E Tourism

Resumen La reciente evolución de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones ha dado lugar a un nuevo movimiento fruto del desarrollo de los dispositivos móviles y las aplicaciones. La gamificación, entendida como el uso de juegos en entornos y aplicacio-nes no lúdicas con el fin de potenciar la motivación, el esfuerzo, la fidelización y otros valores positivos, se apoya enormemente en la tecnología para crecer en posibilidades y participantes. Es entonces cuando el sector turístico comienza a incorporar esta he-rramienta en su gestión y promoción. Empresas tecnológicas con actividad en turismo, del sector turístico en sí, y los agentes públicos desarrollan juegos online para reforzar sus procesos y actuaciones. Los destinos turísticos, a través de sus organismos de gestión y promoción, también comienzan a incorporar esta tendencia en sus actividades. Se hace necesario entonces conocer las características de los mismos y realizar clasifica-ciones conceptuales que ayuden p...

Popular Wisdom valorizes tourism as an industry inextricably intertwined with physical displacement. Whereas academicians emphasize that tourism was a product of technological revolutions linked to mass-transport which accelerated and improved the ways of traveling, less attention has certainly been given to the real origin of tourism. The present paper explores the influence exerted by the Bible (Old and New Testaments) in the configuration of modern tourism. Based on exegetical methods, this work shows how workers are frequently socialized in a diversity of norms (commandments). Tourism, which is characterized by a physical movement, allows these workers to break temporarily these duties to be cyclically reintroduced to their daily obligations once they return. This aspect of modern tourism can be very well compared with the ritual of confession or the purification of the soul. The guilt derived from the repression of the father in Freudian terms claims for a sacrifice to resume t...

Many travel and tourism operations have recognized the importance of including consumer generated content on their Web sites but usually do so in the form of edited testimonials. At the same time, travelers are provided with an ever increasing number of opportunities to voice their ...

En los últimos años, la industria turística ha experimentado cambios entre sus diferentes agentes, formas de comercialización y beneficios obtenidos para el consumidor. Para las agencias de viajes tradicionales, su entrada al canal de distribución online ha representado una gran transformación. Este artículo pone en evidencia la escasa investigación para eliminar la incertidumbre causada por el futuro. Se identificaron 50 artículos relacionados con estudios de futuro, turismo y agencias de viajes; su análisis y categorías permitieron distinguir las perspectivas que se han abordado y las futuras líneas de investigación. Los artículos se dividieron en cuatro rubros: estudios de futuro, estudios de tendencias, estudios de prospectiva y estudios de agencias de viajes. Se destaca la importancia de utilizar los instrumentos de la prospectiva estratégica para la toma de decisiones en el presente y así incidir en la construcción del escenario apuesta o futurible, tal como lo plantea la escu...

The purpose of this study is to examine the emerging flashpacker sub-culture in relation to the backpacker culture. Cultural Consensus Analysis is employed to examine the potential cultural divergence between flashpackers and non-flashpackers. A mixed-mode dual-frame sampling procedure was employed for data collection, as surveys were administered through Facebook backpacker-groups and in hostels in Cairns, Australia. The results indicate that flashpacker and non-flashpacker groups have a shared cultural understanding of backpacking. In addition to the conceptual clarity of the emerging flashpacker, this study also provides some interesting insights into contemporary backpacker culture and the continuing convergence of physical travel with information and communication technologies.

Usage of the internet, which is the most powerful communication technology of today, with commercial aims has been increasing permanently. So both accomodation facilities and travel agencies have been adopting information technologies and especially the internet as undeniable tools. Time has  become the most valuable element for both the producer and the consumer for the last years. Tourists, who are in the position of consumers in tourism sector, have preferred to decrease time they spent to the least in determining the travel they’ll do, the facility they’ll reside, the companies they’ll use as intermediary.
Especially in the transportation or accommodation reservation, taking quick response is quite important for touristic product consumer. The individuals have been able to get information about the destination they’ll go by means of the internet, make the transportation and accomodation reservation and take the
confirmation of their reservations and cancel their reservations in desired time. Online reservation sites which meet us at this point have been acting with the goals like the most suitable price, the least time loss, the highest level pleasure and aiming to get the internet users, each of whom is a potential consumer.
The aim of this study composes determining similar and different properties of web sites giving online reservation service in tourism and making a general evaluation on the results being appeared. In the direction of this aim, 69 web sites giving online reservation service have been arrived and the contents of the
arrived web sites have been examined by taking Murphy and others’ (1996) study as an example.

