The existence of poverty and unemployment require that private businesses and other stakeholders ... more The existence of poverty and unemployment require that private businesses and other stakeholders work with Government to address them given the potential found in tourism. The purpose of the article is to present the understanding of the role of community-based tourism (CBT) in addressing poverty and unemployment in the broader tourism industry. This article follows desktop research and primarily focuses on pathways to incentivize the transformation of the conventional/mass tourism sector so that is central in the fight against poverty and unemployment which are prevalent in society. The article proposes a framework that aims at transforming the industry through the adoption of incentives to embrace the finer qualities found in CBT. The paper concludes with discussions centred on incentives for either profit sharing and/or capital sharing based on socioeconomic principles grounded in current ownership of capital by staff and members of surrounding communities and government, espoused in the principles of CBT.
Community-based tourism networks (CBT-N) are important both locally and globally. However, few st... more Community-based tourism networks (CBT-N) are important both locally and globally. However, few studies are dedicated to CBT-N. This paper fills this gap and includes an examination of two CBT networks/associations (CBT-N) to validate their role and service in CBT. The two African CBT-Ns examined in this paper show the real need for partnerships and collaborations with various entities and the multiple services that the CBT-N offers for training, funding, marketing, capacity building and empowerment. This paper reviews related literature and the African CBT-N as a case study and proposes a CBT-N model. The model, while not claiming to be all-inclusive, attempts to illustrate the variety of possible collaborators within CBT-N and the wide range of services and activities that the various entities, in primis the CBT-N itself, can propose, harness and manage.
This edited volume analyzes the experiences learned in practice especially among small holder far... more This edited volume analyzes the experiences learned in practice especially among small holder farmers to eradicate poverty. In other words, it discusses practical solutions which small scale farmers can use to alleviate poverty and reduce inequality. This addresses the issue of inclusive and sustainability of projects leading to the notion of not leaving anyone behind. The book provides insights that can be translated into policy with potential to inform practice. It also has the potential to address the issue of rural urban migration by providing knowledge that is usable by small scale farmers, policy makers and entrepreneurs alike. The volume is written by authors from different countries, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, indicating the commonality of the problems of poverty and inequality. It contains insights from all these countries assembled together into an amalgam of practices ready to use and implement informed by evidence from the field as most of the chapters are based on empirical data.
This book examines the intersection among poverty, indigenous knowledge, and innovation through a... more This book examines the intersection among poverty, indigenous knowledge, and innovation through an African lens. It provides a timely decolonized approach through African theories and methodologies; and is transdisciplinary and trans-continental with contributions from different country contexts in Africa.
This edited volume analyzes the experiences learned in practice especially among small holder far... more This edited volume analyzes the experiences learned in practice especially among small holder farmers to eradicate poverty. In other words, it discusses practical solutions which small scale farmers can use to alleviate poverty and reduce inequality. This addresses the issue of inclusive and sustainability of projects leading to the notion of not leaving anyone behind. The book provides insights that can be translated into policy with potential to inform practice. It also has the potential to address the issue of rural urban migration by providing knowledge that is usable by small scale farmers, policy makers and entrepreneurs alike. The volume is written by authors from different countries, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, indicating the commonality of the problems of poverty and inequality. It contains insights from all these countries assembled together into an amalgam of practices ready to use and implement informed by evidence from the field as most of the chapters are based on empirical data.
The article unpacks the pathways through which community-based tourism ventures can diversify. We... more The article unpacks the pathways through which community-based tourism ventures can diversify. We argue that diversification can involve products, services and markets and it can take place at a geographic level (macro), community level (meso) and enterprise (micro) levels. This hierarchisation provides possibilities for diversification. The outbreak of COVID-19 has encumbered the growth and viability of tourism enterprises but may open new pathways through which firms can respond to its negative effects. Using secondary information available in extant literature, the article unpacks the impact of COVID-19 on four African countries to analyse the impacts and the mitigatory interventions that were implemented. The conducted study found out that Small Micro and Medium Enterprises were hard hit by the Corona virus such that jobs and incomes were lost with the possibility that some may firms may never open again given the inability to trade during lockdowns imposed by governments in res...
