sintax, studying architectural graphic
representation through its means of production is an attempt to restrict the limits an
abstraction imposes. The citation: “ the new possibilities offered with the use of
digital technologies”, constitutes the basis of this paper, in which the designing
method applied by different architects both on conception as well as on
presentation of Architectural Design, is analised.

[AMAZON LINK BELOW TO BOOK ITSELF -- TOC and book intro in downloadable .pdf] 

"It is a common experience that a problem difficult at night is resolved in the morning after the committee of sleep has worked on it." --John Steinbeck Scientific research confirms what people have always known: answers, ideas, and inspiration do come to us in dreams. Harvard psychologist and world-renowned dream specialist Deirdre Barrett, Ph.D., offers this rich collection of examples of how the world's most creative practitioners in art, music, film, science, literature and other fields have used the revelations of their dream life to inform their work. Dr. Barrett offers insights showing us how to encourage lucid, meaningful dreaming, and how to apply the meanings of our dreams to solving problems--from the everyday to the extraordinary. This is the stuff dreams are made of. In the visual arts, Jasper Johns couldn't find his unique artistic vision until he dreamed it in the form of a large American flag. Salvador Dali and his colleagues built the startling new genre of surrealism out of dreams. Kubla Kahn dreamed the design for his stately pleasure dome; thousands of years later, Lucy Davis, chief architect at a major firm, continues the tradition of dreaming designs into life in her extraordinary buildings. Film is a fertile avenue for dreams: "Twice I have transferred dreams to film exactly as I had dreamed them," confides director Ingmar Bergman, as have Federico Fellini, Orson Welles, Akira Kurosawa, Robert Altman, and John Sayles. From Mary Shelley's terrible nightmare, which became Frankenstein, to Stephen King's haunting dream as a little boy, which led to his first bestseller, countless writers have consulted the Committee. Musicians from Beethoven to Billy Joel and Paul McCartney have whistled the Committee's tunes. In science, physiologist Otto Loewi dreamed the medical experiment that earned him the Nobel Prize. In sports, Marion Jones dreamed she'd broken a world record, then brought the dream to life. Gandhi translated his dream of resistance into a movement that changed the world. Since Freud, we take it for granted that our dreams reflect our past. In The Committee of Sleep, Barrett reveals how dreams can also tell us about our future potential--and how to reach it.

O Brand Model Canvas, é segunda versão de um template que permite a visão holística sobre sua estratégia de marca. Baseado em conceitos de Human Centered Design, ele começa analisando os problemas que a marca resolve de seu usuário, e faz a triangulação de dados de mercado, usuário e empresa, sempre com o olhar multidisciplinar, colaborativo , otimista e orientado a experiência nos pontos de contato e na mensuração de indicadores estratégicos.

The development of design research has led to the establishment of design as a coherent discipline of study in all its many fields. The aims and objectives of design research have always been to study about the artistic and intuitive processes related to design. There exists a designerly way of thinking and communicating that is both different from scientific and scholarly ways of thinking and communicating, and as powerful as scientific and scholarly methods of enquiry when applied to its own kinds of problems.  Formulation of student exercises based on creative techniques and problem solving methods is an important part of academic practice. Nature becomes the greatest source of inspiration for the problem solving exercises in jewellery design among many other subjects. It should be noted that the understanding of nature comes to the mind slowly with careful analysis and discipline through contemplation, philosophizing, remembering and reasoning. Learning to see and understand Nature comes only after a careful and enthusiastic search for her minute and apparently insignificant productions. This particular exercise is based on the translations made in terms of design principles, concepts and mathematics suggesting endless ideas and unfolding of Natural laws. In the conclusion it has been found out that the studies on Nature needs to have a scientific rationale behind even though jewellery design is still followed with the conventional approach in the design process. 
Key words: Nature, design, jewellery, inspiration, students exercises,

The adoption of systems-focused risk assessment techniques has not led to measurable improvement in the rate of patient harm. Why? In part, because these tools focus solely on understanding problems, and provide no direct support for designing and managing solutions (i.e., risk control). This second installment of a 2-part series on rebalancing risk management describes a structured approach to bridging this gap: The Active Risk Control (ARC) Toolkit. A pilot study is presented to show how ARC Toolkit can improve the quality of risk management practice.

