Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0272—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255
  • B01J31/0274—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255 containing silicon
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/48—Silver or gold
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/89—Silicates, aluminosilicates or borosilicates of titanium, zirconium or hafnium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/122—Metal aryl or alkyl compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
  • C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
  • C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
  • C07D301/04—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen
  • C07D301/08—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase
  • C07D301/10—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase with catalysts containing silver or gold
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
  • C07D303/04—Compounds containing oxirane rings containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring oxygen atoms
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2231/70—Oxidation reactions, e.g. epoxidation, (di)hydroxylation, dehydrogenation and analogues
  • B01J2231/72—Epoxidation

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a composition comprising gold and / or silver particles, titanium and silicon-containing mixed oxides which have been surface-modified, the compositions which can be prepared in this process and their use in processes for the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen and a reducing agent.
• the catalytically active compositions show consistently high selectivities and productivity.
• the direct oxidation of ethene to ethene oxide by molecular oxygen is well known and is used commercially to produce ethene oxide in the gas phase.
• the typical catalyst for this application contains metallic or ionic silver, possibly modified with various promoters and activators. Most of these catalysts contain a porous, inert catalyst support with low surface areas such as e.g. alpha alumina on which silver and promoters have been applied.
• An overview of the direct oxidation of ethene in the presence of supported silver catalysts was provided by Sachtier et al. in
• the oxirane processes (Weissermel et. Al. In: Industrial Organic Chemistry, 4th edition, Weinheim, 1994, pp. 289-291) use organic compounds to transfer oxygen instead of the inorganic oxidizing agent HOCl
• This indirect epoxidation is based on the fact that organic peroxides such as hydroperoxides in the liquid phase can selectively transfer their peroxide oxygen to olefins to form epoxides.
• the hydroperoxides are converted into alcohols, the peroxycarboxylic acids into acids.
• Hydroperoxides are generated by autoxidation with air or molecular oxygen from the corresponding organic peroxides such as hydroperoxides in the liquid phase can selectively transfer their peroxide oxygen to olefins to form epoxides.
• the hydroperoxides are converted into alcohols, the peroxycarboxylic acids into acids.
• Hydroperoxides are generated by autoxidation with air or molecular oxygen from the corresponding
• Catalysts are known in which gold particles are applied to a support consisting of dispersed titanium centers on a silicon matrix (WO 98 00415 AI; WO 98 00414 A1; EP 0 827 779 AI). All of these materials obtained by impregnation with subsequent calcination deactivate over time
• catalysts are known in which gold particles on microporous, crystalline framework silicates with a defined pore structure in which silicon tetrahedral sites are isomorphically substituted by titanium (eg TS-1, TS-2, Ti zeolites such as Ti-Beta, Ti-ZSM -48 or titanium-containing, mesoporous molecular sieves such as Ti-MCM-41 or Ti-HMS) can be applied (WO 9800413 AI). All of these gold-silicalite or gold-zeolite structures show good selectivities, the sales of hydrocarbons and especially the catalyst life are completely inadequate for use in the chemical industry.
• the described catalyst preparation processes are extremely unsatisfactory in terms of catalyst activity and service life. Huge reactors are required for technical processes that work with low-activity catalysts.
• An object of the present invention was therefore to provide a technologically simple catalytic gas phase process for the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons with a gaseous oxidizing agent on inexpensive solid catalysts, which leads to high yields and low costs with very high selectivities and technically interesting catalyst service lives.
• Another object of the invention was to provide catalysts with better service lives.
• Another object of the invention was to provide a process that provides catalysts with better service lives.
• the objects are achieved by a supported composition containing gold and / or silver particles, titanium oxide and a silicon-containing one
• Carrier characterized in that the composition carries on the surface groups selected from silicon alkyl, silicon aryl, fluorine-containing alkyl or fluorine-containing aryl groups.
• the supported composition according to the invention contains gold and / or silver on a carrier material.
• gold and / or silver is mainly present as an elemental metal (analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy). Small gold and / or silver components can also be present in a higher oxidation state. According to TEM recordings, the largest proportion of the gold and / or silver present is on the surface of the carrier material. These are gold and or silver clusters on a nanometer scale.
• the gold particles preferably have a diameter in the range from 0.5 to 50 nm, preferably 0.5 to 15 nm and particularly preferably 0.5 to 10 nm.
• the superparticles preferably have a diameter in the range from 0.5 to 100 nm, preferably 0.5 to 40 nm and particularly preferably 0.5 to 20 nm.
• the gold concentration should be in the range of 0.001 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 2% by weight and particularly preferably 0.005-1.5% by weight of gold.
• the silver concentration should be in the range of 0.005 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 15% by weight and particularly preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight of silver.
