CA2652980A1

CA2652980A1 - Robust sustained release formulations of oxymorphone

Info

Publication number: CA2652980A1
Application number: CA002652980A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Anand R. Baichwal; Kevin Fitzmaurice; Steve Labudzinski; Michelle Howard-Sparks; William Hein
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Penwest Pharmaceuticals Co
Priority date: 2006-10-10
Filing date: 2006-10-10
Publication date: 2008-04-17
Also published as: KR20090076946A; EP2097069A1; CN101578095A; JP2010505947A; BRPI0621952A2; WO2008045046A1; IL198169A0; MX2009003772A; AU2006349471A1

Abstract

Robust sustained release formulations, solid dosage forms comprising robust sustained release formulations, and methods for making and using these formulations and solid dosage forms are provided. Robustness of the sustained release formulation is related to the particle size of the hydrophilic gum. Sustained release formulations resist dose-dumping when ingested with alcohol. The fo.pi.nulations are useful for treating a patient suffering from a condition, e.g., pain. The formulations comprise at least one drug. In one embodiment, the drug is an opioid, e.g., oxymorphone.

Description

ROBUST SUSTAINED RELEASE FORMULATIONS OF OXYMORPHONE
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides robust sustained release pharmaceutical foimulations and methods for making and using same. The forinulations of the invention comprise at least one drug and a sustained release delivery system.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Sustained release drug forinulations often contain higher amounts of drugs than immediate release foi-mulations. Functionality and safety of a sustained release fonnulation are based on a known controlled rate of diug release from the fonnulation over an extended period of time after administration, such as 8-24 hours. The drug release profile of a formulation often depends on the chemical environment of the sustained release forinulation, for exainple, on pH, ionic strength and presence of solvents such as ethanol.
The relatively high amount of drug that is present in a sustained release forinulation can, in some instances, harm a patient if the formulation releases the drug at a rate that is faster than the intended controlled release rate. If the formulation releases the drug at a rate that is slower than the intended controlled release rate, the therapeutic efficacy of the drug can be reduced.
In most cases, failure of a sustained release fonnulation results in a rapid release of the drug into the bloodstream. This rapid release is generally faster than the intended sustained release of the drug from the formulation, and is sometimes referred to as "dose duinping."

Dose dumping can create severe consequences for a patient, including permanent hann and even death. Exainples of drugs that can be fatal if the therapeutically beneficial dose is exceeded, e.g., by dose dumping, include pain medications such as opioids.
Oral dosage forinulations are often taken with a commonly available beverage, such as water, juice, a carbonated beverage or occasionally an ethanol-containing beverage. An ethanol-containing beverage is commonly referred to as an alcoholic beverage, liquor, or simply alcohol. As used herein, "alcohol" refers to ethanol, or an ethanol-containing ("alcoholic") beverage such as beer, wine, and hard liquors such as vodka, rum, or whiskey. Dose dumping in the presence of ethanol creates a safety concern because of the likelihood that a patient will ingest the formulation with an alcoholic beverage. This can be exacerbated where the drug may interact with the alcohol. An additional safety concern is that a patient will consume alcoholic beverages while being treated with the diug in the formulation, even if the patient does not ingest the formulation at the same time as an alcoholic beverage.
Patients who desire to abuse a drug, for example a drug that causes a euphoric effect, may want to intentionally induce dose dumping in order to magnify the euphoric effect of the drug. Furthermore, a person wanting to abuse a drug might already be abusing alcohol, which increases the likelihood of the sustained release formulation of the drug to be ingested or taken concurrently with an alcoholic beverage.
In 2005, several drugs were either withdrawn from the market or had their warning labels enhanced because of the effects of ethanol on the sustained release fonnulations of the drug.
For instance, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) asked Purdue Pharma to withdraw PalladoneOO (hydromorphone hydrochloride) extended release capsules from the market because a study showed that when Palladone is taken with alcohol, its extended release formulation is damaged and can dose dump (c.f. FDA
Press Release of July 13, 2005). FDA further warned that talcing Palladone with a single alcoholic drink could have fatal consequences for the patient.
Alpharina issued a press release reporting that FDA had requested it to expand warning information regarding alcohol in the labeling for KADIAN (c.f.
Alpharma press release of July 22, 2005). The enhanced warning was a result of in viti-o studies showing that the extended release characteristics of KADIAN are coinproinised in the presence of alcohol.
AVINZA (inoiphine sulfate extended-release capsules) was found to have an increased risk of dose dumping when taken with ethanol. In vitro studies perforined by the FDA showed that when AVINZA 30 mg was mixed with 900 mL of buffer solutions containing ethanol (20% and 40%), the dose of morphine that was released was alcohol concentration-dependent, leading to a more rapid release of morphine, which in vivo could result in the absorption of a potentially fatal dose of morphine. As a result, during or around October, 2005, Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc. revised several sections of the AVINZA prescribing information to highlight and strengthen the warning that patients should not consume alcohol while taking AVINZA . Additionally, patients were warned not to use prescription or non-prescription medications containing alcohol while on AVINZAOO therapy.
FDA has also indicated that for future sustained release products, in vitro testing for alcohol-induced undennining of sustained release characteristics may be advisable as a routine characterization test. Furthermore, FDA's position is that for certain drugs (e.g., drugs with a narrow therapeutic index or dire consequences of high C,,,ax or low C,,,;,,), alcohol sensitive sustained release foi-inulations should not be approved. FDA
prefers that forinulations be made ethanol-resistant by design, rather than simply a confirmation that dose duinping does not occur through an in vivo study. (c.f. Summary of FDA's position on alcohol-induced dose duinping as presented at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting Oct. 26, 2005) According to the FDA, an in vivo alcohol resistance test is not the preferred approach due to potential harm the test could pose to a human subject. The preferred approach, according to the FDA, is an in vitro dissolution test in the presence of 40%
ethanol. This approach may be preferred because the strength of most common "hard"
liquors is about 80 proof, or about 40% ethanol. FDA is proposing classifying formulations into three groups: rugged, vulnerable and uncertain. At the Pharmaceutical Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting of Oct. 26, 2005, OPS (Office of Pharinaceutical Science) at the CDER (Center for Drug Evaluation and Research) personnel presented data showing that in a vulnerable fonnulation, a higher concentration of ethanol (e.g., 40%) is likely to trigger faster drug release than a lower concentration of ethanol (e.g., 20% or 4%). In FDA's example of a i-ugged forinulation, the drug release from a foi-mulation dissolved in 40% ethanol is actually slightly slower (although similar) compared to a control formulation dissolved in a medium without ethanol.
(Presentations at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting Oct. 26, 2005) Changes to product labeling (i.e., added warnings of the danger of talcing the drug with alcohol) have only a limited effect and are not likely to deter a patient who intends to abuse the drug.
Pain is the most frequently reported syinptoin and it is a common clinical problem that confronts the clinician. Many millions of people in the United States suffer from severe pain that is chronically undertreated or inappropriately managed. The clinical usefulness of the analgesic properties of opioids has been recognized for centuries, and morphine and its derivatives have been widely used for analgesia for decades in a variety of clinical pain states.
Oxyinorphone HCl (14-hydroxydihydromoiphinone hydrochloride) is a semi-synthetic phenanthrene-derivative opioid agonist, used in the treatment of acute and chronic pain, with analgesic efficacy coinparable to other opioid analgesics.
Oxyinorphone is currently marketed as an injection (1 mg/hnl in 1 ml ampules) for intrainuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration. At one time, a 10 mg oral iinmediate release tablet fonnation of oxylnorphone HCl was marlceted.
Oxymorphone HCl is metabolized principally in the liver and undergoes conjugation with glucuronic acid and reduction to 6-alpha and 6-beta hydroxy epiiners.
An important goal of analgesic therapy is to achieve continuous relief of chronic pain. Regular administration of an analgesic is generally required to ensure that the next dose is given before the effects of the previous dose have worn off.
Compliance with opioids increases as the required dosing frequency decreases. Non-compliance results in suboptimal pain control and poor quality of life outcomes. Scheduled rather than "as needed" administration of opioids is currently recommended in guidelines for their use in treating chronic non-malignant pain. Unfortunately, evidence from prior clinical trials and clinical experience suggests that the short duration of action of immediate release oxyinorphone would necessitate administration every four hours in order to maintain optimal levels of analgesia in patients with chronic pain. Moreover, immediate release oxyinorphone exhibits low oral bioavailability, because oxyinorphone is extensively metabolized in the liver.
Because many drugs, e.g., opioids such as oxylnorphone, can cause serious adverse effects or even death to a patient if the sustained release fonnulation fails, there is a need in the art for pharmaceutical fonnulations that are more robust or rugged, and therefore safer, when coinpared to currently available sustained release formulations.
Several sustained release formulations have been described in U.S. Pat. No.

