Ecohealth

The ecosystem approach to human health attempts to develop community capacity to address environmental health concerns by crossing disciplinary boundaries and promoting equity and widespread participation. Role-play, a technique increasingly used in other training programs, is now being used in programs to promote ecosystem health. Here we analyze a socio-dramatization recently used in Ecuador in an ecosystem health-training course. We explore the complexities that must be addressed in order to foster the use of this technique to achieve its intended progressive objectives. Drawing on Spivak's distinction between political representation and artistic representation, we analyze some of the issues encountered in using role-play to facilitate understanding of politically charged environmental health issues with an intercultural and interdisciplinary group. We highlight the successes achieved, but conclude that without adequate guidance in understanding and deconstructing the archetypes and actions presented by the group, the full scope of the lessons that role-play has to offer remain untapped. We therefore finish by noting that expertise in performance techniques for community empowerment and cultural emancipation would be a useful addition to interdisciplinary teams endeavoring to promote ecosystem and human health using theatrical techniques.

This article presents the theory and method informing an ongoing study of environmental change and human distress in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The nature of environmental change in the Upper Hunter landscape over the past two centuries is first described, followed by the preliminary results of a long-term study that aims to investigate the nature of residents' understanding of, and responses to, environmental change. Data from in-depth interviews found that the transformation of the environment from mining and power station activities was associated with significant expressions of distress linked to negative changes to interviewees' sense of place, well-being, and control. A new concept, ''solastalgia,'' is introduced to help explain the relationship between ecosystem health, human health, and powerlessness. We claim that solastalgia, as opposed to nostalgia, is a type of homesickness (distress) that one gets when one is still ''at home.'' Future research will aim to validate a questionnaire to test the hypothesis that environmental distress is associated with levels of depression, quality of life, and rates of stress-related disease, as well as activism and environmental rehabilitation.

We assessed the changes in abundance of American crows in the northeastern U.S. following the arrival of West Nile virus (WNV), with two aims. First, we determined the impact and spatial extent of the initial epizootic that began in New York City. Second, we examined whether two existing surveillance programs monitoring for WNV (data from 2000 New York State dead bird testing, and 2000 mosquito testing) accurately predicted the observed impact of the disease on crow populations as measured using data from the North American Christmas Bird Count. The rationale for this second aim was that the two WNV surveys were new and with unknown biases and sensitivity, while the Christmas Bird Count has existed for decades, providing monitoring before the arrival of WNV in North America and a long time series of data useful in gauging sensitivity. As a result, the Christmas Bird Count represents a good benchmark against which to compare the two new surveillance programs. Consistency among these three sources of information was low, suggesting that while dead bird and mosquito surveys can currently indicate the later stages of severe outbreaks, the ability to consistently detect early stages of outbreaks is questionable.

The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) is listed as ''threatened'' under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and is a ''keystone species,'' strongly influencing the abundance and diversity of the other species within its kelp forest ecosystem. This is accomplished primarily by preying upon urchins that eat the kelp stipe and holdfast, which can reduce a kelp forest to an urchin barren. Sea otters are very susceptible to marine pollutants such as petroleum, which may be directly toxic and/or alter their fur's insulating properties. Sea otters are an excellent sentinel species. They eat approximately 25% of their body weight per day in shellfish and other invertebrates, and can concentrate and integrate chemical contaminants. In addition, they appear to be susceptible to a number of diseases and parasites that may have anthropogenic origins, and shellfish may serve as an intermediary for some of these infections. Many of the shellfish the otters eat are also harvested for human food. In their role as sentinels, sea otter health has implications for human health, economic sustainability of shellfisheries, as well as overall marine ecosystem health. The recent southern sea otter decline has been viewed with some alarm by conservationists and, indeed, recovery seems a long way off. High mortality rather than depressed recruitment appears to underlie the decline. A good deal of debate has centered on the role of infectious diseases and parasites, exposure to contaminants, nutrition and prey availability, net and pot fishery interactions, and other sources of mortality. Current research is being done related to major classes of mortality, various types of pollutants and some specific organisms causing southern sea otter mortality, and their implications for marine ecosystem health and sustainability.