• Gold and / or silver concentrations higher than the ranges mentioned do not result in an increase in the catalytic activity.
• the precious metal content should be the minimum amount required to achieve the highest catalyst activity.
• the crystal structure of the titanium oxide and / or titanium-silicon mixed oxide can be chosen as desired, but the amorphous modification and the crystalline anatase and / or Si-O-Ti mixed oxide modification are preferred.
• the titanium oxide does not have to be a pure component, but can also be used as a complex material e.g. in combination with other oxides (e.g. titanates).
• the titanium centers which are chemically bound to silica and / or inorganic silicates are the catalytically active centers.
• the catalytic activity of these materials does not appear to be able to be increased linearly with the total titanium oxide content if the titanium oxide content is> 6 mol%. This showed us that not all titanium centers have the same catalytic activity.
• the presence of titanium atoms which are catalytically inert or which allow undesired side reactions, eg burning of hydrogen or formation of others unwanted oxidation products lead to catalyst systems with a non-optimal catalyst activity.
• the silicon-containing carrier materials according to the invention advantageously consist of 50%, preferably 75% and particularly preferably> 90% of the oxide form of the silicon.
• the silicon-containing carrier materials according to the invention can also contain other oxides, e.g. Contain aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide etc.
• Silicon-containing carrier materials with a large specific surface and a high proportion of surface silanol groups are preferably used. The specific surface should be at least 1 m Ig, preferably in
• Preferred silicon-containing carrier materials are synthetically produced, porous silicas such as e.g. Silica gels, precipitated silica, precipitated silica gels, silicalites or the like and mixtures thereof. Manufacturing methods of such synthetically produced silica are described in “The Colloid Chemistry of Silica and Silicates
• silica examples include pyrogenic silica, which are obtained by reacting silicon tetrachoride or fluoride with hydrogen and oxygen (for example Cab-o-sile der Cabot Corporation or Aerosile from Degussa).
• Crystalline aluminosilicates and silicalite known as molecular sieves such as faujasite
• Mordenite, Beta, ZSM-3, ZSM 5, ZSM-11, ZSM 12, ZSM 18, ZSM 20, Ferrierite, MCM-22, MCM-41, MCM-48, MCM-56 etc. can also be used as silicon-containing substrates become.
• Naturally occurring crystalline silicates can also be used, in particular serpentine (magnesium silicate), clay minerals such as hectorite (lithium magnesium silicate), kaolin, bentonite and
• Mica minerals such as phlogopite (aluminum-magnesium-potassium-silicalite), or similar materials.
• silicon-containing carrier materials the synthetically produced amorphous silica and / or silicalites are particularly preferred. Silicon-containing carrier materials with an SiO x content of> 90% are particularly preferred.
• compositions according to the invention can contain further foreign oxides, so-called promoters, from group 5 of the Periodic Table according to IUPAC (1985), such as vanadium, niobium and tantalum, preferably tantalum, group 3, preferably yttrium, group 4, preferably zirconium, the group 8, preferably Fe, of group 15, preferably antimony, of group 13, preferably aluminum, boron, thallium and metals of group 14, preferably germanium
• promoters from group 5 of the Periodic Table according to IUPAC (1985), such as vanadium, niobium and tantalum, preferably tantalum, group 3, preferably yttrium, group 4, preferably zirconium, the group 8, preferably Fe, of group 15, preferably antimony, of group 13, preferably aluminum, boron, thallium and metals of group 14, preferably germanium
• the built-in promoters "M” are usually dispersed in the organic-inorganic hybrid materials and are advantageously bound via element-O-Si bonds.
• the chemical composition of these materials can be varied over wide ranges.
• the proportion of the promoter element is based on silicon oxide in the range of 0-10 mol%, preferably 0-4 mol%.
• the promoters are preferably in the form of promoter precursor compounds which are soluble in the respective solvent, such as promoter salts and / or promoter salts. organic compounds, and / or promoter-organic-inorganic compounds.
• These promoters can increase both the catalytic activity of the composition and the life of the composition in catalytic oxidation reactions of hydrocarbons.
• compositions according to the invention can be approximately described in the dried state by the following empirical general formula (I) (the residues formed on the surface after modification and any incompletely reacted groups are not taken into account here):
• SiO x and TiOy stand for silicon oxide and titanium oxide as well as for real mixed oxides between the elements silicon and titanium.
• M is a promoter, preferably Ta, Fe, Sb, V, Nb, Zr, Al, B, Tl, Y, Ge or combinations thereof,
• E means gold and / or silver (precious metal) and x, y and z stand for the effectively necessary number of oxygen to saturate the valences of Si, Ti, and M.
• the composition (I) described above can be varied over a wide range.
• the proportion of titanium oxide is between 0.1 and 10 mol%, preferably between 0.5 and 8.0 mol%. particularly preferably between 1.0 and 5.0 mol%.