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In modern societies, all activities of businesses is for
participating more effectively among of market competitors
and in addition to their physical presence , their virtual
presence is also felt. This new sort of presence has caused that
at present time we can see all businesses design websites and in
this way notify their customers in the virtual space about the
information of their business. As a result, it is possible that in
the beginning costumers become familiar with Companies
websites and then figure out the real part of the businesses that
this issue takes special attention for websites design and
website's position improvement in search engines. In this
study, with a particular focus on the Web sites that are related
to tourism centers and travel agencies, the effect of their
websites design styles and implement of SEO techniques on the
e-tourism development has investigated. Statistical data have
been collected through distributing questionnaire among 70
users of mentioned website and after approving its validation,
the results indicate that there is a significant relationship
between the effective factors of affecting a proper website
design and implement of SEO with the development of
tourism.

Presentación realizada por Leonor Abuin, en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de Belgrano, en el evento "Día Mundial del Turismo: Las Tecnologías Digitales en el Turismo".
Día: Jueves 27 de Septiembre de 2018 - 10:00 hs.
Lugar: Zabala 1837 - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Website: www.ub.edu.ar
Facebook: /Universidad.de.Belgrano

The term of green hotel is still less popular in the community, tourists and even tourism practitioners, as well as many people who do not understand the definition and practice. In Indonesia, green hotels remain an important concern for the government and the private sector regarding the contribution to environmental preservation and reducing the impact of global warming. The application of the green hotel concept still raises pros and cons due to a number of burdensome requirements for business actors. They mostly assume green hotel is a burden and will reduce the comfort of hotel guests. Eventhough in terms of tourists side many of them need green hotel, but in fact not all travelers understand about the green hotel, especially in Indonesia. This paper examines a number of green hotel empirical concepts and facts that have been conducted in various countries and then compares with Indonesia. The case in Yogyakarta is an example on how tourists have not fully understood the concep...

Information at the finger-tips is a common phrase in the society nowadays, thanks to the internet. Internet is one of most effective marketing tool, which every single thing is promoted and advertised using this technology, including the tourism sector.

One of the problem in the development of Bali tourism is declining carrying capacity supporting tourism resources, especially water. In the past, rural areas have never experienced a lack of water, by which presently facing a water crisis. This condition corresponds to the higher intensity of exploitation of water resources as a result of tourism development. The rapid development of business on accommodation facilities in North Kuta District is potential to accupy rice paddy and water resources. If this development is not properly controlled can cause negative impacts not only on the existence of the fields, but also for the potential of water resources. Tourism is significantly depend on adequacy of water resources to be able to function properly, thus in case of a water crisis in the tourist areas of Bali in particular, then sooner or later will create the economic crisis and the crisis of tourism. The research was located in North Kuta District aimed to know the impacts of the d...

The outcomes of tourism in relation to the environmental sustainability is to preserve nature, environment, and resources availablity. Therefore, the obligation to maintain sustainability of environmental are become a top agenda for the managers of the star-rated hotels. In line with this spirit the high growth of hotel and tourist arrival in Bali correlated with the high of resources use to meet the demand of hotel guests, it will affect to the environment of hotel and the environmental of Bali. This study surveyed 126 star hotels in Bali (which consists of four (4) one-star hotels, ten (10) two-star hotels, thirty-nine (39) three-star hotels, twenty-four (24) four-star hotels, and forty-nine (49) five star hotels, using a questionnaire, where the alternative answer used the seven (7) options, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and structural equation modelling (SEM). This study successfully established a significant model that describes the relationship betwe...

Agrotourism is a form of tourism that encourages visitors to experience rural culture as a tourist attraction. The term "agro-ecotourism" was used for the first time in Costa Rica in 1994, and it is generally used as synonym of agrotourism. Nonetheless, not all cases of agrotourism display sufficient concern for the environment to be considered agro-ecotourism. The aim of the present document is to examine the relationship between tourism and agriculture in Costa Rica by comparing the current use of the agro-ecotourism label with its theoretical foundations based on the analysis of 68 projects in Costa Rica. In all these projects, tourism activities were combined with agriculture. The study found that just a few of the evaluated projects are following the characteristics presented by the agro-ecoturism definition while suggesting the need to establish a system of certification to differentiate agro-ecotourism projects from other kinds of tourism businesses.

