Dark Energy

3/13/2021:

This paper gives the basics of dark energy and its dark matter side-effects.  I designed it to be understandable by a student who has had one year of college-level physics.  It will put them ahead of present-day physicists who have been unable to solve these relatively newly discovered phenomena.  This paper is invaluable reading for the student who wants to make further contributions to physics, quantum mechanics, and astrophysics.

What does this little equation have to do with the LHC?

Key words:    hierarchy of energy, Gordon's Theory of Everything, " smallest something " , Ruby Slipper Conundrum, Gordon Omnipresent Dot, GOD entities, the GOD Equation, the Gordon Model, Gordon Energy States, equi-energy position, primordial photon, parallel planar universe

It is extraordinary that a number of observations indicate that we live in a spatially flat, low matter density Universe, which is currently undergoing a period of accelerating expansion. The effort to explain this current state has focused attention on cosmological models in which the dominant component of the cosmic energy density has negative pressure, with an equation of state w ≥ −1. Remarking that most observations are consistent with models right up to the w = −1 or cosmological constant (Λ) limit, it is natural to ask what lies on the other side, at w < −1. In this regard, we construct a toy model of a "phantom" energy component which possesses an equation of state w < −1. Such a component is found to be compatible with most classical tests of cosmology based on current data, including the recent type 1a SNe data as well as the cosmic microwave background anisotropy and mass power spectrum. If the future observations continue to allow w < −1, then barring unanticipated systematic effects, the dominant component of the cosmic energy density may be stranger than anything expected.

Over time a few physicists have held out hope and suggested that the elusive (sterile) neutrino might actually be a disguised tachyon and could be the key to unraveling some of the universe's best-kept secrets.
The tachyon ... a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light ... could reveal a plausible answer in e.g. Dark and Anti Matter (?)

The polytropic gas model is investigated as an interacting dark energy scenario. In this model the evolution of cosmological parameters such as the EoS parameter w Λ , energy density Ω Λ and deceleration parameter q are investigated. These parameters are dependent on the parameters of the model. We show that, depending on the parameter of model, the interacting polytropic gas can behave as a quintessence or phantom dark energy. The singularity of this model is also discussed. Eventually, we establish the correspondence between interacting polytropic gas model with tachyon, K-essence and dilaton scalar fields. The potential and the dynamics of these scalar field models are reconstructed according to the evolution of interacting polytropic gas. * Recent cosmological observations obtained by SNe Ia [1], WMAP [2], SDSS [3] and X-ray [4] experiments reveal that our universe expands under an accelerated expansion. In the framework of standard Freidmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology, a missing energy component with negative pressure dubbed dark energy (DE) is responsible for this expansion. The nature of DE is still unknown and scientists believe that the problem of DE is a major puzzle of modern cosmology. Up to now, many theoretical models have been investigated to interpret the behavior of DE. The time-independent cosmological constant, Λ, with EoS parameter w = −1 is the earliest and simplest candidate of DE. The cosmological constant suffers from two well known difficulties namely "fine-tuning" and "cosmic coincidence" problems. The alternative candidates for DE problem are the dynamical dark energy scenario with time varying EoS parameter ,w. According to some analysis on the SNe Ia observational data, it has been shown that the time-varying DE models give a better fit compare with a cosmological constant [5]. There are two different categories for dynamical DE scenario: (i ) The scalar fields including quintessence [6], phantom [7], quintom [8], K-essence [9], tachyon [10], dilaton [11] and so forth. (ii ) The interacting DE models including Chaplygin gas models [12], braneworld models [13], holographic [14] and agegraphic [15] models. The holographic DE model is constructed in the light of holographic principle of quantum gravity [16] and the agegraphic model is constructed based on the uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics together with the gravitational effect in general relativity [17]. The interaction between DE and dark matter is supported by recent observations prepared by the Abell Cluster A586 [18]. However the strength of this interaction is not clearly identified [19]. Also, recent astronomical data supported that our universe is not a perfectly flat and has a small positive curvature [20]. Recently, by using the polytropic gas model, the interaction between DE and dark matter is investigated [21]. Karami, et al. obtained the phantom behavior of interacting polytropic gas model [21]. Also, karami, et al. reconstructed the f (T )-gravity from the polytropic gas DE model [23]

We consider the conditions needed to unify the description of dark matter, dark energy and inflation in the context of the string landscape. We find that incomplete decay of the inflaton field gives the possibility that a single field is responsible for all three phenomena. By contrast, unifying dark matter and dark energy into a single field, separate from the inflaton, appears rather difficult.