• the proportion of MO z based on silicon oxide, is between 0 and 12 mol%.
• the proportion of E based on the non-precious metal composition, is between 0.001 and 15% by weight. For gold it is preferably between 0.001 and 2% by weight, for silver it is preferably between 0.01 and 15% by weight.
• the noble metals can be in the form of precursor compounds such as salts or organic complexes or compounds on the titanium-containing materials in a known manner, e.g. by precipitation, impregnation in solution, incipient wetness, sputtering, colloids, CVD.
• compositions according to the invention are surface-modified in order to achieve long catalyst service lives.
• the surface modification can be carried out both before and after the precious metal is coated.
• modification means in particular the application of groups selected from silicon alkyl, silicon aryl, fluorine-containing alkyl or fluorine-containing aryl groups to the surface of the supported composition, the groups covalently or coordinatively to the functional groups (for example OH groups) be bound on the surface.
• any other surface treatment is expressly included in the scope of the invention.
• the modification is preferably carried out with organosilicon and / or fluorine-containing organosilicon or organic compounds, the organosilicon compounds
• Organosilicon compounds (silicon alkyl, silicon aryl, ..) are all silylating agents known to those skilled in the art, such as organic silanes, organic silylamines, organic silylamides and their derivatives, organic silazanes, organic siloxanes and other organosilicon compounds, which of course also can be used in combination. Likewise, compounds composed of silicon and partially or perfluorinated organic radicals are expressly subsumed under organosilicon compounds.
• Alkyl means all linear or branched alkyl radicals with 1 to 50 carbon atoms known to the person skilled in the art, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, i -Pentyl, neo-pentyl, hexyl and the other homologs, the list of which no longer appears to be necessary for reasons of clarity, which in turn can be substituted.
• alkyl also expressly includes cycloalkyls and alkylaryls, such as cyclohexane, benzyl, vinylbenzyl and benzoyl. Methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-
• Butyl and benzoyl Individual, several or all C atoms can also be replaced by Si atoms, O atoms or S atoms, for example his siloxanes.
• Aryl is understood to mean all mononuclear or polynuclear aryl radicals having 6 to 14 carbon atoms known to the person skilled in the art, such as phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, which in turn can in turn be substituted.
• Halogen is understood by the person skilled in the art to be fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine; preference is given to fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
• organic silanes are trialkylsilanes, dihalodialkylsilanes, nitrotrialkylsilanes, halodialkylsilanes, halodialkylarylsilanes, dialkoxyalkylhalosilanes, alkylarylhalosilane, arylsiliarylane, arylsilane, arylsilane, arylsilanes, arylsilanes
• organic silylamines are N-trialkylsilylimidazoles, N-tri- alkylsilylimidazoles, N-trialkylsilyldialkylamines, N-trialkylsilylpyrroles, N-trialkylsilylpyrrolidines, N-trialkylsilylpiperidines and pentafluorophenyldialkylamines.
• organic silylamides and their derivatives are N, O-bis-trialkylsilylacetamides, N, O-bistrialkysilyltrihalogenacetamides, N-trialkylsilylacetamides, N-alkyl-N-trialkylsilylacetamides, N-alkyl-N-trialkylsilyltrihaloacetamides and N- trialkylsilylperhaloalkylamides.
• organic silazanes are hexaalkyldisilazanes, heptaalkyldisilazanes, 1,1,3,3-tetraalkyldisilazanes, 1,3-bis (haloalkyl) tetraalkyldisilazanes, 1,3-diaryl-1,1,3,3-tetraalkyldisilazanes and 1,3 Diaryltetraalkyl disilazanes.
• silicon-containing compounds are N-alkoxy-N, O-bistrialkylsilylfrihaloacetamides, N-alkoxy-N, O-bistrialkylsilylcarbamates, N, O-bistrialkylsilylsulfylamates, trialkylsilyltrifluoromethanesulfonate and N, N'-bistrimine.
• Preferred silicon alkyl radicals are hexamethyldisilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane and N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide.
• Fluorine-containing alkylene and arylene are understood to mean all alkyl and aryl radicals described which ask at least one fluorine substituent, in particular alkyl or aryl radicals having one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight and nine fluorine substituents or perfluorinated alkyl and aryl radicals.
• the polarity of the surface of the supported composition according to the invention is specifically adjusted by the hydrophobic coating of the surface.
• Chemical composition > 20 m 2 / g, preferably> 50 m 2 / g to use.
• chemical flexibility in the Chemical composition such as type of metal, metal content and alkyl content as well as the targeted influence on catalyst activity, selectivity and service life by treating the surface to prevent deactivation / blocking distinguish this supported composition.