5,399,358, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. It has now been unexpectedly discovered that the particle size of hydrophilic gums, e.g., xanthan gum, affects the robustness and dissolution properties of sustained release formulations.
Citation of a reference in Section 2 of the application is not an admission that the reference is prior art.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides sustained release pharmaceutical formulations and solid dosage forms comprising the sustained release formulations. The invention also provides methods for treating a patient using the sustained release forinulations and methods for preventing dose dumping, for example, by providing to patients a therapeutically effective amount of a sustained release drug formulation. The phannaceutical forinulations described herein are less likely to dose dump compared to conventional sustained release formulations, which makes them more iugged, safer, and applicable to a wide variety of drugs.
The invention further provides ethanol-resistant pharmaceutical fonnulations and methods for increasing drug safety and reducing the potential for drug abuse.
This can be achieved by providing, prescribing and/or administering to patients an effective amount of an ethanol-resistant drug fonnulation. The ethanol-resistant drug formulations are safer and have less potential for abuse when coinpared to commercially available forinulations because their sustained release dissolution profile in an aqueous solution or in an ethanol-containing solution is essentially the same. In one embodiment, the drug in the ethanol-resistant fonnulation coinprises an opioid coinpound or a derivative thereof.
The invention also provides ethanol-resistant pharmaceutical formulations and methods for preventing dose duinping. This can be achieved by providing, prescribing and/or adrninistering to patients an effective ainount of an ethanol-resistant drug fonnulation. The ethanol-resistant pharmaceutical formulations described herein do not dose dump in the presence of beverage-strength ethanol. In one einbodiment, the drug in the ethanol-resistant formulation comprises an opioid compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid compound, or a derivative thereof.
In one aspect, the invention provides a sustained release formulation comprising: a drug; and a sustained release delivery system comprising a hydrophilic guin, a hoinopolysaccharide gum, and a phannaceutical diluent, wherein at least about 30% of the hydrophilic gum used to make the sustained release forinulation can pass tlvrough a #270 mesh sieve and the sustained release forinulation releases less than about 70% of the drug within 2 hours after ingestion with either an ethanol-free or an ethanol-containing beverage.
In another aspect, the invention provides a sustained release formulation coinprising: a diug; and a sustained release delivery system comprising a hydrophilic gum, a cationic cross-linking coinpound selected from monovalent cations, multivalent cations and salts, and a pharmaceutical diluent, wherein at least about 30% of the hydrophilic gum used to make the sustained release fonnulation can pass through a #270 mesh sieve and the sustained release formulation releases less than about 70%
of the drug within 2 hours after ingestion with either an ethanol-free or an ethanol-containing beverage.
In some einbodiinents, the hydrophilic gum is a heteropolysaccharide gum. In some einbodiinents, the hydrophilic gum is xanthan gum.
In one einbodiment, the sustained release delivery system further coinprises a cationic cross-linking compound selected from monovalent cations, multivalent cations, and salts. In one embodiment, the cationic cross-linlcing agent is a sodium salt.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a sustained release formulation coinprising: a drug; and a sustained release delivery system coinprising a hydrophilic gum, a homopolysaccharide gum, and a pharmaceutical diluent, wherein at least about 30% of the hydrophilic gum particles used to make the sustained release formulation are smaller than about 53 microns in diameter and the sustained release forinulation releases less than 70% of the drug within 2 hours after ingestion with either an ethanol-free or an ethanol-containing beverage.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a sustained release formulation comprising: a drug; and a sustained release delivery system comprising a hydrophilic gum, a cationic cross-linking coinpound selected from monovalent cations, multivalent cations and salts, and a pharmaceutical diluent, wherein at least about 30% of the hydrophilic gum particles used to make the sustained release fonnulation are smaller than about 53 microns in diameter and the sustained release formulation releases less than 70%
of the drug within 2 hours after ingestion with either an ethanol-free or an ethanol-containing beverage. In some embodiments, the sustained delivery system further coinprises a hydrophobic polymer.
In some embodiments, the sustained release formulation further comprises an outer coating. In some embodiments, the outer coating coinprises a hydrophobic polyiner and/or a plasticizer.
In some embodiments, the drug is a water-soluble drug. In soine embodiments, the drug is an anti-depressant, a drug used to treat bipolar disorder, panic disorder, epilepsy, migraine, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In some embodiments, the drug is selected from the group consisting of alprazolam, lithium carbonate, divalproex sodium, neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and ainphetamine with the dextro isomer of ainphetainine saccharate and d,l-amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, trainadol hydrochloride, and other pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the active pharinaceutical ingredient thereof.
In some embodiments, the drug is an opioid, e.g., alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, cyclazocine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diainproinide, dihydrocodeine, dihydroinoiphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiainbutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazine, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydroinoiphone, hydroxypethidine, isoinethadone, ketobemidone, levallorphan, levoiphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, inoiphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevoiphanol, nonnethadone, naloiphine, normophine, noipipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxyinorphone, 6-hydroxyoxyinorphone, papaveretuin, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, propheptazine, promedol, properidine, propirain, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tramadol, tilidine, a stereoisomer thereof, a metabolite thereof, an ether thereof, an ester thereof, and a derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Additionally, the invention provides methods for making sustained release pharinaceutical forinulations and solid dosage fonns comprising the sustained release fonnulations.
In one aspect, the invention provides a method for malcing a sustained release formulation comprising: a drug; and a sustained release delivery system, wherein the sustained release delivery system comprises a hydrophilic gum, a homopolysaccharide gum, and a pharmaceutical diluent, the method comprising: providing the hydrophilic gum with at least a fraction of particles less than about 53 microns in diameter;
granulating the hydrophilic gum, the homopolysaccharide gum and the phannaceutical diluent to forin granules; mixing the granules with the drug to form a granulated composition; and applying pressure to the granulated coinposition to make the formulation.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for making a sustained release formulation comprising: a drug; and a sustained release delivery system, wherein the sustained release delivery system coinprises a hydrophilic gum, a cationic cross-linking compound selected from monovalent cations, inultivalent cations and salts, and a pharmaceutical diluent, the method comprising: providing the hydrophilic gum with at least a fraction of particles less than about 53 microns in diameter;
granulating the hydrophilic gum, the homopolysaccharide gum and the pharmaceutical diluent to form granules; mixing the granules with the drug to form a granulated composition;
and applying pressure to the granulated coinposition to make the formulation.
In some embodiments, providing coinprises receiving, manufacturing, and/or processing the hydrophilic gum. In some embodiments, processing comprises measuring the size of at least a fraction of the hydrophilic gum particles and/or passing at least a fraction of the hydrophilic gum through a sieve. In some embodiments, the sieve is a #270 mesh sieve.

In some einbodiinents, the method for inalcing the sustained release forinulation and a solid dosage fonn further comprises applying an outer coating onto at least part of the sustained release formulation.
In some einbodiments, granulating comprises mixing ingredients with a solution comprising water. In other embodiments, granulating comprises mixing ingredients with an alcohol solution, for example a solution comprising ethanol.
In one aspect, the invention provides a method for malcing a sustained release fonnulation coinprising: a drug; and a sustained release delivery system, wherein the sustained release delivery system coinprises a hydrophilic gum, a homopolysaccharide gum, and a pharmaceutical diluent, the method coinprising: mixing the hydrophilic gum of average and/or mean particle size larger than about 53 microns in diameter, the homopolysaccharide gum and the pharmaceutical diluent with a solution coinprising water to fonn granules; mixing the granules with drug to form a granulated composition;
and applying pressure to the granulated composition to make the formulation.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for making a sustained release forinulation coinprising: a drug; and a sustained release delivery system, wherein the sustained release delivery system comprises a hydrophilic gum, a cationic cross-linking compound selected from monovalent cations, multivalent cations and salts, and pharinaceutical diluent, the method comprising: mixing the hydrophilic gum of average and/or mean particle size larger than about 53 microns in diameter, the cationic cross-linlcing coinpound and the pharmaceutical diluent with a solution coinprising water to form granules; mixing the granules with the drug to form a granulated composition; and applying pressure to the granulated coinposition to make the formulation.
In one embodiment, a method for making a sustained release fonnulation further comprises recording a dissolution profile of the sustained release formulation or a solid dosage form coinprising the sustained release forinulation in an ethanol-containing solution.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for relieving pain comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a sustained release foi7nulation or a solid dosage form coinprising a sustained release formulation described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating a patient having a condition comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a sustained release formulation or a solid dosage form comprising a sustained release formulation described herein.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for reducing dose duinping of a sustained release drug fonnulation comprising providing a patient a sustained release formulation described herein.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a solid dosage fonn comprising a sustained release fonnulation described herein. In some embodiments, the solid dosage form is a powder, a granule, a tablet, or a capsule.
In one aspect, the sustained release formulation coinprises from about 5 to about 80 ing of oxymoiphone hydrochloride and about 80 mg to about 360 mg of a sustained release delivery system; wherein the sustained release delivery system coinprises from about 8.3% to about 41.7% by weight locust bean gum from about 8.3% to about 41.7%
by weight xanthan gum wherein at least about 30% of the xanthan gum particles can pass through a #270 mesh sieve; from about 20% to about 55% by weight dextrose, from about 5% to about 20% by weight calcium sulfate dihydrate, and from about 2% to about 10%
ethyl cellulose, and the sustained release fonnulation releases less than 70%
of the drug within 2 hours after ingestion with either an ethanol-free or an ethanol-containing beverage.
In another aspect, the sustained release fonnulation comprises from about 5 to about 80 mg of oxylnorphone hydrochloride and from about 300 mg to about 420 mg of a sustained release delivery system; wherein the sustained release delivery system coinprises from about 8.3% to about 41.7% by weight locust bean gum, from about 8.3%
to about 41.7% by weight xanthan gum having at least about 30% of particles smaller than about 53 microns in diameter; from about 20% to about 55% by weight dextrose, from about 5% to about 20% by weight calcium sulfate dihydrate, and from about 2% to about 10% ethyl cellulose, and the sustained release fonnulation releases less than 70% of the drug within 2 hours after ingestion with either an ethanol-free or an ethanol-containing beverage.

In one einbodiment, the sustained release formulation coinprises about 20 mg of oxymorphone hydrochloride. In another embodiment, the sustained release formulation comprises about 160 mg of a sustained release delivery system. In yet another embodiment, the sustained release fonnulation comprises about 360 mg of a sustained release delivery system. In still another embodiment, the sustained release delivery system coinprises about 25% locust bean gum, about 25% xanthan gum, about 35%
dextrose, about 10% calcium sulfate dihydrate, and about 5% ethyl cellulose.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing dose-dumping of a diug in the presence of ethanol comprising: providing a patient who could consume ethanol while being treated with the drug an effective amount of the drug in the form of an ethanol-resistant sustained release formulation comprising: the drug; and a sustained release delivery system, the delivery system comprising at least one hydrophilic gum, at least one homopolysaccharide gum and at least one pharmaceutical diluent, wherein at least about 30% of the hydrophilic gum used to make the sustained release forinulation can pass through a #270 mesh sieve and the sustained release formulation releases less than about 70% of the diug within 2 hours after ingestion with either an ethanol-free or an ethanol-containing beverage.
In one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing dose-dumping of a drug in the presence of ethanol comprising: providing a patient who could consume ethanol while being treated with the drug an effective amount of the drug in the form of an ethanol-resistant sustained release formulation comprising: the drug; and a sustained release delivery system, the delivery system comprising at least one hydrophilic gum, at least one cationic cross-linlcing coinpound selected from monovalent metal cations, inultivalent metal cations and salts, and at least one pharmaceutical diluent, wherein at least about 30% of the hydrophilic gum used to make the sustained release formulation can pass through a #270 mesh sieve and the sustained release foi-inulation releases less than about 70% of the drug within 2 hours after ingestion with either an ethanol-free or an ethanol-containing beverage.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of iinproving safety of a diug fonnulation coinprising: providing a patient who could consume ethanol while being treated with the drug an effective amount of the drug in the form of an ethanol-resistant sustained release formulation comprising: the drug; and a sustained release delivery system, the sustained release delivery system comprising at least one hydrophilic gum, at least one homopolysaccharide gum and at least one pharmaceutical diluent, wherein the iinprovement in safety is a result of controlled hydrophilic gum particle size and ethanol-resistant sustained release properties of the formulation.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of improving safety of a drug formulation coinprising: providing a patient who could consume ethanol while being treated with the drug an effective amount of the drug in the form of an ethanol-resistant sustained release formulation comprising: the drug; and a sustained release delivery system, the delivery system comprising at least one hydrophilic gum, at least one cationic cross-linking compound selected from monovalent metal cations, multivalent metal cations and salts, and at least one pharinaceutical diluent, wherein the improvement in safety is a result of controlled hydrophilic gum particle size and ethanol-resistant sustained release properties of the formulation.
In one aspect, the invention provides a sustained release oxyinorphone forinulation coinprising a sustained release deliveiy system and from about 5 mg to about 80 ing of oxyinorphone, wherein after oral adininistration of a single dose to a patient with about 200 inL to about 300 inL of about 4% to about 40% ethanol the formulation provides a secondary peak of blood oxymorphone concentration about 12 hours after administration, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after adininistration.
In some embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 20 mg to about 60 mg of oxyinorphone or about 40 mg of oxyinorphone. In one embodiinent, the formulation is a solid dosage, for exainple, a tablet, a granule, a capsule or a powder.
In another aspect, the invention provides a sustained release oxymorphone fonnulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 ing to about 80 ing of oxyinorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to-a patient the forinulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxyinorphone less than about 5 times lugher when ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 inL of up to about 40%
ethanol coinpared to when ingested without ethanol, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.

In one einbodiment, the maximum blood concentration of oxyinorphone is less than about 2.5 times higher when ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of up to about 40% ethanol compared to when ingested without ethanol.
In some embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 20 mg to about 60 mg of oxyinorphone or about 40 mg of oxyinorphone. In one embodiment, the fonnulation is a solid dosage, for exainple, a tablet, a granule, a capsule or a powder.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a sustained release oxymoiphone formulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to a patient the formulation provides a ratio of the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone when ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 40% ethanol to the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone when ingested after a high-fat meal without ethanol from about 0.5 to about 2, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.
In one einbodiment, the ratio of the maximum blood concentration of oxyinorphone when the fonnulation is ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 40% ethanol to the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone when the formulation is ingested after a high-fat meal without ethanol is from about 0.8 to about 1.5.
In some embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 20 mg to about 60 mg of oxyinorphone or about 40 mg of oxymorphone. In one embodiment, the formulation is a solid dosage, for exainple, a tablet, a granule, a capsule or a powder.
In one aspect, the invention provides a sustained release oxyinorphone fonnulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 ing of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to a patient with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 4% to about 40% ethanol the formulation provides a maxiinuin blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.1 ng/mL
to about 15 ng/mL, and the forinulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after adininistration.

