CN102041001B - 有机金属化合物和发射转换有机电致磷光 - Google Patents
有机金属化合物和发射转换有机电致磷光 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102041001B CN102041001B CN201010568287.XA CN201010568287A CN102041001B CN 102041001 B CN102041001 B CN 102041001B CN 201010568287 A CN201010568287 A CN 201010568287A CN 102041001 B CN102041001 B CN 102041001B
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Abstract
本发明描述了发射磷光有机金属化合物,所述化合物可产生改进的电致发光,特别是在可见光谱的蓝色区域。本发明还描述了使用该发射磷光有机金属化合物的有机发光器件。本发明还描述了有机发光层,该有机发光层包括具有衰变率低于约1/秒的最低三线激发态的主体材料和分散在主体材料中的客体材料,所述客体材料具有辐射衰变率高于约1×105/秒或1×106/秒的最低三线激发态,其中主体材料的最低三线激发态的能级低于有机金属化合物的最低三线激发态的能级。
Description
本申请是申请日为2001年8月10日、申请号为200710002115.4、发明名称为“有机金属化合物和发射转换有机电致磷光”的中国专利申请的分案申请,而该在先中国专利申请又是申请日为2001年8月10日、申请号为01815435.2、发明名称为“有机金属化合物和发射转换有机电致磷光”的申请的分案申请。
本发明的领域
本发明涉及具有改进的电致发光特性的磷光型有机发光器件。本发明的背景
有机发光二极管(OLED)的技术正在经历快速的发展。OLED最初利用由电受激分子产生的电致发光(electroluminescence),所述分子由它们的单线态发光。这种来自单线激发态的辐射发光被称之为荧光。最近的工作已经证明,更高功率系数的OLED能够使用由它们的三线态发光(被称为磷光)的分子制备。
这些电致磷光(electrophosphorescence)使得磷光OLED有可能比仅产生荧光的OLED具有明显更高的量子效率。这是以下面的认识为基础的:根据简单的统计论据以及实验测定,在OLED中形成的激子(exciton)的大约75%作为三线态激子和25%作为单线态激子产生。三线态激子更容易将它们的能量转移到能够产生磷光的三线激发态,而单线态激子一般将它们的能量转移到能够产生荧光的单线激发态。因为有机分子的最低发射单线激发态通常比最低三线激发态处于稍高的能量下,所以三线激发态可以通过系间穿越方法松弛(relax)到发射三线激发态。这意味着,所有激子激发能可以转变为三线态激发能,然后作为磷光发射利用。因此,电致磷光OLED具有100%的理论量子效率,因为所有激子激发能能够作为电致磷光利用。
结果,自从发现磷光材料能够在OLED中使用以来(Baldo等人,“Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from OrganicElectroluminescent Devices”,Nature,Vol.395,151-154,1998),目前对寻找更有效的电致磷光材料具有浓厚兴趣。
通常,有机分子的磷光发射比荧光发射少见。然而,能够在一组适当的条件下由有机分子观测到磷光。配位于镧系元素的有机分子常常由定域在镧系金属上的激发态发出磷光。铕二丙酮根配合物例证了这些类型的物质中的一组。有机磷光还常常在非常低的温度下在含有带有非共享电子对的杂原子的分子中发现。二苯甲酮和2,2’-联吡啶属于这类分子。通过将有机分子非常接近地限制(优选通过键接)于高原子序数的原子,能够使磷光超过荧光。称之为重原子效应的该现象通过已知为自旋轨道偶合的机理产生。相关的磷光跃迁是在诸如三(2-苯基吡啶)合铱(III)之类的分子中发现的金属与配体电荷转移(MLCT)。
然而,由MLCT态发出磷光的分子发出的光的能量通常低于由未结合有机配体观测到的能量。该发射能的降低使得很难开发在其中通常发生无扰磷光的可见光谱的技术有用的蓝色和绿色中发出磷光的有机分子。
希望能够发现更有效的电致磷光材料,尤其在光谱的蓝色区域中产生其发射的材料。
高效蓝色、绿色和红色电致磷光的实现是具有低功率损耗的便携式全色显示器和白色照明应用的必要条件。最近,已经证实高效绿色和红色有机电致磷光器件同时获得了单线态和三线态激子,导致了接近100%的内量子效率(ηint)。参阅Baldo,M.A.,O’Brien,D.F.,You,Y.,Shoustikov,A.,Sibley,S.,Thompson,M.E.,和Forrest,S.R.,Nature(London),395,151-154(1998);Baldo,M.A.,Lamansky,S.,Burrows,P.E.,Thompson,M.E.和Forrest,S.R.,Appl.Phys.Lett.,75,4-6(1999);Adachi,C.,Baldo,M.A.和Forrest,S.R.,App.Phys.Lett.,77,904-906(2000);Adachi,C.,Lamansky,S.,Baldo,M.A.,Kwong,R.C.,Thompson,M.E.和Forrest,S.R.,App.,Phys.Lett,78,1622-1624(2001);以及Adachi,C.,Baldo,M.A.,Thompson,M.E.,和Forrest,S.R.,Bull.Am.Phys.Soc.,46,863(2001)。在使用绿色磷光体,fac三(2-苯基吡啶)合铱(Ir(ppy)3)的情况下,尤其,用宽能隙主体材料3-苯基-4-(1’-萘基)-5-苯基-1,2,4-三唑(TAZ)实现了对应于>85%的内量子效率的(17.6±0.5)%的外量子效率(ηext)。参阅Adachi,C.;Baldo,M.A.;Thompson,M.E.和Forrest,S.R.;Bull.Am.Phys.Soc.;46,863(2001)。最近,高效(ηext=(7.0±0.5)%)红电致磷光用双(2-(2’-苯并[4,5-a]噻吩基)吡啶根-N,C3)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铱[Btp2Ir(acac)]得到证明。参阅Adachi,C.,Lamansky,S.,Baldo,M.A.,Kwong,R.C.,Thompson,M.E.和Forrest,S.R.,App.Phys.Lett.,78,1622-1624(2001)。
在这些后来情况的每一种中,通过由主体单线态和三线态二者至磷光体三线态的能量传递,或通过磷光体上电荷的直接捕获,从而获得了高达100%的激发态,而获得了高效率。这是与在小分子或聚合物有机发光器件(OLED)中使用荧光所能预期的情况相比的显著改进。参阅Baldo,M.A.,O’Brien,D.F.,Thompson,M.E.,和Forrest,S.R.,Phys.Rev.,B60,14422-14428(1999);Friend,R.H.,Gymer,R.W.,Holmes,A.B.,Burroughes,J.H.,Marks,R.N.,Taliani,C.,Bradley,D.D.C.,DosSantos,D.A.,Bredas,J.L.,Logdlund,M.,Salaneck,W.R.,Nature(London),397,121-128(1999);以及Cao,Y,Parker,I.D.,Yu,G.,Zhang,C.,和Heeger,A.J.,Nature(London),397,414-417(1999)。在两种情况下,这些转移伴有共振放热过程。当磷光体的三线态能量增加时,不容易找到具有适当高能量三线态的主体。参阅Baldo,M.A.和Forrest,S.R.,Phys,Rev.B62,10958-10966(2000)。主体所需的非常大的激子能量也表明,该材料层可能没有与在OLED结构中使用的其它材料近似的能级线,因此导致了效率的进一步下降。为了消除主体的导电和能量转移性能之间的该竞争,通向有效蓝色电致磷光的途径可以涉及由主体的接近共振激发态到磷光体的更高三线态能量的吸热能量转移。参阅Baldo,M.A.和Forrest,S.R.,Phys.Rev.B62,10958-10966(2000);Ford,W.E.,Rodgers,M.A.J.,J.Phys.Chem.,96,2917-2920(1992);和Harriman,A.;Hissler,M.;Khatyr,A.;Ziessel,R.;Chem.Commun.,735-736(1999)。只要在转移中所需的能量不显著大于热能,该方法能够是非常有效的。
有机发光器件(OLED)(利用当通过电流激发时发光的薄膜材料)预期会成为平板显示器技术的日益普遍形式。这是因为OLED具有各种各样的潜在应用,包括蜂窝式电话、个人数字助手(PDA)、计算机显示器、车辆中的信息显示器、电视监视器以及普通照明用光源。由于它们明亮的颜色,宽视角,与全转换视频的相容性,宽温度范围,薄而一致的形状系数,低电源要求和低成本生产方法的潜力,OLED被看作是阴极射线管(CRT)和液晶显示器(LCD)的未来替代技术,而后二者目前控制着逐年增长的400亿美元的电子显示器市场。由于它们的高光视效率,电致磷光OLED被认为具有替代用于某些类型应用的白炽灯,甚至可能荧光灯的潜力。
OLED的发光一般经由荧光或磷光来实现。这里使用的术语“磷光”是指来源于有机分子的三线激发态的发光和术语荧光是指来源于有机分子的单线激发态的发光。
磷光的成功利用为有机电致发光器件带来了巨大的前景。例如,磷光的优点是,作为单线或三线激发态形成的所有激子(通过空穴和电子在EL中的重组来形成)可以参与发光。这是因为,有机分子的最低单线激发态一般比最低三线激发态处于稍微更高的能量下。这意味着,对于典型磷光有机金属化合物,最低的单线激发态可以快速衰变到最低的三线激发态,由此产生了磷光。相反,荧光器件中的仅小部分(大约25%)的激子能够产生由单线激发态获得的荧光发光。在有机分子的最低三线激发态中产生的荧光器件中的剩余激子一般不能转换为由此产生荧光的能量不利的较高单线激发态。该能量因此丧失到无辐射衰变过程中,从而加热了该器件。
本发明的概述
本发明涉及产生改进的电致发光的发射磷光有机金属化合物,使用这些发射磷光有机金属化合物的有机发光器件,以及制造这些有机发光器件的方法。
本发明的特定实施方案涉及使用在可见光谱的蓝光区域中产生改进电致磷光的发射磷光有机金属化合物的OLED。
本发明另外涉及选择例如在可见光谱的蓝光区域中具有改进的电致发光性能的有机金属化合物的方法。
本发明还涉及包括主体材料和分散在该主体材料中的客体材料的有机发光层,该客体材料具有辐射衰变率大于约1×105/秒或约1×106/秒的最低三线激发态和其中主体材料的最低三线激发态的能级低于客体材料的最低三线激发态的能级。主体三线态的辐射和非辐射衰变率的总和优选不高于约5×103/秒,和更优选不高于约1×103/秒。
本发明还涉及有机发光层,包括具有衰变率低于约1/秒的最低三线激发态的主体材料;分散在该主体材料中的客体材料,该客体材料具有高于约1×105或约1×106/秒的辐射衰变率的最低三线激发态和其中主体材料的最低三线激发态的能级低于客体材料的最低三线激发态的能级。
本发明附图简述
为了进一步说明本发明,在附图中示出了代表性实施方案,但应该理解的是,本发明不限于所示的精确设置和手段。