The need for reducing poverty and to develop the standard of living in rural areas around the world is enormous. Ideas for new approaches have to be created, developed and implemented. Design thinking and methods combined with innovation in practice and management – as Design Inspired Innovation – could be such a concept to provide for rural people to empower themselves and improve their living conditions. On the other hand it is important to learn from the sustainable lifestyle practices being followed in rural villages and extrapolate them to the urban setting. The purpose of this paper is to discuss an initiative between Swedish and Indian researchers, MBA students and their networks. It is based on appropriate design research methodology, ethnographic design research and innovation science. Experiences from initial empirical studies show that master students gathering data in the field (focusing in the areas such as ICT, banking & finance, health care, entrepreneurship, energy and agribusiness), analyzing and interpreting the data together with researchers can get new insights of opportunities in innovation and entrepreneurship at the  ́bottom of the pyramid ́.
Keywords: Design thinking, design inspired innovation, management education, rural village and urban slum development, the bottom of the pyramid.

Risk assessment, by itself, does nothing to reduce risk or improve safety. It can only change outcomes by informing the design and management of effective risk control interventions. But current practice in healthcare risk management suffers from an almost complete lack of support for risk control. This first installment of a 2-part series on rebalancing risk management describes a new framework to guide risk control practice: The Process for Active Risk Control.

“The best thing a child can do is to break a toy; the next best thing is to make it; even better is to create it.” As part of my work, I explore design processes in school education in India. The intent is to integrate in curricula, design processes through series of design in education workshops. Why deploy toy design as a medium to achieve such a goal? Everyone can easily connect to toys and games. We usually start the workshop with a study of a heritage toy. As part of “toys and tales” workshop series, usually one specific toy design or concept is selected and explored through various ‘Tale’ concepts. This process helps create many ideas for toy product design. The participants are generally teachers of education, therapy, child development and psychology. They are able to develop new ideas in these workshops. The aim is to empower educators and enhance their creative abilities in their
respective work by introducing design process, relating toy and game design. I teach product design at a university in India. We felt the need to introduce space and facilities whereby both digital and tangible toys and games may co-exist. The design students are encouraged to incorporate elements of play in their product and interior design projects. Students value this approach as it brings a special design process. In my studio, I design and produce toys in small quantities. One of the toy design projects, “Khel Manthan (Churning-Learning) – handcrafted storyteller
and storymaker”, is designed and developed with a community. The experiment is used as one of the case studies during design in education workshops, to highlight the significance of the design process. I will be presenting some of the experiences from these workshops and courses with various groups of school teachers, university faculty, students, and development communities involved in
training. My presentation will highlight the process of design  development work through group participation.

O lançamento deste Guia de Design Thinking para inovação do setor público no Butão se constitui em uma etapa importante na jornada de transformação do serviço público daquele país. Este guia é a culminação de muitos meses de aprendizagem, aplicando e adaptando a metodologia do Design Thinking, método centrado no ser humano e acompanhado de um repertório de ferramentas, visando melhorias nos serviços públicos do Butão.

A Royal Civil Service Commission, em colaboração com o Instituto Politécnico de Singapura, contando com suporte de fundos fornecidos pela Temasek Foundation International, Singapura e o Governo Real do Butão, organizou o “Design Thinking for Public Sector Innovation Programme”.

This thesis examines the adoption of design thinking methods by non-design communities of practice. As design management focuses on the coordination of design activities across fields and disciplines, the design manager conducting the research sought to discover methods and practices that could be used to assist with adoption and application of design thinking methods with a group of non-designers. The design manager provides several solutions for the non-design community of practice, which may potentially assist other designers when introducing and implementing design thinking methods across diverse groups.

Abstract: The “great recession” of 2008-09 in the U.S. was a watershed moment in the development of business practices that hold promise in driving the creation of a new generation of American companies and re-invigorating established businesses. These are
i. the emergence of the sharing economy,
ii. technological interconnectedness,
iii. adoption of purpose-driven or cause-related value proposition(s) and
iv. adaptability in the face of limited resources. This paper discusses the rise of design in the post-recession U.S. business landscape. We define attributes that designers share with entrepreneurs including adaptability, initiative, risk and failure-tolerance, ability to think-and-work across disciplines, creativity and a problem-solving mindset. We describe these new roles and ways of working and discuss how they might be combined with intellectual capacities and resources available in higher education. Specifically, we present Parsons’ Entrepreneurs Lab (ELab): a business incubator-design school hybrid that seeks to replicate the dynamic learning atmosphere of the post-recession American business landscape through a design-driven/socially-engaged networked model that addresses all
four of the key dynamics driving start-up businesses in the post-recession environment.