In some embodiments, the formulation provides a inaxiinum blood concentration of oxyinorphone from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 7.5 ng/mL or from about 1 ng/mL
to about 4 ng/inL.
In one einbodiment, the formulation comprises from about 10 mg to about 20 mg of oxyinorphone and the fonnulation provides a maxiinum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.3 ng/mL to about 3.2 ng/mL or from about 0.4 ng/mL to about 2.8 ng/hnL.
In some einbodiments, the foi-inulation comprises about 10 mg of oxyinorphone and the forinulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.3 ng/mL to about 1.8 ng/mL or from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL.
In another embodiment, the formulation coinprises from about 20 mg to about 40 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymoiphone from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL or from about 0.9 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL.
In yet another embodiment, the fonnulation comprises about 20 mg of oxyinorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxyinorphone from about 0,5 ng/mL to about 3.2 ng/mL or from about 0.75 ng/mL
to about 2.8 ng/mL.
In one einbodiment, the formulation comprises from about 40 mg to about 80 mg of oxymoiphone and the formulation provides a maxiinuin blood concentration of oxyinorphone from about 1 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL or from about 1.9 ng/mL to about 12 ng/mL.
In another embodiment, the forinulation comprises about 40 mg of oxymorphone and the forinulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxyrnorphone from about 1 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL or from about 1.4 ng/mL to about 5 ng/hnL.
In yet another embodiment, the formulation comprises about 80 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxyinorphone from about 3.5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL or from about 4 ng/mL to about 13 ng/mL.
In one aspect, the invention provides a sustained release oxymorphone forinulation coinprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxyinorphone, wherein the formulation provides a minimum blood concentration of oxyinorphone of at least about 0.013 ng/inL at about 12 hours after oral administration of a single dose to a patient with about 200 mL to about 300 mL
of about 4% to about 40% ethanol, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.
In one embodiment, the formulation comprises about 5 mg of oxymorphone and provides a minimum blood concentration of oxymorphone of at least about 0.07 ng/mL.
In another embodiment, the formulation comprises about 10 mg of oxymorphone and provides a minimum blood concentration of oxyinorphone of at least about 0.15 ng/mL.
In yet another embodiment, the fonnulation comprises about 20 mg of oxyinorphone and provides a minimum blood concentration of oxymorphone of at least about 0.3 ng/mL.
In one einbodiment, the formulation comprises about 40 mg of oxymorphone and provides a ininiinum blood concentration of oxyinorphone of at least about 0.6 ng/mL.
In yet another einbodiment, the forinulation comprises about 80 mg of oxymorphone and provides a miniinum blood concentration of oxymorphone of at least about 1.2 ng/mL.
In some embodiments, the forinulation is a solid dosage form, for example, a tablet, a capsule, a granule, or a powder.
In one aspect, the invention provides a method of relieving pain coinprising administering to a patient a sustained release oxyinorphone formulation compr-ising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to the patient with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 4% to about 40% ethanol the formulation provides a secondary pealc of blood oxyrnorphone concentration about 12 hours after administration, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.
In some embodiments, the foi-inulation coinprises from about 20 mg to about 60 mg of oxyinorphone or about 40 mg of oxyinoiphone. In one embodiment, the forinulation is a solid dosage, for example, a tablet, a granule, a capsule or a powder.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of relieving pain comprising administering to a patient a sustained release oxyinorphone formulation comprising a sustained release deliveiy system and from about 5 mg to about 80 ing of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to a patient the fonnulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxyinorphone less than about 5 times higher when ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of up to about 40% ethanol compared to when ingested without ethanol, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.
In one embodiment, the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone is less than about 2.5 times higher when ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of up to about 40% ethanol compared to when ingested without ethanol.
In some embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 20 mg to about 60 mg of oxymorphone or about 40 mg of oxymorphone. In one embodiment, the fonnulation is a solid dosage, for exainple a tablet, a granule, a capsule or a powder.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of relieving pain coinprising administering to a patient a sustained release oxyinorphone formulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to a patient the formulation provides a ratio of the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone when ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 40% ethanol to the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone when ingested after a high-fat meal without ethanol of about 0.5 to about 2, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.
In one einbodiinent, the ratio of the inaxiinum blood concentration of oxyinorphone when the fonnulation is ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 40% ethanol to the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone when the formulation is ingested after a high-fat meal without ethanol is from about 0.8 to about 1.5.
In some embodiments, the foi-inulation coinprises from about 20 mg to about 60 mg of oxyinorphone or about 40 mg of oxymorphone. In one embodiment, the fonnulation is a solid dosage, for exainple, a tablet, a granule, a capsule or a powder.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of relieving pain comprising administering to a patient a sustained release oxymorphone formulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to a patient with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 4% to about 40% ethanol the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.1 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, and the foi-inulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.
In some embodiments, the forinulation provides a inaxiinum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 7.5 ng/mL or from about 1 ng/mL
to about 4 ng/mL.
In one embodiment, the formulation comprises from about 10 mg to about 20 mg of oxyinorphone and the foi-inulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxyinorphone from about 0.3 ng/mL to about 3.2 ng/mL or from about 0.4 ng/mL
to about 2.8 ng/mL.
In some embodiments, the forinulation comprises about 10 ing of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.3 ng/mL to about 1.8 ng/mL or from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL.
In another embodiment, the foi-inulation coinprises from about 20 mg to about mg of oxyinoiphone and the forinulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL or from about 0.9 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL.
In yet another embodiment, the forinulation coinprises about 20 mg of oxyinorphone and the fonnulation provides a maxiinum blood concentration of oxyinorphone from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 3.2 ng/mL or from about 0.75 ng/mL
to about 2.8 ng/mL.
In one einbodiinent, the fonnulation coinprises from about 40 mg to about 80 mg of oxyinoiphone and the forinulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 1 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL or from about 1.9 ng/mL to about 12 ng/mL.

In another embodiment, the forinulation comprises about 40 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 1 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL or from about 1.4 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL.
In yet another einbodiinent, the formulation comprises about 80 mg of oxymorphone and the fonnulation provides a maxiinum blood concentration of oxyrnorphone from about 3.5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL or from about 4 ng/mL to about 13 ng/mL.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of relieving pain coinprising administering to a patient a sustained release oxymoiphone formulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein the formulation provides a minimum blood concentration of oxyinorphone of at least about 0.013 ng/mL at about 12 hours after oral administration of a single dose to a patient with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 4% to about 40% ethanol, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.
In one embodiment, the forinulation comprises about 5 mg of oxymorphone and provides a minimum blood concentration of oxyinorphone of at least about 0.07 ng/mL.
In another einbodiment, the formulation coinprises about 10 mg of oxymorphone and provides a minimum blood concentration of oxymorphone of at least about 0.15 ng/mL.
In yet another embodiment, the formulation comprises about 20 mg of oxyinorphone and provides a ininiinum blood concentration of oxymorphone of at least about 0.3 ng/mL.
In one elnbodiinent, the forinulation comprises about 40 mg of oxymorphone and provides a ininiinum blood concentration of oxyinorphone of at least about 0.6 ng/mL.
In yet another embodiment, the formulation comprises about 80 mg of oxyinorphone and provides a minimum blood concentration of oxyinorphone of at least about 1.2 ng/mL. Sustained release forinulations described herein can be used in therapy.
Furthei-inore, sustained release forinulations described herein can be used in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of a condition. In one embodiment, the sustained release formulations described herein can be used for the manufacture of a inedicainent for relieving pain.
In some einbodiinents, the formulation is a solid dosage form, for example, a tablet, a capsule, a granule, or a powder.
These and other aspects and embodiments of the invention are described in detail herein.

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
4.1. Definitions As used herein, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the conjunction "or"
is used in the inclusive sense of "and/or" and not the exclusive sense of "either/or."
As used herein, the term "robust" refers to a property of a sustained release forinulation that makes it less likely to have its dissolution profile substantially modified, injured, or otherwise fail. An exainple of a failure of a sustained release formulation is dose dumping. "Robust" and "rugged" are meant to be synonyms.
As used herein, the term "fine" refers to a particle size of a polymer having a diameter smaller than 53 microns, or alternatively, having particles capable of passing through a #270 mesh sieve.
As used herein, the term "dose dumping" refers to a rapid release of a drug or an active ingredient from a sustained release formulation into the bloodstream.
This rapid release is generally faster than the sustained release of a drug from the formulation. Dose dumping also refers to a release having a peak concentration of the drug in the blood plasma higher than the peak concentration of the intended sustained release of the drug.
Dose dumping can, in some instances, allow dangerous overdosing to occur, which can lead to fatal consequences.
As used herein, the terin "sustained release" means that the drug is released from the forinulation at a controlled rate so that therapeutically beneficial blood levels (but below toxic levels) of the drug are maintained over an extended period of time.
As used herein, terins "sustained release", "extended release" and "controlled release" are meant to be synonyms, i.e., have identical meaning.

As used herein, the tenn "iminediate release" means that the drug is released from the forinulation in a short period of time, e.g., within about 4 hours after administration of the foimulation.
As used herein, the term "AUC" refers to the area under the concentration-time curve.
As used herein, the term "C,,,aX" refers to the maxiinuin observed concentration.
As used herein, the terin "RSD" refers to the relative standard deviation.
As used herein, the term "CI" refers to the confidence interval.
As used herein, the tenn "high-fat meal" refers to a meal wherein approximately 1'0 50 percent of total caloric content of the meal is derived from fat. An example of a high-fat meal is two eggs fried in butter, two strips of bacon, two slices of toast with butter, four ounces of hash brown potatoes and eight ounces of whole milk.
As used herein, the terin "liquids" includes, for example, gastrointestinal fluids, aqueous solutions (such as those used for in vitro dissolution testing), and mucosas (e.g., of the mouth, nose, lungs, esophagus, and the like).
As used herein, the terin "ethanol-resistant" refers to releasing less than 50% of an active ingredient (e.g., a drug) within one hour in a dissolution profile measurement by USP Procedure Drug Release USP 23 in 0.1N HCl and 40% ethanol solution.
As used herein, the tenn "drug" includes any pharmaceutically active chemical or biological coinpound, and any phannaceutically acceptable salt thereof, used for alleviating syinptoms, treating or preventing a condition.
Drugs suited for the robust sustained release formulations described herein include, but are not limited to, alprazolain (XANAX XRO), lithium carbonate (LITHOBID ), divalproex sodium (DEPAKOTEO), neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, with the dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and d,l-ainphetamine aspartate monohydrate (ADDERALL XRO), trainadol hydrochloride (TRAMADOL ERO) and opioids such as morphine (AVINZAO and KADIANO) and oxycodone (OXYCONTIN ).
As used herein, the terin "opioid" includes stereoisomers thereof, metabolites thereof, salts thereof, ethers thereof, esters thereof and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., pharinaceutically acceptable salts thereof). The opioids may be mu-antagonists and/or mixed mu-agonists/antagonists. Exemplary opioids include alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, cyclazocine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diainproinide, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, diinethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiainbutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazine, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levalloiphan, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, moiphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, normophine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxyinorphone, 6-hydroxyoxymorphone, papaveretum, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, propheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tramadol, tilidine, stereoisomers thereof, metabolites thereof, salts thereof, ethers thereof, esters thereof, and/or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the opioid is inoiphine, codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, oxyinorphone, 6-hydroxyoxymorphone (including 6-a-hydroxyoxymorphone and/or 6-(3-hydroxyoxyinorphone), or trainadol.
As used herein, the term "oxymorphone" includes oxymorphone, metabolites thereof, and derivatives thereof. Metabolites of oxymorphone include, for exainple, 6-hydroxyoxylnorphone (e.g., 6-a-hydroxyoxymorphone and/or 6-(3-hydroxyoxymorphone).
As used herein, the teim "condition" includes any disease or a collection of symptoms that requires treatment with a drug. Exemplary conditions include panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia), bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness), acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder, epilepsy, migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression and pain.
The pain can be minor to moderate, or moderate to severe. The pain can be acute or chronic. The pain can also be persistent and require continuous around-the-clock relief for an extended period of time. The pain can be associated with, for example, cancer, autoiminune diseases, infections, surgical traumas, or accidental trauinas.
The patient can be an animal, a mammal, or a huinan.
The drug may be in the form of any pharmaceutically acceptable salt lcnown in the art. Exeinplary pharmaceutically acceptable salts include hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, hydrobromic, maleric, malic, ascorbic, citric, tartaric, pamoic, lauric, stearic, palmitic, oleic, myristic, lauiyl sulfuric, napthalinesulfonic, linoleic, linolenic acid, and the like.
The robust sustained release formulations of drugs are administered in an amount sufficient to alleviate symptoms, treat or prevent a condition for an extended period of time, for example about 8 hours to about 24 hours, or for a period of about 12 hours to about 24 hours. The robust sustained release oral solid dosage fonnulations described herein may be administered four times a day, three times a day, twice daily, or only once daily.
The sustained release formulations of opioids are administered in an amount sufficient to alleviate pain for an extended period of time, for example about 8 hours to about 24 hours, or for a period of about 12 hours to about 24 hours. The opioid sustained release oral solid dosage formulations described herein may be administered four times a day, three times a day, twice daily, or only once daily.
A therapeutically effective amount of a drug is an amount sufficient to eliminate or to alleviate symptoms of a condition (e.g., reduce the pain coinpared to the pain present prior to administration of the opioid sustained release fonnulation).
The drug can be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.5 milligrams to about 1000 inilligrains, in an amount of about 1 milligram to about 800 milligrams, in an amount of about 1 milligram to about 200 milligrams, or in an amount of about 1 milligram to about 100 milligrams.