In September 2015, 193 Member States of the United Nations agreed on a new sustainable development agenda, which is outlined in the outcome document Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. EcoHealth is an emerging field of academic inquiry and practice that seeks to improve the health and well-being of people, animals, and ecosystems and is informed in part by the principle of sustainability. The purpose of this study is to investigate which sustainability terms and phrases were engaged in the academic EcoHealth literature, and whether the engagement was conceptual or non-conceptual. To fulfill the purpose, we searched four academic databases (EBSCO All, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science) for the term “ecohealth” in the article title, article abstract, or in the title of the journal. Following the search, we generated descriptive quantitative and qualitative data on n = 647 academic EcoHealth articles. We discuss our findings through the document Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Based on n = 647 articles, our findings suggest that although the academic EcoHealth literature mentions n = 162 sustainability discourse terms and phrases, the vast majority are mentioned in less than 1% of the articles and are not investigated in a conceptual way. We posit that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development gives an opening to the EcoHealth scholars and practitioners to engage more with various sustainability discourses including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Political ecology pushes back against the apolitical and ahistorical ecologies frequently found in mainstream scientific accounts of nature and the environment, and has increasingly focused on how scientific knowledge is 'socially constructed.' In this article, we argue for political ecological engagement with the highly influential knowledge-to-action (KTA) movement in science about health and the environment. We introduce KTA using results of a survey conducted under the auspices of a Canada-Latin America-Caribbean 'ecosystem approaches to health' (ecohealth) collaboration, and then narrow our focus to a single illustrative ecohealth project, dealing with the health impacts of small-scale gold mining in southwestern Ecuador. We employ an ecology of knowledge framework for integrating insights from science and technology studies, illustrating the interacting actors, material artifacts, institutions and discourses involved in not only the generation but also the application of health-environment science. The origins of ecohealth research in the Americas reflect interacting epistemological and political factors, as sophisticated, complex systemic analyses of health-environment interactions occurred amidst increasing neoliberalization of knowledge production. Simultaneously, corporate actors such as large mining companies influenced both the distribution of health-damaging environmental conditions in the Americas, and the ways in which they were studied. This analysis motivates our advocacy of specifically political ecologies of health-environment knowledge, in which inequitable power dynamics and non-human actors are foregrounded in studies of the social production and application of science. The political ecology of knowledge framework that we envision would allow for simultaneous consideration of how societal contexts influence scientific knowledge production, and how the resulting knowledge can be better applied to protect the health of communities facing environmental injustice.

L'écologie politique remet en question las explications apolitiques et anhistoriques fréquemment rencontrées dans les compte-rendu scientifiques sur la nature et l'environnement et met de plus en plus l'accent sur la manière dont la connaissance scientifique est socialement construite. Dans cet article, nous soutenons la pertinence de l'écologie politique pour le mouvement « du savoir à l'action », très influent dans les sciences de la santé de l'environnement. Nous présentons la perspective « du savoir à l'action » en nous appuyant sur les résultats d'une enquête menée dans le cadre d'une collaboration Canada-Amérique latine et Caraïbes sur les approches écosystémiques à la santé (écosanté), pour ensuite concentrer notre attention sur un unique projet écosanté, qui porte sur les effets sur la santé de l'extraction de l'or à petite échelle dans le sud-ouest de l'Équateur. Nous employons un cadre conceptuel d'écologie de la connaissance pour intégrer les idées des études en science et technologie et illustrons les interactions entre les actrices et acteurs, les artefacts matériels, les institutions et les discours impliqués non seulement dans la génération, mais aussi dans la reproduction de la science en santé et environnement. Les origines de la recherche en écosanté dans les Amériques reflètent l'interaction entre des facteurs épistémologiques et politiques, tandis que les analyses systémiques complexes et sophistiquées des interactions entre santé et environnement se sont déroulées dans un climat croissant de néolibéralisation de la production de connaissances. En parallèle, les acteurs corporatifs telles les grandes sociétés minières ont influencé tout autant la répartition des conditions environnementales nuisibles à la santé dans les Amériques que la façon dont elles ont été étudiées. Cette analyse motive notre défense d'une écologie spécifiquement politique de l'application de la connaissance en santé et environnement, au sein de laquelle les dynamiques inégales de pouvoir et les facteurs non humains sont mis de l'avant dans les études sur la production et l'application sociales de la science. Un cadre de l'écologie politique de la connaissance, comme nous proposons, permettrait de tenir compte simultanément de la manière dont les contextes sociétaux influencent la production de connaissances scientifiques et de la manière dont ces connaissances peut être mieux appliqués pour protéger la santé des communautés face à l'injustice environnementale.

La ecología política desafía a las ecologías apolíticas y ahistóricas que se sitúan con frecuencia en los postulados científicos de la naturaleza y el medio ambiente, y se ha centrado cada vez más en cómo se construye socialmente el conocimiento científico. En este artículo abogamos por un compromiso de la ecología política con el influyente movimiento ."conocimiento para la acción" (KTA por sus siglas en inglés) en la ciencia sobre la salud y el medio ambiente. Presentamos el KTA usando los resultados de una encuesta realizada en el ámbito de una colaboración Canadá-América Latina y el Caribe de "enfoques ecosistémicos en salud" (ecosalud) y, a continuación, dirigimos nuestra atención sobre un proyecto ilustrativo de ecosalud que trata sobre los efectos en la salud y el ambiente por la minería del oro a pequeña escala en el suroeste de Ecuador. Empleamos un marco analítico de la ecología del conocimiento para integrar las percepciones derivadas de los estudios de ciencia y de tecnología, ilustrando los agentes que interactúan, los artefactos materiales y las instituciones y discursos involucrados no solo en la generación, sino también en la aplicación de la ciencia salud-ambiente. Los orígenes de la investigación en ecosalud en las Américas reflejan la Journal of Political Ecology Vol. 24, 2017 694
interacción de factores epistemológicos y políticos como sofisticados y complejos análisis sistémicos de las interacciones salud-ambiente ocurridas en medio de la creciente neoliberalización de la producción del conocimiento. Al mismo tiempo, agentes empresariales, tales como grandes empresas mineras, influyeron tanto en la alteración de las condiciones ambientales perjudiciales para la salud en las Américas como en la forma en que los impactos se estudiaron. Este análisis motiva nuestra defensa específica de la aplicación de las ecologías políticas del conocimiento salud-ambiente en aquellos casos en los cuales dinámicas de poder no equitativas y agentes no humanos son colocados en primer plano en los estudios de la producción social y en la aplicación de la ciencia. El marco de la ecología política del conocimiento que proponemos permite considerar simultáneamente cómo los contextos sociales influyen sobre la producción del conocimiento científico, y cómo el conocimiento resultante se puede aplicar de mejor manera para proteger la salud de las comunidades que enfrentan la injusticia ambiental.