This publication collects the outcomes of a research carried on by a group of students of the first year of University degree in Sustainability and Tourism Management (MaST) of the University of Trento during the remote teaching – due to the restrictions adopted to fight against the Covid-19 pandemics – of the course of Law of Tourism held by Umberto Izzo, associate professor of Private Law within Faculty of Law at the University of Trento. This research comes after a similar one carried out during the first year of pandemic emergency. It deals with many crucial issues related to the impact of Covid-19 on the Touristic field in the second year of pandemics, as professor Izzo proposed the students to investigate these topics. At the beginning of the second Summer of pandemics this publication deals with 8 main topics corresponding to the 8 chapters of this document: 1) Pandemic crisis, measures to tackle its effects and tourism: a diachronic analysis; 2) The impact of lockdown on the touristic field at the beginning of the second pandemic Summer; 3) Tourism and freedom of movement: evolution of the regulatory framework and measures to start traveling again; 4) Covid-19 and contractual relationships in the touristic field; 5) The reaction of digital touristic platforms to pandemics; 6) Touristic services in post-Covid: warranties offered to tourists and liability of the tourist service provider in terms of places sterility, safety measures and spacing rules; 7) Tourism in intensive care because of Covid-19: which welfare can be expected for workers and which support is offered to private companies in the period of PNRR? 8) Tourism resurgence during the vaccination campaign: range of offers, marketing strategies, product packages. / Questa pubblicazione raccoglie gli esiti di una ricerca svolta da un gruppo di studenti del primo anno della laurea specialistica in Management della Sostenibilità e del Turismo (MaST) dell’Università di Trento, durante la frequenza a distanza – dovuta alla persistenza delle misure  adottate per contrastare la pandemia da Covid-19 – del corso di Diritto del turismo impartito dal prof. Umberto Izzo, Associato di diritto privato nella Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Trento. Essa dà seguito ad un’analoga ricerca condotta nel primo anno dell’emergenza pandemica. In essa trovano trattazione e approfondimento vari aspetti problematici legati all’impatto del Covid-19 sul settore del turismo nel secondo anno di pandemia, che il curatore del lavoro ha proposto di indagare agli otto gruppi di studenti che si sono voluti impegnare nella ricerca. Alla vigilia della seconda estate pandemica la pubblicazione affronta otto temi di indagine, cui corrispondono gli otto capitoli del presente lavoro: 1) Crisi pandemiche, misure di contrasto e turismo: un’analisi diacronica; 2) L’impatto del lockdown sul settore turistico alla vigilia della seconda estate pandemica; 3) Turismo e libertà di movimento: evoluzione del quadro normativo e misure per riprendere la libertà di viaggiare; 4) Covid-19 e rapporti contrattuali nel settore del turismo; 5) La reazione delle piattaforme digitali turistiche alla pandemia; 6) I servizi turistici del post covid: garanzie da offrire al turista e responsabilità del prestatore fra asetticità dei luoghi, misure di sicurezza e rispetto delle regole di distanziamento; 7) Il turismo in terapia intensiva a causa del covid:  quale welfare per i lavoratori e quale sostegno per le imprese al tempo del PNRR?; 8) La ripartenza del turismo nella fase vaccinale: tipologia di offerte, scelte di marketing, costruzione del prodotto.

Recent research on community-based tourism (CBT) in Costa Rica has focused on community field theory and the theory of the strength of weak ties. The objective of the following paper is to compare these frameworks in order to better understand the explanatory power and shortcomings of each. To reach this objective, the paper presents six case studies that show how the use of both perspectives can aid in understanding CBT development. The study shows how CBT businesses, although concerned with profit making, also engage in actions that bring economic, social and environmental benefits to the community, contributing to its overall benefit. . His work has revolved around better understanding the sources of change and resulting impacts on rural communities around the world. These particularly include rapidly growing rural tourism-dependent communities and natural amenity-rich communities.