Keywords: post-recession business - academic design incubator - design-entrepreneur -sharing economy - lean strategy - networked economy

One avenue for innovation creation in public services is collaboration. This study set out to determine whether deliberate collaboration between government, citizen and IT practitioners using a design thinking protocol can be an intervention for creating public service innovations in the form of civic technologies. This study looked into the interaction dynamics that depict communication patterns of idea generation, knowledge sharing, sustained idea expression, sustained disagreement and even blocking between government, citizen and IT practitioner participants and how these interactions led to public service innovation design prototypes. These prototypes were then tested in terms of their usability. The collaborators were observed to have engaged in problem articulation, abductive reasoning, divergent thinking, prototyping and validating. This resulted in working clickable city mobile app prototypes that received almost wide acceptance during the usability tests.
The outcome of this study directly relates to the strategic themes of the UNDP’s Global Centre for Public Service Excellence evidence-building work on design thinking at the Public Service Innovation (PSI) Lab Singapore]. It illustrated how design thinking approaches will contribute to solving public service challenges. It outlined the format and process of implementing design thinking within public service innovations. This study provides actionable recommendations for government and civic groups to support rapid public service innovation.

This study provides an overview of the current state of design thinking. Through a review of the literature, the paper surveys the basic viewpoints of design thinking, paying particular attention to the perspective of design research and design education. Two viewpoints are discussed: the " analysis of design " viewpoint and the " human-centered problem solving " one. The necessity of design thinking to be conceptualized and taught in an effective and practical way has been pointed out. Furthermore, the teaching of design thinking should be comprehensive and attempt to develop design-thinking skills to the fullest. Finally, education in design thinking can be seen as an indispensable research " ground " for understanding and enhancing human creativity and innovation in a wide range of fields.

hilji and Cruz chart a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) initiative that applied design thinking to facilitate a knowledge exchange between China and Bangladesh on urban service delivery. Through trial and error, non-linear planning, and the involvement of diverse stakeholders (including service providers, users, and government officials from both countries), the pilot partnership reveals important lessons about the value of bottom-up planning to identify sustainable solutions, and the limits of approaches that try to replicate one country’s experience in another.

We live in a hyper-competitive world, where whole industries either shift towards services or become obsolete due to new market entrants, technologies or even social practices. A world, where permanent interactions with customers, fast time-to-market, and the ability to innovate »right« (e.g. the right thing or value) are the key to corporate success. On that score the business sphere isn't getting tired of emphasizing the need for strategic innovation (which means »creating superior customer value«, business model innovations or even the disruption and creation of new markets).

This paper uncovers some of the often overlooked links of design (design thinking, design- driven innovation and service design) to strategic innovation through the lens of »customer value«. It will do so by ...

1) Disenchanting the big corporate rhetoric on above claims by showing that prevailing and too one-sided understandings of strategy and innovation, rather reinforce than escape old industry paradigms.

2) Examining designs still undervalued contributions to strategy-making by approaching business challenges with a user/value-centric and radical service logic.

3) Showing that every dimension of strategic innovation culminates in the concept of perceived user value and meaning, which gets reviewed in detail (dimensions, forms, proper- ties), especially with regards to constructing value propositions.

4) Arguing that the current service design and business model innovation discourses cannot be negotiated separately, as they may be good methodological complements.

So when speaking about the innovation of value for the customer, the paper argues, the above stated and seemingly separated fields intersect. Therefore their most apparent systemic connections and the facilitation of value creation by design are outlined and discussed.

Current practice in healthcare risk management is supported by many tools for risk assessment (understanding problems), but none for risk control (solving problems).  The results: a failure to improve safety, and a waste of the investment made in risk assessment.  The Active Risk Control (ARC) Toolkit, available for free, fills this void with a systematic, structured approach to risk control.

The problem that is most common in the designer’s world—particularly when a designer wants to make a difference with his or hers work—is the common misconception of the profession: that designers, in most cases, are perceived as decorators, artisans or stylists. Technical skills for designers, like typography, production, drawing, model making, printmaking, and layout have been and still are required in the curricula of design education and also within the design profession. When a designer develops his or hers skills to a passable level, he or she could differentiate himself or herself by excelling in a certain technique or style of work. In return, designers are hired on the basis of their skills and ‘creative’ capabilities. If a client believes that the design style of a certain designer can be used as a ‘profitable differentiator’ for a business or product, then the designer could make a living on the basis of his or hers skills and creative output—or at least, this is the common misconception of the design profession.