In this paper we have tried to deduce the possible origin of particle and evolution of their intrinsic properties through spiral dynamics. We consider some of the observations which include exponential mass function of particles following a sequence when fitted on logarithmic potential spiral, inwardly rotating spiral dynamics in Reaction-Diffusion System, the separation of Electron’s Spin-Charge-Orbit into quasi-particles. The paper brings a picture of particles and their Anti Particles in spiral form and explains how the difference in structure varies their properties. It also explains the effects on particles in Accelerator deduced through spiral dynamics.

An interpretation of the Lorentz transformation strongly suggests that space is a compressible fluid capable of hosting the virtual mass component of a relativistic particle. This in turn suggests that virtual mass is a measure of the local spatial energy density. In real fluids, such as air and water, virtual mass is  measurable in embedded objects as a component of its apparent momentum when moving relative to the fluid medium; e.g., as in dirigibles and submarines.

In space, virtual mass is what imparts momentum to photons and other virtual particles, such as gravitons. The apparent mass of an object traveling at any relevant speed is the sum of its rest mass and the virtual mass thought to reside within the object itself; but, posed herein to reside within the associated surrounding space. 

In the fluid theory of space, it is argued that virtual mass resides in the fluid medium - space itself. This virtual mass is a property of space; and, it is the basis of (so called) virtual particles, such as gravitons. It is the virtual mass of a particle that is responsible for the wave-like nature of fast moving particles, mistakenly thought to reside within the particle. It is virtual mass which explains the observed results of the dual-slit experiment.

The virtual mass properties of a fluid space are responsible for the manifestation of gravity as space converges radially to all forms of elemental matter and energy. Virtual mass is also responsible for many quantum properties, such as uncertainty and the Copenhagen interpretation. Virtual mass is the bridge across the quantum disconnect currently separating Relativity and Quantum theory.

This is an excerpt from the Pictorial Compendium of The Secret Doctrine
Volume IV, The Nature of Everything.

Follow me down the rabbit hole into the magical world of the Nature of Everything. It is like nothing you have ever imagined! It is filled with wonder and awe! The Universe is all of time and Space and its contents. It includes planets, moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy.

Dark energy and dark matter constitute 95% of the observable Universe. Yet the physical nature of these two phenomena remains a mystery. Einstein suggested a long-forgotten solution: gravitationally repulsive negative masses, which drive cosmic expansion and cannot coalesce into light-emitting structures. However, contemporary cosmological results are derived upon the reasonable assumption that the Universe only contains positive masses. By reconsidering this assumption, I have constructed a toy model which suggests that both dark phenomena can be unified into a single negative mass fluid. The model is a modified ΛCDM cosmology, and indicates that continuously-created negative masses can resemble the cosmological constant and can flatten the rotation curves of galaxies. The model leads to a cyclic universe with a time-variable Hubble parameter, potentially providing compatibility with the current tension that is emerging in cosmological measurements. In the first three-dimensional N-body simulations of negative mass matter in the scientific literature, this exotic material naturally forms haloes around galaxies that extend to several galactic radii. These haloes are not cuspy. The proposed cosmological model is therefore able to predict the observed distribution of dark matter in galaxies from first principles. The model makes several testable predictions and seems to have the potential to be consistent with observational evidence from distant supernovae, the cosmic microwave background, and galaxy clusters. These findings may imply that negative masses are a real and physical aspect of our Universe, or alternatively may imply the existence of a superseding theory that in some limit can be modelled by effective negative masses. Both cases lead to the surprising conclusion that the compelling puzzle of the dark Universe may have been due to a simple sign error.

This work deals with first-order formalism for dark energy and dust in standard cosmology, for models described by real scalar field in the presence of dust in spatially flat space. The field dynamics may be standard or tachyonic, and we show how the equations of motion can be solved by first-order differential equations. We investigate a model to illustrate how the dustlike matter may affect the cosmic evolution using this framework.