International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics
This paper advances a framework model within which CSR should work. The ambition was to broaden t... more This paper advances a framework model within which CSR should work. The ambition was to broaden the conceptualisation of CSR but remaining open to new innovative ideas about CSR incentives. This paper is conceptual in nature. There are many CSR practices, approaches, and dimensions. This paper argues that for CSR to be effective, it needs collaboration integrated with inputs from all stakeholders for holistic results. This paper proposes that there is a need to go beyond a voluntary CSR, which is company/industry self-regulated and charity/philanthropic activity, but to embed CSR within industries undergirded by legally enforceable regulations. The main aim is to achieve structural changes in the tourism industry to ensure that CSR is not just a charity/philanthropic activity. This new approach intends to change the structure of CSR. A changed structure is a fundamental framework within which CSR should work.
Food tourism includes various activities and attractions linked to food. Potatoes can also be als... more Food tourism includes various activities and attractions linked to food. Potatoes can also be also linked to tourism, or food tourism as testified by special Victorian Potato Industry Tour organized in and around Melbourne, Australia or Rural Community Tourism in the Potato Park; a tour around Cusco, Peru; various culinary events dedicated to potatoes in Slovenia and many others. This paper contributes to the knowledge on tourism and specifically food tourism by proposing to "open" a new niche of research based on specific foods or their ingredients, which up to now seems to have touched only a very few specific foods (or drinks) and associated ingredients-for instance, the case of grape/wine is exemplar. However, many other specific foods or ingredients could be singularly one-by-one) researched to examine their role in tourism. This paper discusses the role in tourism/food tourism of a "humble tuber", the potato. This is a desktop research which draws on previous literature, organizational and institutional documents and information and data, such as the list of museums around the world. The aim is to analyse the knowledge from various disciplines linking the potato to tourism to understand the various ways in which it can directly or indirectly have a role in tourism. The article presents the potato including its (social) history, gastronomy in relation to tourism/food tourism. The article argues that the potato should be promoted given its various uses and universality of application as a food and as an ingredient.
Community-based tourism networks (CBT-N) are important both locally and globally. However, few st... more Community-based tourism networks (CBT-N) are important both locally and globally. However, few studies are dedicated to CBT-N. This paper fills this gap and includes an examination of two CBT networks/associations (CBT-N) to validate their role and service in CBT. The two African CBT-Ns examined in this paper show the real need for partnerships and collaborations with various entities and the multiple services that the CBT-N offers for training, funding, marketing, capacity building and empowerment. This paper reviews related literature and the African CBT-N as a case study and proposes a CBT-N model. The model, while not claiming to be all-inclusive, attempts to illustrate the variety of possible collaborators within CBT-N and the wide range of services and activities that the various entities, in primis the CBT-N itself, can propose, harness and manage. Rezumat. Un model de rețele și organizații de turism bazat pe comunitate (CBT): o perspectivă africană și nu numai Rețelele de turism bazate pe comunitate (CBT-N) sunt importante atât la nivel local, cât și la nivel global. Cu toate acestea, puține studii sunt dedicate CBT-N. Această lucrare aduce o contribuție la această lipsă de cercetări și include un studiu asupra a două rețele/ asociații CBT-N pentru a valida rolul și serviciul lor în CBT. Cele două CBT-N-uri africane analizate în această lucrare arată necesitatea reală de parteneriate și colaborări cu diverse entități și serviciile multiple pe care CBT-N-ul le oferă pentru formare, finanțare, marketing, consolidarea capacităților și împuternicirile. Acest articol analizează literatura de specialitate și CBT-N-ul african ca studiu de caz și propune un model CBT-N. Modelul, deși nu se dorește a fi atotcuprinzător, încearcă să ilustreze varietatea posibilelor colaborări din cadrul CBT-N și gama largă de servicii și activități pe care diferitele entități, în primul rând CBT-N-ul în sine, le pot propune, valorifica și administra. Cuvinte-cheie: turism; turismul bazat pe comunitate; rețea turistică bazată pe comunitate; organizație turistică bazată pe co-munitate; asociație turistică bazată pe comunitate
This article explores the link between the proliferation of skyscrapers and hotel establishments.... more This article explores the link between the proliferation of skyscrapers and hotel establishments. In the Middle East, particularly in Qatar, the skyline is replete with tall buildings that serve multiple functions: hotels, residences, offices, and combinations of these. This article uses relevant secondary data to analyze how Doha and Abu Dhabi transformed their built environment through the construction of skyscrapers as a symbol of their wealth, of their participation in the world's informal skyline competition and their national pride. Tourism growth in these two cities—both of which have invested in urban planning and have made deliberate efforts to develop tourism as a means of diversifying an oil-based economy—has been phenomenal. Skyscrapers have become a tourist attraction in themselves, and tourism growth has spurred the construction of more skyscrapers for multiple purposes. Thus contemporary architecture has transformed these cities into world-class tourist destinations. Heritage and contempora...