图1a显示了三种不同铱型磷光体的稀(10M-5)氯仿溶液的光致发光(PL)光谱:双(4,6-二氟苯基)-吡啶根-N,C2’)(吡啶甲酸根)合铱(FIrpic)(曲线a);双(4,6-二氟苯基)-吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铱[FIr(acac)](曲线b);和双(2-苯基吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铱[ppy2Ir(acac)](曲线c);以及这些铱配合物的分子结构:(FIrpic)(结构a);[FIr(acac)](结构b);和[ppy2Ir(acac)](结构c)。
图1b显示了以下OLED结构的电致发光光谱:ITO/CuPc(10nm)/α-NPD(30nm)/掺杂6%FIrpic的CBP主体(30nm)/BAlq(30nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al(100nm)。
图2显示了以下OLED结构的随电流密度变化的外电致发光量子效率(ηext:实心正方形)和功率系数(ηp:空心环):ITO/CuPc(10nm)/α-NPD(30nm)/掺杂6%FIrpic的CBP主体(30nm)/BAlq(30nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al(100nm)。图2的插图显示了CBP主体和FIrpic客体的三线态能级的能级图。
图3显示了6%-FIrpic:CBP薄膜(100nm厚)在Si基片上在氮脉冲激发下(~500ps)在T=100K下的瞬时衰变的拖尾图象。还示出了在10K下获得的CBP磷光光谱。
图4显示了100nm厚6%-FIrpic:CBP薄膜在Si基片上在氮脉冲激发(~500ps)下、在T=50K、100K、200K和300K下的瞬时光致发光衰变特性。图4的插图显示了掺杂到CBP中的FIrpic的光致发光(PL)效率(ηPL)的温度依赖性。
图5a、5b和5c显示了本发明的至少一种单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的一般代表性实例。
图5d显示了本发明的具有特定取代基的该至少一种单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的三种特定实例。
图6a和6b显示了本发明的该至少一种非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的一般代表性实例。
图6c显示了本发明的具有特定取代基的该至少一种非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的特定实例。
图7a-7r显示了本发明的磷光有机金属化合物的代表实例以及它们的发射光谱。
图8a-8d显示了来自图7a-7r的磷光有机金属化合物的化学结构以及包括这些化合物的一些配体。
图9a-9g显示了这里所述的代表性有机金属化合物的化学结构。
图10显示了Pt(ppy)2和Pt(ppy)2Br2二者的发射光谱。前者具有绿色发光,部分来源于MLCT跃迁,以及后者具有蓝色发光,主要来源于三线态π-π*跃迁。Pt(ppy)2Br2光谱所发现的结构与配体中心发射一致。两种配体的发光寿命是4微秒和150微秒。
图11是显示(ppy)AuCl2和(ppy)Au(2,2’-亚联苯基)的发射光谱的曲线图。二者由配体三线态π-π*跃迁发出。
图12是提供(C-N)Pt(acac)配合物的坐标图的CIE图表,除了4,5-F2ppy-EL(它对应于电致发光光谱)以外,所有坐标以溶液光致发光测量为基础。Ir(ppy)3也是电致发光光谱。
图13是描绘(4,6-F2ppy)Pt(acac)在室温(RT)和77K下的光致发光发射光谱的曲线图。还示出了对于同一配合物在77K下获得的激发光谱和在室温下获得的吸收光谱。
图14举例说明了(ppy)Pt(acac)、(4,5-dfppy)Pt(acac)和(4,5-dfppy)Pt(pico)的标称光致发光发射光谱。
图15举例说明了typPy(acac),bzqPt(acac)和btpPt(acac)的标称光致发光发射光谱。
图16举例说明了用(2-(4,5-二氟苯基)吡啶根)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂制备的OLED的标称电致发光发射光谱。OLED具有ITO/PVK-PBD-掺杂剂/Alq3/Mg-Ag层结构。PVK层通过旋转涂敷作为单一均匀层沉积。PVK=聚乙烯基咔唑和PBD=(4-联苯基)(4-叔丁基)恶二唑。Alq3和Mg-Ag层通过热蒸发沉积。OLED具有1.3%的外效率和5伏特的阈值电压。示出了EL输出的光谱以及PL信号。
图17显示了供本发明研究用的一些材料的分子结构和在本发明的客体-主体系统中的三线态动力学的示意图。
图18显示了用于观测有机主体材料中的三线态扩散的瞬变响应的电致发光器件的结构。
图19显示了TPD、BCP、CBP和Ir(ppy)3与根据本发明的PtOEP的磷光光谱。
图20显示了根据本发明的四种磷光客体-主体系统的瞬变响应。
图21显示了8%的Ir(ppy)3在TPD中的电致发光响应。
图22显示了对于和的扩散距离的在650nm记录的PtOEP在Alq3中的标称磷光瞬变过程。
图23显示了对于和的扩散距离的在磷光区域中输入的激子电流。
本发明详细描述
现在将详细描述本发明的特定优选实施方案。这些实施方案仅用作示范实例,以及本发明不限于这些。
本发明的磷光有机金属化合物包括:(a)重过渡金属如Ir,但不限于Ir,它在室温下由MLCT和π-π*配体态的混合物产生了有效的磷光发射;(b)其中该金属键接于用给电子和/或吸电子取代基取代的至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体,与未取代的配体相比,所述配体使发射向可见光谱的蓝色、绿色或红色区域偏移(shift);和(c)其中该金属键接于至少一个非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体,它可以是取代或未取代的,引起发光具有清晰的振动结构。
碳配位配体是由碳-金属键键接于金属原子的配体。鉴于本领域技术人员作为有机金属化合物的严格定义所认为的那样,如由Gary L.Miessler和Donald A.Tarr在Inorganic Chemistry,2nd edition,PrenticeHall,1999中所述,本发明的化合物这里被称之为有机金属化合物,因为这些化合物包括金属-碳键。
本发明的磷光有机金属化合物具有至少一个碳配位配体,其中该至少一个碳配位配体是单阴离子配体。即,金属原子键接于该至少一个碳配位配体的仅一个碳原子。此外,本发明的该至少一个单阴离子碳配位配体是双齿配体。双齿配体具有连接于中心原子(在这种情况下,为金属原子)的两个位点。因此,本发明的磷光有机金属化合物具有至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体。
本发明的该至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体被给电子和/或吸电子取代基取代,相对于非取代配体,所述配体使发射向可见光谱的蓝色、绿色或红色区域偏移。在特定配体上使用的特定取代基将取决于发光的所需偏移。在图5a、5b和5c中列举了本发明的该至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的一般代表实例。另外,在图5d中列举了具有特定取代基的本发明的该至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的两个特殊实例。如能够在图5a、5b和5c中看到的那样,本发明的该至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体能够形成包括有机金属碳-金属键及在金属原子和氮、硫或氧基团之间的配价键的环金属化环。键接于金属的碳原子可以作为取代或非取代饱和烃;取代或非取代芳族体系,例如亚苯基或萘化合物;或取代或非取代杂环体系(它例如可以包括取代或非取代噻吩,呋喃、吡啶和吡咯)的一部分存在。还可以独立选择与金属原子形成配价键的环金属化环中的基团,使其包括取代或非取代饱和烃;取代或非取代芳族体系,例如亚苯基或萘化合物;或取代或非取代杂环体系,它例如可以包括噻吩,呋喃,吡啶和吡咯。然而,上述这些基团之一必须是取代的,因为本发明的该至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体被使发光偏移(相对于非取代配体)的给电子和/或吸电子取代基取代。
本发明的优选金属是能够提供金属原子与该至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的强自旋轨道偶合的金属。这种金属尤其包括具有至少72的原子序数的重金属,如Os,Ir,Pt和Au,其中Ir和Pt是特别优选的金属。
除了键接于至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体之外,本发明的有机金属化合物的金属原子还键接于至少一个非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体。本发明的该至少一个非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体既不是单阴离子,也不是双齿,也不是碳配位配体,或它们的一些组合。该至少一个非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体使发光具有清晰的振动结构,以及在图6a和6b中列举了它们的一般代表实例。另外,在图6c中列举了具有特定取代基的本发明的该至少一个非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的特定实例。
在本发明的有机金属化合物的一个实施方案中,有机金属化合物尤其包括键接于单一碳配位配体的金属原子,其中碳配位配体是单阴离子碳配位配体。尤其,该金属原子键接于碳配位配体的仅一个碳原子。因此,尽管在本发明的OLED中使用的有机金属化合物包括一个以上配体,但在本发明的该实施方案中,仅一个配体是碳配位配体。因此,在本发明的该实施方案中,有机金属化合物包括仅一个碳-金属键。
在本发明的该同一实施方案中,碳-配位配体优先选自表现强烈电荷转移吸收特性,例如至少1,000L/mol-cm,优选至少约2,000-4,000L/mol-cm的摩尔吸收率的那些配体。这些吸收带涉及电子从性质主要属于配体的分子轨道转移到性质主要属于金属的轨道的转移,或者,从性质主要属于金属的轨道转移到性质主要为配体的分子轨道的转移。Miessler和Tarr。这种激发机理导致了可以分别被命名为配体-金属电荷转移(LMCT)或金属-配体电荷转移(MLCT)的电荷转移跃迁。前者可以金属原子的部分还原为特征和后者以金属原子的部分氧化为特征。
选择碳配位配体以获得有机金属化合物的高摩尔吸收率导致了当在OLED中使用时能够提供高效电致发光的有机金属化合物。然而,这种有机金属化合物不是作为OLED中的强吸收物质起作用,而是具有当在整个OLED中施加电压时产生的高发射激发态。这些配体的高摩尔吸收率可以用于选择在OLED中产生高度有效电致发光的配体。可以选择这些配体,使之具有在吸收光时变成受主轨道的在配体上的空π-对称轨道。
在本发明的该同一实施方案中,优先选择配体,尤其为了获得强金属-配体电荷转移(MLCT)吸收带。选择这些配体,使之具有在吸收光时变成受主轨道的在配体上的空反键π*轨道。作为本发明的代表实施方案,碳配位配体可以从例如在Comprehensive CoordinationChemistry,Vols.1-7,G.Wilkinson,Ed.,Pergamon Press,1987中所述的那类物质中选择。