Technology is playing a vital role in the life of human beings from opening of eyes in the morning with the alarm ringing to closing the eyes at night seeing the dreams of a bright sunny day the next morning. Travel on the other hand is a basic instinct of human beings from the times immemorial. ICT (Information, Communication and Technology) has supported number of fields to grow and develop to the current position which was far away from the thinking of human beings. Technology also became a part of tourism travel growth with the various innovative ideas in the field to start with CRS / GDS systems for the end consumer. GDS (Global Distribution System) is main contribution to the online 24 X 7 availability of tourism products to the potential customers not in the urban areas of developing India but also to the people staying in the far flung states of country with difficult terrains yet rich in culture, heritage, flora and fauna. The paper emphasis the role of technology and social networks in the life of traveller ( tourists ) to the different parts of Himachal Pradesh bridging the gap in the travel wheel of the individuals to select the destination to travel in the near future and time taken by individuals to make a final reservation to start his travel process. The paper also talks about the e tourism assessment of travel websites, blogs, podcasts checked by an individual to select a tourism product of a destination and making a final travel to a destination.
Key words: Social Networking, E Tourism assessment, ICT, Global Distribution System

TURİZM SEKTORUNDA İNNOVASİYA: ELEKTRON TICARƏT XÜLASƏ Müasir dünyamızda sürətlə inkişaf edən internet, istehlakçıya öz işyerini və ya öz evini tərk etmədən elektronik mühitdə alış veriş etmək imkanı verir. İnformasiya və kommunikasiya texnologiyaların nəticəsi olan internet habelə elektonik ticarət bütün şirkətlər üçün olduğu kimi turizm sektorunda fəaliyyət göstərən şirkətlər üçün də imkanlar ortaya çıxarmaqdadır. Bundan faydalanan turistik şirkətlər həm satışlarını artırır həm də müştərilərinə alternativ xidmət imkanları təqdim edirlər. Bu məqalədə turizm sektorunda elektronik ticarət innovativ nöqteyi nəzərdən incələnmiş, mövcud vəziyyət araşdırılmış və Azərbaycan turizm sektorunda elektronik ticarətin inkişaf perspektivləri vurğulanmışdır. Açar sözlər: Turizm sektoru, elektron ticarət, Azərbaycan turizm sektoru

Backpackers are pioneers of mobility, who provide a unique domain for critical tourism research. The lineage of backpacker ideals, including pursuit of authentic experiences, independence, escape and social interaction, can be traced back to the 'tramps' of the 1880s and the 'drifters' of the 1970s. The recent emergence of the 'flashpacker' suggests a cultural divergence from 'traditional backpackers'. Flashpackers are 'digital nomads', members of a 'new global elite' that symbolize the ongoing convergence in society of technology, physical travel, and daily life. The enduring ideals, history of mobility and the emerging flashpacker subgroup provides a rich context from which to the study the relationship between contemporary society, tourism and technology. This dissertation represents a critical turn in backpacker research, building upon the perception of backpacking phenomenon as a metaphor for the complex mobilities of the global contemporary culture. The New Mobilities Paradigm provides the theoretical and methodological basis for this study. Cultural Consensus Analysis from the field of cognitive anthropology was applied in the analysis of the backpacking culture and the apparent emergence of the flashpacker subculture. A survey was administered in Facebook backpacker groups, in Cairns, Australia, and key informant flashpackers (n=493). Findings from the CCA suggest that backpackers share a common cultural model and that flashpackers and non-flashpackers do not operate from separate cultural models. The findings suggest that even though flashpackers appear to be an emerging independent subculture, they in fact share the same cultural ideals of traditional backpackers. The only major difference is the usage and importance of technology for flashpackers. This study further examined the virtual spaces of backpacking through a mobile-virtual ethnography and in-depth e-interviews with eight flashpackers. Findings provide important insight into the usage and meanings associated with social media for backpackers, the virtual infrastructure of the backpacker culture, and the role of social media as a mediator of the backpacking experience. Micro and macro level analysis of the virtualization of backpacker culture are examined through the conceptualization of the virtual backpacking spaces via the notion of the blogosphere and statusphere and through the analysis of the socio-technographics backpacker behavior.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