Through its diversification thrust, Abu Dhabi has succeeded in reaping the benefits both of oil a... more Through its diversification thrust, Abu Dhabi has succeeded in reaping the benefits both of oil and gas and of the services sector, including tourism, through deliberate government action. Diversification and innovation have been key drivers in all
This paper argues that incentives can be a useful tool to bring about change in social policy. Th... more This paper argues that incentives can be a useful tool to bring about change in social policy. These incentives could be linked to the exchange of know-how, share ownership, education, health, and housing. It is a conceptual paper based on secondary data. It suggests radical shifts that marry social policy and matters of corporate governance because education, health, and housing matter to people in as much as profit does to corporates. Government alone cannot solve these wicked problems of poverty, inequality, and unemployment facing contemporary society. This paper applies the Investment Redistributive Incentive Model (IRIM) in South Africa using tourism as an example. IRIM advocates linking foreign and domestic investment to redistribution of the things that matter to people in their different forms – material and non-material to alleviate poverty and inequality. The IRIM should be flexible and amenable to refinements in its application taking cognizance of local circumstances. L...
The migration process, including the decision to migrate, movement, and resettlement in the desti... more The migration process, including the decision to migrate, movement, and resettlement in the destination country, poses economic and social challenges for migrant families. This study explores the socioeconomic impact of migration on the family. A qualitative approach was adopted, using thematic analysis on data derived from interviews. The emerging findings show how migration alters family relationships in terms of structure, culture, values, and member roles. These changes may lead to divorce, separation, and abandonment and affect children the most. In some cases, migrant families benefit from employment opportunities and from better health and education services, although they may also face exploitation in employment when they lack proper documentation. Not always do migrants fare better in their new circumstances. To minimize the adverse effects of migration, it is recommended that the host societies, non-governmental partners, and the government work together to provide proper documentation to migrants and promote their integration. In this study, six hypotheses are posited which have a bearing on efforts at mitigating adverse impacts of migration on migrants’ lives such as family disintegration, dysfunction, disruption, and disempowerment.
Local Economic Development Agencies (LEDAs) were established as municipal entities with the insti... more Local Economic Development Agencies (LEDAs) were established as municipal entities with the institutional support of the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) to address the failures of local government-led development, and to put an impetus to Local Economic Development (LED). However, after a change in the legislative framework and the end of IDC donor funding to LEDAs, municipalities were left with the burden of institutionally supporting LEDAs. This article is based on a qualitative study in which semi-structure interviews were undertaken with key gatekeepers. The article assesses the institutional capacity of local municipalities to support LEDAs through case studies of three KwaZulu-Natal LEDAs. The results reveal that local municipalities do not have the institutional support required by LEDAs, because the municipalities themselves are mired in institutional inefficiencies. Operationally, local municipalities lack the capacity to support LEDAs because of a dearth of competent LED officials, and LED is not regarded as a priority by municipalities. Financially, municipalities also do not have the capacity to support LEDAs, as they barely can support themselves because of a failure to collect revenue. There should be a provincial unit to deliberately and proactively support LEDAs institutionally.
The existence of poverty and unemployment require that private businesses and other stakeholders ... more The existence of poverty and unemployment require that private businesses and other stakeholders work with Government to address them given the potential found in tourism. The purpose of the article is to present the understanding of the role of community-based tourism (CBT) in addressing poverty and unemployment in the broader tourism industry. This article follows desktop research and primarily focuses on pathways to incentivize the transformation of the conventional/mass tourism sector so that is central in the fight against poverty and unemployment which are prevalent in society. The article proposes a framework that aims at transforming the industry through the adoption of incentives to embrace the finer qualities found in CBT. The paper concludes with discussions centred on incentives for either profit sharing and/or capital sharing based on socioeconomic principles grounded in current ownership of capital by staff and members of surrounding communities and government, espoused in the principles of CBT.