在本发明的该同一实施方案中,除了键接于单一单阴离子碳配位配体之外,有机金属化合物的金属原子还键接于一个或多个其它配体,它们各自全部是非碳配位配体。非碳配位配体是不与有机金属化合物的金属原子形成任何金属-碳键的配体。优选,在本发明的该同一实施方案中,使用金属-配体电荷转移配合物(MLCT),其中非碳配位配体优选是具有强亲电子特性的配体,使得配体将电子从金属原子上引开。代表性非碳配位配体例如还可以从Comprehensive CoordinationChemistry,Vols.1-7,G.Wilkinson,Ed.,Pergamon Press,1987中选择。
不想受限于本发明怎样实现的理论,据信对本发明的OLED发现的改进的电致发光性能可以归属于各种因素的结合。例如,据认为,选择能够与具有空π*轨道的碳配位配体形成金属-配体电荷转移(MLCT)态的重金属,这种磷光材料产生了高效电致磷光OLED。由本发明的代表性有机金属化合物获得的电致发光显示了振动微细结构,指示发光来自于具有由有机金属化合物的MLCT态和碳配位配体的激发三线态的混合物表示的波函数的激发态。因为辐射发光来自于三线激发态,所以发光被称之为磷光。
此外认为,较高能量辐射发光可以通过在碳配位配体上引入吸电子基团和/或通过选择具有强吸电子性质的非碳配位配体来获得。不受限于怎样可以获得较高能量辐射发光的精确理论,据信吸电子基团往往从包括配体和金属原子的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)上移走电子密度,因此改变了基态和激发态的相对能级,使得由基态到激发态的总MLCT跃迁能增加。本发明的某些实施方案的优选有机金属化合物因此在碳配位配体和/或具有强吸电子性质的非碳配位配体上包括强吸电子基团。
本发明的另一个方面涉及以下发现:引入具有单个单阴离子碳配位配体的发射有机金属化合物的OLED比具有双取代碳配位配体的化合物具有明显更高的外量子效率。例如,发现具有化学结构[(ppy)Pt(acac)]的化合物在室温下产生了强烈的光致磷光。相反,具有结构[Pt(ppy)2]的化合物在室温下没有产生任何可见的光致磷光。
本发明的磷光有机金属化合物具有键接于重过渡金属,如Ir的至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体和至少一个非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体。例如,本发明的磷光有机金属化合物的代表性实施方案可以通过结合图5a、5b、5c和5d的单阴离子双齿碳配体的至少一个,图6a、6b和6c的非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的至少一个,以及重过渡金属如Ir来说明。在图7a-7r中示出了本发明的磷光有机金属化合物的代表实例以及它们的发射光谱,应该理解的是,本发明不限于所示的代表实例。
在图7a-7r中所示的本发明的磷光有机金属化合物的这些代表性实例的制备如下进行。
2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶的合成
根据Synlett,1999,1,45-48,使用Pd(OAc)2/PPh3催化剂和K2CO3碱,通过4,6-二氟苯基硼酸(Frontier Chemical)与2-溴吡啶(Aldrich)在1,2-二甲氧基乙烷中的Suzuki偶合来制备2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶配体前体。
fac-三(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)合铱(III)的合成
Ir(acac)3配合物用6当量的2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶在甘油中在180℃下在惰性气体氛围下处理16小时。在冷却到室温之后,将水加入到反应混合物中,以便沉淀出粗产物。在减压下除去溶剂,粗黄色产物用甲醇洗涤,以除去任何未反应的吡啶甲酸。粗产物用二氧化硅:二氯甲烷柱进行快速层析,蒸发溶剂和干燥之后获得了约75%的纯的黄色fac-三(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C2’)合铱(III)。
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)
2
IrCl]
2
的合成
涉及IrCl3·H2O或任何其它Ir(III)物质的全部工序在惰性气体氛围中进行,不管这些化合物的空气稳定性,主要的问题是它们的氧化稳定性和中间配合物在反应中所用高温下的稳定性。通式C-N2Ir(μ-Cl)2IrC-N2的环金属化Ir(III)μ-氯桥接的二聚体通过将IrCl3·nH2O与4当量的2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶)在2-乙氧基乙醇中的混合物在130℃下加热16小时来合成。通过添加水,随后过滤和用甲醇洗涤来分离产物。收率90%。
双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(吡啶甲酸根)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物用2当量的吡啶甲酸在回流1,2-二氯乙烷中在惰性气体氛围下处理16小时。在冷却到室温之后,在减压下除去溶剂,以及粗黄色产物用甲醇洗涤,以除去任何未反应的吡啶甲酸。粗产物使用二氧化硅:二氯甲烷柱进行快速层析,在蒸发溶剂和干燥之后,获得了约75%纯的黄色(C-N)2Ir(pic)。
双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物用5当量的的2,4-戊二酮和10当量的的Na2CO3在回流1,2-二氯乙烷中在惰性气体氛围下处理16小时。在冷却到室温之后,在减压下除去溶剂,粗黄色产物用甲醇洗涤。粗产物使用二氧化硅:二氯甲烷柱进行快速层析,在蒸发溶剂和干燥之后,获得了约75%纯的黄色(C-N)2Ir(acac)。
氯·双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(叔丁基异氰化物)合铱(III)的
合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的叔丁基异氰化物在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
氯·双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(三苯基膦)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的三苯基膦在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
氯·双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(吡啶)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的吡啶在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
氯·双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(4-苯基吡啶)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的4-苯基吡啶在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
氯·双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(1,2-双(二苯基膦基)乙烷)合
铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的1,2-双(二苯基膦基)乙烷在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
氯·双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)((R)-(+)-2,2’-双(二-对甲苯基
膦基)-1,1’-联萘基)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的(R)-(+)-2,2’-双(二-对甲苯基膦基)-1,1’-联萘在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
氯·双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(2,2’-联吡啶)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的2,2’-联吡啶在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(氨基乙酸根)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的氨基乙酸在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(吡嗪羧酸根)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的吡嗪羧酸在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(三(吡唑基)硼酸根)合铱(III)的
合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的三(吡唑基)硼酸钾在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(氰化物)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的氰化钾在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(硫氰酸根)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的硫氰化钠在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(三苯基膦)(氰化物)合铱(III)的
合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的三苯基膦和氰化钾在2mL的CH2l2溶液中处理16小时。
双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C
2
’)(吡啶)(氰化物)合铱(III)的合成
[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物(大约0.002g)用过量的吡啶和氰化钾在2mL的CH2Cl2溶液中处理16小时。
双(1-(4,5-二氟苯基)吡唑基-N,C
2
’)(吡啶甲酸根)合铱(III)的合成
通式C-N2Ir(μ-Cl)2IrC-N2的环金属化Ir(III)μ-氯桥接的二聚体通过将IrCl3·nH2O与1当量的2-(4,5-二氟苯基)吡唑)在2-乙氧基乙醇中的混合物在130℃下加热16小时来合成。通过添加水,随后过滤和用甲醇洗涤来分离粗产物。粗[(1-(4,5-二氟苯基)吡唑基)2IrCl]2配合物用2当量的吡啶甲酸在回流1,2-二氯乙烷在惰性气体氛围下处理16小时。在冷却到室温之后,在减压下除去溶剂,以及粗黄色产物用甲醇洗涤,以除去任何未反应的吡啶甲酸。粗产物用二氧化硅:二氯甲烷柱进行快速层析,在蒸发溶剂和干燥之后,获得了纯无色(C-N)2Ir(pic)。
在图8a-8d中也显示了来自图7a-7r的磷光有机金属化合物的化学结构以及包括这些化合物的一些配体。