The innovation has become increasingly relevant to the competitiveness of contemporary businesses. However, the contexts to innovate are increasingly dynamic, uncertain and complex and demanding new models, management and innovation methods. The main challenge of the researched company is changing its own view of innovation embedded in product development for an innovative organizational environment that incorporates a systemic view that strengthens the real innovation generating value and meaning for customers and other stakeholders. This action research was divided into two stages, the first consisting of the current diagnosis of the innovation process of the company; the second stage was developed a practical experience with 12 (twelve) people, from a new perspective of design-driven innovation to evaluate its potential to innovate in a scenario of changing and uncertainty. Initially, it can be stated that the company is perceived in the market as an innovator, and, this research, after academic studies and compared with some archetypes and models of innovation concluded that the company needs different processes and capabilities from current ones in order to be considered an innovative company. The main inhibiting factors identified as structure, processes and people can be minimized with the determination of promoting changes, challenging the status quo and taking more risks because innovating is taking risks. The approximation of the design approach, which has collaborative and exploratory nature to traditional models, this way, provides for the company to change and develop innovation systems view in the future. And take the first steps of this change and include non-linear, interactive and experimentation models was suggested to start with a pilot project by Design-driven innovation, product model as proposed in this action research.
Keywords: Innovation. Design-Driven Innovation. Design Thinking.

Design-Based School Improvement offers a unique alternative to traditional school improvement literature by introducing design thinking to the school improvement process. This book is an exceptional and practical guide for educational leaders whose goals center on generating equity-informed solutions to persistent problems of practice. This innovative process frames a conversation differently about leading improvement, not only change, in today's schools. Grounded in organizational change research, the book is a welcome roadmap for a systemic improvement process that engages a variety of constituents. It challenges leadership teams to identify "wicked" and persistent problems of practice , those with potential for resolution within a specific timeframe. Anyone who has engaged in the implementation of a paradigmatically different process would attest to that being easier said than done. Mintrop's groundbreaking approach provides concrete support for transformative leaders who want to use such a significant and innovative approach to improve schools, addressing the core challenges of equity and resulting in improved learning outcomes for every student.

Penilaian program merupakan salah satu proses untuk mengenal pasti kekuatan dan kelemahan sesuatu program yang telah dilaksanakan. Dengan kata lain, penilaian adalah proses pengumpulan dan penggunaan maklumat untuk membuat keputusan dan juga untuk mengenal pasti sama ada sesebuah program berjaya mencapai matlamat dan objektifnya. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penilaian program perlu dilaksanakan secara terancang dengan melibatkan pematuhan prosedur berdasarkan set piawaian yang jelas. Oleh itu, untuk menilai sesebuah program khususnya dalam bidang pendidikan memerlukan suatu garis panduan misalnya berpandukan model yang mempunyai tahap kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan tinggi. Salah satu model penilaian program pendidikan adalah Model Logik yang telah dikembangkan oleh W.K Kellogg Foundation melalui ‘Logic Model Development Guide’ (2001, 2004). Model Logik merupakan perwakilan grafik sesebuah program dengan menunjukkan hubungan antara pembolehubah yang dilaburkan dengan keputusan yang diperolehi.  Oleh itu, kertas ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan Model Logik dengan lebih terperinci seperti definisi konsep, sejarah dan kegunaannya dalam menilai program pendidikan.

To design and develop new innovative products or services is required management and generation of new ideas following methodologies to achieve true innovative solutions that meet the needs of users and target customers.

Due to the alliance since 2007 between Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, and Stanford University, the Engineering Faculty of Javeriana in Cali works in collaboration with d.School at Stanford and SUGAR network (Global Stanford University Alliance for Redesign) in the design and development of new innovative products or services within the global course ME310 Design Innovation with Corporate Partners following the design thinking methodology.

The global course ME310 Design Innovation with Corporate Partners has been recognized by the National Accreditation Council (CNA) as one of the best practices of internationalization in Colombian higher education institutions. For the execution of each project, an interdisciplinary and intercultural team of 3 or 4 Javeriana students and 3 or 4 Stanford students or any of the universities belonging to the SUGAR network. In Javeriana, after a careful process, are selected 3 or 4 of the best undergraduate fifth year of the Engineering Faculty or Design program.