• the objects are further achieved by a method for producing a supported composition containing gold and / or silver particles, titanium oxide and a silicon-containing carrier, characterized in that the surface of the silicon-containing carrier and / or the supported composition is treated.
• treatment means in particular the application of groups selected from silicon alkyl, silicon aryl, fluorine-containing alkyl or fluorine-containing aryl groups to the surface of the supported composition, the groups being covalent or coordinative to the functional groups
• the treatment is preferably carried out with organosilicon and / or fluorine-containing organosilicon or organic compounds, the organosilicon compounds being preferred.
• Suitable organosilicon compounds are all silylating agents known to those skilled in the art, such as organic silanes, organic silylamines, organic ones
• organic silanes are chlorotrimethylsilane, dimethylsilane dichloro-, Chlorobromdimethylsilan, Nitrotrimethylsilan, chlorotrimethylsilane, Ioddimethylbutylsilan, chlorodimethylphenylsilane, chlorodimethylsilane, dimethyl-n-propylchlorosilane, Dimethylisopropylchlorsilan, t-butyldimethylchlorosilane, tripropyl chlorosilane, dimethyloctylchlorosilane, tributylchlorosilane, Trihexylchlorosilan, methylethylchlorsilan di-, dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane , n-butyldimethylchlorosilane, bromomethyldimethylchlorosilane, chloromethyldimethylchlorosilane, 3-
• Tribenzylchlorosilane and 3-cyanopropyldimethylchlorosilane Tribenzylchlorosilane and 3-cyanopropyldimethylchlorosilane.
• organic silylamines are N-trimethylsilyldiethylamine, pentafluorophenyldimethylsilylamine including N-trimethylsilylimidazole, Nt-butyldimethylsilylimidazol, N-dimethylethylsilylimidazol, N-dimethyl-n-propylsilylimidazylidol, N-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl-nyl-dimethyl
• organic silylamides and their derivatives are N, O-bis-trimethylsilylacetamide, N, O-bistrimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, N-trimethylsilylacetamide, N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylacetamide, N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, N-methyl- N-trimethylsilylheptafluorobutyramide, N- (t-butyldimethylsilyl) -N-frifluoroacetamide and N, O-bis (diethylhydrosilyl) trifluoroacetamide.
• organic silazanes are hexamethyldisilazane, heptamethyldisilazane, 1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1, 3-bis (chloromethyl) teframethyldisilazane, 1, 3-divinyl-1,1,3, 3-tetramethyldisilazane and 1, 3 -Diphenyltetramethyldisilazane.
• organosilicon compounds are N-methoxy-N, O-bis-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, N-methoxy-N, O-bistrimethylsilycarbamate, N, O-bis- trimethylsilyl sulfamate, trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and N, N'-bistrimethylsilylurea.
• fluorinated organosilicon compounds are perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane, perfluoropentyltriethoxysilane or perfluoropentyltributoxysilane.
• Preferred silylation reagents are hexamethyldisilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane, N-methyl-N- (trimethylsilyl) -2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide MSTFA and trimethylchlorosilane.
• the catalysts can also be subjected to a water treatment before the silylation to increase the surface OH groups.
• water treatment means that before the silylation process step, the catalyst is mixed with liquid water or an aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution and / or ammonium nitrate solution, or ion exchange with polyvalent ones
• Cations aqueous solutions of, for example, Ca 2+ in or La 3+
• the catalyst is suspended in the treatment medium and subsequently dried (for example at 300 ° C.), or the catalyst is steamed at> 100 ° C., preferably at 150-450 ° C, treated for 1-6 h.
• the catalyst is particularly preferably treated with steam at 200-450 ° C. for 2-5 h.
• the excess water is then removed.
• Water or the aqueous salt solutions used can also be applied to the catalyst support by spray impregnation. Spray impregnation is preferred in particular in the case of moldings carrier materials.
• Suitable fluorine-containing organic compounds are all alkyl and aryl radicals known to the person skilled in the art which carry at least one fluorine substituent, in particular alkyl or aryl radicals having one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight and nine fluorine substituents or perfluorinated alkyl and Aryl residues.
• the order of treatment of the supported composition according to the invention is not limited.
• the preparation can be carried out by applying titanium oxide to silicon oxide with subsequent application of gold and / or silver and treating the surface, or titanium and gold and / or silver centers can be applied simultaneously to silicon-containing supports and the surface can be treated, or titanium,
• Gold and silicon components are reacted simultaneously in a co-polycondensation and the surface treated, or titanium and silicon components are reacted simultaneously in a co-polycondensation, coated with gold and the surface treated, or titanium freezes are chemically bonded to silicon dioxide, the surface is treated and subsequently coated with gold and / or silver.