本发明的代表性实施方案的一个实例是双(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C2’)吡啶甲酸根合铱(III)(FIrpic),它在OLED中用作磷光掺杂剂,以便产生有效的蓝色电致磷光。FIrpic的合成如下所示。根据Synlett,1999,1,45-48,使用Pd(OAc)2/PPh3催化剂和K2CO3碱,通过4,6-二氟苯基硼酸(Frontier Chemical)与2-溴吡啶(Aldrich)在1,2-二甲氧基乙烷的Suzuki偶联来制备2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶配体前体。接着,合成[(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基)2IrCl]2配合物。涉及IrCl3·H2O或任何其它Ir(III)物质的全部工序在惰性气体氛围中进行,不管这些化合物的空气稳定性如何,主要的问题是它们的氧化稳定性和中间配合物在反应中所用高温下的稳定性。通式C-N2Ir(mu-Cl)2IrC-N2的环金属化Ir(III)二氯桥接的二聚体通过将IrCl3·nH2O(Next Chimica)与4当量的2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶)在2-乙氧基乙醇(Aldrich Sigma)中的混合物在130℃下加热16小时来合成。产物通过添加水,随后过滤和用甲醇洗涤来分离,获得了90%的收率。
合成(C-N)2Ir(pic)配合物的一般工序如下所示。[(C-N)2IrCl]2配合物用2当量的吡啶甲酸(Aldrich Sigma)在回流1,2-二氯乙烷中在惰性气体氛围下处理16小时。在冷却到室温之后,在减压下除去溶剂,以及粗黄色产物用甲醇洗涤,以除去任何未反应的吡啶甲酸。粗产物用二氧化硅:二氯甲烷柱进行快速层析,在蒸发溶剂和干燥之后,获得了约75%纯的黄色(C-N)2Ir(pic)。
在本发明的一个代表性实施方案中,我们用由导电有机主体到具有两个2-(4,6-二氟-苯基)吡啶作为两个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体(环金属化)和吡啶甲酸根配体作为非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体的铱配合物的能量转移而证明了蓝色电致磷光。参阅Lamansky,S.,Djurovich,P.,Murphy,D.,Abdel-Razzaq,F.,Adachi,C.,Burrows,P.E.,Forrest,S.R.,和Thompson,M.E.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.(在印刷中)。氟基团(属于吸电子取代基)的引入导致了三线态激子能量的增加和因此与Ir(ppy)3的磷光相比的磷光的蓝移。使用双(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C2’)吡啶甲酸根合铱(III)(FIrpic),我们获得了(5.7±0.3)%的最高外量子EL效率(ηext)和(6.3±0.3)lm/W的发光功率系数(ηp)。据我们掌握的知识,这是有效蓝色电致磷光的第一次报道(参阅Adachi,C.,Baldo,M.A.,Thompson,M.E.和Forrest,S.R.,Material Research Society,FallMeeting Boston,MA,1999;Wu,Q.G.,Lavigne,J.A.,Tao,Y.,D’Iorio,M.和Wang,S.N.,Inorg.Chem.,39,5248-5254(2000);以及Ma,Y.G.,Lai,T.S.,和Wu,Y,Adv.Mat.,12,433-435(2000)),与迄今报道的最近蓝色荧光发射器相比,提供了效率的显著改进。参阅Grice,A.W.,Bradley,D.D.C.,Bernius,M.T.,Inbasekaran,M.,Wu,W.W.和Woo,E.P.,Appl.Phys.Lett.,73,629-931(1998);Hosokawa,C.,Higashi,H.,Nakamura,H.和Kusumoto,T.,Appl.Phys,Lett.,67,3853-3855(1995);以及Hosokawa,C.,Eida,M.,Matsuura,M.,Fukuoka,K.,Nakamura,H.和Kusumoto,T.,Synth.Met.,91,3-7(1997)。
图1a显示了在三种不同铱型磷光体的稀(10M-5)氯仿溶液中的光致发光(PL)光谱:双(2-苯基吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铱[ppy2Ir(acac)](曲线c),双(4,6-二氟苯基)-吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铱[FIr(acac)](曲线b)和FIrpic(曲线a),证明了随配体改变的光谱偏移。图1a还显示了这些铱配合物的分子结构:(FIrpic)(结构a);[FIr(acac)](结构b);和[ppy2Ir(acac)](结构c)。重金属铱的存在导致了强自旋轨道偶合和金属配体电荷转移,使得激子快速系间穿越到辐射三线态拓扑空间(manifold)。参阅King,K.A.,Spellane,P.J.和Watts,R.J.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,107,1431-1432(1985);和Lamansky,S.;Djurovich,P.;Murphy,D.;Abdel-Razzaq,F.;Kwong,R.;Tsyba,L;Bortz,M.;Mui,B.;Bau,R.;Mark E.Thompson,M.E.;InorganicChemistry,40,1704-1711(2001)。所有这三种配合物在流体溶液中获得了Φpl=0.5-0.6的高光致发光效率。通过将吸电子氟原子引入到2-苯基吡啶的4,6-位,三线激发态在Fir(acac)的PL峰中经历了~40nm的蓝移,与绿色发射ppy2Ir(acac)相比。此外,Fir(acac)的乙酰基丙酮根配体(acac)用吡啶甲酸根(即FIrpic)置换导致了另外的~20nm蓝移。
有机发光器件(OLED)种植在具有~20Ω/□的表面电阻的用~130nm厚氧化铟锡(ITO)层预涂布的玻璃基材上。在有机层沉积之前,基材用溶剂脱脂,再通过接触UV-臭氧环境来清洗5分钟,此后,它被立即装载到蒸发系统中。用~4×10-8托的底压,使用真空内罩交换机理,在不中断真空的情况下连续种植有机和金属阴极层。首先,先后分别沉积10nm厚铜酞菁(CuPc)空穴注入层和30nm厚4,4’-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯(α-NPD)空穴迁移层(HTL)。接着,由热共沉积法制备由掺杂到4,4’-N,N’-二咔唑联苯(CBP)主体中的6%-FIrpic组成的30nm厚发光层(EML)。最后,使用30nm厚的双(2-甲基-8-喹啉根)-4-苯基苯酚铝(III)(BAlq)层以将电子迁移和注入到EML中。具有矩形2mm×2mm开口的荫罩用于确定先后由1nm厚LiF层和100nm厚Al层组成的阴极。在沉积之后,该器件用UV环氧树脂在<1ppm氧和水的氮气氛围下包封。我们发现,在高度真空下进行整个层沉积工艺对获得高效率是重要的。假设CBP三线态峰波长(参阅Baldo,M.A.和Forrest,S.R.,Phys.Rev.B62,10958-10966(2000))是λ=484nm[(2.56±0.10)eV],与FIrpic的λ=475nm[(2.62±0.10)eV]相比(参看图3的光谱),吸热转移过程可以容易被中等能量的无辐射缺陷状态的存在所中断。氧或水的引入可以是这些缺陷的来源。事实上,我们已经发现,在制备过程的任何时刻中断真空和接触空气或纯化氮(<1ppm氧和水)导致效率比这里报道的值降低的系数至少为102。对于应用通常放热能量转移机理的绿色和红色电致磷光OLED没有发现类似的环境敏感性。
图1b显示了以下OLED结构的电致发光光谱:ITO/CuPc(10nm)/α-NPD(30nm)/掺杂6%FIrpic的CBP主体(30nm)/BAlq(30nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al(100nm)。EL光谱在λmax=475nm的峰波长和在λsub=495nm和540nm(箭头)的其它亚峰具有最高值,它一般与PL光谱形状一致。在图1b的插图中显示了FIrpic OLED的(x=0.16,y=0.29)的The Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage(CIE)坐标以及绿色(Ir(ppy)3(x=0.28,y=0.62)和红色(Btp2Ir(acac))(x=0.67,y=0.33)电致磷光器件的坐标。还需要通过配体的分子设计来进一步调整蓝色的色纯度,以便与用于视频显示器的National Television StandardsCommittee(NTSC)推荐的蓝色更一致(插图中的下顶点)。
图2显示了以下OLED结构的随电流密度变化的外电致发光量子效率(ηext:实心正方形)和功率系数(ηp:空心环):ITO/CuPc(10nm)/α-NPD(30nm)/掺杂6%FIrpic的CBP主体(30nm)/BAlq(30nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al(100nm)。分别在J=0.5mA/cm2和0.1mA/cm2处获得了最高ηext=(5.7±0.3)%(对应于~30%的内效率)和(6.3±0.3)lm/W的发光功率系数(ηp)。虽然该器件显示了先前归因于三线态-三线态湮灭的随电流增加的ηext的逐渐增加(参阅Adachi,C.,Baldo,M.A.和Forrest,S.R.,J.Appl.Phys.,87,8049-8055(2000);Baldo,M.A.,Adachi,C.和Forrest,S.R.,Phys.Rev.B 62,10967-10977(2000);以及Adachi,C.,Kwong,R.C.和Forrest,S.R.,Organic Electronics,2,(2001)(在印刷中)),但即使在J=100mA/cm2的高电流下也获得了6400cd/m2的最高亮度,其中ηext=3.0%。这些值可有利地与具有类似蓝色发光光谱的荧光器件的ηext=2.4%相比。参阅Hosokawa,C.,Higashi,H.,Nakamura,H.和Kusumoto,T.,Appl.,Phys.Lett.,67,3853-3855(1995)。图2的插图显示了CBP主体和FIrpic客体的三线态能级的能级图。由于CBP和FIrpic三线态能级的能量布阵,放热和吸热转移二者是可能的。这里,κg和κh是在客体(磷光体)和主体分子上的三线态的辐射衰变率,还表示了在CBP和FIrpic之间的放热(向前)(κF)和吸热(反向)(κR)能量转移的速率。因为CBP主体(2.56±0.10)eV的三线态能级稍低于FIrpic的三线态能级(2.62±0.10)eV(图2的插图),所以可以推断出由FIrpic到CBP的放热能量转移。注意,在小J处的明显跌落是普通电致磷光的非特征。这是存在能量消散途径的后向能量转移的灵敏度的指征,当三线态的密度太低而不能充满这些寄生机构时,通过非辐射三线态重组而降低了效率。另外,不平衡的空穴和电子注入到EML中也能够造成跌落。