Stakeholders are a vital party for any industry; and it is common for the tourism
industry as a service based industry. Among the tourism stakeholders beach boys are
recognized as a group of people who are heavily dependent upon the tourism industry
related activities. Further, their behavior has both favorable and unfavorable impacts
on tourism industry as well as on the whole society. Thus, it is critical to capture their
positive impacts which may directly or indirectly affect the tourism industry.
However, this study aims to investigate and evaluate both direct and indirect impacts
of beach boys on tourism industry along three perspectives and also makes
suggestions for minimizing and avoiding their negative impacts while energizing
positive impacts. 
Researcher selected Hikkduwa as research area as well as three sample categories
from that area, namely, tourists, tourism establishment owners and host community by
using convenience sampling technique. This research undertook by using both
primary and secondary data which collected by both open ended questionnaire and 5
point likert scale questionnaire as well as by using other secondary data sources
namely, research papers, Newspaper articles, Police reports, Books, Magazines,
Internet and analyzed those gathered data by using Qualitative analysis approach. 
The research revealed that most tourists like to obtain beach boys‟ services as they
have a reasonable knowledge about the destination, whereas tourism establishment
owners and host community has a negative impression on beach boys.                   
Key words: Beach boy, Behavior, Stakeholders, Tourism industry

The goal of this paper is to analyze the effects of ICT on firms’ competitiveness, as well as on their level of innovation, productivity and on the market share depending on the
tourism area: Accommodation, Gastronomy and Travel Agencies. On the whole, it has been proved that the use of diverse ICTs has little effect on the level of competition as well as on increasing productivity, while in general, they have a positive effect on increasing the market share of the firms.

Buhalis D., Karatay N. (2022) Mixed Reality (MR) for Generation Z in Cultural Heritage Tourism Towards Metaverse. In: Stienmetz J.L., Ferrer-Rosell B., Massimo D. (eds) Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2022. ENTER 2022. Springer, Cham. pp. 16–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94751-4_2

Generation Z is transforming tourism by demanding the cocreation of transformative experiences. Cultural heritage professionals must comprehend the needs and desires of the Gen Z to support the cocreation of transformative experiences. This study analysed the role of Mixed Reality (MR) from the perspective of Gen Z guests through 18 semi-structured interviews and inductive qualitative research. Participants believe that cultural heritage experiences can benefit from immersive technology. Technology supports cocreation of experiences between developers, service providers, DMOs, and consumers. Cultural heritage sites, as a key element of tourism destinations, should consider how to use MR to enhance consumer experiences. Participants express the opinion that cultural heritage sites and tourism destinations require considerable modernisation to create transformative experiences. Metaverse in tourism and cultural heritage sites will undoubtedly support Gen Z to cocreate transformational experiences.

The information and communication technologies (ICTs) diffusion to the tourism industry has recently increased at an unprecedented rate. This chapter overviews the recent developments of ICTs on eTourism in recent years and demonstrates developments for destinations. Drawing on a wide variety of sources, it discusses and analyzes key trends in the context of Internet applications to tourism and hospitality. Grouping the findings into the categories of consumers, technologies, and industries, it projects future developments in eTourism and demonstrates critical changes that will influence the tourism industry structure. The chapter also demonstrates how Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) use ICTs to facilitate the tourist experience as well as for coordinating all partners involved in the production and delivery of tourism.

Keywords: Internet, Information and communication technologies, eTourism, tourism management and marketing

Como respuesta a las grandes afectaciones que la pandemia ha generado al sector Turismo, el Gobierno de Colombia ha expedido esta nueva Ley.
La cual tiene por objeto fomentar la sostenibilidad y la implementación de mecanismos de conservación, protección y aprovechamiento de los destinos y atractivos turísticos, así como fortalecer la formalización y la competitividad del sector y promover la recuperación de la industria turística, a través de la creación de incentivos, el fortalecimiento de la calidad y la adopción de medidas para impulsar la transformación y las oportunidades del sector.