4.2. Particle size effects on robustness of sustained release formulations It has been unexpectedly discovered that the particle size of hydrophilic gums, e.g., xanthan gum, affects dissolution properties of the sustained release fonnulations and solid dosage forins comprising the sustained release formulations, thereby affecting their robustness. Discovering such a quality-by-design principle and understanding how it applies to the dissolution profile of an extended release formulation of a drug (e.g., an opioid) had heretofore been unlcnown.
In particular, particle size of hydrophilic gums has been found to affect robustness of ethanol/ethylcellulose granulated forinulation. For exainple, ethanol/ethylcellulose granulated forinulations comprising xanthan gum as the hydrophilic guin are robust when the fraction of particles smaller than 53 microns in diameter is about 30% or more. For a different hydrophilic gum, this fraction might be smaller or larger, for example between about 20-80%, about 40-60%, or about 50%. Furthennore, if hydrophilic gum particles are screened through a different mesh filter, the size distribution of the hydrophilic gum required to produce a robust sustained release formulation can be different.
Robustness of the sustained release formulations described herein is likely to be a combination of the choice of hydrophilic gum and particle size distribution. In general, the coarser the hydrophilic gum is, the larger the fraction of small particles is required for a robust forinulation. Similarly, the finer the hydrophilic gum is, the smaller the fraction of small particles is required for a robust formulation. In some instances, it may be desirable for the formulation to have a percentage of the hydrophilic guin larger than the amount that makes the formulation robust. If the hydrophilic gum is xanthan gum, the formulation may comprise more than 30% of xanthan gum particles smaller than 53 microns, for exainple, about 40%, about 50%, or about 60%.
Without intending to be bound by any theory, the hydrophilic properties of certain hydrophilic gums (e.g., xanthan gum) contribute to the initial hydration of the sustained release forinulations and the solid dosage forms, which in one einbodiment coinprise a drug, one or more heteropolysaccharide gums and one or more homopolysaccharide gums, and in another embodiment comprise a drug, one or more heteropolysaccharide gums and one or more cross-linlcing compound selected from monovalent cations, multivalent cations, and salts.
Integrity of sustained release forinulations and solid dosage forins comprising hydrophilic gums, e.g., xanthan gum, has also been found to be sensitive to the method used for granulation of forinulations coinprising xanthan gum particles.
When the granulation method of choice is wet-granulation with non-aqueous solvents such as alcohols, glycerol, propylene glycol, or other non-aqueous solvents, the particle size of xanthan gum will have a substantial effect on hydration and integrity of the granulated sustained release forinulation and the solid dosage form.
Rapid hydration of xanthan gum in cold water contributes to the integrity of non-water granulated sustained release formulations and finished solid dosage forms described herein. The rate of hydration of xanthan gum was found to depend on the xanthan gum particle size. Xanthan gum particles of small diameter will, for example, hydrate faster than xanthan gum particles of large diaineter. Therefore, non-water granulated sustained release fonnulations and solid dosage forms comprising xanthan gum particles of smaller average and/or mean diameter will hydrate faster and be more robust than granulated sustained release formulations and solid dosage forms coinprising xanthan gum particles of larger average and/or mean diameter.
In some einbodiments, wet-granulation with non-aqueous solvents includes a dispersion of one or more hydrophobic materials (e.g., an alkylcellulose, a copolymer of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters, waxes, shellac, zein, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and mixtures of any of the foregoing) in an amount effective to slow the hydration of the formulation when exposed to an enviromnental fluid.
For exainple, when the granulation method of choice is wet granulation with ethanol and ethylcellulose, the size of xanthan gum particles affects the hydration properties and integrity of the granulated sustained release fonnulation and the solid dosage form.
When the granulation method of choice is wet granulation with water or any other aqueous solution, the hydration will be effected using the water from the aqueous solution, and the particle size of xanthan gum will have a lesser, negligible, or even non-existent effect on the hydration of the solid dosage formulation. Based on their poor cold-water solubility, certain homopolysaccharide gums, such as locust bean gum, are not expected to contribute to the initial hydration of the sustained release formulation and solid dosage fonn. Therefore, the average and/or mean particle size of these homopolysaccharides gums does not affect the hydration properties and integrity of the sustained release forinulation and the solid dosage form.
Particle size can be measured using any suitable method used in the art.
Perhaps the most common method of measuring particle size comprises screening particles through a sieve. Other exemplary methods include optical methods, e.g., laser diffraction measurements, light microscopy, surface area measurements (e.g., mercury porosimetry, nitrogen gas adsorption, krypton gas adsorption). Other physical measurements can also be used to calculate particle size.
Robustness and integrity of solid dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, granules and powders, can be measured using several techniques, such as dissolution profile measurements. Exemplary dissolution profile measurements include drug release measurements using a USP Type I, Type II, Type III, or Type IV dissolution apparatus.

4.3. Ethanol effects on robustness of sustained release formulations It has been discovered that the sustained release fonnulations described herein retain their sustained release dissolution properties in the presence of ethanol.
Without intending to be bound by any theory, the physicochemical properties of the hydrophilic compound (e.g., xanthan gum) cross-linked by a cross-linlcing agent (e.g., locust bean gum), are such that they together fonn a gum or gum-like matrix, which is insoluble or substantially insoluble in ethanol. These solubility properties of the formulation may be attributed to the hydrophilic nature of the sustained release delivery system, which in one embodiment comprises one or more hydrophilic gums and one or more homopolysaccharide gums, and in another embodiment comprises or one or more hydrophilic gums, and one or more monovalent cations, multivalent cations, and/or salts.
Small amounts of hydrophobic agents (e.g., hydrophobic polyiners such as ethylcellulose), do not substantially modify the dissolution properties of the formulation in ethanol, presumably because the sustained release delivery system retains its hydrophilic character. Properties of the drug are not likely to affect the gum or gum-like properties of the matrix, making the fonnulations described herein suitable and/or adaptable to a wide range of di-ugs.
Several factors are believed to affect the release of a drug from the fonnulation in the presence of ethanol: solubility of the drug in ethanol, materials coinprising the fonnulation (e.g., hydrophilic coinpounds are more resistant to ethanol than hydrophobic compounds), and dosage foi-in of the fonnulation (e.g., tablets are more resistant to ethanol than capsules).

Additional factors believed to affect the release of a drug from the formulation in the presence of ethanol are: degree of compression of the dosage (e.g., harder tablets are more resistant to ethanol than softer tablets), tablet composition (e.g., monolithic tablet compositions are less resistant to ethanol than multiparticulate particle unit dosage forms enclosed in a gelatin capsule), and presence of a gel-like coating which is resistant to dissolution in ethanol (e.g., certain celluloses).
The sustained release formulations described herein can, therefore, be used to prevent or substantially reduce any undesired effects of ethanol on the release of the drug from a formulation. Exeinplary undesired effects include dose duinping and altered sustained release dissolution profiles.
Alteration of a sustained release profile can be exhibited, for example, in the bioavailability profile of the drug, such as altered blood plasma concentration time curve after administration of the drug with or without a beverage containing ethanol. Typical parameters measured are the high peak diltg concentration (Cmax), an increase of which can increase the safety risk of a drug, drug concentration at the end of the therapeutic period (C,nin), a decrease of which can reduce the efficacy of the drug. The sustained release formulations described herein exhibit mean increases in Cmax of about 1.7 fold when taken with 40% alcohol compared to 0% alcohol. This is considered acceptable because C,nax ratios in an individual when a drug is administered to a fed (with a standard high-fat meal) vs. a fasted individual can vary from about 0.7 to about 3.5, with a mean Cmax ratio of about 1.5. Therefore, taking a drug with 40% ethanol has a coinparable effect to talcing the drug after a high-fat meal. Taking the drug with 20% or 4% ethanol has a smaller effect on C,nax than a high-fat meal, as exhibited by the mean Cmax ratios of about 1.2 and about 1.1, respectively.
In an exeinplary scenario, a formulation with an altered sustained release profile by ethanol may, for example, release a larger amount of the drug shortly after administration (e.g., within 0-6 hours), resulting in a higher-than-intended C,nax. If the drug is toxic, a higher-than-intended C,nax can lead to harmful side effects for the patient, including death. As a consequence of this rapid release, less drug is available for subsequent release, resulting in a lower-than-intended C,niõ at the end of the therapeutic period (i.e., just prior to administration of a subsequent dose). A lower-than-intended Cmin can result in reduced efficacy or even inefficacy of the drug, which can result in recurrence of a condition in a patient.
A higher-than-intended peak drug concentration Cmax can be, for example, a concentration more than four times higher than intended Cmax= A lower-than-intended C,,,in concentration can be, for example, a concentration less than one third of the intended Cmin =
At the Pharmaceutical Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting of Oct. 26, 2005, FDA personnel presented results of a post-approval in vivo study of a known drug. The study showed that taking the drug with a beverage containing 40% alcohol led to a five-fold increase in Cmax and taking the same drug with a beverage containing 20%
alcohol led to a doubling of Cmax. Taking the drug with a beverage containing 5%
alcohol led to a small mean effect, but at least one subject doubled their C,,,ax=
The sustained release formulations described herein can, therefore, be used to increase safety of drugs with potentially harinful effects at high concentrations and to reduce abuse of diugs producing a euphoric effect, such as opioids. The formulations described herein can also be used to reduce or prevent harin to a patient in situations where a reduced level of a drug (e.g., lower than the therapeutically beneficial level) can adversely affect the health of the patient. The formulations described herein can be useful for formulation of narrow therapeutic range drugs, sometimes referred to as narrow therapeutic index drugs.
If a formulation described herein is ingested with an alcoholic beverage, or ingested by a patient prior to or after consumption of an alcoholic beverage, the formulation will essentially retain its sustained release properties and will slowly release the drug from the resulting hydrophilic gel matrix.
Because the formulations described herein do not dose dump in the presence of ethanol, they can be used for formulation of drugs that are at risk to be taken with ethanol, such as abuse-potential drugs and drugs prescribed to alcohol and/or drug abusers, or diugs that produce harmful or lethal side effects if over-dosed. Examples of such drugs include opioids.
In addition, patients being treated for conditions such as panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia), bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness), acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder, epilepsy, migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression and/or pain may be more likely to consume alcohol compared to the general population. This could be a result of the patients' desire to experience the euphoric effects from inebriation and/or to eliminate or alleviate the symptoms of their condition, such as pain.
Due to the slow release of the drug from the formulations described herein, the patient (e.g., a di-ug addict) would not experience the euphoria that would be immediately available by abusing conventional formulations (e.g., opioid formulations) by oral inhalation/ingestion or oral ingestion with an alcoholic beverage.
Accordingly, the drug fonnulations described herein would not be abused by patients or their potential for abuse would be significantly reduced (e.g., when compared to conventional opioid forinulations).
For example, the sustained release formulations described herein resist extraction of the drug from the formulation by grounding up the solid dosage forms into powder, pouring over 95% ethanol, diluting the resulting solution with water to beverage-strength ethanol, and removing the undissolved material by filtration through a coffee or other paper filter. Ethanol content of hard liquors is typically in the range of 40-45%. This method of extraction is envisioned to be einployed by drug addicts, wanting to abuse a drug from the sustained release formulation, such as an opioid, by injecting themselves with the drug extracted from the formulation.
Additionally, because the drug is released slowly from a sustained release formulation over an extended period of time, many sustained release formulations contain relatively high amounts of the drug. Sustained release forinulations containing high amounts of drugs can be more harmful to a patient when they fail coinpared to iminediate release formulations, which generally contain smaller amounts of the drug.
Therefore, the drug forinulations described herein can increase safety of drugs that can be hannful and/or lethal at higher than therapeutically beneficial levels.