图3显示了6%-FIrpic:CBP薄膜(100nm厚)在Si基片上在氮脉冲激发下(~500ps)在T=100K下的瞬时衰变的拖尾图象。两种不同的衰变过程(即瞬发和延迟磷光)以及它们的光致发光光谱被证明:虚线=瞬发和实线=延迟。还示出了在10K下获得的CBP磷光光谱。除了FIrpic的瞬发磷光以外,我们发现了在CBP三线态寿命之后的持续τ~10ms的极长衰变组分。瞬发磷光具有比FIrpic(2μsec)的溶液磷光寿命稍短的寿命。因为该慢速组分的PL光谱与Firpic PL一致,这支持发生由FIrpic到CBP的放热能量转移的结论。该三线态然后通过CBP主体分子迁移,最后重新吸热转移到FIrpic,导致所发现的延迟磷光。由于激发态的寿命显著不同,即κh<<κg(κh和κg是分别在主体和客体分子上的三线态的辐射衰变率),如所需那样,三线态激子延迟起源于FIrpic。这里,在瞬发发射光谱中集中在λmax=400nm的低强度蓝色发射归因于CBP的荧光,它具有<<100ns的短暂寿命,明显比FIrpic的短暂衰变更短。对由芘三线态到Ru MLCT激发态的能量转移发现了类似的过程,导致了长Ru-MLCT激发态寿命。参阅Ford,W.E.,Rodgers,M.A.J.;J.Phys.Chem.,96,2917-2920(1992);Harriman,A.;Hissler,M.;Khatyr,A.;Ziessel,R.;Chem.Commun.,735-736(1999)。
图4显示了100nm厚6%-FIrpic:CBP薄膜在Si硅片上在氮脉冲激发(~500ps)下在T=50K、100K、200K和300K下的瞬时磷光衰变特性。图4的插图显示了掺杂到CBP中的FIrpic的光致发光(PL)效率(ηPL)的温度依赖性。在当温度从50K增加到200K时ηPL有轻微升高之后,它在更高的温度下再次下降。瞬时衰变特性也具有温度依赖性。尤其,在T=50K和100K下发现了非指数衰变时间的显著下降。ηPL从T=300K到200K的提高归因于FIrpic的非辐射衰变的抑制。然而,ηPL在T~200K以下的增加是从CBP到FIrpic的能量转移的吸热过程推迟的标志,导致辐射三线态激子的损失。因为我们在T=300K没有发现延迟组分,借助热,从CBP到FIrpic的能量转移是非常有效的。相反,Ir(ppy)3:CBP的PL强度显示无温度依赖性以及没有这种慢速组分在低温下的证据,表面在低三线态能量客体系统中缺乏后向能量转移。
如上所述,我们在这里已使用FIrpic作为磷光体分子证明了有效的蓝色电致磷光。由于磷光体三线态的能量与掺杂它的4,4’-N,N’-二咔唑联苯(CBP)导电主体分子的能量相差不大,清楚地发现了能量从磷光体到主体的放热转移以及从主体返回到磷光体的后续吸热转移。使用该三线态能量转移方法,我们提高了来自较高能量的磷光体的蓝色三线态的发射。吸热能量转移的存在通过CBP和FIrpic的低温磷光光谱以及CBP:FIrpic的光致发光强度的最高值在T~200K的出现所证实。使用该方法,获得了(5.7±0.3)%的非常高的最大外量子效率和(6.3±0.3)lm/W的发光功率效率。电致发光(EL)光谱在λmax=470nm的波长具有最高值,在λsub=495nm和540nm具有其它的峰,导致了x=0.16和y=0.29的Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage(CIE)坐标。
本发明的有机金属化合物的其它代表性实施方案目的在于能提供有效磷光的一类新型铂配合物。代表性配合物具有单一有机金属配体(环金属化)和双齿配位配体(如乙酰基丙酮根)。以下给出了这些配合物的几个实例以及它们的光谱。来自这些配合物的发射光谱显示了振动微细结构,与磷光跃迁中的强配体π-π*特性一致。强配体π-π*特性也与发射能量强烈取决于配体的性质的事实一致,如在以下光谱中所示那样。来自这些配合物的发射由金属与配体电荷转移(MLCT)和配体型跃迁的混合物导致。MLCT对于提高系间穿越和磷光的效率是关键的。该发射由环金属化配体及在Pt离子和该配体之间的MLCT所控制。发射光谱仅轻微受乙酰基丙酮根配体(acac)变换为吡啶甲酸(pico)的影响,如对于以下(ppy)PtX配合物所示那样。该次要的转移最可能由于由pico配体引起的Pt型HOMO能级的偏移而发生,导致MLCT的红移和发射光谱的相应红移。
这些配合物之一,即(2-(4,5-二氟苯基)吡啶根)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂用作聚合物OLED中的磷光掺杂剂和提供了与光致发光光谱相同的发射光谱和1.3%的外量子效率。
作为本发明的代表性电致磷光化合物,碳配位配体形成了包括有机金属碳-金属键及金属原子和氮、硫或氧基团之间的配价键的环金属化环,例如,(2-苯基吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II),这里称之为Pt(ppy)(acac)或(ppy)Pt(acac)。键接于金属的碳原子可以作为取代或未取代饱和烃;取代或未取代芳族体系,例如亚苯基或萘化合物;或取代或未取代杂环体系(它例如可以包括取代或未取代噻吩,呋喃,吡啶和吡咯)的一部分存在。还可以独立选择在与金属原子形成配价键的环金属化环中的基团,以包括取代或未取代饱和烃;取代或未取代芳族体系,例如亚苯基或萘化合物;或取代或未取代杂环体系(它例如可以包括噻吩、呋喃、吡啶和吡咯)。
本发明的这些代表性化合物的制备如下所示来完成。涉及K2PtCl4或任何其它Pt物质的所有工序在惰性气体氛围中进行,不管这些化合物的空气稳定性如何,主要问题是它们的氧化稳定性和中间配合物在反应中所用高温下的稳定性。除非另有规定,用Bruker AMX360 MHz或500MHz仪器记录NMR光谱。用具有电子碰撞电离的HewlettPackard GC/MS仪器和5873质量敏感型检测器获取实心探针MS光谱。在Princeton大学的Frik Chem Laboratories进行高精度质谱法。在University of Illinois,Urbana-Champaine的Microanalysis Laboratory记录元素分析数据。
根据Cave G.W.V.,Fanizzi F.P.,Deeth R.J.,Errington W.,RourkeJ.P.,Organometallics;2000,19,1355,制备在研究中使用的含有环金属化碳、氮配体(C,N)的结构[Pt(C-N)(μ-Cl)2Pt(C-N)]的Pt(II)μ-氯桥接的二聚体。
(2-苯基吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II)[Pt(ppy)(acac)]。将100mg的Pt(ppy)(μ-Cl)2Pt(ppy)二聚体,25mg的2,4-戊二酮和85mg的无水碳酸钠在8ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,再干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷),然后获得了亮黄绿色固体(36%收率)。1HNMR(360MHz,丙酮-d6),ppm:9.00(d,1H,J 5.8Hz),8.02(dt,1H,J1.6,7.4Hz),7.89(d,1H,J7.9H),7.57(dd,1H,J1.6,7.4Hz),7.51(dd,1H,J1.6,7.9Hz),7.32(dt,1H,J1.6,6.8Hz),7.11(dt,1H,J1.6,7.9Hz),7.04(dt,1H,J1.6,7.4Hz),5.55(s,1H),1.96(s,3H),1.95(s,3H)。参阅图12,化合物序号5。还参阅图9(a)。
(2-(对甲苯基)吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II)[Pt(tpy)(acac)]。将100mg的Pt(tpy)(μ-Cl)2Pt(tpy)二聚体,25mg的2,4-戊二酮和85mg的无水碳酸钠在8ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,再干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷),然后获得了亮黄绿色固体(42%收率)。1H NMR(360MHz,CDCl3),ppm:8.94(d,1H,J5.9Hz),7.74(t,1H,J6.8Hz),7.53(d,1H,J7.8H),7.39(s,1H),7.30(d,1H,J7.8Hz),7.04(t,1H,J6.8Hz),6.88(d,1H,J7.8Hz),5.45(s,1H),2.00(s,3H),1.98(s,3H),1.95(s,3H)。参阅图12,化合物序号1。还参阅图9(b)。
(7,8-苯并喹啉根-N,C3’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II)[Pt(bzq)(acac)]。将100mg的Pt(bzq)(μ-Cl)2Pt(bzq)二聚体,25mg的2,4-戊二酮和85mg的无水碳酸钠在8ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,再干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷),然后获得了亮黄色固体(27%收率)。1HNMR(360MHz,丙酮-d6),ppm:9.13(d,1H,J5.4Hz),8.25(d,1H,J8.3Hz),7.75(m,2H),7.50-7.57(m,3H),7.44(dd,1H,J5.4,5.4Hz),5.52(s,1H),2.04(s,6H)。参阅图12化合物序号2。还参阅图9(c)。
(2-苄基吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II)[Pt(bzpy)(acac)]。将100mg的Pt(bzpy)(μ-Cl)2Pt(bzpy)二聚体,25mg的2,4-戊二酮和85mg的无水碳酸钠在8ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,再干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷),然后获得了亮黄绿色固体(20%收率)。1HNMR(500MHz,CDCl3),ppm:8.88(d,1H),7.71(t,1H),7.35-7.43(m,2H),7.13(t,1H),6.98-7.02(m,2H),6.91(t,1H),5.49(s,1H),4.16(s,2H),1.96(s,3H),1.95(s,3H)。
(2-(2’-噻吩基)吡啶根-N,C3’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II)[Pt(thpy)(acac)]。将100mg的Pt(thpy)(μ-Cl)2Pt(thpy)二聚体,25mg的2,4-戊二酮和85mg的无水碳酸钠在8ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,再干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷),然后获得了亮橙色固体(20%收率)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3),ppm:8.78(d,1H),7.67(t,1H),7.46(d,1H),7.26(d,1H),7.17(d,1H),6.86(t,1H),5.46(s,1H),1.98(s,3H),1.95(s,3H)。