Buhalis, D., & Foerste, M. (2015). SoCoMo marketing for travel and tourism: Empowering co-creation of value. Journal of destination marketing & management, 4(3), 151-161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.04.001

Advanced technology enables users to amalgamate information from various sources on their mobile devices, personalise their profile through applications and social networks, as well as interact dynamically with their context. Context-based marketing uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) that recognise the physical environment of their users. Tourism marketers are increasingly becoming aware of those cutting-edge ICTs that provide tools to respond more accurately to the context within and around their users. This paper connects the different concepts of context-based marketing, social media and personalisation, as well as mobile devices. It proposes social context mobile (SoCoMo) marketing as a new framework that enables marketers to increase value for all stakeholders at the destination. Contextual information is increasingly relevant, as big data collected by a wide range of sensors in a smart destination provide real-time information that can influence the tourist experience. SoCoMo marketing introduces a new paradigm for travel and tourism. It enables tourism organisations and destinations to revolutionise their offering and to co-create products and services dynamically with their consumers. The proposed SoCoMo conceptual model explores the emerging opportunities and challenges for all stakeholders.

The emergence of wearable devices has shifted internet from the conventional cyber space to becoming wearable
on the body. This new paradigm shift has precipitated a lot of speculations about its impact on the tourism industry.
Access to wearable web is predicted to drastically streamline the way tourists connect with stakeholders and the
environment around them. Although it is relatively new, wearable technological devices are predicted to have a
significant effect on people’s interaction. However, research describing the application of wearable devices in
tourism is relatively lacking in academic literature. This paper examines the usage of wearable devices in tourism.
The essay aims at contributing to the literature of wearable device and tourism. It also aims at providing an insight
of the influence of wearable devices on tourists’ behavior. The paper provides an overview of wearable device
functionalities and presents an insight of used cases in the tourism context.

Recent international events such as those of September 11, 2001, the Bali bombing, the American-led invasion of Iraq and the SARS outbreak in China have highlighted the perceived impact of crises and /or instability on tourism. Such issues have long been recognised as a factor which influences tourist decision-making (e.g., Hall and O'Sullivan, 1996) but, critically, they also highlight the role of the media in influencing public opinion and perception of events. Therefore, critical to an understanding of the likely longer-term pattern of response to issues which affect tourism is an understanding of how the media deals with such concerns and how this, in turn, may affect tourist perceptions and policy making. Public perceptions of the relative importance of an issue are largely determined by the news media (Wood and Peake, 1998) whether directly to the receiver of the media communication or by word of mouth. The media interprets issues, giving them more or less significance through the amount or type of coverage provided. The amount of media coverage of an issue may not reflect its actual importance in real terms. In the case of tourism, the recent SARS outbreak while an important health issue, arguably pails into significance each year when compared to the number of deaths from diseases such as dengue fever or malaria carriers of which also travel back to their home country. The media, particularly television news, also focus attention on specific events through this same interpretive function (Iyengar & Kinder 1987). However, not only does the media influence general public opinions, it also plays a major part in informing consumers images of destinations and transport modes, their relative safety and security, either directly in terms of being read, heard or watched, or indirectly through the advice given by friends, relatives and other sources of "word of mouth" information (Fodness & Murray 1997). Moreover, with global communication events can be played out live on the television screen, there is the potential for having an even greater impact on the viewing public. Yet the media serves to filter which events are shown and which are not. These issues highlight the importance for understanding the means by which tourismrelated issues and events get onto media or policy agenda. Agenda-setting research focuses not on the opinions surrounding issues, but on issue salience. Cohen was the first to state what has become the central public agenda-setting hypothesis: the press "may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about" (1963, p.13). Following from Cohen's discussion, public agenda-setting work demonstrated that increased issue salience for the media leads to increased issue salience for the public-in agenda-setting terms, that the media agenda has an impact on the public agenda, where an agenda is a ranking of the relative importance of various public issues (Dearing and Rogers, 1996). Relatively little research has been undertaken on this topic from the perspective of tourism, yet such research may shed important light on how tourism is perceived in policy or issue terms. For example, in a study of the 1999 New Zealand general election Padgett and Hall (2001) reported that tourism was generally considered by candidates to be a very