During 9-month duration of each project, the innovation team conformed faces different stages of divergence and convergence following the design thinking methodology and by designing and developing multiple prototypes arrive finally to a functional prototype that satisfies the needs of the target users and solve the problem proposed by the company.

For 9 years, 30 new products and services have been developed for international companies such as Autodesk, Kodak, Panasonic, Tupperware, Telefonica, Yanmar, Valeo, Berg, Mustela and Lapeyre, and Colombian companies as Belcorp, Banco de Occidente, Carvajal, El País, Forsa, Totto and Grupo SURA.

Keywords: design thinking; innovation; engineering design.

El texto que exponemos supone el resultado de dos proyectos de investigación de la Fundación Universitaria
Antonio Gargallo: B003/2015 “Investigación en Diseño gráfico, grabado e Ilustración. Nuevos
medios: Libros digitales” y B002/2017 “Investigación en diseño gráfico, grabado e ilustración. Arte y
tecnología”. Investigación aplicada en libros híbridos, realidad aumentada, realidad virtual e impresión
3D, actualmente en curso. Y de una estancia de investigación en la Univeridade do Porto en 2016.
En nuestra investigación nos ha interesado el formato “libro híbrido” –en papel y digital– como soporte
para la creación artística, partiendo del libro objeto en papel y extendiendo el concepto hacia el libro digital.
Entendiéndolo como un medio donde crear e investigar. El ámbito de nuestra investigación aborda
el grabado, le ilustración y diseño gráfico y es en definitiva una investigación en torno a la imagen y a la
creación artística, buscando los puntos comunes, las injerencias, pero sobre todo encontrando las posibilidades
creativas y nuevos recursos obtenidos de la colaboración de los tres lenguajes. Nos hemos planteado
una revisión al concepto libro objeto o libro de artista, al concepto propio de libro, proponiendo la
deconstrucción del libro para construirlo de nuevo o construir otro objeto. Relacionamos el formato papel
y el formato digital, mediante realidad virtual. Hemos desarrollado un trabajo de campo de documentación
y desarrollado ejemplos de libros híbridos en este ámbito, abordando aspectos como la realidad
inmersiva con gafas de realidad virtual y mediante el desarrollo de apps, desde el ámbito artístico. También
exportamos la investigación a otros a otros ámbitos como el periodismo inmersivo y la realidad virtual con
cámaras 360º. Para finalmente ampliar el campo de trabajo de la investigación inicial en libros digitales,
hacia una interactividad y estudio de posibilidades mayor en el ámbito del Arte y las Nuevas Tecnologías.
Esta investigación supone un recorrido panorámico por los grupos de investigación y países que abordan
el mismo tema. También realizamos una exposición sobre nuestro trabajo de campo en las diferentes
tipologías de libros híbridos y digitales y sus tipos de conexión. Para finalmente reflexionar a cerca
de los lenguajes y las narrativas generadas a partir del ámbito digital, nuevas formas de lectura que se
interrelacionan con lo lúdico y lo creativo.

There is a phenomenon in nature called the 'circular mill' (Beebe, 1921, pp. 291-94). This phenomenon occurs when a group of army ants (foragers) are separated from the main swarm column. After a period of disorder the separated group randomly picks up a pheromonal scent that they follow, unaware that the scent is coming from themselves rather than from the main colony. Soon after, they end up running around in a densely packed circle, following each other, until they all die from exhaustion. This phenomenon has been dubbed the 'death spiral' (Schneirla, 1971, p. 349; Delsuc, 2003, p. 155). The death spiral has been used as a metaphor in such contexts as digital culture (Tanner, 2013), finance (Baldwin, 2012) and even insurance . Designers are no exception when it comes to this type of behaviour. When designers choose to focus on themselves rather than on the community they should be serving, they enter the death spiral.