Community-based tourism networks (CBT-N) are important both locally and globally. However, few st... more Community-based tourism networks (CBT-N) are important both locally and globally. However, few studies are dedicated to CBT-N. This paper fills this gap and includes an examination of two CBT networks/associations (CBT-N) to validate their role and service in CBT. The two African CBT-Ns examined in this paper show the real need for partnerships and collaborations with various entities and the multiple services that the CBT-N offers for training, funding, marketing, capacity building and empowerment. This paper reviews related literature and the African CBT-N as a case study and proposes a CBT-N model. The model, while not claiming to be all-inclusive, attempts to illustrate the variety of possible collaborators within CBT-N and the wide range of services and activities that the various entities, in primis the CBT-N itself, can propose, harness and manage.
This edited volume analyzes the experiences learned in practice especially among small holder far... more This edited volume analyzes the experiences learned in practice especially among small holder farmers to eradicate poverty. In other words, it discusses practical solutions which small scale farmers can use to alleviate poverty and reduce inequality. This addresses the issue of inclusive and sustainability of projects leading to the notion of not leaving anyone behind. The book provides insights that can be translated into policy with potential to inform practice. It also has the potential to address the issue of rural urban migration by providing knowledge that is usable by small scale farmers, policy makers and entrepreneurs alike. The volume is written by authors from different countries, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, indicating the commonality of the problems of poverty and inequality. It contains insights from all these countries assembled together into an amalgam of practices ready to use and implement informed by evidence from the field as most of the chapters are based on empirical data.
This book examines the intersection among poverty, indigenous knowledge, and innovation through a... more This book examines the intersection among poverty, indigenous knowledge, and innovation through an African lens. It provides a timely decolonized approach through African theories and methodologies; and is transdisciplinary and trans-continental with contributions from different country contexts in Africa.
This edited volume analyzes the experiences learned in practice especially among small holder far... more This edited volume analyzes the experiences learned in practice especially among small holder farmers to eradicate poverty. In other words, it discusses practical solutions which small scale farmers can use to alleviate poverty and reduce inequality. This addresses the issue of inclusive and sustainability of projects leading to the notion of not leaving anyone behind. The book provides insights that can be translated into policy with potential to inform practice. It also has the potential to address the issue of rural urban migration by providing knowledge that is usable by small scale farmers, policy makers and entrepreneurs alike. The volume is written by authors from different countries, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, indicating the commonality of the problems of poverty and inequality. It contains insights from all these countries assembled together into an amalgam of practices ready to use and implement informed by evidence from the field as most of the chapters are based on empirical data.
The article unpacks the pathways through which community-based tourism ventures can diversify. We... more The article unpacks the pathways through which community-based tourism ventures can diversify. We argue that diversification can involve products, services and markets and it can take place at a geographic level (macro), community level (meso) and enterprise (micro) levels. This hierarchisation provides possibilities for diversification. The outbreak of COVID-19 has encumbered the growth and viability of tourism enterprises but may open new pathways through which firms can respond to its negative effects. Using secondary information available in extant literature, the article unpacks the impact of COVID-19 on four African countries to analyse the impacts and the mitigatory interventions that were implemented. The conducted study found out that Small Micro and Medium Enterprises were hard hit by the Corona virus such that jobs and incomes were lost with the possibility that some may firms may never open again given the inability to trade during lockdowns imposed by governments in res...
International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics
This paper advances a framework model within which CSR should work. The ambition was to broaden t... more This paper advances a framework model within which CSR should work. The ambition was to broaden the conceptualisation of CSR but remaining open to new innovative ideas about CSR incentives. This paper is conceptual in nature. There are many CSR practices, approaches, and dimensions. This paper argues that for CSR to be effective, it needs collaboration integrated with inputs from all stakeholders for holistic results. This paper proposes that there is a need to go beyond a voluntary CSR, which is company/industry self-regulated and charity/philanthropic activity, but to embed CSR within industries undergirded by legally enforceable regulations. The main aim is to achieve structural changes in the tourism industry to ensure that CSR is not just a charity/philanthropic activity. This new approach intends to change the structure of CSR. A changed structure is a fundamental framework within which CSR should work.