• the titanium oxide can be generated in situ on silicon-containing carrier materials from titanium precursor compounds, e.g. by impregnation from the protruding solution (impregnation) and / or with an amount of solvent corresponding to the absorption capacity of the carrier (incipient wettness), precipitation (deposition precipitation), vapor deposition, and by means of the sol-gel technique, but just as well also with colloid methods, Sputtering or vapor deposition can be applied. Titanium precursor compounds which can react with the surface silanol groups are advantageously used in the impregnations.
• Titanium oxide is also generated in situ by grafting with titaniumocene chloride on a silicon-containing carrier, possibly in the presence of a base.
• the ( ⁇ 5 -C 5 H 2 ) 2 TiCl 2 reacts with terminal surface silanol groups.
• the titanium-containing carrier materials are coated with gold and / or silver.
• Suitable titanium precursor compounds as catalytic titanium species are known from the prior art, such as soluble titanium salts (e.g. titanium halides, nitrates,
• Titanium derivatives such as tefralkyl titanates, with alkyl groups of -C 6 such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl etc., or other organic titanium species such as titanium acetylacetonate, dicyclopentadienyl titanium dichloride are preferably used.
• Tetra-n-butyl orthotitanate, titanium acetylacetonate, titanocene dichloride and titanium tetrachloride are preferred titanium precursors.
• the generation of -Si-O-Ti groups is also advantageously achieved by simultaneous polymerization of suitable Si and Ti precursors, e.g. Co-polycondensation to amorphous xerogels or aerogels, or after hydrothermal synthesis, to crystalline mixed oxide zeolites, silicalites or the like.
• suitable Si and Ti precursors e.g. Co-polycondensation to amorphous xerogels or aerogels, or after hydrothermal synthesis, to crystalline mixed oxide zeolites, silicalites or the like.
• the sol-gel process is based on the polycondensation of hydrolyzed, colloidally dissolved metal component mixtures (sol) with the formation of an amorphous, three-dimensional network (gel).
• sol-gel process is based on the polycondensation of hydrolyzed, colloidally dissolved metal component mixtures (sol) with the formation of an amorphous, three-dimensional network (gel).
• Suitable precursor compounds of the corresponding carrier materials are, for example, alkoxides of silicon and / or titanium.
• Species ratios are, for example, 0.5-32, preferably 0.5-3.
• Suitable catalyst support materials such as pyrogenic silica aerosils and / or cabosils, can also be suspended or dispersed in the colloidal silica sols.
• Additional condensable, multifunctional molecules such as, for example, monomeric or polymeric glycols, metal chlorides or similar compounds, can also be used for targeted purposes Similar to the hydrolyzed alkoxymetalates, these polymers can be incorporated homogeneously into the gel network.
• hydrophobic organic solvents for example monofunctional aliphatic alcohols with more than eight carbon atoms, causes emulsion formation (dispersed sol phase and homogeneous emulsion liquid) and thus the possibility to further tailor the material.
• Gels are known from almost all metal, semimetal or non-metal oxides and many of them are suitable for the production of xerogels and aerogels.
• the sol-gel process offers the possibility of displaying e.g. extremely homogeneous
• SiO x -TiO y mixed oxides At high titanium contents (> 15% by weight), the preferred Ti-O-Ti homocondensation leads to domain formation in which the octahedral Ti coordination known from pure TiO predominates.
• the octahedral Ti coordination known from pure TiO predominates.
• dilute “TiO y in SiO x ” systems ⁇ 7% by weight of Ti
• there is a homogeneous, ie domain-free Ti distribution the four-fold coordination preferred by silicon also being adopted by titanium. These centers are presumably the catalytic ones mentioned active centers (site-isolated centers).
• the sol-gel process provides the micro- or macroporous supported ones according to the invention
• the desired surface polarity can not only be set by contacting the supported compositions with organic silylation reagents, but also advantageously by hydrolysis of, for example, alkyl (aryl) silanes and / or fluorine-containing alkyl (aryl) silanes of the RSi (OR) 3 type or that of Type RTi (OR ') 3 to alkyl (aryl) modified silica gels or titanium-containing silica gels.
• the hydrophobicity or lipophilicity in the pores and on the surface of the silica gel particles can be adjusted by choosing the alkyl, alkylene or aryl radical R on the silicon.
• Silica gels of this type serve as a suitable matrix for
• Suitable Si, Ti and promoter species are in principle all corresponding compounds known to the person skilled in the art which act as precursors for the corresponding oxides or hydroxides can serve.
• the polycondensation can take place in aqueous systems or in organic systems.
• tefra alkyl orthosilicates such as teframethyl orthosilicate and tefra ethyl orthosilicate are preferably used as suitable silicon species.
• portions of tefraalkyl orthosilicates are advantageously partially or wholly by trialkoxysilicon species, such as Trialkoxymethylsilane, and / or trialkoxyphenyl-silane, and / or trialkoxychlorosilane substituted.