4.4. Sustained release delivery system The sustained release delivery system comprises at least one hydrophilic coinpound. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic compound is a guin, for example a heteropolysaccharide gum, forms a gel matrix that releases the drug at a sustained rate upon exposure to liquids.
The rate of release of the drug from the gel matrix depends on the drug's partition coefficient between the coinponents of the gel matrix and the aqueous phase within the gastrointestinal tract. In the compositions described herein, the weight ratio of drug to hydrophilic compound is generally in the range of about 1:0.5 to about 1:25, or in the range of about 1:0.5 to about 1:20. The sustained release delivery system generally comprises the hydrophilic compound in an amount of about 20% to about 80% by weight, in an amount of about 20% to about 60% by weight, in an amount of about 40% to about 60% by weight, or in an ainount of about 50% by weight.
The hydrophilic compound can be any known in the art. Exemplary hydrophilic coinpounds include gums, cellulose ethers, acrylic resins, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, protein-derived coinpounds, and mixtures thereof. Exeinplary gums include heteropolysaccharide gums and homopolysaccharide gums, such as xanthan, tragacanth, pectins, acacia, karaya, alginates, agar, guar, hydroxypropyl guar, carrageenan, locust bean gums, and gellan gums. Exemplary cellulose ethers include hydroxyalkyl celluloses and carboxyalkyl celluloses, such as hydroxyethyl celluloses, hydroxypropyl celluloses, hydroxypropylmethyl-celluloses, carboxy methylcelluloses, and mixtures thereof.
Exeinplary acrylic resins include polymers and copolyiners of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. In some einbodiments, the hydrophilic compound is a gum, for example a heteropolysaccharide gum, such as a xanthan gum or derivative thereof. Derivatives of xanthan gum include, for example, deacylated xanthan gum, the carboxyinethyl esters of xanthan gum, and the propylene glycol esters of xanthan guin.
In another embodiment, the sustained release delivery system further coinprises at least one cross-linlcing agent. The cross-linlcing agent can be a coinpound that is capable of cross-linking the hydrophilic compound to form a gel matrix in the presence of liquids.
The sustained release delivery system generally coinprises the cross-linking agent in an amount of about 0.5% to about 80% by weight, in an amount of about 2% to about 54%
by weight, in an ainount of about 20% to about 30% by weight, or in an amount of about 25% by weight.

Exemplary cross-linking agents include hoinopolysaccharides. Exemplary homopolysaccharides include galactomannan gums, such as guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum, and locust bean gum. In some einbodiments, the cross-linlcing agent is a locust bean gum, a guar gum, or a derivative thereof. In other embodiments, the cross-linlcing agent is an alginic acid derivative or a hydrocolloid.
When the sustained release delivery system comprises at least one hydrophilic compound and at least one cross-linking agent, the ratio of hydrophilic compound to cross-linking agent is generally from about 1:9 to about 9:1, or from about 1:3 to about 3:1.
In some embodiments, the sustained release delivery system comprises one or more cationic cross-linking compounds. In some einbodiinents, the cationic cross-linking coinpound can be used instead of or in addition to the cross-linking agent.
The cationic cross-linlcing compound can be used in an amount sufficient to cross-linlc the hydrophilic compound to form a gel matrix in the presence of liquids. The cationic cross-linking coinpound is present in the sustained release delivery system in an amount of about 0.5%
to about 30% by weight, or from about 5% to about 20% by weight.
Exemplary cationic cross-linking compounds include monovalent metal cations, inultivalent metal cations, and inorganic salts, including alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal sulfates, chlorides, borates, bromides, citrates, acetates, lactates, and mixtures thereof. For example, the cationic cross-linking compound can be one or more of calcium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium carbonate, lithium chloride, tripotassium phosphate, sodium borate, potassium bromide, potassium fluoride, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, calcium lactate, magnesium sulfate, sodium fluoride, or mixtures thereof.
When the sustained release delivery system comprises at least one hydrophilic coinpound and at least one cationic cross-linking compound, the ratio of the hydrophilic compound to the cationic cross-linlcing coinpound is generally from about 1:9 to about 9:1, or from about 1:3 to about 3:1.
Two properties of coinpounds (e.g., the at least one hydrophilic coinpound and the at least one cross-linlcing agent; or the at least one hydrophilic coinpound and the at least one cationic cross-linleing coinpound) that foim a gel matrix upon exposure to liquids are fast hydration of the compounds/agents and a gel matrix having a high gel strength.
These two properties, which are needed to achieve a slow release gel matrix, are inaximized by the particular combination of compounds (e.g., the at least one hydrophilic compound and the at least one cross-linking agent; or the at least one hydrophilic coinpound and the at least one cationic cross-linlcing compound). For exainple, hydrophilic compounds (e.g., xanthan gum) have excellent water-wicking properties that provide fast hydration. The combination of hydrophilic coinpounds with inaterials that are capable of cross-linking the rigid helical ordered structure of the hydrophilic compound (e.g., cross-linking agents and/or cationic cross-linlcing compounds) thereby act synergistically to provide a higher than expected viscosity (i.e., high gel strength) of the gel matrix.
In some embodiments, the sustained release delivery system further comprises one or more pharmaceutical diluents known in the art. Exeinplary pharmaceutical diluents include monosaccharides, disaccharides, polyhydric alcohols and mixtures thereof, such as starch, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose, and mixtures thereof. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical diluent is water-soluble, such as lactose, dextrose, sucrose, or mixtures thereof. The ratio of pharmaceutical diluent to hydrophilic compound is generally from about 1:8 to about 8:1, or from about 1:3 to about 3:1. The sustained release delivery system generally comprises one or more pharmaceutical diluents in an amount of about 20% to about 80% by weight, for example about 35% by weight. In other einbodiments, the sustained release delivery system comprises one or more pharinaceutical diluents in an amount of about 40% to about 80%
by weight.
In some embodiments, the sustained release delivery system further coinprises one or more hydrophobic polymers. The hydrophobic polymers can be used in an amount sufficient to slow the hydration of the hydrophilic coinpound without disrupting it. For exainple, the hydrophobic polyiner may be present in the sustained release delivery system in an amount of about 0.5% to about 20% by weight, in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, in an amount of about 3% to about 7% by weight, or in an amount of about 5% by weight.

Exeinplary hydrophobic polymers include alkyl celluloses (e.g., C1_6 alkyl celluloses, carboxylnethylcellulose), other hydrophobic cellulosic materials or coinpounds (e.g., cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate), polyvinyl acetate polymers (e.g., polyvinyl acetate phthalate), polymers or copolyiners derived from acrylic and/or inethacrylic acid esters, zein, waxes, shellac, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and mixtures thereof. The hydrophobic polymer can be, for exainple, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, or propyl cellulose.
The coinpositions described herein may be further admixed with one or more wetting agents (such as polyethoxylated castor oil, polyethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated fatty acid from castor oil, polyethoxylated fatty acid from hydrogenated castor oil), one or more lubricants (such as magnesium stearate), one or more buffering agents, one or more colorants, and/or other conventional ingredients.
In some einbodiinents, the robust sustained release fonnulations comprising a drug are solid dosage formulations, such as orally administrable solid dosage formulations, for exainple, tablets, capsules coinprising a plurality of granules, sublingual tablets, powders, or granules. In some embodiments, the orally administrable solid dosage fonnulations are tablets. The tablets optionally comprise an enteric coating or a hydrophobic coating.

4.5. Robust sustained release formulations comprising oxymorphone In one embodiment, the robust sustained release fonnulations described herein coinprise an analgesically effective amount of oxymorphone or a pharinaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Administration of oxymorphone is frequently hindered by the very low bioavailability of the oral immediate release fonnulations of oxymorphone, which require a 4 hourly dosing frequency. The bioavailability of the robust sustained release forinulations described herein is sufficiently high that the robust sustained release formulations can be used to treat patients suffering from pain with only once or twice daily dosing.
The robust sustained release forinulations of oxyinorphone are administered in an amount sufficient to alleviate pain for an extended period of time, for exainple, for a period of about 8 hours to about 24 hours, or for a period of about 12 hours to about 24 hours.
The oxymorphone sustained release oral solid dosage formulations described herein can be administered four times a day, three times a day, twice daily, or once daily.
In certain embodiments, upon oral ingestion of the robust sustained release formulation coinprising oxyrnorphone and contact of this formulation with gastrointestinal fluids, the robust sustained release formulation swells and gels to form a hydrophilic gel matrix from which the oxymorphone is released. The swelling of the gel matrix causes a reduction in the bulk density of the formulation and provides the buoyancy necessary to allow the gel matrix to float on the stomach contents to provide a slow delivery of the oxymorphone. The hydrophilic matrix, the size of which is dependent upon the size of the original formulation, can swell considerably and become obstructed near the opening of the pyloi-us. Because the oxymorphone is dispersed throughout the foi7nulation (and consequently throughout the gel matrix), a constant amount of oxymorphone is released per unit time in vivo by dispersion or erosion of the outer portions of the hydrophilic gel matrix. The process continues, with the gel matrix remaining buoyant in the stomach, until substantially all of the oxymorphone is released.
In certain embodiments, the chemistry of certain of the components of the formulation, such as the hydrophilic compound (e.g., xanthan gum), is such that the components are considered to be self-buffering agents which are substantially insensitive to the solubility of the oxyinorphone and the pH changes along the length of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the chemistry of the components is believed to be similar to certain known inuco-adhesive substances, such as polycarbophil.
Muco-adhesive properties are desirable for buccal delivery systems. Thus, the robust sustained release formulation can loosely interact with the mucin in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide another mode by which a constant rate of delivery of the oxymorphone is achieved.
In one einbodiinent, when measured by USP Procedure Diug Release USP 23 (incolporated by reference herein in its entirety), the robust sustained release fonnulations described herein exhibit an in viti-o dissolution rate of about 15% to about 50% by weight oxyinorphone after 1 hour, about 45% to about 80% by weight oxyinorphone after hours, and at least about 80% by weight oxymorphone after 10 hours. The in vitro and in vivo release characteristics of the robust sustained release formulations described herein can be modified using mixtures of one or more different water insoluble and/or water soluble compounds, using different plasticizers, varying the thiclcness of the sustained release film, including providing release-modifying compounds in the coating, and/or by providing passageways through the coating.
Some einbodiments provide robust sustained release solid dosage formulations comprising from about 1 mg to about 200 mg of oxymorphone hydrochloride, or from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxyinorphone hydrochloride; and from about 80 mg to about 200 mg of a sustained release delivery system, or from about 120 mg to about 200 ing of a sustained release delivery system, or about 160 mg of a sustained release delivery system; where the sustained release delivery system comprises about 8.3 to about 41.7%
locust bean gum, or about 25% locust bean gum; from about 8.3 to about 41.7%
xanthan gum having at least about 30% of particles smaller than about 53 microns in diameter, or about 25% xanthan gum with at least about 30% of particles smaller than about microns in diameter; from about 20 to about 55% dextrose, or about 35%
dextrose; from about 5 to about 20% calcium sulfate dihydrate, or about 10% calcium sulfate dihydrate;
and from about 2 to 10% ethyl cellulose, or about 5% ethyl cellulose.
Other embodiments provide robust sustained release solid dosage formulations comprising from about 1 mg to about 200 mg of oxymorphone hydrochloride, or from about 5 ing to about 80 mg of oxyinorphone hydrochloride; and from about 80 mg to about 200 mg of a sustained release delivery system, or from about 120 ing to about 200 mg of a sustained release delivery system, or about 160 mg of a sustained release delivery system; where the sustained release delivery system comprises from about 8.3 to about 41.7% locust bean gum, or about 25% locust bean gum; from about 8.3 to about 41.7%
xanthan gum wherein at least about 30% of the xanthan gum particles can pass through a #270 mesh sieve, or about 25% xanthan guin of which at least about 30% of the particles can pass through a #270 mesh sieve; from about 20 to about 55% dextrose, or about 35%
dextrose; froin about 5 to about 20% calcium sulfate dihydrate, or about 10%
calcium sulfate dihydrate; and from about 2 to about 10% ethyl cellulose, or about 5%
ethyl cellulose.