Kompleksitas permasalahan dalam kehidupan manusia menuntut adanya alternatif penyelesaian masalah yang solutif dan inovatif sehingga mampu diterapkan dengan baik dalam menghadapi permasalahan yang ada. Salah satu metode yang dapat diterapkan dalam proses pencarian solusi permasalahan tersebut adalah metode design thinking. Design thinking merupakan metode yang dilakukan dengan cara mendesain pola pikir seseorang dalam upaya pemecahan masalah, baik permasalahan dibidang sosial, pendidikan, politik maupun ekonomi. Metode design thinking berawal dari adanya empati yang mendalam terhadap kebutuhan manusia. Maka dari itu, design thinking juga disebut sebagai metode yang bertujuan untuk pengembangan suatu produk (barang, jasa, dan lain sebagainya) sebagai bentuk upaya menjawab permasalahan yang ada di masyarakat. Design thinking mengacu pada cara pandang designer dan bagaimana pemikiran designer atas konsekuensi yang dihasilkan (Liu, 1996). Design thinking adalah proses interaktif dimana designer melihat dan memahami mengenai berbagai solusi pemecahan masalah dan menggambarkan hubungan antara solusi tersebut untuk memecahkan permasalahan yang ada, serta menganalisis kesimpulan dari informasi yang telah diperoleh sebagai upaya menghasilkan solusi pemecahan masalah yang lebih lanjut (Do & Gross, 2001; Lloyd & Scott, 1995). Design thinking umumnya diterapkan dalam dunia pendidikan dan perusahaan, dalam dunia pendidikan siswa atau mahasiswa dituntut untuk mampu membaca secara kritis, berpikir secara logis, dan menemukan alternatif pemecahan masalah yang kompleks (Rotherham & Willingham, 2009). Metode design thinking mengajak seseorang untuk mendekati sebuah permasalahan secara langsung dan bekerja sama dalam tim untuk saling bertukar perspektif dalam memberikan jawaban atas tantangan yang ada sehingga akan melahirkan solusi yang kreatif dan inovatif.

Over the past 15 years design thinking has surfaced as a powerful creative problem-solving approach for innovation. It provides a mechanism to address the increasing need of organisations to collaborate across boundaries (Meinel and Leifer, 2011, p. xiii), and to move from a functional system-centred approach to a user-centred approach (Lande, 2012, p. 30). Stanford University and the renowned design consultancy IDEO have been at the forefront of the development of design thinking models. Professionals from various fields of knowledge, mostly inspired by Stanford and IDEO, have also conceived models of design thinking. These and other similar approaches present different disciplinary standpoints. Some have preconceptions on the nature of the solution of problems to be addressed. Whatever the model, the information available to learn about them is fragmented. Trying to navigate these models seems confusing. With an increasing demand for design thinking knowledge, a common understanding is imperative; common definitions and toolboxes are needed, as well as simplification (Dorst, 2011, p. 521). This paper presents a preliminary account and literature review of a wider research project that aims to combine and synthesise various successful existing methods into an integrative design thinking model. This model will present a unified set of terms, processes, techniques, methods, principles and behaviours, and will be represented in an understandable, simple way. It is to be used within business, industrial, and academic contexts. The aim is to enable the effective practice of design thinking within and across disciplinary boundaries, and to improve the practice of design thinking.

Amidst a substantial curriculum revision and transformation, teachers in British Columbia are struggling to understand a competency-based approach to teaching and learning. In home economics, the challenge arises with the introduction of "design thinking" as a framework for understanding everyday life. I posit that in order to understand design thinking, home economics educators must look within to examine how design thinking parallels the way humans live their lives.

Dunia ini sangatlah luas, isi yang beraneka ragam dan juga kaya akan rahasiarahasia yang belum diketahui sampai saat ini. Manusia yang merupakan penduduk dari muka bumi ini memiliki otak yang dapat digunakan untuk berpikir secara luas. Manusia seiring berjalannya waktu perlahan mulai mengubah tatanan, aturan dan konsep tentang cara agar mereka dapat hidup di dunia ini. Salah satu diantara berbagai macam cara manusia dalam berpikir agar dapat menyelesaikan masalah di dunia ini adalah dengan pemikiran Design Thinking.

Abstract Two important challenges in policy design are better understanding of the design space and consideration of the temporal factors. Moreover, in recent years it has been demonstrated that understanding the complex interactions of policy measures can play an important role in policy design and analysis. In this paper, the advances made in conceptualization and application of networks to policy design in the past decade are highlighted. Specifically, the use of a network-centric policy design approach in better understanding the design space and temporal consequences of design choices are presented. Network-centric policy design approach has been used in classification, visualization, and analysis of the relations among policy measures as well as ranking of policy measures using their internal properties and interactions, and conducting sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, through use of a decision support system, network-centric approach facilitates ranking, visualization, and selection of policies using different sets of criteria, and exploring the potential for compromise in policy formulation. The advantage of the network-centric approach is providing the ability to go beyond visualizations and analysis of policies and piecemeal use of network concepts as a
tool for different policy design tasks to moving to a more integrated bottom–up approach to design. Furthermore, the computational advantages of the network-centric policy design in considering temporal factors such as policy sequencing and addressing issues such as layering, drift, policy failure, and delay are presented. Finally, some of the current challenges of network-centric design are discussed, and some potential avenues of exploration in policy design through use of computational methodologies, as well as possible integration with approaches from other disciplines, are highlighted.