• trialkoxysilicon species such as Trialkoxymethylsilane, and / or trialkoxyphenyl-silane, and / or trialkoxychlorosilane substituted.
• polymeric systems such as e.g. Poly (diethoxysiloxane), poly (diethoxysiloxane-s-butyl-aluminate) etc. are used.
• titanium salts for example titanium halides, nitrates, sulfates, ammonium hexafluorotitanate
• titanium salts are preferably used as suitable titanium species.
• Titanium derivatives such as tefralkyl titanates, with alkyl groups of -C 6 such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, or other organic titanium species such as titanium acetylacetonate, dicyclopentadienyl titanium dichloride are also preferably used.
• Tefra-n-butyl orthotitanate is another preferred titanium component. If small amounts of tefraalkyl orthotitanate are substituted by trialkoxy titanium species, eg trialkoxy phenyl titanium, the surface polarity can also be adjusted.
• polymeric systems such as e.g. Poly (diethoxysiloxane ethyl titanate), poly (octylene glycol titanate), etc. can be used.
• Source of promoter oxides especially tantalum oxide, antimony oxide, iron oxide and aluminum oxide are suitable. Although all salts such as halides, nitrates and hydroxides can be used, the alkoxides such as ethoxide, propoxide, etc. of these metals are preferred. Co-precipitates or co-gels of Si, Ti and promoter, Si and Ti, Si and promoter, Ti and promoter, or Si and promoter can also be used as starting reagents.
• Products from processes based on water glass e.g. an aqueous sodium silicate solution is hydrolyzed in acid after ion exchange
• processes in which silica is converted into an organic solvent and then condensed in this medium with either acid, neutral or basic catalysis are particularly suitable for large-scale technical applications.
• Said products are further preferred starting materials for the purposes of the invention.
• Alkanes and alkenes have a catalytic activity and catalyst life that are several orders of magnitude higher.
• hydrocarbon means unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbons such as olefins or alkanes, which can also contain heteroatoms such as N, O, P, S or halogens.
• the organic component to be oxidized can be acyclic, monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic and can be monoolefinic, diolefinic or polyolefinic. In the case of organic components with two or more double bonds, the double bonds can be conjugated and non-conjugated.
• Hydrocarbons are preferably oxidized, from which such oxidation products are formed, their partial pressure is low enough to constantly remove the product from the catalyst.
• the supported compositions can be used in any physical form for oxidation reactions, e.g. ground powders, spherical particles, pellets, extrudates, granules, etc.
• a preferred use is the gas phase reaction of oxygen with hydrogen in the presence of the supported compositions according to the invention.
• epoxides are selectively obtained from olefins, ketones from saturated secondary hydrocarbons and alcohols from saturated tertiary hydrocarbons.
• the catalyst service lives are many months and longer.
• the relative molar ratio of hydrocarbon, oxygen, hydrogen and optionally a diluent gas can be varied over a wide range.
• the molar amount of the hydrocarbon used in relation to the total number of moles of hydrocarbon, oxygen, hydrogen and diluent gas can be varied within a wide range.
• the hydrocarbon content is typically greater than 1 mol% and less than 60 mol
• Hydrocarbon contents in the range of 5-35 mol% are preferably used, particularly preferably 10-30 mol%. With increasing hydrocarbon contents, productivity is increased and hydrogen combustion is reduced.
• the oxygen can be used in a wide variety of forms, for example molecular oxygen, air and nitrogen oxide. Molecular oxygen is preferred.
• the molar proportion of oxygen - in relation to the total number of moles of hydrocarbon, oxygen, hydrogen and diluent gas - can be varied within a wide range.
• the oxygen is preferably used in a molar deficit to the hydrocarbon.
• Oxygen is preferably used in the range of 1-6 mol%, particularly preferably 6-15 mol%. Productivity increases with increasing oxygen levels. An oxygen content of less than 20 mol% should be selected for safety reasons.
• the supported compositions according to the invention show only very little activity and selectivity. Up to 180 ° C the productivity is extremely low in the absence of hydrogen, at temperatures above 200 ° C large quantities of carbon dioxide are formed in addition to partial oxidation products.
• Any known source of hydrogen can be used, e.g. molecular hydrogen from dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons and alcohols.
• the hydrogen can also be generated in situ in an upstream reactor, e.g. by dehydrogenation of propane or isobutane or alcohols such as e.g. Isobutanol.
• the hydrogen can also be used as a complex-bound species, e.g. Catalyst-hydrogen complex to be introduced into the reaction system.
• the molar proportion of hydrogen - in relation to the total number of moles of hydrocarbon, oxygen, hydrogen and diluent gas - can be varied within a wide range.
• Typical hydrogen contents are greater than 0.1 mol%, preferably 5-80 mol%, particularly preferably 10-65 mol%.