Some einbodiments provide robust sustained release solid dosage formulations comprising from about 1 mg to about 200 mg of oxymorphone hydrochloride, or from about 5 ing to about 80 mg of oxymorphone hydrochloride; and from about 200 mg to about 420 mg of a sustained release delivery system, or from about 300 mg to about 420 mg of a sustained release delivery system, or about 360 mg of a sustained release delivery system; where the sustained release delivery system coinprises from about 8.3 to about 41.7% locust bean gum, or about 25% locust bean gum; from about 8.3 to about 41.7%
xanthan gum having at least about 30% of particles smaller than about 53 microns in diameter, or about 25% xanthan gum with at least about 30% of particles smaller than about 53 microns in diameter; from about 20 to about 55% dextrose, or about 35%
dextrose; from about 5 to about 20% calcium sulfate dihydrate, or about 10%
calcium sulfate dihydrate; and from about 2 to 10% ethyl cellulose, or about 5% ethyl cellulose.
Other embodiments provide robust sustained release solid dosage formulations coinprising from about 1 mg to about 200 mg of oxymorphone hydrochloride, or from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxyYnoiphone hydrochloride; and from about 200 mg to about 420 mg of a sustained release delivery system, or from about 300 mg to about 420 mg of a sustained release delivery system, or about 360 mg of a sustained release delivery system; where the sustained release delivery system coinprises from about 8.3 to about 41.7% locust bean gum, or about 25% locust bean gum; from about 8.3 to about 41.7%
xanthan gum wherein at least about 30% of the xanthan gum particles can pass through a #270 mesh sieve, or about 25% xanthan gum of which at least about 30% of the particles can pass through a #270 mesh sieve; from about 20 to about 55% dextrose, or about 35%
dextrose; from about 5 to about 20% calcium sulfate dihydrate, or about 10%
calcium sulfate dihydrate; and from about 2 to 10% ethyl cellulose, or about 5% ethyl cellulose.
When administered orally to patients the robust sustained release formulations described herein exhibit the following irz vivo characteristics: (a) a peak plasma level of oxyinorphone occurs within about 2 to about 6 hours after administration; (b) the duration of the oxyinoiphone analgesic effect is about 8 to about 24 hours; and (c) the relative oxyinoiphone bioavailability is about 0.5 to about 1.5 coinpared to an orally administered aqueous solution of oxyinorphone.

While the oxymorphone compositions described herein can be administered as the sole active pharinaceutical compound in the methods described herein, they can also be used in combination with one or more coinpounds which are known to be therapeutically effective against pain.
In one embodiment, pharmaceutical kits comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of robust sustained release oxymorphone formulations described herein are provided. The kits can further coinprise other pharinaceutical coinpounds known in the art to be therapeutically effective against pain, and instructions for use.

4.6. Preparation of the robust sustained release formulations The robust sustained release fonnulations described herein can be prepared by wet granulation methods. The solid dosage forms described herein can be prepared by direct coinpression or by wet granulation of the fonnulations.
In some einbodiments, the sustained release forinulations are manufactured by a wet granulation technique. In the wet granulation technique, the components (e.g., hydrophilic coinpounds such a xanthan gum, cross-linlcing agents, pharinaceutical diluents, cationic cross-linking compounds, hydrophobic polymers, etc.) are mixed together and then moistened with one or more liquids (e.g., water, propylene glycol, glycerol, alcohol) to produce a moistened mass that is subsequently dried. The dried mass is then milled with conventional equipment into granules of the sustained release delivery system. Thereafter, the sustained release delivery system is mixed in the desired amounts with the drug and, optionally, one or more wetting agents, one or more lubricants, one or more buffering agents, one or more coloring agents, or other conventional ingredients, to produce a granulated composition. The sustained release delivery system and the drug can be blended with, for example, a high shear mixer. The drug can be finely and homogeneously dispersed in the sustained release delivery system.
The granulated coinposition, in an ainount sufficient to make a unifonn batch of tablets, is subjected to tableting in a conventional production scale tableting machine at normal coinpression pressures, i.e., about 2,000-16,000 psi. The mixture should not be coinpressed to a point where there is subsequent difficulty with hydration upon exposure to liquids. Exeinplary methods for preparing sustained release delivery systems are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,994,276, 5,128,143, 5,135,757, 5,455,046, 5,512,297 and 5,554,387, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
It has been unexpectedly discovered that the particle size of the hydrophilic compound (e.g., xanthan gum) affects the robustness and integrity of the formulation and solid dosage fonns when the sustained release delivery system is wet-granulated with a non-aqueous solution, such as an ethanol/ethylcellose suspension.
In particular, the fraction of small particles (e.g., smaller than 53 microns in diaineter) of the hydrophilic coinpound (e.g., xanthan guin) affects the robustness and integrity of the sustained release formulations and solid dosage forms prepared by wet-granulation with a non-aqueous solvent. For exainple, if the xanthan gum used to make the formulation contains less than a certain fraction (e.g., about 30%) of small xanthan gum particles, the sustained release formulation is prone to failure. When the fraction of small xanthan gum particles used to make the formulation meets or exceeds certain threshold value, the formulations are robust and not prone to failure. For example, once a threshold fraction of about 30% of xanthan gum particles smaller than 53 microns in diameter is met or exceeded, no change in robustness and integrity of the formulation and solid dosage form is observed (see Table 4).
It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other combinations of xanthan gum particle sizes and threshold fractions may also be used to manufacture robust sustained release formulations described herein. For example, a formulation coinprising xanthan gum particles smaller than 45, 38, 32, 25, or 20 microns in diameter may be robust when the threshold fraction is less than about 30%, for example between about 5-25%, or between about 10-20%. A forinulation comprising xanthan gum particles smaller than 63, 75, 90, 106, 125, or 150 microns in diameter may be robust when the threshold fraction is more than about 30%, for example between about 30-100%, or between about 50-90%. Robustness and integrity of sustained release formulations and solid dosage forms granulated with a non-aqueous solution can be iinproved by controlling the particle size distribution of the hydrophilic coinpound (e.g., xanthan gum). Control of the particle size distribution of the hydrophilic compound can be achieved, for example, by screening the hydrophilic compound (e.g., xanthan gum) particles through a sieve, (e.g., a #270 mesh sieve) which allows particles smaller than a certain size (e.g., 53 microns in diameter) to pass through. Batches, lots, and coinbinations thereof having a desired fraction of particles of a desired size can then be used for combination with other components to make a robust sustained release formulation.
Alteinatively, the hydrophilic compound (e.g., xanthan guin) can be manufactured to have a desired particle distribution, in which case no screening or other processing is required. Furthermore, the hydrophilic compound having a desired particle size distribution (such as average particle size, mean particle size, miniinum particle size, maximum particle size, or a combination thereof) can be received from an external source, for example, a commercial manufacturer or a distributor.
When the sustained release delivery system is wet-granulated with water or any other aqueous solution, the particle size of the hydrophilic compound (e.g., xanthan gum) does not appear to affect the robustness and integrity of the sustained release formulation and the solid dosage form (see Table 5).
The average particle size of the pharmaceutical formulations before tableting is from about 50 microns to about 400 microns, or from about 185 microns to about microns. The 'average density of the pharmaceutical formulations is from about 0.3 g/ml to about 0.8 g/ml, or from about 0.5 g/ml to about 0.7 ghnl. The tablets formed from the pharinaceutical forinulations are generally from about 6 to about 8 kg hardness.
When the tableting step in making the solid dosage formulation is perfonned using wet granulation instead of direct coinpression, the particle size of the hydrophilic coinpound (e.g., xanthan gum) does not affect the robustness and dissolution properties of the solid dosage forin.
In some embodiments, the sustained release coatings over an inner core comprise at least one drug. For exainple, the inner core comprising the drug can be coated with a sustained release film, which, upon exposure to liquids, releases the drug from the core at a sustained rate.
In one einbodiment, the sustained release coating comprises at least one water insoluble coinpound. The water insoluble coinpound can be a hydrophobic polymer. The hydrophobic polyiner can be the same as or different from the hydrophobic polyiner used in the sustained release delivery system. Exemplary hydrophobic polyiners include alkyl celluloses (e.g., C1.6 alkyl celluloses, carboxymethylcellulose), other hydrophobic cellulosic materials or compounds (e.g., cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate), polyvinyl acetate polymers (e.g., polyvinyl acetate phthalate), polymers or copolymers derived from acrylic and/or methacrylic acid esters, zein, waxes (alone or in admixture with fatty alcohols), shellac, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and mixtures thereof. The hydrophobic polymer can be, for exainple, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, or propyl cellulose. The robust sustained release fonnulations can be coated with a water insoluble compound to a weight gain from about 1 to about 20% by weight.
The sustained release coating can further comprise at least one plasticizer such as triethyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, or mixtures thereof.
The sustained release coating can also contain at least one water soluble compound, such as polyvinylpyrrolidones, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses, or mixtures thereof. The sustained release coating can comprise at least one water soluble compound in an amount from about 1% to about 6% by weight, for example, in an amount of about 3% by weight.
The sustained release coating can be applied to the drug core by spraying an aqueous dispersion of the water insoluble compound onto the drug core. The drug core can be a granulated composition made, for example, by dry or wet granulation of mixed powders of drug and at least one binding agent; by coating an inert bead with an drug and at least one binding agent; or by spheronizing mixed powders of an drug and at least one spheronizing agent. Exemplary binding agents include hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses.
Exeinplary spheronizing agents include microcrystalline celluloses. The inner core can be a tablet made by compressing the granules or by coinpressing a powder comprising a drug.
In other embodiments, the compositions coinprising at least one drug and a sustained release delivery system, as described herein, are coated with a sustained release coating, as described herein. In still other embodiments, the compositions coinprising at least one di-ug and a sustained release delivery system, as described herein, are coated with a hydrophobic polyiner, as described herein. In still other einbodiinents, the coinpositions coinprising at least one drug and a sustained release delivery system, as described herein, are coated with an enteric coating, such as cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, methacrylic acid copolyiner, shellac, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose succinate, cellulose acetate trimelliate, or mixtures thereof. In still other embodiments, the compositions comprising at least one drug and a sustained release delivery system, as described herein, are coated with a hydrophobic polymer, as described herein, and further coated with an enteric coating, as described herein. In any of the embodiments described herein, the compositions comprising the drug and a sustained release delivery system, as described herein, can optionally be coated with a hydrophilic coating which may be applied above or beneath the sustained release film, above or beneatli the hydrophobic coating, and/or above or beneath the enteric coating. Exemplary hydrophilic coatings comprise hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.
Without intending to be bound by any theory of the invention, upon oral ingestion of the drug sustained release forinulation and contact of the fonnulation with gastrointestinal fluids, the sustained release forinulation swells and gels to form a hydrophilic gel matrix from which the drug is released. The swelling of the gel matrix causes a reduction in the bulk density of the formulation and provides the buoyancy necessary to allow the gel matrix to float on the stomach contents to provide a slow delivery of the drug. The hydrophilic matrix, the size of which is dependent upon the size of the original formulation, can swell considerably and become obstructed near the opening of the pylorus. Because the drug is dispersed throughout the formulation (and consequently throughout the gel matrix), a constant amount of drug can be released per unit time in vivo by dispersion or erosion of the outer portions of the hydrophilic gel matrix. This phenomenon is referred to as a zero order release profile or zero order kinetics. The process continues, with the gel matrix remaining buoyant in the stomach, until substantially all of the drug is released.
Without intending to be bound by any theoiy of the invention, the chemistry of certain of the coinponents of the formulation, such as the hydrophilic coinpound (e.g., xanthan guin), is such that the components are considered to be self-buffering agents which are substantially insensitive to the solubility of the drugs and the pH
changes along the length of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the chemistry of the components is believed to be similar to certain known muco-adhesive substances, such as polycarbophil.
Muco-adhesive properties are desirable for buccal delivery systems. Thus, it may be possible that the sustained release formulation could potentially loosely interact with the mucin in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide another mode by which a constant rate of delivery of the drug is achieved.
The two phenomena discussed above (hydrophilic gel matrix and muco-adhesive properties) are possible mechanisms by which the robust sustained release formulations described herein could interact with the mucin and fluids of the gastrointestinal tract and provide a constant rate of delivery of the drugs.