Problem statement: Lack of understanding And scientific formulation of zero geometry and zero space-time and the truth about initiation conditions would continue to keep us all in dark and we would continue to create more theories defining our observations about the known universe which could Indeed be part of our illusionary perception of reality And as long as they continue to align themselves with our observations we will continue to obey and propagate them. Approach: Second law of thermodynamics which was considered to be the most fundamental law governing The known universe and its behavior and at all levels from micro to macro cosmos was itself subject to such flaws simply because it was nonexistent in zero space-time and it reaches infinity at leap out of zero state bordered by infinity wall (the outermost border of the leap universe) in no time. This law dictates that in the known universe/post big bang universe which was around 13.4 billion light years old the index of instability which inversely correlates with free energy incessantly increases following its inception, though we were in dark regarding the initiation condition of the known universe and relation of initiation condition with entropy and This needs to be understood, dissected and formulated Into the new physics on an urgent basis. Results: Big bang which had been proposed to give rise to the known universe presumably was the product of collision of two p-branes and this collision was expected to be similar in nature to the collision of biological p-branes In which case one p-brane impregnates the other and I have alluded to that in my previous publications; Following collision of cosmic p-branes the free energy of impregnated p-brane increases from zero to infinity in no time and because the cosmic p-branes were the residents of zero geometry and zero space-time in which all the values are zero , i.e., free energy and entropy were paradoxically both zero and because p-brane collision leads to disentanglement and decohe scence of these two values, leap out of zero geometry and space-time happens to re entangle these two values as a result of which leap universe was born the outermost border of which was infinity wall with infinity as the value of entropy however this creates another paradox simply because at that point the free energy was zero and entropy is infinity and again these two universal values find themselves disentangled and decohesced and this time the massive force of repulsion at infinity wall which was what I consider dark energy and was the source of massive negative gravity would create the second phase of the non-zero universe , i.e., post leap universe which one more time was aiming at entanglement, this time infinite entropy shifting to zero value to regain its original value of zero space-time universe, this would take the post leap Universe to zero geometry border but this move would Increase the free energy to infinity and that creates big Bang universe/phase 3 universe the goal of which was entanglement of free energy with zero entropy and this Ping pong reaction between the zero geometry partners in search of entanglement and cohescence in non-zero universe would continue indefinitely and this time expansion of the known universe through corridors of the dark matter creates post big bang universe as a result of which the four major forces of the known universe/regular matter would be born , i.e., would get separated into four different entities and the post big Bang universe would pursue its goal of decreasing the free energy which would reach zero (its original zero Geometry value) at the fire wall/repulsion trigger zone of the infinity wall and another round of repulsion, crunch, big bang and expansion would ensue; the engine of the above sequence of events following collision of the cosmic p-branes was massive increase in free energy in contradistinction to the biouniverse in which fertilization/collision of biological p-branes leads to a massive and sudden decrease in free energy of the fertilized ovum/the biological p-brane,

The paper considers cosmological objects belonging to fundamentally different classes that do not intersect with each other. Firstly, these are objects that make up a pure Hubble stream. Secondly, these are objects that have constant proper distances. These include planets, stars, and galaxies in gravitationally coupled systems. They all do not participate in the Hubble stream as independent objects. It is shown that the commoving reference system and proper reference system standardly used in cosmology change places with each other when switching from considering Hubble objects to "planets". The features of the evolution (more precisely, devolution, degradation, reverse development) of the latter were analyzed and it was found that the cosmological acceleration of all "planets", in contrast to Hubble objects, coincides in order of magnitude with the fundamental value of H 2 R. As applied to the Pioneers anomaly, this approach allowed us to obtain the calculated value of cosmological acceleration, which coincides in order of magnitude with the observed value. It seems that this approach is applicable also to other local gravitationally coupled systems and allows us to explain the characteristic flattened shape of the orbital curves of stars and galaxies by the fact that the influence of the fundamental cosmological acceleration H 2 R is added to the system's own gravitational field.

Over the past two decades, scientific drilling into sediments and rocks in the ocean and the continent has revealed the presence of physiologically and phylogenetically complex microbial life in the deep subsurface. Microorganisms, most of which have no cultured or known relatives in the surface biosphere, have been discovered in sediments and rock at depth as deep as 1 km below the seafloor and more than 3 km deep in the continent. The deep biosphere probably represents the most voluminous part of the global biosphere and may constitute as much as 50% of the Earth's biomass. In this article, we review the current knowledge of and most recent advances in studying the deep biosphere and suggest directions in future research.

This paper summarizes how a new approach to the Universe based on the existence of a "crystalline ether", which has recently been detailed in the third versions of two books [1], makes it possible to find a simple, unified and coherent explanation of all the theories of modern physics and of the Universe. The basic concepts of this approach can be summarized as follows: (i) the support of the Universe is a form of "crystalline ether" which consists of a solid and massive lattice, of facecentered cubic structure, with the simplest possible elasticity, and in which matter is represented by the set of topological singularities of this lattice (loops of dislocations, disinclinations and dispirations), and (ii) this lattice exclusively satisfies, in absolute space, the basic classical physical concepts that are Newton's law and the two principles of thermodynamics. With these basic classical concepts alone, we show that it is possible to find all the modern theories of physics, namely that the behaviors of this lattice (the Universe) and its topological singularities (the Matter) satisfy electromagnetism, special relativity, general relativity, gravitation, quantum physics, cosmology and even the standard model of elementary particles.