Food tourism includes various activities and attractions linked to food. Potatoes can also be als... more Food tourism includes various activities and attractions linked to food. Potatoes can also be also linked to tourism, or food tourism as testified by special Victorian Potato Industry Tour organized in and around Melbourne, Australia or Rural Community Tourism in the Potato Park; a tour around Cusco, Peru; various culinary events dedicated to potatoes in Slovenia and many others. This paper contributes to the knowledge on tourism and specifically food tourism by proposing to "open" a new niche of research based on specific foods or their ingredients, which up to now seems to have touched only a very few specific foods (or drinks) and associated ingredients-for instance, the case of grape/wine is exemplar. However, many other specific foods or ingredients could be singularly one-by-one) researched to examine their role in tourism. This paper discusses the role in tourism/food tourism of a "humble tuber", the potato. This is a desktop research which draws on previous literature, organizational and institutional documents and information and data, such as the list of museums around the world. The aim is to analyse the knowledge from various disciplines linking the potato to tourism to understand the various ways in which it can directly or indirectly have a role in tourism. The article presents the potato including its (social) history, gastronomy in relation to tourism/food tourism. The article argues that the potato should be promoted given its various uses and universality of application as a food and as an ingredient.
Community-based tourism networks (CBT-N) are important both locally and globally. However, few st... more Community-based tourism networks (CBT-N) are important both locally and globally. However, few studies are dedicated to CBT-N. This paper fills this gap and includes an examination of two CBT networks/associations (CBT-N) to validate their role and service in CBT. The two African CBT-Ns examined in this paper show the real need for partnerships and collaborations with various entities and the multiple services that the CBT-N offers for training, funding, marketing, capacity building and empowerment. This paper reviews related literature and the African CBT-N as a case study and proposes a CBT-N model. The model, while not claiming to be all-inclusive, attempts to illustrate the variety of possible collaborators within CBT-N and the wide range of services and activities that the various entities, in primis the CBT-N itself, can propose, harness and manage. Rezumat. Un model de rețele și organizații de turism bazat pe comunitate (CBT): o perspectivă africană și nu numai Rețelele de turism bazate pe comunitate (CBT-N) sunt importante atât la nivel local, cât și la nivel global. Cu toate acestea, puține studii sunt dedicate CBT-N. Această lucrare aduce o contribuție la această lipsă de cercetări și include un studiu asupra a două rețele/ asociații CBT-N pentru a valida rolul și serviciul lor în CBT. Cele două CBT-N-uri africane analizate în această lucrare arată necesitatea reală de parteneriate și colaborări cu diverse entități și serviciile multiple pe care CBT-N-ul le oferă pentru formare, finanțare, marketing, consolidarea capacităților și împuternicirile. Acest articol analizează literatura de specialitate și CBT-N-ul african ca studiu de caz și propune un model CBT-N. Modelul, deși nu se dorește a fi atotcuprinzător, încearcă să ilustreze varietatea posibilelor colaborări din cadrul CBT-N și gama largă de servicii și activități pe care diferitele entități, în primul rând CBT-N-ul în sine, le pot propune, valorifica și administra. Cuvinte-cheie: turism; turismul bazat pe comunitate; rețea turistică bazată pe comunitate; organizație turistică bazată pe co-munitate; asociație turistică bazată pe comunitate
This article explores the link between the proliferation of skyscrapers and hotel establishments.... more This article explores the link between the proliferation of skyscrapers and hotel establishments. In the Middle East, particularly in Qatar, the skyline is replete with tall buildings that serve multiple functions: hotels, residences, offices, and combinations of these. This article uses relevant secondary data to analyze how Doha and Abu Dhabi transformed their built environment through the construction of skyscrapers as a symbol of their wealth, of their participation in the world's informal skyline competition and their national pride. Tourism growth in these two cities—both of which have invested in urban planning and have made deliberate efforts to develop tourism as a means of diversifying an oil-based economy—has been phenomenal. Skyscrapers have become a tourist attraction in themselves, and tourism growth has spurred the construction of more skyscrapers for multiple purposes. Thus contemporary architecture has transformed these cities into world-class tourist destinations. Heritage and contempora...