4.7. Usefulness of robust sustained release formulations The robust sustained release formulations and solid dosage forms described herein are useful for formulation of drugs that pose a risk to the patient in case of a formulation failure. The formulations and solid dosage forms comprising the formulations described herein are useful for providing (e.g., prescribing, administering) drugs that pose a risk to the patient in case of a formulation failure. Examples of such drugs include, for example, opioids such as oxymorphone.
The robust sustained release formulations and solid dosage forins described herein are useful for treating a condition (e.g., pain), by prescribing and/or administering a therapeutically effective amount of the robust sustained release formulations of the drug (e.g., an opioid such as oxyinorphone) to a patient who could consume ethanol while being treated with the drug. A therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to eliminate the condition or to alleviate the condition (i.e., reduce the symptoms compared to the syinptoms present prior to administration of the robust sustained release forinulation).
While the forinulations and solid dosage forms described herein can be administered as the sole active pharinaceutical coinposition in the methods described herein, they can also be used in combination with one or more coinpounds and/or coinpositions that are known to be therapeutically effective against the condition.
Phai-inaceutical kits comprising one or more of the diug formulations described herein are provided. Pharinaceutical kits can, for exainple, coinprise one or more containers filled with one or more of the robust sustained release formulations and/or solid dosage forms described herein. The kits can further comprise other pharmaceutical compounds known in the art to be therapeutically effective against a condition, and instructions for use.

5. EXAMPLES

The following exainples are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims.
Some experiments were performed with albuterol sulfate, which has dosage, solubility and other physicocheinical properties similar to opioids, such as oxymorphone and oxycodone.

Example 1 Preparation of TIMERx-NO sustained release delivery system using ethanol/ethylcellulose granulation Lots of TIMERx-N sustained release delivery system were prepared according to the procedures related to those identified in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,994,276, 5,128,143 and 5,554,387, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Lots of xanthan gum (Jungbunzlauer, Perhoven, Austria or CP Kelco, Chicago, IL) were particle-size tested using a series of mesh sieves. These sieves included a #270 mesh sieve, which allowed particles smaller than 53 microns in diameter to pass through (fine particles). The weight fraction of xanthan gum particles passing through the sieves (i.e., fraction of fine xanthan gum) was determined. Batches with known fractions of fine xanthan gum particles were then prepared. TIMERx-N was prepared by dry blending the requisite amounts of xanthan gum, locust bean gum, calciuin sulfate, and dextrose in a high speed mixer/granulator for 3 minutes. A slurry of hydrophobic polymer (ethylcellulose) was prepared by dissolving ethyl cellulose in ethyl alcohol.
The slurry was added to the dry blended mixture and the material was subsequently granulated for 4 minutes while running the choppers/iinpeller. The granulation was then dried in a fluid bed dryer to a LOD (loss on diying) of less than 9% by weight (e.g., typical LOD was -3-5%). The granulation was then milled using a 1.0 mm (0.040") screen. The ingredients of the sustained release excipient are set forth in Table 1:
Table 1 TIMERx-NO Composition Component %
1. Xanthan Gum 25 2. Locust Bean Gum 25 3. Calcium Sulfate 10 4. Dextrose 35 5. Ethyl Cellulose 5 6. Ethyl Alcohol -20*

*removed during processing Example 2 Preparation of TIMERx-M50A0 sustained release delivery system using water granulation Lots of TIMERx-M50AOO sustained release delivery system were prepared according to the procedures related to those identified in U.S. Patent No.
5,399,358, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Xanthan gum batches with lcnown fractions of fine particles were prepared according to Example 1. TIMERx-M50A was prepared by dry blending the requisite amounts of xanthan gum, locust bean gum, calcium sulfate, and mannitol in a high speed mixer/granulator for 3 minutes. While running choppers/iinpellers, water was added to the dry blended mixture, and the inixture was granulated for another 3 minutes. The granulation was then dried in a fluid bed dryer to a loss on drying (LOD) of less than about 6% by weight. Typical LOD was between -3-5%. The granulation was then milled using a 0.065" screen. The ingredients of the sustained release delivery system are set foi-th in Table 2.

Table 2 TIMERx-M50A0 Composition Component %
Xanthan Gum 20 Locust Bean Gum 30 Mannitol 40 Calcium Sulfate 10 Water -30-40*

*removed during processing Example 3 Preparation of sustained release formulations and solid dosage forms with variable amounts of fine xanthan gum A sustained release formulation was prepared by screening albuterol sulfate, ProSolv SMCCO 90 (Silicified Microcrystalline Cellulose, JRS Pharma LP, Patterson, New Yorlc) and TIMERx-NO or TIMERx-M50A0 separately through a #20 mesh sieve.
The albuterol sulfate, ProSolv SMCCOO 90 and either TIMERx-NO or TIMERx-M50A0, prepared according to Examples 1 and 2, respectively, were blended for 11 minutes in a Patterson-Kelley P/K Blendmaster V-Blender. PruvTM (Sodium Stearyl Fumarate, NF, JRS Pharina LP, Patterson, New Yorlc) was added to this mixture and the mixture was blended for five minutes. The blended granulation was compressed to 224.0 mg and -11 Kp hardness on a tablet press using 5/16" round standard concave beveled edge tooling.
The final tablet composition is listed in the Table 3.
Table 3 Tablet Com osition Component % mg/tablet Albuterol sulfate 17.9 40.0 TIMERx-N or TIMERx-M50A0 71.4 160.0 ProSolv SMCCO 90 8.9 20.0 PruvTM 1.8 4.0 Example 4 Dissolution profile measurements of solid dosage forms with variable amounts of fine xanthan gum Albuterol sulfate tablets with TIMERx-NO and TIMERx-M50A0 sustained release delivery systems were prepared as described in Exainple 3. Dissolution profiles of tablets were evaluated using a USP Apparatus 2 dissolution tester in 900 mL
of 50 inM
potassium phosphate buffer (pH 4.5). The solution was stirred at 50 rp.m. A
series of sainples of about 1.5 mL were withdrawn at predetennined intervals for a period of up to 14 hours.
Drug release for all tablets was monitored by RP-HPLC using a Waters Syrnmetry0 C18 coluinn (4.6 x 250 mm) (or equivalent) preceded by a Phenomenex0 SecurityGuardTM C18 (4 x 3.0 mm) guard column. Monitoring wavelength was set to 226 nm. The mobile phase consisted of buffer: acetonitrile:methanol in 85:10:5 v/v ratios.
The buffer consisted of 1 mL triethylamine and 1 mL trifluoroacetic acid in 1 L of H20.
The column teinperature was 30 C and the flow rate was set to 1.5 mLhnin. To determine the percentage of drug released at each timepoint, the concentration of the sample taken at that timepoint was coinpared to the concentration of a standard solution.
The standard solution was prepared by dissolving 45 mg of albuterol sulfate in 100 mL of 50 mM potassiuin phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) and then taking 5 mL of this solution and diluting it to 50 mL with more of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 4.5).
Results of dissolution experiments with tablets made with alcohol/ethylcellulose-granulatedTIMERx-NO comprising xanthan gum with different particle size distributions are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Sustained % albuterol sulfate released release delivery TIMERx-NO (ethanol/ethylcellulose-granulated) system Fraction of fine xanthan 13.7% 27.9% 31.6% 42.0% 48.5% 85.2% 88.8%
gum Time 0.5 hr 102.3 94.2 17.2 17.7 16.8 19.0 18.9 1 hr 102.7 96.9 28.7 27.9 27.6 29.3 29.0 2 hrs 45.2 43.4 44.3 44.9 44.5 3 hrs 57.8 55.5 57.1 56.8 56.7 4 hrs 68.0 65.9 67.0 66.3 66.7 6 hrs 82.6 79.9 80.8 79.5 80.8 8 hrs 91.7 88.6 89.2 88.1 89.8 hrs 97.2 93.7 94.0 93.1 94.5 12 hrs 100.5 96.6 96.9 96.3 97.2 14 hrs 102.7 97.9 98.4 98.2 98.7 Tablets comprising 13.7% and 27.9% of fine xanthan gum in the ethanol/ethylcelluose-granulated TIMERx-N released nearly the entire quantity of drug 5 almost immediately. This is an exainple of undesired dose dumping. Tablets with 31.6%
or more of fine xanthan gum dissolved in the expected sustained release manner. The data in Table 4 indicate that there appears to be no substantial difference in dissolution profiles of formulations containing between about 31.6% and about 88.8% of fine xanthan gum particles.
10 Results of dissolution experiments with tablets made with water-granulated T1MERx-M50AOO comprising xanthan gum with different particle size distributions are shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Sustained release % albuterol sulfate released delivery system TIMERx-M50AO (water- granulated) Xanthan gum particle size < #80 mesh < #200 mesh (<180 microns) (<75 microns) Time 0.5 hr 17.5 19.8 1 hr 29.5 29.9 2 hrs 47.6 45.4 3 hrs 62.6 58.1 4 hrs 74.2 68.6 6 hrs 88.4 83.0 8 hrs 96.8 91.6 hrs 101.0 96.5 12 hrs 103.4 99.0 14 hrs 104.8 99.9 Tablets made by direct compression of water-granulated TIMERx-M50A
forinulations coinprising xanthan gum are not sensitive to xanthan gum particle size. The data in Table 5 indicate that there appears to be no substantial difference between the 5 dissolution profiles of tablets made with xanthan gum having particle size of less than 180 microns and less than 75 microns when xanthan gum is granulated with water in the process of making the forinulation.
Table 6 shows dissolution profiles of tablets made by direct compression and granulation of ethanol/ethylcellulose-granulated sustained release formulations with 10 different fractions of #270 (fine) mesh xanthan gum particles.