Gravity is geometrical in nature and implies elasticity/plasticity, which infers a break- ing point to our universal fabric. The assertion of the author is that when a mass reaches its Schwarzschild radius, it has reached the breaking point of our universe and as a consequence, may puncture it. This may in turn expose our universe to the "Abso- lute Gravity" (g=c in all directions) of infinite space outside our universe (this does not take into account any other universe that may exist). Out of this process, a black hole forms from the point of singularity/puncture until the original point of the Schwarz- schild radius. We will discuss some of the possible consequences of this theory as well as its possible effects on universal expansion and its multiverse implications.

We discuss epistemological and methodological aspects of the Bayesian approach in astrophysics and cosmology. The introduction to the Bayesian framework is given for a further discussion concerning the Bayesian inference in physics. The interplay between the modern cosmology, Bayesian statistics, and philosophy of science is presented. We consider paradoxes of confirmation, like Goodman's paradox, appearing in the Bayesian theory of confirmation. As in Goodman's paradox the Bayesian inference is susceptible to some epistemic limitations in the logic of induction. However Goodman's paradox applied to cosmological hypotheses seems to be resolved due to the evolutionary character of cosmology and accumulation new empirical evidences. We argue that the Bayesian framework is useful in the context of falsificability of quantum cosmological models, as well as contemporary dark energy and dark matter problem.

El Aromo # 91 (27 de Julio, 2016). Acerca de las encrucijadas entre la ciencia y la lucha de clases a comienzos del siglo XXI ¿Es casual que las nuevas teorías cosmológicas, que hablan del " fin de la historia " cósmica, surjan en el mismo momento en que el capitalismo proclama el " fin de la historia " humana? Frente a esto, la relación entre la ciencia y lucha de clases sale a la luz y requiere ser analizada.

В этом очередном научном эссе, традиционно посвященном вопросам мироустройства, наряду с анализом выдвигаемых автором фундаментальных категорий и законов, определяющих новую парадигму физической науки, более углубленно рассматривается космологическая модель эволюции нашей Вселенной в тесной связи с принципами и механизмами образования всех форм и видов материи, начиная от первичного возмущения, породившего Темную материю, и заканчивая процессами формирования «таинственных» Черных дыр. Особое внимание уделено структуре элементарных частиц и физике  атомообразования.
Работа рассчитана на просвещенных читателей, интересующихся и занимающихся физико-философскими проблемами Мироздания.

In our previous article in reference [1], we were able to reformulate Maxwell's equations in a simplified and microscopic form. This article on the other hand is a follow-up of the aforementioned article but in this case it is shown that gravity may have electromagnetic origins, using as basis this reformulated Maxwell's equations. As a matter of fact, it is suggested in this article that thorough experimental investigations with neutrons could help us really understand gravity fundamentally. This however is based on the fact that a certain property of neutrons was calculated in this article using the assumption of the electromagnetic origins of gravity and this calculated value seems to correspond with the data that was obtained from an experiment performed some time ago (over 50 years ago) by Shull et al-see the article in reference [2]. Also, the rotation curve of galaxies, especially the spiral ones is revisited and it's shown that the assumption of the electromagnetic origins of gravity can explain it. This paper may also be handy to those who seek a unified/single theoretical framework for all fundamental forces.

The LSST will open up new opportunities for supernovae science, including supernova cosmology. In addition to repeated coverage of much of the visible sky, which could result in the detection of millions of supernovae, a special deep-drilling survey is being planned to measure multi-color light curves of hundreds of thousands of Type Ia supernovae out to redshifts up to 1.2. This survey should enable precise investigations of the equation-of-state parameter of dark energy from a self-consistently calibrated system. We discuss ...