(2-(2’-(4’,5’-苯并噻吩基)吡啶根-N,C3’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II)[Pt(btp)(acac)]。将100mg的Pt(btp)(μ-Cl)2Pt(btp)二聚体,25mg的2,4-戊二酮和85mg的无水碳酸钠在8ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,再干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷),然后获得了橙红色固体(20%收率)。1H NMR(360MHz,CDCl3),ppm:8.90(d,1H,J5.9Hz),8.75-8.79(m,1H),7.77-7.81(m,1H),7.71(dt,1H,J1.5,7.8Hz),7.27-7.34(m,3H),6.95(dt,1H,J1.5,6.8Hz),5.54(s,1H),2.08(s,3H),2.01(s,3H)。参看图12化合物序号3。还参看图9(e)。
(2-(4’,6’-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II)[Pt(4,6-F2ppy)(acac)]。将131mg的Pt(4,6-F2ppy)(μ-Cl)2Pt(4,6-F2ppy)二聚体,43mg的2,4-戊二酮和109mg的无水碳酸钠在10ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,再干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷),然后获得了亮黄色固体。1H NMR(360MHz,丙酮-d6),ppm:9.06(d,1H,J1.0,5.9Hz),8.08-8.13(m,1H),8.01(dt,1H,J1.5,8.3Hz),7.38-7.43(m,1H),7.05(dd,1H,J2.4,9.3Hz),6.69-6.76(m,1H),5.61(s,1H),2.01(s,3H),1.99(s,3H)。参看图12化合物序号4。还参看图9(d)。
(2-(4’,5’-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II)[Pt(4,5-F2ppy)(acac)]。将68mg的Pt(4,5-F2ppy)(μ-Cl)2Pt(4,5-F2ppy)二聚体,36mg的2-吡啶甲酸和57mg的无水碳酸钠在5ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,在干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷)之后,获得了亮黄色固体。1H NMR(360MHz,丙酮-d6),ppm:8.99(d,1H,J5.7Hz),8.06(dt,1H,J2.3,8.0Hz),7.90(d,1H,J8.0Hz),7.62-7.68(m,1H),7.37(tt,1H,J1.7,5.7Hz),7.20-7.25(m,1H),5.58(s,1H),1.99(s,3H),1.98(s,3H)。参看图12化合物序号6。还参看图9(f)。
(2-(4’,5’-二氟苯基)吡啶根-N,C2’)(2-吡啶甲酸根)合铂(II)[Pt(4,5-F2ppy)(pico)]。将69mg的Pt(4,5-F2ppy)(μ-Cl)2Pt(4,5-F2ppy)二聚体,30mg的2-吡啶甲酸和52mg的无水碳酸钠在5ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,在干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷)之后,获得了亮黄色固体。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3),ppm:9.15(d,1H,J5.6Hz),9.05(d,1H,J5.6Hz),8.08-8.21(m,2H),7.89(td,1H,J1.2,8.0Hz),7.68-7.71(m,1H),7.54(d,1H,J8.0Hz),7.32-7.36(m,1H),7.12-7.20(m,2H)。参看图12化合物序号7。还参看图9(g)。
(2-(4’-氰基苯基)吡啶根-N,C2’)(乙酰基丙酮根)合铂(II)[Pt(cppy)(acac)]。将69mg的Pt(cppy)(μ-Cl)2Pt(cfppy)二聚体,58mg的2-吡啶甲酸和52mg的无水碳酸钠在5ml的2-乙氧基乙醇中在惰性气体氛围下在100℃下回流15小时。冷却到室温,添加冷水和过滤,获得了粗产物,在干燥和快速层析(二氧化硅/二氯甲烷)之后,获得了亮黄色固体。1HNMR(360MHz,丙酮-d6),ppm:9.07(dt,1H,J1.0,5.9Hz),8.14(dt,1H,J1.5,7.8Hz),8.05(dt,1H,J1.0,8.3Hz),7.77-7.79(m,2H),7.46-7.50(m,1H),7.43(dd,1H,J1.5,8.3Hz),5.61(s,1H),2.01(s,6H)。
OLED制备和测试。将聚合物其混物OLED的氯仿溶液旋涂在带花纹的预清洁和氧等离子体处理的氧化铟锡(ITO)涂布的玻璃基材上,再用真空沉积三(8-羟基喹啉酸根)合铝(III)和/或Mg∶Ag(10∶1重量比)阴极分别作为单层和异质结构体系覆盖。一般,7.5ml的氯仿溶液含有100mg的PVK,40mg的PBD和2.5mg的(4,5-F2ppy)Pt(acac)。选择的旋涂条件(3000RPM,40s,Specialty Coating Systems,Inc.)获得了厚的PVK:PBD:染料薄膜,通过椭圆光度法测定(装有He:Ne激光的Rudolph自动椭圆光度计)。在旋涂之前,溶液用0.2μm过滤器过滤。三(8-羟基喹啉)铝(III)(Sigma-Aldrich,Inc)(Alq3)在使用之前纯化。对器件的所有测量在空气中在室温下进行。器件电流-电压和光强度特性通过具有偶联于Newport 1835-C Optical Meter的Keithley2400 SourceMeter/2000 Multimeter的National Instruments使用LabVIEWTM程序来测量。在室温下用PTI QuantaMasterTM ModelC-60SE分光荧光计记录电致发光光谱。
可以使用在制备OLED的领域中的那些熟练人员已知的其它方法。
自从发现磷光材料能够用作高效OLED中的发光材料以来,现在对于寻找更有效的电致磷光材料和含有这些材料的OLED结构具有很浓厚的兴趣。使用磷光掺杂剂fac三(2-苯基吡啶)合铱(Ir(ppy)3)的高效有机发光器件(OLED)已使用几种不同的导电主体材料证实。例如参阅M.A.Baldo等人,Nature,vol.395,151(1998);D.F.O’Brien等人,Appl.Phys.Lett.,vol.74,442(1999);M.A.Baldo等人,Appl.Phys.Lett.,vol.75,4(1999);T.Tsutsui等人,Japanese.J.Appl.Phys.,Part 2,vol.38,L1502(1999);C.Adachi等人,App.Phys.Lett.,vol.77,904(2000);M.J.Yang等人,Japanese J.Appl.Phy.,Part 2,vol.39,L828(2000);以及C.L.Lee等人,Appl.Phys.Lett.,vol.77,2280(2000)。因为发绿光Ir(ppy)3的金属-配体电荷转移态的三线态能级是在2.5eV和3.0eV之间,在约400nm处具有峰波长的深蓝色荧光团,如4,4’-N,N’-二咔唑联苯(CBP)可能是作为三线态能量转移和激子限制介质的候选物。使用在CBP中的6-10%Ir(ppy)3获得了有效的Ir(ppy)3磷光。除了在掺杂剂和主体之间的能量共振以外,主体层中的电荷载体注入和迁移的控制据信对于获得辐射激子的有效形成是必要的。使用掺杂到CBP中的Ir(ppy)3以及2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-菲咯啉(BCP)电子迁移和激子阻挡层的高电致磷光效率。M.A.Baldo等人,Appl.Phys.Lett.,vol.75,4(1999)。在该器件中,发现掺杂的CBP层容易迁移空穴。
已公开了化合物4,4’,4”-三(3-甲基苯基苯基氨基)三苯基胺(“m-MTDATA”)用作电致发光OLED中的空穴注射材料,其中由包括三(8-羟基喹啉)铝(“Alq3”)的电子迁移层获得了荧光。参阅Shirota等人,Appl.Phys.Lett.,vol.65,no.7,807(1994)。
四种方法测定在主体和客体分子之间的能量转移的总效率:在客体和主体上的激子松弛速率,分别为kG和kH,以及在客体和主体之间的前向和反向三线态转移速率,分别为kF和kR。在无激子形成过程的情况下,速率等式为:
dG/dt=-kGG-kRG+kpH,
dH/dt=-kHH-kpH+kRG,(1)
其中G和H是客体和主体三线态激子的密度。等式(1)的解法式是以下形式的双指数衰变:
G,H=A1exp[k1t]+A2exp[-k2t],(2)
在本发明的各种实施方案中,所用材料是(a)N,N’-二苯基-N1-双(3-甲基苯基)-[1,1-联苯基]-4,4’-二胺(TPD),(b)2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉(浴铜灵或BCP),(c)4,4’-N,N’-二咔唑-联苯(CBP),(d)Alq3,(e)fac三(2-苯基吡啶)合铱[Ir(ppy)3]14和(f)2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-八乙基-21H,23H-卟吩合铂(II)(PrOEP)。在这些材料中,TPD和CBP主要是空穴迁移材料;以及Alq3和BCP是电子迁移材料。两种磷光体也用作客体:Irx(ppy)3,它在~510nm下发光,具有-0.4μs的磷光寿命;id和PrOEP,它在650nm下发光,具有-100μs3的磷光寿命。
根据本发明,较快的磷光速率能够产生更好的发射结果。尤其,本发明的实施方案涉及以下关系:k_phos*exp(-delta_G/kT)>k_host。K_phos是磷光速度,即在本发明中大于约1×105/秒和/或1×106/秒。Delta_G是自由能量差,在这种情况下基本等于在主体和客体三线态之间的能量差。kT是热能,在典型器件操作温度下是大约0.025eV。k_host是主体衰变率;在本发明的某些实施方案中,k_host等同于辐射和无辐射衰变率,它低于约5×103/秒。因此,在所确立的关系,即k_phos*exp(-delta_G/kT)>k_host之内,如果k_phos是大约1×105/秒,kT是大约0.025eV,以及k_host是大约5×103/秒,那么delta_G低于大约0.075eV。在该特定情况下的delta_G的外分界线是delta_G低于约0.17eV。由于诸如稳定性之类的因素,外部界限确定能够根据所使用的主体材料的类型来进行。还有,具有较大三线态能级的主体能够增加器件电压。
此外,在本发明的实施方案中,总三线态衰变率不应该太小,以便使其它损失最小化。在本发明的另一实施方案中,k-phos是约1×106/秒,k-host是约1×103/秒和delta_G低于约0.17eV。在本发明的又一实施方案中,k-phos是约1×105/秒,k_host是约5×103/秒和delta_G低于约0.17eV。在本发明的优选实施方案中,k-phos是约1×106/秒,k_host是约1×103/秒和delta_G低于约0.075eV。其它实施方案能够以该关系为基础。