• Productivity increases with increasing hydrogen levels.
• a diluent gas such as nitrogen, helium, argon, methane, carbon dioxide or similar, inert gases
• inert gases can optionally also be used for the essential starting gases described above. Mixtures of the inert components described can also be used.
• the inert component additive is used to transport the heat released by this exothermic oxidation reaction and cheap from a safety point of view.
• gaseous dilution components such as nitrogen, helium, argon, methane and possibly water vapor and carbon dioxide are preferably used. Water vapor and carbon dioxide are not completely inert, but have a positive effect at very low concentrations ( ⁇ 2% by volume).
• an oxidation-stable and thermally stable inert liquid is expediently chosen (for example alcohols, polyalcohols, polyethers, halogenated hydrocarbons).
• the supported compositions according to the invention are also suitable in the liquid phase for the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Both in the presence of organic hydroperoxides (R-OOH), olefins in the liquid phase are converted to epoxides in a highly selective manner on the catalysts described, and in the presence of oxygen and hydrogen, olefins in the liquid phase are reacted in a highly selective manner on the catalysts described to form epoxides.
• organic hydroperoxides R-OOH
• Mixed oxides can be used.
• the activity of the gold-titanium dioxide-silicon dioxide catalysts and the catalyst service life can be further increased by incorporating small amounts of promoters, for example foreign metals, especially by incorporating tantalum and / or iron and / or antimony and / or aluminum.
• the treatment of the surface according to the invention ultimately leads to the realization of technically interesting catalyst service lives of many months.
• This mixed In terms of process technology, oxides can be produced easily and inexpensively on an industrial scale.
• test instructions Instructions for testing the catalysts (test instructions)
• a metal tube reactor with an inner diameter of 10 mm and a length of 20 cm was used, which was tempered by means of an oil thermostat.
• the reactor was supplied with a set of four mass flow controllers (hydrocarbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen) with feed gases.
• mass flow controllers hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
• 0.5 g of powdered catalyst were placed at 150 ° C and 3 bar pressure. The reactant gases were metered into the reactor from above.
• the standard catalyst load was
• FID HP-Innowax
• TCD HP-Plot Q connected in series, 0.32 mm inner diameter, 30 m long, 20 ⁇ m layer thickness
• HP-Plot Molsieve 5 A 0.32 mm inner diameter, 30 m long, 12 ⁇ m layer thickness.
• This example describes the preparation of an amorphous catalyst support, consisting of the oxides of silicon and titanium, which is coated with gold particles and subsequently surface-modified.
• This example describes the preparation of an amorphous catalyst support, consisting of the oxides of silicon, titanium and tantalum, which has been surface-modified and subsequently coated with gold.
• the catalyst preparation is carried out analogously to Example 1, but 60 min after the addition of tefrabutoxytitanium, 765 mg (1.86 mmol) Ta (OEt) (Chempur) was added to the homogeneous batch, stirred for 15 min and gelled, worked up and modified analogously to Example 1 .
• This example describes the preparation of an amorphous catalyst support, consisting of the oxides of silicon, titanium and tantalum, which has been surface-modified and subsequently coated with gold.
• the catalyst preparation is carried out analogously to Example 2, but the gold-coated catalyst support is treated with steam for 3 h at 300 ° C. before the silylation, then dried at 300 ° C. for 2 h and then silylated analogously to Example 1.
• This example describes the preparation of a hydrophobic, amorphous catalyst support, consisting of the oxides of silicon and titanium, which is coated with gold particles and subsequently surface-modified.
• the catalyst preparation was carried out analogously to Example 1, but 5 mol% TEOS were removed by triethoxy methylsilane (company Merck) replaced.
• the standard calcination temperature was 230 ° C.
• This example describes the preparation of a catalyst carrier, consisting of the oxides of silicon and titanium, which has been surface-modified and subsequently coated with gold.
• the Si and Ti-containing catalyst support is obtained by impregnating silica with titanocene dichloride.
• Aerosil 380 (Degussa) are suspended in 150 ml of saturated ammonium chloride solution, stirred for 3 hours at 50 ° C., filtered off, washed 3 times with 50 ml of water, for 3 hours
• This example describes the preparation of a catalyst carrier, consisting of the oxides of silicon and titanium, which has been surface-modified and subsequently coated with gold.
• the Si and Ti-containing catalyst support was obtained by impregnating silica with tefraisopropoxytitanium.
• Aerosil 380 were treated as in Example 5 with ammonium chloride solution.
• 50 g of Aerosil 380 (from Degussa, pyrogenic silicon dioxide, 380 m 2 / g), 2.2 g of tefraisopropoxytitanium (7.7 mmol) (from Merck), 1.6 g of acetylacetonate and 200 ml of frozen isopropanol were introduced with stirring, 30 min homogenized, the
• This example describes the preparation of a catalyst carrier, consisting of the oxides of silicon and titanium, which was coated with gold particles.