This document is the Special Issue of the First International Conference on the Evolution and Development of the Universe (EDU 2008). Please refer to the preface and introduction for more details on the contributions. Keywords: acceleration, artificial cosmogenesis, artificial life, Big Bang, Big History, biological evolution, biological universe, biology, causality, classical vacuum energy, complex systems, complexity, computational universe, conscious evolution, cosmological artificial selection, cosmological natural selection, cosmology, critique, cultural evolution, dark energy, dark matter, development of the universe, development, emergence, evolution of the universe evolution, exobiology, extinction, fine-tuning, fractal space-time, fractal, information, initial conditions, intentional evolution, linear expansion of the universe, log-periodic laws, macroevolution, materialism, meduso-anthropic principle, multiple worlds, natural sciences, Nature, ontology, order, origin of th...

This is a short review, aimed at a general audience, of several current subjects of research in cosmology. The topics discussed include the cosmic microwave background (CMB), with particular emphasis on its relevance for testing inflation; dark matter, with a brief review of astrophysical evidence and more emphasis on particle candidates; and cosmic acceleration and some of the ideas that have been put forward to explain it. A glossary of technical terms and acronyms is provided.

Ce papier résume comment une nouvelle approche de l’Univers basée sur l’existence d’un «éther cristallin», qui a été récemment exposée en détail dans les troisièmes versions de deux livres [1], permet de trouver une explication simple, unifiée et cohérente de l’ensemble des théories de la physique moderne et de l’Univers. Les concepts de base de cette approche peuvent se résumer de la manière suivante: (i) le support de l’Univers est une forme d’«éther cristallin» qui consiste en un réseau solide et massif, de structure cubique à faces centrées, avec une élasticité la plus simple possible, et dans lequel la matière est représentée par l'ensemble des singularités topologiques de ce réseau (boucles de dislocations, de désinclinaisons et de dispirations), et (ii) ce réseau satisfait exclusivement, dans l'espace absolu, les concepts physiques classiques de base que sont la loi de Newton et les deux principes de la thermodynamique. Avec ces seuls concepts de base tout-à-fait classiques, on montre qu’il est possible de retrouver toutes les théories modernes de la physique, à savoir que les comportements de ce réseau (l’Univers) et de ses singularités topologiques (la Matière) satisfont à l’électromagnétisme, la relativité spéciale, la relativité générale, la gravitation, la physique quantique, la cosmologie et même le modèle standard des particules élémentaires.

In a previous paper we outlined a series of historical touchpoints between classical aether theories and modern theoretical physics which showed a shared conceptual lineage for the modern tools and methods of the most common interpretations and fluid based &quot;Hydrodynamic&quot; treatments of an electromagnetic medium. It was proposed that, though the weight of modern experimentation leaves an extremely narrow and convoluted window for even a reconceptualization of a medium, all of modern physics recognizes a plethora of behaviors and attributes for free space and these physics are interchangeable with modern methods for treating superfluid-like continuums. Thus the mathematical equivalence of the methods do not comprise alternative physics but an alternative interpretation of the same physics. Though many individual components describing a &quot;neo-aether&quot; or &quot;quintessence&quot; are available, an overarching structural outline of how these tools can work together to pr...

Modern cosmology is interested in finding out what matter ingredients and how much of each ingredient are in the universe. According to observational data, the percentages of dark energy, dark matter and the baryonic matter are 72.8%, 22.7% and 4.53% respectively.

Fritz Zwicky (1936) measured velocity dispersion of eight galaxies through Doppler redshift in Coma Cluster. He found that the velocities of the galaxies making up the cluster were about ten times larger than he expected. The observable matter alone could not accelerate the galaxies to higher velocities; in fact, the observable matter provided roughly 0.5% of the required mass. In the 1970s, Rubin, Freeman and Peebles gathered more reliable data by observation of a larger number of clusters that confirmed that luminous matter alone could not account for the high velocities of the galaxies. The amount of the light stars emits as you near the edge of a spiral galaxy decreases and assuming all matter was luminous, the rotational speed would decrease too. This, however, is not the case. Galactic rotation curves are known to be flat. These galactic dynamics, the dynamics of galaxy clusters and Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) measurements provide a compelling evidence of some sort of invisible matter, called dark matter, which does not interact electromagnetically but participates in the gravitational dynamics.

The following assumptions of the Big Bang theory are challenged and found to be false: the cosmological principle, the assumption that all matter formed at the same time and the assumption regarding the cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR).

The evolution of the universe is described based on the conclusion that the universe is finite with a space boundary. The CMBR is coming from a source located within the event horizon of the universe. There is sufficient mass in the universe to create an event horizon at the Schwarzschild radius.

Galaxies form over time due to the energy released by the expansion of space. When a galaxy forms the matter formation is in the form of neutrons. Pairs of neutrons bond to form dark matter (dineutrons) and single neutrons decay to form protons and electrons which combine to form hydrogen.