Through its diversification thrust, Abu Dhabi has succeeded in reaping the benefits both of oil a... more Through its diversification thrust, Abu Dhabi has succeeded in reaping the benefits both of oil and gas and of the services sector, including tourism, through deliberate government action. Diversification and innovation have been key drivers in all
This paper argues that incentives can be a useful tool to bring about change in social policy. Th... more This paper argues that incentives can be a useful tool to bring about change in social policy. These incentives could be linked to the exchange of know-how, share ownership, education, health, and housing. It is a conceptual paper based on secondary data. It suggests radical shifts that marry social policy and matters of corporate governance because education, health, and housing matter to people in as much as profit does to corporates. Government alone cannot solve these wicked problems of poverty, inequality, and unemployment facing contemporary society. This paper applies the Investment Redistributive Incentive Model (IRIM) in South Africa using tourism as an example. IRIM advocates linking foreign and domestic investment to redistribution of the things that matter to people in their different forms – material and non-material to alleviate poverty and inequality. The IRIM should be flexible and amenable to refinements in its application taking cognizance of local circumstances. L...
The migration process, including the decision to migrate, movement, and resettlement in the desti... more The migration process, including the decision to migrate, movement, and resettlement in the destination country, poses economic and social challenges for migrant families. This study explores the socioeconomic impact of migration on the family. A qualitative approach was adopted, using thematic analysis on data derived from interviews. The emerging findings show how migration alters family relationships in terms of structure, culture, values, and member roles. These changes may lead to divorce, separation, and abandonment and affect children the most. In some cases, migrant families benefit from employment opportunities and from better health and education services, although they may also face exploitation in employment when they lack proper documentation. Not always do migrants fare better in their new circumstances. To minimize the adverse effects of migration, it is recommended that the host societies, non-governmental partners, and the government work together to provide proper documentation to migrants and promote their integration. In this study, six hypotheses are posited which have a bearing on efforts at mitigating adverse impacts of migration on migrants’ lives such as family disintegration, dysfunction, disruption, and disempowerment.
Local Economic Development Agencies (LEDAs) were established as municipal entities with the insti... more Local Economic Development Agencies (LEDAs) were established as municipal entities with the institutional support of the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) to address the failures of local government-led development, and to put an impetus to Local Economic Development (LED). However, after a change in the legislative framework and the end of IDC donor funding to LEDAs, municipalities were left with the burden of institutionally supporting LEDAs. This article is based on a qualitative study in which semi-structure interviews were undertaken with key gatekeepers. The article assesses the institutional capacity of local municipalities to support LEDAs through case studies of three KwaZulu-Natal LEDAs. The results reveal that local municipalities do not have the institutional support required by LEDAs, because the municipalities themselves are mired in institutional inefficiencies. Operationally, local municipalities lack the capacity to support LEDAs because of a dearth of competent LED officials, and LED is not regarded as a priority by municipalities. Financially, municipalities also do not have the capacity to support LEDAs, as they barely can support themselves because of a failure to collect revenue. There should be a provincial unit to deliberately and proactively support LEDAs institutionally.
This book examines the intersection among poverty, indigenous knowledge, and innovation through a... more This book examines the intersection among poverty, indigenous knowledge, and innovation through an African lens. It provides a timely decolonized approach through African theories and methodologies; and is transdisciplinary and trans-continental with contributions from different country contexts in Africa.
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Papers by Oliver Mtapuri
The purpose of the article is to present the understanding of the role of community-based tourism (CBT) in addressing poverty and unemployment in the broader tourism industry.
This article follows desktop research and primarily focuses on pathways to incentivize the transformation of the conventional/mass tourism sector so that is central in the fight against poverty and unemployment which are prevalent in society.
The article proposes a framework that aims at transforming the industry through the adoption of incentives to embrace the finer qualities found in CBT.
The paper concludes with discussions centred on incentives for either profit sharing and/or capital sharing based on socioeconomic principles grounded in current ownership of capital by staff and members of surrounding communities and government, espoused in the principles of CBT.
The purpose of the article is to present the understanding of the role of community-based tourism (CBT) in addressing poverty and unemployment in the broader tourism industry.
This article follows desktop research and primarily focuses on pathways to incentivize the transformation of the conventional/mass tourism sector so that is central in the fight against poverty and unemployment which are prevalent in society.
The article proposes a framework that aims at transforming the industry through the adoption of incentives to embrace the finer qualities found in CBT.
The paper concludes with discussions centred on incentives for either profit sharing and/or capital sharing based on socioeconomic principles grounded in current ownership of capital by staff and members of surrounding communities and government, espoused in the principles of CBT.