Vastly growing online free-hospitality networks are a phenomenon of modern times. They have been already subject of social and peace studies, here explored from the perspective of information science.
The main focus in this research, author puts on the role of information in modern society, particularly on access to information and information management as prerequisites for participative and democratic society.
Both theoretically and empirically, author explores first the changes in society that were caused by popular usage of Internet, secondly introduces the phenomenon of free-hospitality as an example of modern social network, lastly explores in details functioning of these networks and throughout whole text the role of information in here.
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Recent international events such as those of September 11, 2001, the Bali bombing, the American-led invasion of Iraq and the SARS outbreak in China have highlighted the perceived impact of crises and /or instability on tourism. Such issues have long been recognised as a factor which influences tourist decision-making (e.g., Hall and O'Sullivan, 1996) but, critically, they also highlight the role of the media in influencing public opinion and perception of events. Therefore, critical to an understanding of the likely longer-term pattern of response to issues which affect tourism is an understanding of how the media deals with such concerns and how this, in turn, may affect tourist perceptions and policy making. Public perceptions of the relative importance of an issue are largely determined by the news media (Wood and Peake, 1998) whether directly to the receiver of the media communication or by word of mouth. The media interprets issues, giving them more or less significance through the amount or type of coverage provided. The amount of media coverage of an issue may not reflect its actual importance in real terms. In the case of tourism, the recent SARS outbreak while an important health issue, arguably pails into significance each year when compared to the number of deaths from diseases such as dengue fever or malaria carriers of which also travel back to their home country. The media, particularly television news, also focus attention on specific events through this same interpretive function (Iyengar & Kinder 1987). However, not only does the media influence general public opinions, it also plays a major part in informing consumers images of destinations and transport modes, their relative safety and security, either directly in terms of being read, heard or watched, or indirectly through the advice given by friends, relatives and other sources of "word of mouth" information (Fodness & Murray 1997). Moreover, with global communication events can be played out live on the television screen, there is the potential for having an even greater impact on the viewing public. Yet the media serves to filter which events are shown and which are not. These issues highlight the importance for understanding the means by which tourismrelated issues and events get onto media or policy agenda. Agenda-setting research focuses not on the opinions surrounding issues, but on issue salience. Cohen was the first to state what has become the central public agenda-setting hypothesis: the press "may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about" (1963, p.13). Following from Cohen's discussion, public agenda-setting work demonstrated that increased issue salience for the media leads to increased issue salience for the public-in agenda-setting terms, that the media agenda has an impact on the public agenda, where an agenda is a ranking of the relative importance of various public issues (Dearing and Rogers, 1996). Relatively little research has been undertaken on this topic from the perspective of tourism, yet such research may shed important light on how tourism is perceived in policy or issue terms. For example, in a study of the 1999 New Zealand general election Padgett and Hall (2001) reported that tourism was generally considered by candidates to be a very

In questo articolo sono presentate tre differenti piattaforme tecnologiche adatte all'innovazione tecnologica nella gestione e nel controllo di flussi turistici nelle strutture ricettive e culturali.
La prima, eFlowTourist, per strutture ricettive; le altre due, eFlowAccess (in entrata) eFlowFeedback (in uscita), per musei e siti culturali. Queste piattaforme sono utili per la raccolta di dati statistici in tempo reale (da esportare in grafici, tabelle, report etc.) al fine di approntare strategie mirate. Le piattaforme sono multilingue e si basano su questionari a scelta multipla, a domanda secca, con form da compilare etc.
Sono strumenti adatti ad un monitoraggio interno e diretto della propria utenza, al fine di migliorare i servizi e la customer satisfaction.