Conservation of energy must consider total energy which is mass (+ve) plus energy (+ve) plus spacetime curvature (-ve) so that the total energy of the universe is always zero. The predominant position of galaxy formation moves over time from the centre of the universe towards the boundary so that today the majority of new galaxy formation is taking place beyond our horizon of observation at 14 billion light years.

The distribution of galaxies in a finite universe is such that there is a variation in gravitational acceleration depending on the distance from the centre of the universe. This gravitational acceleration results in the difference in the recession velocity of galaxies previously attributed to dark energy.

03/15/2021:

This paper shows that the widely held premise that “nothing” can travel faster than the speed of light is false.  All the ubiquitous arguments that purport to prove that “nothing” can travel faster than the speed of light will need to be limited to purport only that bradyons cannot travel faster than the speed of light.  If neutrinos had positive mass, Newton’s second principle requires that they can be slowed down to any speed less than light speed.  They do not and cannot, regardless of all barriers, because they are tachyons that must always travel faster than the speed of light.  Faster-than-light is completely consistent with special relativity for neutrino particles with negative-imaginary rest mass.  The time to extend and accept the special theory of relativity, to include all velocities slower or faster than the speed of light, is now.[4]  Because of the scientific community’s hostility to anything new, such as neutrinos traveling faster than the speed of light, the possibility of tachyon neutrinos has not received the attention its’ importance deserves.

Dark energy, the mysterious cause of the accelerating expansion of the Universe, is one of the most important fields of research in astrophysics and cosmology today. Introducing the theoretical ideas, observational methods and results, this textbook is ideally suited to graduate courses on dark energy, and will also supplement advanced cosmology courses.

The name dark energy was given to the energy responsible for accelerating the contents of the universe " outward ". The energy was called " dark " until a theory could be found to account for it. The field of physics was built on the scientific method fostering well-established theories and models. But what if it is impossible to derive the nature of dark energy from our current mathematics? What if a new model of the universe, starting with only one ingredient (and energy) is the only way to account for dark energy? Such a model would have to be derived independently from our current model and yet derive our current model. The new model would define dark energy and reveal the role dark energy plays in gravity and all phenomena. Dark Energy, Gordon's Theory of Everything, The Gordon Model, quantum distance (Qd), quantum time unit (Qt), relative constant, equi-energy position, hierarchy of energy, Gordon Energy State, Gordon Omnipresent Dot (GOD entity), independent energy state, quantum radius, E 0 energy gradient

The golden ring to which most physicists aspire is a unified field theory that incorporates all of modern and classical physics. Some scientists and others call this a TOE or ‘theory of everything’, but it is no more than false hubris to believe that humans could possibly know and explain everything about the universe at this time. Einstein chased this goal for the last three decades of his life, basing his theoretical research on his general theory of relativity. Meanwhile, the vast majority of scientists supporting the other major accomplishment of the Second Scientific Revolution were investing all of their time and efforts to advancing the quantum theory and their quest has been extremely successful. They originally had no interest in a unified field theory. After Einstein died in 1955, his efforts were all but abandoned because of his philosophical stance against the prevalent Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory even though he had been one of quantum theory’s founders. During the 1970s the tables started to turn and quantum theorists became interested in unifying physics, although not from the foundational principles of relativity theory. They claimed that quantum theory was more fundamental than relativity so they began the same quest from a totally different direction despite their claims to be continuing Einstein’s quest.  Throughout the development of the ensuing standard quantum model, superstring theory and many other theoretical schemes, quantum theorists have remained resolute in their conviction that the quantum and relativity are mutually incompatible so the quantum must completely do away with and replace relativity once and for all. However, the quantum theory and relativity are not actually incompatible and, in fact, say the some of the same things about the nature of physical reality. When the similarities are fully defined and studied and the basic assumptions behind each of the theories are altered to reflect the similarities instead of the incompatibilities, only then can the point of their compatibility be determined and act as a unifying principle resulting in a completed unified field theory of the type that Einstein once sought. The development of this physical model of reality is not without irony. Not only is the quantum theory incomplete as Einstein argued in EPR, but Einstein’s general relativity is also seriously incomplete and true unification cannot be rendered complete at any level of reality until all the theoretical models being unified are themselves complete.