在本发明的实施方案中,图17显示了所研究材料的分子结构:(a)TPD,(N,N’-二苯基-N,N’-双(3-甲基苯基)-[1,1’-联苯基]-4,4’-二胺),(b)BCP,(2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉),(c)CBP,(4,4’-N,N’-二咔唑联苯),(d)Alq3,三(8-羟基喹啉)铝,(e)Ir(ppy)3,fac三(2-苯基吡啶)合铱,和(f)PtOEP,2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-八乙基-21H,23H-卟吩合铂(II)。图17(g)进一步显示了在本发明的客体-主体体系中的三线态动力学。图17(g)显示了前向和后向传递的速度,分别为kF和kG,它们通过Gibb自由能变化(ΔG)和分子重叠来测定。来自客体和主体三线态的衰变的速度分别被标记为kG和kH。
本发明的简化OLED结构在这里用其中有机空穴捕获材料为蓝光发射客体材料的OLED结构来举例说明,其中发射由有机分子的三线激发态产生。因此,虽然本发明的代表性实施方案在这里使用磷光有机材料作为电子迁移主体材料中的发射客体材料来说明和描述,但本发明的完全范围还能够包括作为电子迁移主体材料中的发射材料的荧光材料。
在图18中,电致发光器件的结构用于观测有机主体材料中的三线态扩散的瞬时响应。电子和空穴迁移层分别标记为ETL和HTL。各材料获得的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)对应于其电离电位(IP)。最低非占据分子轨道(LUMO)等于IP加光能隙(engery gap),如由吸收光谱测定的那样。在全组装器件中的能量的相对排列将与所示的那些不同。显示了两种器件:在图18(a)中,主体优先迁移电子和激子形成区是在主体和α-NPD之间的界面处;在图18(b)中,主体优先迁移空穴和激子形成是在主体和BCP之间的界面处。在两种器件中,在达到磷光染料之前,三线态被迫通过主体扩散。在电激发过程中形成的单线态在主体内诱发荧光,因此三线态动力学在荧光和磷光之间的延迟中被反映。
对于使用Alq3作为主体的电致发光器件,激子形成区位于HTL和Alq3的界面处。在使用HTL作为主体材料的情况下,激子形成区是在HTL和BCP之间的界面处。为了研究激子扩散,主体材料的未掺杂层在激子形成界面和磷光层之间插入。如图18所示,三线态在被掺杂发光或“三线态敏感”层捕集之前被迫通过该未掺杂区扩散。还如图18所示,提出了主体和客体材料的能级。以真空为参照的电子能级通过最低非占据分子轨道(LUMO)来表示,以及空穴的能级通过最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)来给出,如由各材料的电离电位测定的那样。这里可以假定,HOMO-LUMO间隙等于光学能隙,如由吸收光谱测定的那样。在该假定下,LUMO不必用作流动电子的最低传导能级。虽然在这里未指出,但当将不同材料接触时,在异相界面处的电荷重分配和极化效应预期改变了相对能级布阵。
在表1中总结了由PL光谱的最高能峰测量的三线态能量以及衰变寿命。由三线态能量能够计算出主体和客体材料的结合的在三线态转移上的自由能变化ΔG。在客体材料是PtOEP和Ir(ppy)3的情况下,有可能根据ΔG的大小和符号来分类几种主体和客体组合(参阅图17)。在当ΔG<0时的本发明的一个实施方案中,其中在客体分子上的三线态被强烈限制的客体-主体组合包括在CBP中的PtOEP和在TPD中的PtOEP。在这些情况下,客体和主体三线态能量是非共振的;因此虽然kF>kR,两种速度比它们的共振最大值要小得多。
在当ΔG<0时的本发明的另一实施方案中,具有弱三线态限制的两个实例:在Alq3中的PtOEP和在CBP中的Ir(ppy)3。这里kF>kR,该体系接近共振,以及存在客体和主体三线态二者的显著布居(population)。在当ΔG>0时的本发明的再一个实施方案中,在Ir(ppy)3在TPD中的薄膜中,预期三线态主要存在kR>kF的主体上。在当ΔG>>0时的本发明的还一个实施方案中,由于Ir(ppy)3三线态(对应于kR>kF)的Alq3猝灭,在Alq3中的Ir(ppy)3表现了极无效磷光,因此不再进一步考虑。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,磷光的效率取决于在主体和客体物质上的三线态的产生速度。例如,如果在客体分子物质上形成了大量的激子,那么有效的磷光是可能的,即使三线态仅被微弱限制。因此,为了理解特定的电致磷光客体-主体系统,我们需要了解激子形成的位置。这可以通过磷光瞬变的分析来测定。图18的结构中的磷光材料能够从激子形成区移位,迫使三线态在重组之前在有机材料的几百埃内扩散。为了测量扩散时间,我们首先应用短电脉冲,在ETL/HTL界面处产生了单线态和三线态激子。激子的形成遵循电流瞬变,并通过测量由主体材料的单线态产生的瞬时荧光来观测。然后在停止电激发之后,测定在荧光和磷光起始之间的延迟。电荷或三线态扩散可能是该延迟的原因,但电荷扩散能够有效通过先后将反向偏压和激发脉冲施加于放电阱(trap)和清除剩余电荷来“关闭”。因此,如果在有和无反向偏压(reverse bias)的情况下发现类似的延迟磷光,那么在客体分子上的电荷捕集必须是显著的。参看表I。
表I 材料三线态能和室温三线态寿命
材料 | 三线态能量(±0.1eV) | 三线态寿命 |
PtOEP | 1.9 | 1.10±10μs |
Ir(ppy)3 | 2.4 | 0.8±0.1μs |
CBP | 2.6 | >1s |
BCP | 2.5 | <10μs |
TPD | 2.3 | 200±50μs |
Alq3 | 2.0 | 25±15μs |
因为三线态转移的几率与电子和空穴转移几率的乘积成正比,所以预期三线态扩散在比电荷迁移更慢的速度下发生。然而,即使在其中电荷扩散支配磷光延迟的情况下,还可能有其它的三线态扩散时间。例如,在三线态迁移或各种物质中的延迟可以在磷光分子上定位之前以不同的距离扩散。这里,在其中延迟磷光被反向偏压消除的那些体系中,能够得出结论,电荷捕集是显著的,但有可能的是,还发生快速三线态扩散。
不象荧光客体-主体体系,在表II中总结的磷光体系不要求由客体到主体的能量转移(即ΔG<0)。如果在主体中有最小的三线态损失,唯一的松弛途径可以是来自客体的磷光,以及如在TPD中的Ir(ppy)3中发现的那样,ΔG<0的磷光OLED的总电致发光量子效率能够高达3%。在这种体系中,激子主要存在于主体上,最后在发射之前转移到磷光客体部位上。虽然ΔG<0的客体-主体结合物通过使主体上的损失减至最小而一般表现了优异的性能,但ΔG<0的体系可用于高能量三线态发射器如蓝色磷光体。
与在TPD中的Ir(ppy)3类似,对在Alq3中的PtOEP发现了由主体到客体的三线态扩散。根据在Alq3中的激子迁移的瞬时分析,很可能的是,该迁移用类似于电荷迁移的行为来分散。虽然如此,在将其约计为非分散体系中,我们获得了(8±5)×10-8cm2/5的扩散系数Dr和r=(25±15)μs的三线态寿命。
表II各种材料组合的电致磷光量子效率和几种性能
使用绿色磷光体Ir(ppy)3的所有客体-主体体系表现了在磷光客体上的弱三线态限制,即ΔG~0。的确,由Ir(ppy)3到CBP的反向转移无疑是在发光效率中的一些损失和磷光寿命由~0.8下降到~0.4μs的原因。虽然这样,但由在CBP中掺杂的Ir(ppy)3获得了高达8%的外量子效率。如由这里的瞬变研究所证明的那样,这些效率是可能的,因为激子的大部分在电荷捕集之后直接在Ir(ppy)3上形成。尤其,CBP的深HOMO能级似乎促进了在磷光客体上的空穴捕获。但为改进保留了足够空间,以及在适当主体材料的情况下,磷光效率的至少增加一倍应该是可能的。
以上列举的层和材料的任意一种的沉积技术在本领域中是公知的。例如,沉积OLED层的代表方法是热蒸发或旋涂法,如果使用聚合物LED;沉积金属层的代表方法是热或电子束蒸发;和沉积氧化铟锡的代表方法是电子束蒸发或溅射。
本发明还可以用于提供任何尺寸的稳定、有效、高亮度、单色、多色或全色平板显示器。在这些显示器上产生的图象能够是全色的文本或插图,根据单个OLED的尺寸具有任意图象分辨率。本发明的显示器件因此适于各种各样的应用,包括广告牌和招牌,计算机监视器,以及电讯器件如电话、电视、大面积壁屏幕,戏院屏幕和体育场屏幕。这里所述的结构例如包括在发光器件中的许多像素中或作为单像素平板背光器件的一部分。而且,这里所述的结构可以用作激光器件的一部分。因为具有可用于磷光型OLED的非常高的发光效率,与通常的OLED相比,尤其与普通无机LED相比,本发明的磷光型OLED还可以用作照明应用的光源。这些光源能够替代用于某些类型的照明应用的普通白炽灯或荧光灯。这些磷光型OLED例如能够用于产生所需颜色照明的大平面光源。
如果主体材料是电子迁移体,那么它用作电子迁移层(ETL)和用于图18(a)的结构。在所用主体材料当中,Alq3和BCP薄膜可以用作ETL;剩余材料主要是空穴导体且能够用于空穴迁移层(HTL)。对于这些材料,要求宽能隙空穴和激子阻挡材料含有在HTL内的激发。为此,我们使用在图18(b)中所示的结构中的BCP。BCP能够传导电子,但阻挡空穴进入ETL。
器件通过来源材料在高度真空(=10-6托)下的热蒸发来制造。在连续蒸发中,将空穴迁移材料沉积在用ITO涂布的预清洗玻璃基材上。这之后可以沉积主体材料。因为该主体也是HTL,使用厚BCP阻挡层。所有器件使用Alq3ETL以分离发射区域与厚20∶1的Mg∶Ag阴极,从而更有利地将发光区域定位在由金属阴极产生的微穴内。这些器件通过沉积厚的Ag层以保护Mg-Ag阴极不被氧化来完成。金属沉积通过具有一排1mm直径开口的荫罩来确定。
瞬时测量通过将窄(200-ns)电压脉冲施加于测试时的器件和将发射偶合于条纹摄像机来获得。选择该脉冲宽度,使之小于磷光体的辐射速度和大于OLED的带电时间(对于50Ω载荷和1nF的典型电容,它是大约50ns)。在一些情况下,样品先后置于~10V反向偏压和电脉冲下。外EL量子效率测量通过将完全OLED直接放到校准硅光电检测器的表面上和捕获在前向(观察方向)发射的每一个光子来进行。所有测量在空气中进行,除了在低温下的那些以外,它们在抽空的封闭循环冰箱中进行。
由于对抗热活化非辐射衰变过程,主体材料TPD、CBP和Alq3发荧光,在室温下具有少量或可忽视的磷光。除了分子内途径以外,这些非辐射过程包括至缺陷部位的三线态扩散和后续的耗散跃迁。降低温度减慢了声子协助的衰变和三线态扩散的速率,以及在图19中显示了TPD、CBP和BCP在T=10K的磷光PL光谱以及PtOEP和Ir(ppy)3的室温光谱。在延长取样后,有可能获得室温磷光光谱及TPD和CBP的寿命。这些测量是可行的,因为这些材料的三线态寿命在室温下相对长:分别为200±50μs和>1s。事实上,在紫外线激发下,在室温下肉眼可见到弱橙色CBP磷光。相反,BCP的三线态寿命随温度上升由在10K下的~1s到在室温下的<10μs而快速下降,虽然我们注意到短三线态寿命可以通过至物理或化学缺陷的能量转移来控制。
即使在低至~10K的温度下也没有发现由Alq3的磷光。在他们对羟基喹啉配合物的研究中,Ballardini等人同样没有发现来自Alq3的磷光发射,虽然他们能够发现羟基喹啉的Pb、Bi、Rh、Ir和Pt配合物的磷光。后面的这些材料全部减慢了在590-650nm下的三线态发射,虽然不能肯定Alq3的三线态能量也位于该范围内,但看起来很可能它与在图19中的其它主体材料的光谱相比有明显红移。
在图20中,显示了四种电致磷光材料体系的瞬时响应。在图20(a)中的器件由厚Alq3扩散层和掺杂在Alq3中的8%PtOEP(8%PtOEP:Alq3)的磷光敏感层组成。由于在Alq3中的三线态扩散,PtOEP:Alq3瞬变明显表现了延迟磷光,以及当将反向偏压施加于空阱时,还显示了最小变化。然而,在图20(b)中,当施加反向偏压时,我们发现使用8%PtLOEP:CEP发射层的类似结构不能显示延迟磷光。当不存在反向偏压时,衰变寿命由于电子经过400厚扩散层迁移而增加,参阅图20(d)。这里,所发现的Ir(ppy)3的寿命是~15μs,明显比1μs的它的自然辐射衰变长。总体计算在TPD中的Ir(ppy)3到Ir(ppy)3上的电荷捕获的表观缺乏是在Ir(ppy)3磷光中的限速步骤。