• the Si and Ti-containing catalyst support was obtained by impregnating silica with titanylacetylacetonate.
• Aerosil 200 pyrogenic silicon dioxide, Degussa, 200 m 2 / g
• tefrachloroauric acid 0.16 g was dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water, adjusted to pH 8.8 with a 2N sodium hydroxide solution, heated to 70 ° C., mixed with 10 g of the above titanium-containing silica and stirred for 1 hour. Gold was immobilized in the form of the hydroxide on the titanium-containing silica surface. The solid was filtered off, washed with 30 ml of distilled water, dried at 120 ° C. for 10 hours and calcined in air at 400 ° C. for 3 hours. According to ICP analysis, the catalyst had 0.45% by weight of gold.
• This example describes the preparation of an amorphous catalyst support, consisting of the oxides of silicon and titanium, which has been surface-modified and subsequently coated with gold.
• the catalyst support containing Si and Ti is obtained by acid-catalyzed copolycondensation.
• methanolic tefrachloroauric acid solution (0.70 g Au / 1) were introduced, 3 g of titanium-containing catalyst support were added, the mixture was adjusted to pH 8 with 1.0 ml of K 2 CO 3 (2n), stirred for 30 minutes, and 2 ml of monosodium citrate solution were added, which pH again adjusted to pH 8 with 2N K 2 CO 3 , stirred for 120 min, the solid separated, washed 3 times with 20 ml of methanol each time, dried at 150 ° C. for 2 h and calcined at 300 ° C. for 3 h.
• the catalyst contained 0.6% by weight of gold (ICP).
• This example describes the preparation of a crystalline titanium silicalite catalyst support, consisting of the oxides of silicon and titanium, which has been surface-modified and subsequently coated with gold.
• a crystalline titanium silicalite catalyst support consisting of the oxides of silicon and titanium, which has been surface-modified and subsequently coated with gold.
• Catalyst support was obtained by hydrothermal synthesis.
• Hydrothermal synthesis transferred to the Teflon-lined autoclave for 24 h at 170 ° C.
• the mixture was washed 3 times with 30 ml of isopropanol, dried at 110 ° C. and slowly (10 ° C./min) heated to 560 ° C. in a nitrogen stream, kept at 560 ° C. for 1 h under N, then at 560 ° C. for 10 h calcined in air.
• Trans-2-butene was chosen as the unsaturated hydrocarbon instead of propene.
• An amorphous catalyst consisting of the oxides of silicon, titanium, tantalum and metallic gold was used for the partial oxidation of trans-2-butene.
• the catalyst preparation was carried out analogously to Example 2.
• Cyclohexene was chosen as the unsaturated hydrocarbon instead of propene.
• An amorphous catalyst consisting of the oxides of silicon, titanium, tantalum and metallic gold was used for the partial oxidation of cyclohexene.
• the catalyst preparation was carried out analogously to Example 2.
• 1,3-butadiene was chosen as the unsaturated hydrocarbon instead of propene.
• An amorphous catalyst consisting of the oxides of silicon, titanium, tantalum and metallic gold was used for the partial oxidation of 1,3-butadiene.
• the catalyst preparation was carried out analogously to Example 2. In a test according to the test specification, butadiene conversions of 0.7% were achieved with butene oxide selectivities of 85% over 100 h.
• This example describes the preparation of an amorphous catalyst support, consisting of the oxides of silicon, titanium and tantalum, which is coated with silver particles and subsequently surface-modified.
• the catalyst support is produced analogously to Example 2. Instead of gold, the catalyst support is coated with silver particles.
• DRIFTS Passuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
• Mestl, G., Knözinger, H. Information on the principle of the method and some application examples from the field of heterogeneous catalysis can be found, for example, in the article by Mestl, G., Knözinger, H., in the Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Vol. 2, pp. 539 ff. ⁇ CH, Weinheim 1997 ), and the literature cited therein.
• Example 1 shows the DRIFT spectra of two silylated and non-silylated materials which were produced in accordance with Example 1.
• the silylation carried out with hexamethyldisilazane leads to almost complete conversion of the terminal SiOH groups which are present on the surface of the unsilylated material and whose spectrum can be identified by means of the sharp band at 3740 cm "1.
• the clearly visible bands around 3000 cm “ 1 in the spectrum of the silylated material the hydrocarbon occupancy (CH 3 groups) from the silylating agent can be assigned.
• the unsilylated material also contains hydrocarbon residues, which may originate from the sol-gel process used for carrier production (the treatment of the material at a temperature of 200 ° C apparently did not completely decompose these hydrocarbon residues thermally).

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