These are three different platforms, the first eFlowTourist for hotels, the last two for museums and cultural sites. They are useful to collect real-time statistical data that will help define appropriate strategies: eFlowAccess to monitor visitors' access at the entrance and eFlowFeedback to monitor their feedback at the exit. These applications use highly customisable templates to generate multilingual feedback forms and multiple-choice questionnaires. The data thus obtained are processed to get statistics and reports (graphs, bar charts, pie charts) for each individual item. With all this information at hand, the museum has a powerful tool to monitor visitors' behaviour based on primary quantitative and qualitative data.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a relação e apresentar a importância da utilização das ferramentas de tecnologia da informação e comunicação, principalmente a Internet, os mecanismos de busca e as mídias e redes sociais com a atividade turística. Buscou-se também apresentar a importância em adotar estratégias de marketing de mídias e redes sociais e o marketing de busca na promoção turística online de estados/regiões turísticas, organizações públicas e privadas. A partir das investigações teóricas, esboçou-se modelos de referência (teórico) para analisar a aplicação e utilização de mídias e redes sociais na promoção turística online de onze estados/regiões. Através destas análises, percebeu-se que a Paraná Turismo utiliza o Twitter e o Youtube, porém, de forma inicial e pode ser melhor explorado. Analisando o portal turístico do Paraná, observa-se que o mesmo não está adequado para adotar as estratégias e portanto, sua reformulação é necessária. Também foi possível identificar que o Twitter é a principal mídia social utilizada na promoção turística online dos estados/regiões analisados, seguido do Facebook e Youtube. As análises também tiveram por objetivo, observar como os mesmos trabalhavam o marketing de mídias e redes sociais, identificando inovações e estratégias que, por sua vez, serviram de base para a elaborar o projeto de inovação na promoção turística online do Estado do Paraná. Por fim, através de uma análise quantitativa foi possível afirmar que o valor total do projeto corresponde a apenas 4,07% do orçamento total estimado para a Promoção e Marketing Turístico do Paraná de 2012 a 2015 e portanto, a implementação do projeto é viável a Paraná Turismo.

Palavras-chave: Marketing de Mídias e Redes Sociais; Marketing de Busca; Marketing de Destinos Turísticos; Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação; Paraná Turismo.

İnternetin və xüsusilə də webin çox inkişaf etməsi və şirkətlərə müxtəlif faydalar təqdim etməsi bir çox şirkət və müştərini bazara cəlb etməkdə və beləliklə də marketinq fəaliyyətlərini internet vasitəsi ilə həyata keçirməyə imkan verməkdədir. Bu məqalədə internet anlayışına toxunulmuş, səyahət agentliklərində internetin önəmi, Azərbaycanda səyahət agentliklərində internet istifadəsi araşdırılmışdır. Məlumatlar anket üsulu ilə toplanmış və anketdən əldə edilən məlumatlarının analizində SPSS 12 for Windows paket proqramı istifadə edilmişdir. Aralıq dağılımı, crosstabs və T test analizi tətbiq edilmişdir. Nəticələr ədəbiyyat vasitəsi ilə əldə edilən məlumatlar istiqamətində şərh edilmişdir.

Generation Z is transforming tourism by demanding the cocreation of transformative experiences. Cultural heritage professionals must comprehend the needs and desires of the Gen Z to support the cocreation of transformative experiences. This study analysed the role of Mixed Reality (MR) from the perspective of Gen Z guests through 18 semi-structured interviews and inductive qualitative research. Participants believe that cultural heritage experiences can benefit from immersive technology. Technology supports cocreation of experiences between developers, service providers, DMOs, and consumers. Cultural heritage sites, as a key element of tourism destinations, should consider how to use MR to enhance consumer experiences. Participants express the opinion that cultural heritage sites and tourism destinations require considerable modernisation to create transformative experiences. Metaverse in tourism and cultural heritage sites will undoubtedly support Gen Z to cocreate transformational...

The Long Tail concept refers to the Internet-based economy that has enabled company success through a focus on highly specialized services and products that are not in high volume demand, but maybe in high-value demand. The concept of the post-tourist, for example, is a Long Tail phenomenon. Long Tail marketing approaches are proving success due to advances in communication technology and social networking that have given more people access to a broader range of goods and services and information. The Long Tail is not without its challenges, including increased global competition, and it has not abandoned geographic considerations. Geography, in fact, can help to differentiate niche products and must still be overcome to consummate the tourist experience.

KEYWORDS. The Long Tail, social software, marketing, geography, the Internet

Community-based tourism (CBT) offers both opportunities and challenges in the quest
for holistic community development. The evolution and development of CBT projects
can follow different trajectories. This conceptual paper’s main contribution is the
formulation of a comprehensive model of the development of CBT. The model
suggests that CBT projects can be initiated from within and outside the community by
the private, public and non-governmental sectors or a combination of these using a topdown
or bottom-up approach. It also posits that CBT projects can take a formal or
informal character depending on the conditions leading to their initiation. The paper
highlights the benefits and constraints to the scaling up or down of operations linked to
informality. It supports further research in analyzing the various aspects associated
with the shift from formality to the informality of CBT projects and vice versa