The combination of many observations, including galactic rotation curves, gravitational lensing, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), and primordial light element abundances, cannot be explained without extending the Standard Model of particle physics. The simplest extensions involve dark matter (DM), composed of a new particle that may annihilate or decay to Standard Model particles detectable far from their source. Astroparticle experiments seek to discover the particle nature of DM and determine its properties indirectly through the detection of cosmic ray (CR), gamma ray, and neutrino signatures. Such work is complementary to direct and acceleratorbased searches. Accelerators may detect new candidate particles but cannot ascertain whether they form the DM. Direct and indirect detection experiments rely on different unknown properties of particle DM, so it is important to pursue both. DM searches with astroparticle data have the potential to determine the astrophysical distribution of the DM particles, which is not possible with the other methods. In this chapter a general overview of DM signatures is given; however, the subject has a large literature and it's impossible to cover it in entirety here. The approximate distribution of DM in our Universe can be deduced from its gravitational effects, but its nature and microphysical properties are still unknown. There are constraints on the properties of DM particle candidates that strongly favor or rule out various models. Nongravitational interactions between DM and Standard Model particles are highly constrained by the lack of observations of particle DM. This strongly disfavors DM that is electrically charged or interacts by the strong nuclear force. In addition, DM must clump gravitationally to form galaxies. This requires DM to be "cold", that is non-relativistic at the time of structure formation, or possibly "warm". In fact "hot" DM, that is relativistic during structure formation, cannot explain the ensemble of data. Within these constraints, the theoretically best-motivated candidates for a DM particle are a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) or an axion. The axion was originally postulated as a solution to the strong CP problem (Peccei & Quinn, 1977; Wilczek, 1978; Weinberg, 1978). The reviews by Asztalos et al. [] and Kuster et al. [] discuss axion DM and cosmology, and we refer readers to that.

7/24/2017:

Our universe is expanding.  In 1998 Hubble observations of very distant galaxies from 7.5 billion years ago indicated that our universe was expanding more slowly than it is today.  The expansion is accelerating!  “Dark energy” is defined as that which is causing the accelerated expansion.  This treatise melds relativity and quantum mechanics to show that dark energy is negative gravitational acceleration, arising from negative relativistic mass particles.  The fundamental equations of physics are extended in this treatise, to include negative relativistic mass.  From these extended equations of physics, the properties of these particles are determined.  The extended equations of motion, require that such particles travel at infinitesimally greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, c.  The principle of relativity states, “The laws of physics are invariant in all (emphasis added) inertial frames of reference.”  This paper shows that the fact that neutrinos never stand still, along with the principle of relativity, prove that neutrinos cannot travel at less than the speed of light in a vacuum, c = 299,792,458 exactly.  This paper shows that there is a limit, imposed by the observed Lorentz factors being greater than 10^+6 in all cases, and that limit must be less than one-trillionth greater.  The speed limit for neutrinos, is less than 299,792,458.000,150 m/s.  This treatise is highly compatible with the data collected by the most accurate ICARUS neutrino speed experiment to date.  Neutrinos are known to have many of these often highly unusual properties and are predicted by this treatise to have all of them.

The Lorentz transformation of special relativity when applied to superluminal reference frames indicates symmetry between superluminal and subluminal frames of reference.  This new Lorentz symmetry is labeled CPTM symmetry, where M stands for Mass-symmetry that reverses the mass’s sign.  This paper elucidates equations for the masses of these symmetric neutrinos.  These equations lead to the prediction of forty-nine (49) additional neutrino-like particles, symmetric to quarks and bosons, bringing the total elementary particles to one hundred ten (110), one-half or fifty-five (55) of which are neutrino or neutrino-like particles.  This paper concludes that the negative gravitational acceleration field of these negative relativistic mass neutrino and neutrino-like particles cause the inward and outward accelerations in our universe.

Science is a work in progress, although the progress that science has made over the past few decades has been vastly limited by the narrow, limited and dogmatic worldviews representing the major paradigms of physics. It is not hard or even overwhelmingly original to conclude that science has followed the wrong direction at a fork in the road and led itself into a corner with little to no room for escape. Both the quantum theory and general relativity have made spectacularly accurate predictions, nearly all of which have been verified, but these two paradigms remain mutually incompatible while the standard model of particles used within the quantum paradigm keeps predicting the existence of particles that are not falsifiable and completely beyond verification. Newer physical models such as the superstring and brane theories have not lived up to their promise and show no signs of settling the problems of unification for which they were designed. This book takes a different route and tells the story of a new form of unified field theory that combines or merges the best parts of the quantum theory and relativity together within a single field theory structure. It covers four primary areas of scientific inquiry: the macrocosm, the microcosm, the everyday world of life, mind and experience, and the abstract world of theoretical and philosophical mathematics and science. In so doing, this book offers the best chance for an alternative physics worldview that is nothing less than the science of our future, a preview of the science that will carry us into a brave new world of being and becoming our own future.