Un nuovo modo di pensare alla progettazione in base allo sconosciuto prossimo futuro, per rendere i Designer più consapevoli dei problemi e anche delle opportunità per nuovi prodotti che, gli attuali sviluppi della tecnologia pongono al Design.

Modern lifestyle influences most parts of the city. Development of technology has come to a point where everything must be done quickly and easily. A lot of people in the city are related to cars which are needed to fulfill their needs as much and as instant as possible. The growing trend of consumer lifestyle has persuaded people to do things directly and at the same time in a higher level of comfort. Nowadays, cars are no longer a means of transportation alone. Cars must have stylish design according to the character of the owner and must have a lot of features that meets the consumers' imagination. In addition, the brand image that needs to be developed by manufacturer and marketer to give the symbol of pride and success to the owners. Question: Is it true that all technical functions of the existing features are needed by each user? The answer is not always; since in reality, most people do not need them. However, some variant features installed in the cars define the success of the influence over the buying desire in every segment of the society. The main principals in city lifestyle are: efficient, effective, productive, fast, practical, multifunction and stylish; which all lead to comfort, ease, pleasure and merge to the concept of modern human life quality. Everything related to complexity tends to be avoided, where it is taken over by technology as much as possible. For that, they are willing to match it with money as an important yardstick in choosing cars these days. In using cars, people have more urge in applying those principals. The tendency of car design these days is giving more attention to details related to the growing trends in the application of new technology for the exterior as well as the interior of the car. The lifestyle formed in the city has become the base of perception and interpretation of the people in the city in choosing which cars they are going to buy. Consumers always find new things when they want to purchase a car. However, car manufacturers are unable to manufacture completely new cars every time, since the cost of cars manufacturing needs huge investment. Meanwhile, in handling the market, the industry must face a dilemma between new items versus the cycle curve of the product's life: growth – maturity – decline. Therefore, if there are no new items found in the cars they are going to sell, then the automotive industry will risk in losing their market and their large investment. To broaden the image to the consumer, automotive industry must start seeking ways of how a design should be made and produced to satisfy and to please every segment of the customer. After that, the industry must develop a design strategy to give individual characteristics of every segment of customer when it becomes an object of pleasure.

The world is changing around us, and it is driven by innovation. For over five decades now, space exploration required and benefited from novel technologies and processes to expand human presence into distant destinations, while also broadening our understanding of the universe. The scale of such innovations varied from incremental through radical to disruptive. These are commonly recognized innovation terms, yet many of the characteristics are different between space and consumer markets. Furthermore, government supported space agencies may innovate differently from established and emerging commercial space companies. The former is driven by human or robotic exploration goals—instead of profits—coupled with system and process complexities, high development costs, risk averseness, near term stakeholder needs, budgetary uncertainties, changing priorities, government driven earmarks, policies, solidified processes, often rigid management approaches, and many other factors. Today, these present a particular challenge for introducing disruptive innovations. In comparison, profit driven commercial space industries benefit from previous investments and breakthroughs by government agencies, or can be highly dependent on agencies as funding sources and subsequent technology infusion pathways. Due to the close coupling, many characteristics are common between the two. Yet the desire and need persists to accelerate progress by bringing disruptive innovations to space technologies. This may require new approaches drawn from a new way of thinking. While good leadership, management, science and technology expertise can successfully reconcile constraints between usability, feasibility
and viability of programs, projects, and processes, a design thinker could go a step beyond and successfully harmonize these. Thus, the introduction of design thinking to space technology developments and processes could benefit portfolio management, future planning, and could result in closer ties with stakeholders. If successfully applied, this may yield superior break through technology and process innovations. This paper provides a snapshot of the current state of space technology innovation domain, including working through development pipelines, infusion pathways, using various tools and processes, stakeholder interests and constraints, and identifies potential barriers to innovation. The discussion is followed by an introduction to design thinking within the space technology framework, and highlight its
potential benefits to at least a subset of future technology and process development needs.