所有体系在无反向偏压的情况下表现了延迟磷光;然而,在强负偏压的存在下只有(a)PtOEP:Alq3和(d)Ir(ppy)3=TPD延迟磷光。因此我们得出结论,三线态能量转移存在于这些体系中,而不存在于其它体系中。(b)PtOEP:CBP和(c)Ir(ppy)3:CBP事实上通过直接在磷光分子上的电荷捕获和激子形成来控制,CBP的深HOMO能级使在客体上的空穴捕获成为可能,当它用作主体时。在标题为Transient analysis oforganic electrophosphorescence的文章的部分VII:I.Transientanalysis of triplet energy transfer,M.A.Baldo和S.R.Forrest,PhysicalReview B,vol.62,no.16,(2000)中(在这里全面引入供参考),我们论述了捕获和能量转移作为在OLED中产生非常高效磷光发射的机理的相对优点。但在它的剩余部分和后面部分中,我们集中在表现能量转移的那些体系:尤其PtOEP:Alq3和Ir(ppy)3:TPD上。
在图20(d)中,Ir(ppy)3:TPD的延迟磷光发生在激发后的100μs内。如果我们检查其中没有分离激子形成界面与发光区的层的Ir(ppy)3:TPD器件的瞬变,我们发现延迟磷光不存在和所发现的在电激发后寿命是15±2μs(参看图21(a))。除了含有一些TPD荧光的初始峰以外,衰变呈单指数并完全由Ir(ppy)3发射组成。10%Ir(ppy)3:TPD的PL衰变也表现了长寿命,不同在于该初始峰大于在EL衰变中发现的初始峰,并且没有从TPD中观测到发射。
图20(d)、21(a)和21(b)的数据将与仅为1μs的Ir(ppy)3的自然磷光寿命比较。如由TPD和Ir(ppy)3的相对磷光光谱和寿命预期的那样,这些数据能够通过三线态在TPD分子上的长期居留来解释。前向转移的速度(kF)是缓慢的(~15μs)并且支配着TPD中的Ir(ppy)3的磷光寿命。我们注意到,因为在PL响应中也观测到了所发现的15μs Ir(ppy)3EL衰变,所以在光激发后在TPD中必定有显著的三线态布居,即kR>>kF。Ir(ppy)3在TPD中的EL量子效率是η-3%,提供了有效的电致磷光是可行的证据,即使对于三线态在磷光体上的长时间停留存在能量不利。
在图20中,显示了四种原型磷光客体-主体体系的瞬变响应。PtOEP瞬变被记录在λ=650±10nm处和Ir(ppy)3瞬变记录在λ=530±30nm处。在瞬时衰变中的初始峰是在所研究波长下的主体荧光,它们标志着单线态激子的形成。三线态能量转移在(a)中通过PtOEP:Alq3证实。这些瞬变表现了由于在Alq3中的三线态扩散带来的强延迟磷光和还显示了当将反向偏压施加于空阱时的最小变化。该器件具有厚Alq3扩散层和8%PtOEP在Alq3中的磷光敏感层。然而,在(b)中,我们发现,当施加反向偏压时,PtOEP:CBP不能显示延迟磷光,指示在PtOEP上的电荷捕获是显著的。该器件具有厚CBP扩散层和8%PtOEP在CBP中的磷光敏感层。类似地,在(c)中,Ir(ppy)3:CBP的瞬时响应也表现了在Ir(ppy)3上的电荷捕获。该器件具有厚CBP扩散层和6%Ir(ppy)3在CBP中的磷光敏感层。在Ir(ppy)3:tpd(d)中发现了至Ir(ppy)3的能量转移。这里,所发现的Ir(ppy)3的寿命是15μs,显著长于其1μs的自然辐射寿命。总体计算在TPD中的Ir(ppy)3上的电荷捕获的表观缺乏,该长寿命指示,由TPD到Ir(ppy)3的能量转移可能是Ir(ppy)3磷光中的限速步骤。该器件具有厚TPD扩散层和6%Ir(ppy)3在CBP中的磷光敏感层。请注意,各瞬时测量的强度是任意的。
图21显示了在TPD中的8%Ir(ppy)3的电致发光响应。该器件不含扩散层,而Ir(ppy)3TPD的寿命比Ir(ppy)3的自然辐射寿命(-1μs)明显更长(15μs)。在响应中的这些初始峰主要归因于来自TPD在T=292K和T=200K的荧光。寿命在低温下增加,与热活化过程一致。然而,不象EL响应,在光致发光响应中的初始瞬变完全由来自光激发Ir(ppy)3的发射组成。
图22显示了对于和的扩散距离的在650nm记录的在Alq3中的PtOEP的标称磷光瞬变过程。还显示了以D=(8±5)×10μs cm2/5的三线态既定扩散系数的非分散扩散,以及r=25±15μs的在Alq3中的三线态激子寿命为基础的计算瞬变(平滑曲线)。
图23显示了对于和的扩散距离的在磷光区域中输入的激子电流(小数)。电流通过将PtOEP的磷光衰变解卷积由图12中的迹线计算(小数)。还显示了假设非分散特性的最佳拟合曲线,假定激子形成的浓度随与具有L-120的特性长度的HTL/ETL界面的距离呈指数降低(参看图21)。图22的平滑曲线通过将它们与PtOEP磷光衰变卷积由这些拟合曲线来计算。
前面的研究已经证明三线态扩散在Alq3中的存在,以及在图22和23中,我们研究了扩散三线态随时间和距离变化的特性。由8%PtOEP:Alq3组成的各层用于通过电致发光检测三线态;但与在该研究中形成的其它器件相反,这里我们改变了Alq3间隔层的厚度,并发现了磷光衰变瞬变过程的变化。图22显示了用于具有 和厚度的间隔层的OLED的PtOEP磷光在λ=650nm的标称瞬变响应。所有迹线在反向偏压下表现了延迟磷光,证明了三线态扩散的存在。
这些延迟响应被理解为三线态到达磷光敏感层的速度与PtOEP的磷光衰变的卷积。通过由观测到的衰变卷积PtOEP的磷光寿命,我们因此能够提取进入各器件的磷光敏感层的三线态激子电流。通过减去初始荧光尖峰,弄平和然后卷积PtOEB的磷光衰变来由图22的数据计算激子电流。
如由图23的数据点显示的三线态激子电流能够拟合成以下扩散等式:
如由图23中的实线所示,该拟合曲线用于获得Alq3三线态的寿命(r)的值以及它们的扩散常数(Dr)。最后,作为检验,预测的激子电流用PtOEP磷光衰变重卷积,并与图22的测得的瞬变(实线)比较。对于这些拟合曲线,我们假定,激子形成区在各器件中相同和激子浓度与具有的特征长度的HTL界面的距离呈指数降低。在去卷积激子电流中发现的在r~0的尖峰归因于在磷光区内形成的过量三线态,并指示残留电荷捕集的存在。
由图22和23我们可以发现,该简单理论提供了所发现的PtOEP:Alq3体系的瞬变衰变的合理近似法。虽然如此,在单一值的D r的情况下,不可能同时重现在磷光瞬变中的初始急剧增加和它们的延长尾部。因此,与电荷迁移类似,该数据提供了分散激子迁移的证据,要么归因于激子阱的存在,要么归因于由在无定形Alq3薄膜内的分子构象的变化产生的扩散系数的分布。
该数据分成两种体制,对于短扩散距离,D r决定了所观测的激子电流,以及在更长的距离下,电流受激子寿命r的限制。从具有或的间隔层厚度的器件的拟合曲线我们获得了D r(8200或)×10-8cm2/5的扩散系数,以及由600和器件的拟合曲线,我们获得了r→25±15μs的激子寿命,一并考虑获得了的扩散长度。这低于以前在J=6.5mA/cm2下计算的长度,然而,在200m激发脉冲期间施加的电流密度显然更高(J-2500mA/cm2)。预期在高注入能级下的增加的三线态-三线态湮灭和三线态-电荷载体猝灭引起了所发现的扩散长度的下降。
预先,在Alq3中的单激子激发扩散系数测得为Ds=(1.2±0.8)×10-5cm2/5(参照图22)和Ds=2.6×10-4cm2/5(参照图23)。三线态的扩散系数一般低于单线态的扩散系数,因为施主和受主跃迁不允许。
本发明的另一实施方案包括有机发光层,其中在客体材料的最低三线激发态和客体材料的相应松弛态之间的能差具有用于蓝光发射的约420nm到480nm的相应波长。
本发明的另一实施方案包括有机发光层,其中在客体材料的最低三线激发态和客体材料的相应松弛态之间的能差具有用于海蓝色光发射的约480nm-510nm的相应波长。
本发明的又一个实施方案包括有机发光层,其中主体材料具有能量差对应于约470nm的带隙和客体材料在约450nm处的能级下具有最低三线激发态。
本发明的另一实施方案包括有机发光层,其中多种客体材料分散在主体材料中。
根据本发明,在磷光蓝色发射中的峰优选在≤470nm,更优选在~450nm的波长下产生。
本领域的那些技术人员可以认识到这里描述和举例说明的本发明的实施方案的各种变化。这些变化意图用本发明的精神和范围覆盖。即,虽然已参照某些实施方案详细描述了本发明,但本领域的那些技术人员认识到具有在权利要求的精神和范围内的本发明的其它实施方案。
Claims (2)
1.包括含有有机金属化合物的发射层的有机发光器件,所述化合物包括:
选自Os、Ir、Pt和Au中的重过渡金属;
键接于该重过渡金属的至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体,其中该至少一个单阴离子双齿碳配位配体是:
其中X=S或O;R1、R2和R3独立地是氢、烷基、芳基或亚芳基,其中R1、R2和R3中至少之一是烷基、芳基或亚芳基;和
键接于该重过渡金属的至少一个非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体,其中该至少一个非单阴离子双齿碳配位配体选自:
其中R、R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8独立地是氢、卤素、烷基或芳基,并且R9是卤素、烷基或芳基.
2.权利要求1的有机发光器件,其中发射层进一步包括:
具有第一衰变率低于1/秒的最低三线激发态的主体材料;其中所述有机金属化合物作为分散在所述主体材料中的客体材料存在,所述有机金属化合物具有辐射衰变率高于1×105/秒的最低三线激发态,和其中所述主体材料的最低三线激发态的能级低于所述有机金属化合物的最低三线激发态的能级。
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- 2001-08-10 CN CNB018154352A patent/CN100505375C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-10 AU AU2001283274A patent/AU2001283274A1/en not_active Abandoned
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EP2566302B1 (en) | 2015-12-16 |
EP1325671B1 (en) | 2012-10-24 |
CN101924190A (zh) | 2010-12-22 |
TW593625B (en) | 2004-06-21 |
AU2001283274A1 (en) | 2002-02-25 |
JP2004506305A (ja) | 2004-02-26 |
JP5241053B2 (ja) | 2013-07-17 |
CN100505375C (zh) | 2009-06-24 |
EP1325671A1 (en) | 2003-07-09 |
KR100884039B1 (ko) | 2009-02-19 |
CN1454448A (zh) | 2003-11-05 |
WO2002015645A1 (en) | 2002-02-21 |
KR20030041972A (ko) | 2003-05-27 |
CN102041001A (zh) | 2011-05-04 |
EP2566302A1 (en) | 2013-03-06 |
CN101924190B (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
EP1325671A4 (en) | 2009-04-29 |
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