A ecologia política desafia às ecologias apolíticas e ahistóricas que se situam frequentemente nos postulados científicos da natureza e do meio ambiente, e tem-se centrado cada vez mais em como o conhecimento científico é socialmente construído. Neste artigo defendemos o compromisso da ecologia política com o influente movimento ."conhecimento para a ação" (KTA, pelas suas siglas em inglês) na ciência sobre a saúde e o meio ambiente. Apresentamos o KTA usando os resultados de uma enquete realizada no âmbito de uma colaboração Canadá-América Latina e Caribe de ."enfoques ecossistêmicos em saúde" (ecosaúde) e, em seguida, colocamos nossa atenção em um projeto ilustrativo de ecosaúde que trata dos efeitos na saúde da mineração de ouro em pequena escala no sudeste do Equador. Usamos um marco analítico de ecologia do conhecimento para integrar as percepções que provém dos estudos de ciência e de tecnologia, ilustrando os agentes que interagem, os artefatos materiais e as instituições e discursos envolvidos não só na geração, senão também na aplicação da ciência saúde-ambiente. As origens da pesquisa em ecosaúde nas Américas refletem as interações de fatores epistemológicos e políticos como sofisticados e complexos análises sistémicos das interações saúde-ambiente que aconteceram no meio da crescente neoliberalização da produção do conhecimento. Ao mesmo tempo, agentes empresarias, tais como grandes empresas mineradoras, influíram tanto na alteração das condições ambientais prejudiciais para a saúde nas Américas quanto na forma em que os impactos se estudaram. Esta análise motiva nossa defesa específica da aplicação das ecologias politicas do conhecimento saúde-ambiente naqueles casos nos quais dinâmicas de poder não equitativas e agentes não humanos são colocados no primeiro plano nos estudos sobre a produção social e a aplicação da ciência. O marco da ecologia política do conhecimento permite considerar simultaneamente como os contextos sociais influenciam a produção do conhecimento científico, e como o conhecimento resultante pode ser melhor utilizado para proteger a saúde das comunidades que enfrentam a injustiça ambiental.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recently realigned its research enterprise around the concept of sustainability. Scientists from across multiple disciplines have a role to play in contributing the information, methods, and tools needed to more fully understand the long-term impacts of decisions on the social and economic sustainability of communities. Success will depend on a shift in thinking to integrate, organize, and prioritize research within a systems context. We used the Driving forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework as a basis for integrating social, cultural, and economic aspects of environmental and human health into a single framework. To make the framework broadly applicable to sustainability research planning, we provide a hierarchical system of DPSIR keywords and guidelines for use as a communication tool. The applicability of the integrated framework was first tested on a public health issue (asthma disparities) for purposes of discussion. We then applied the framework at a science planning meeting to identify opportunities for sustainable and healthy communities research. We conclude that an integrated systems framework has many potential roles in science planning, including identifying key issues, visualizing interactions within the system, identifying research gaps, organizing information, developing computational models, and identifying indicators.

This article critically examines how programs for the prevention and control of dengue fever have been conducted in the absence of an integrated approach, and considers the social and ecological factors influencing their effectiveness. Despite recognition of dengue fever as the most important arboviral disease affecting humans, and in spite of a greater emphasis on community-based control approaches, the burden placed on the communities, countries, and regions affected by this disease continues to rise. In considering historical experience in the Americas and the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the global forces that are exerting new pressures, the important elements of successful control programs are identified as community ownership, partnership with government, leadership, scalability, and control of immature mosquitoes. The key barriers to the exchange of knowledge and the transdisciplinary cooperation necessary for sustainable dengue control are rooted in differences in values among policy-makers, citizens, and scientists and are repeatedly expressed in technical, economic, cultural, geographic, and political dimensions. Through consideration of case studies in Cuba, Guatemala, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, the limitations of control approaches that fail to take into account the complexities of ecological and social systems are presented. Bridges to effective control are identified as the basis for adaptability, both of control programs to the mosquito vector's changing behavior and of education programs to public, regional and local particularities, as well as transdisciplinarity, community empowerment, the ability to scale local experiences up to the macro-level, and the capacity to learn from experience to achieve sustainability.