Keywords: Future physics, theory of everything, unified field theory, quantized space-time, consciousness, evolution, paraphysics

The principle of nuclear democracy is invoked to prove the formation of stable quantized gravitational bound states of primordial black holes called Holeums. The latter come in four varieties: ordinary Holeums H, Black Holeums BH, Hyper Holeums HH and the massless Lux Holeums LH.These Holeums are invisible because the gravitational radiation emitted by their quantum transitions is undetectable now. The

Rising to Mach, the problem of establishing the unity of the physical essence of the Universe on all space-time scales of its evolution is, apparently, one of the main problems in contemporary epistemology. The issues are primarily related to the problems of the dynamics of the Universe, namely, the need to postulate hypothetical entities - dark energy and dark matter, whose nature is unknown, but whose contribution to the energy content of the Universe is about 95%. A "severe trial for the entire fundamental theory" turned out to be a discrepancy of 120 orders of magnitude between the experimentally established value of the cosmological constant and the calculated value of the energy density of the physical vacuum. Sharp questions arise also regarding the physical essence of gravitation and the nature of its unique smallness as compared with other interactions - nuclear ones, strong and weak, as well as electromagnetic ones. Sufficiently acute problems in the perception of the Universe as a single holistic system arise also at the level of microscales. First of all, we mean here the so called low-energy nuclear reactions, which are realized in the conditions of nonequilibrium low temperature plasma. The fundamental problems of such processes are usually not widely discussed, and many physicists are very critical of the very possibility of implementing such processes. Our main hypothesis for understanding the key problems of contemporary fundamental physics, including the indicated cosmological problems as well as a new class of electron-initiated nuclear chemical processes, is to introduce the basic reference system associated with the electromagnetic component of physical vacuum - EM vacuum of the expanding Universe, with a selection of global time t, being common for all points of the expanding Universe and measured starting from the time of t = 0, which corresponds to the Big Bang.

Tél +212 (0) 37 77 18 34/35/38, Fax : +212 (0) 37 77 42 61, http :https://www.fsr.ac.ma 2017-2018 Remerciement Ce mémoire aété effectué au sein du laboratoire de Physique des HautesÉnergies, Simulation et Modélisationà la Faculté des Sciences de Rabat sous la direction de Monsieur le Professeur E. H. Saidi. Je souhaite remercier en quelques lignes tout ceux qui ont de loin ou de près contribuéà l'aboutissement de ce travail. Commençons par mon encadrant le Professeur M. Bennai, pour son encadrement, son rigueur et son souci de clarté qui m'ont aidéà aller le plus loin possible. Grand merci de m'avoir aidéà faire mes premièrs pas dans le monde de la recherche. Veuillez agréer, Monsieur, mes salutations distinguées et mon profond respect. J'aiégalement le plaisir de remercier très vivement la Professeur Z. Sakhi. de Faculté des sciences ben M'Sikà Casabalanca pour son encadrement, son rigueur et son souci de clarté qui m'ont aidéà aller le plus loin possible. Veuillez agréer, Madame, l'expression de ma profonde gratitude. Je tient aussià remercier infiniment le Professeur R. Ahl Laamara, pour ses conseils et ses encouragements tout au long de ce travail. Merci aussi pour le temps précieux que tu nous as consacré tout au long de ces années. Je tienségalementà remercier chaleureusement tout particulièrement le Professeur E. H. Saidi directeur du laboratoire de Physique des HautesÉnergies, Simulation et Modélisation que je veux remercier pour la grande liberté qu'il m'a laissée pour la realisation de ce travail. Je tiens aussià remercier infiniment les membres de jury, pour l'intérêt qu'ils ont bien voulu porterà mon travail en acceptant de faire partie de ce jury. Mes remerciements s'étendentégalementà tous les membres de la communautééducative du laboratoire de Physique des HautesÉnergies, Simulation et Modélisation. Je tienségalementà remercier chaleureusement mon encadrant en Licence Monsieur le Professeur M. Nassik. J'adresseégalement mes sincères remerciementsà Monsieur le Professeur M. Massaq, Professeur de l'enseignement supérieureà la Faculté des Sciences Agadir, pour ses encouragements et sa sollicitudeà monégard.