Table 6 Sustained release % albuterol sulfate released delivery TTMERx-NO (ethanol/ethylcellulose-granulated) system Fraction of fine 27.9% 27.9% 34.8% 42.0%
xanthan (tablet made (tablet (tablet made (tablet made gum by direct made by by direct by direct compression) wet compression) compression) Time ranulation) 0.5 hr 80.1 17.3 17.2 17.9 1 hr 92.8 25.6 28.7 29.0 2 hrs 39.2 45.2 46.3 3 hrs 50.7 57.8 59.7 4 hrs 59.6 68.0 70.5 6 hrs 72.5 82.6 83.9 8 hrs 81.2 91.7 92.1 hrs 88.1 97.2 97.2 12 hrs 91.9 100.5 99.2 14 hrs 102.7 99.7 Coinparison of dissolution profiles of tablets coinprising TIMERx-NO that were manufactured either using direct coinpression or wet granulation in the tableting step, 5 shows that robustness of tablets appears to be sensitive to xanthan gun particle size when the tablets are manufactured by direct compression, but not when they are manufactured by wet granulation. Tablets with ethanol/ethylcellulose-granulated TIMERx-NO
with 27.9% of fine particles had desired dissolution profiles when tableted using wet granulation, but not when tableted using direct compression. Direct coinpression of 10 ethanol/ethylcellulose-granulated forinulations produced tablets with desired dissolution profiles when the fraction of fine xanthan gum was more than about 30%.

Example 5 Ethanol resistance of solid dosage forms with variable amounts of fine xanthan gum Tablets of TIMERx-NO forinulations of albuterol sulfate were prepared as described in Exainple 3. Dissolution profiles of each formulation were measured as described in Example 4. A medium of 40% ethanol and 60% 0.1 M HCI was used as a model of dissolution in the presence of alcohol. 0.1M HCl was chosen to mimic the biological environment of upper GI tract/stomach area, where the sustained release fonnulation first begins to release the drug.
Dissolution experiments were perfonned using a USP II Type dissolution apparatus according to methods described above. Results of dissolution experiments with tablets made with alcohol/ethylcellulose-granulated TIMERx-NO comprising xanthan gum with different particle size distributions are shown in Table 7.

Table 7 Sustained % albuterol sulfate released release delivery TIMERx-N (ethanol/ethylcellulose-granulated) system Fraction of fine xanthan 28% in 35% 86% in gum in 28% in 40% in 35% in 42% in 42% in 86% in 40%
dissolution buffer Ethanol buffer Ethanol buffer Ethanol buffer Ethanol medium Time 0.5 hr 98.5 100.0 15.7 28.8 18.7 16.1 17.8 15.8 1 hr 99.9 101.2 26.8 38.1 29.6 25.5 27.5 24.1 2 hrs 99.8 99.5 45.2 51.5 46.9 40.3 45.1 34.9 3 hrs 99.8 99.5 58,7 63.6 60.2 53.0 57.9 44.6 4 hrs 99.8 99.5 69.6 76.9 70.9 63.7 67.7 52.5 6 hrs 99.8 99.5 86.5 92.8 85.4 78.0 81.5 66.0 8 hrs 99.8 99.5 96.8 99.0 94.2 87.6 89.4 74.2 hrs 99.8 99.5 103.3 101.7 98.9 96.6 94.3 80.9 12 hrs 99.8 99.5 105.9 103.5 101.7 103.1 96.9 85.5 14 hrs 99.8 99.5 108.0 105.0 103.7 106.5 98.1 88.9 Tablets coinprising 28% of fine xanthan gum in the ethanol/ethylcelluose-granulated TIMERx-NO released nearly the entire quantity of drug almost immediately.
This is an example of undesired dose duinping. Tablets with 35% or more of fine xanthan gum dissolve in the expected sustained release manner. The data in Table 7 indicate that there appears to be no substantial difference in dissolution profiles of formulations containing between about 35% and about 86% of fine xanthan gum particles, although the formulation containing about 86% of fme xanthan gum particles dissolved slightly slower in 40% ethanol solution than in a standard buffer.
Therefore, foimulations comprising about 30% or more of fine xanthan gum, exhibit robust dissolution properties, and dissolve in a sustained release manner in the presence and absence of beverage-strength ethanol.

Example 6 Preparation of robust sustained release oxymorphone formulations . and solid dosage forms A controlled release delivery system was prepared by dry blending xanthan gum, locust bean gum, calcium sulfate dihydrate, and dextrose in a high speed inixed/granulator for a few minutes. A slurry was prepared by mixing ethyl cellulose with alcohol. While running choppers/iinpellers, the slurry was added to the dry blended mixture, and granulated for a few minutes. The granulation was then dried to a LOD
(loss on drying) of less than about 10% by weight. The granulation was then milled using a screen. The relative quantities of the ingredients used to prepare the sustained release delivery system are listed in Table 8A.

Table 8A

Excipient % of Formulation Locust Bean Gum, FCC 25.0 Xanthan Gum, NF 25.0 Dextrose, USP 35.0 Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate, NF 10.0 Ethylcellulose, NF 5.0 Alcohol, SD3A (Anyhdrous) (10) Total 100.0 Tablets coinprising 40 mg of oxymorphone hydrochloride were prepared using the controlled release delivery system shown in Table 8A. The quantities of ingredients per tablet are listed in Table 8B.

Table 8B
Component Amount per tablet [mg]
Oxyrnoiphone HCI, USP (mg) 40 TIMERx-N sustained release delivery system 160 Silicified microciystalline cellulose, N.F. 20 Sodium stearyl fumarate, N.F. 2 Total theoretical weight of uncoated drug product 222 Methylparaben 0.08140 Opadry (colored) 8.88 Opadry (clear) 1.11 Total theoretical weight of final drug product 232.07 (coated) Example 7 Extraction-resistance of powdered sustained release oxymorphone tablets Tablets of TIMERx-NOO sustained release formulations with 40 mg of oxymorphone were tested for abuse potential in an intravenous route of administration. A
person, such as a drug addict, trying to abuse the formulation, may atteinpt to extract the opioid from the tablets and inject themselves with the resulting solution.
Tablets of TIMERx-N sustained release fonnulations with 40 mg of oxyinorphone were prepared according to procedures in Exainple 6 and ground into powder. In the water extraction test, the resulting powder was dispersed into 30 mL of water and stirred for 5 seconds. In the 95% ethanol/water extraction test, the resulting powder was dispersed into 15 inL of 95% ethanol, stirred for 5 seconds, and then diluted with an additional 15 mL of water. In the 95% ethanol extraction test, the resulting powder was dispersed into 30 mL of 95% etlianol and stiiTed for 5 seconds. In each test, the resulting solution was allowed to set for 15 minutes before being filtered through a paper filter. Oxyinorphone recovery from the filtered solutions was measured using HPLC at 40 C, using a Zorbax XDB-C18 column and a UV detector set at 230 M.
Recovery of oxymorphone from each test is shown in Table 9.
Table 9 Tablet % Dose recovered after extraction in water 95% ethanol / water 95 % ethanol 1 3.3 14.8 87.3 2 3.8 13.3 85.3 3 3.3 11.3 82.5 Mean 3.5 13.0 85.0 When sustained release tablets coinprising 40 mg of oxymorphone, formulated with TIMERx-NO made with xanthan gum in which at least 30% of particles can pass through a #270 mesh sieve, were powdered and extracted with water, approximately 3-4% of oxymorphone was released into water after 15 minutes. To mimic abuse by dropping a tablet into 95% ethanol and then diluting it to an ingestible concentration, powdered tablets were first suspended in 95% ethanol for 5 seconds, followed by dilution with water to provide a 47.5% ethanol solution. In this experiment, approximately 11-15% of oxymorphone was released into the water/ethanol solution after 15 minutes. The powdered sustained release 40 mg oxyinorphone tablets formulated with TIMERx-N

with xanthan gum of which at least 30% of the particles can pass through a #270 mesh sieve, therefore, resist extraction in more than one potential abuse scenario.
Example 8 Dissolution profiles of sustained release oxymorphone tablets in the presence of beverage-strength ethanol Sustained release 40 mg oxymorphone tablets were prepared as described in Example 6. Dissolution tests were perforined on sets of 12 tablets in 500 mL
of 0.1N
HCl and ethanol/0.1N HCl solutions at 4%, 20%, and 40% ethanol concentrations.
Oxymoiphone release was determined by HPLC as described above.
Tablets remained intact throughout the dissolution tests in all media. Mean concentrations of oxyinoiphone released are shown in Table 10A. Similarity factors (f2) for the ethanol dissolution media against the 0.1N HCl medium were calculated using standard methods and the results indicate that the drug release rate is inversely correlated with the amount of ethanol in the dissolution medium (Table 10B). An increase in ethanol content of the dissolution medium moderately decreased the drug release rate.
Results of dissolution experiments are summarized in Table 10A.
Table l0A

Medium Mean % oxymorphone released (n=12) 0 hrs 0.5 hrs 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 12 hrs O.INHCI 0 22 33 49 70 97 102 RSD %* 0 3.2 2.7 1.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 Range 0 21-23 32-35 48-50 69-71 96-97 101-102 4% Etltanol 0 22 33 49 69 96 102 RSD %* 0 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.8 Range 0 21-23 31-34 46-50 66-70 93-99 99-106 20% 0 18 28 42 61 89 100 Ethairol 0 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.9 2.0 1.9 % RSD* 0 17-18 27-29 40-45 59-66 86-93 97-103 Ethanol 0 6.0 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.3 3.2 RSD %* 0 14-18 23-25 35-38 52-56 74-81 90-101 * RSD = Relative Standard Deviation The presence of up to 40% ethanol did not significantly affect the dissolution profile of sustained release 40 mg oxymorphone tablets. The presence of 4%
ethanol had an insignificant effect on the dissolution profile of 40 mg sustained release oxymorphone tablets compared to their dissolution profile in the absence of ethanol.
Oxymorphone release was inversely correlated with the ainount of ethanol in the dissolution medium.
Presence of 20% and 40% ethanol in the dissolution medium slowed down the release of oxyinorphone, which was still released in a controlled manner. No dose duinping was observed at concentrations of ethanol between 0% and 40%. Therefore, tablets with sustained release formulations described herein release oxyinorphone in a controlled manner in the presence of up to at least 40% ethanol.

Table lOB

Similarity factor (f2) for dissolution profiles of 40 mg oxymorphone sustained release tablets in O.1N HCI and ethanol solutions Medium 4% ethanol 20% ethanol 40% ethanol Relative to 0.1N 97 60 45 HCl Siinilarity factors for ethanol-containing media relative to 0.1N HCl medium (0%
ethanol) were 97, 60 and 45 for the 4%, 20% and 40% ethanol solutions, respectively.
Thus, oxylnorphone tablets resist beverage strength concentrations of ethanol and do not dose dump in the presence of at least up to 40% ethanol.
Example 9 Effect of ethanol on bioavailability of oxymorphone from sustained release oxymorphone tablets Healthy volunteers were used in a study to assess the pharinacokinetics of oxymorphone 40 mg sustained release tablets when co-administered with 240 mL
of 40%, 20%, 4%, and 0% (water) ethanol.
The study design was a randomized, open-label, single-dose, four-period crossover in 28 subjects. To block the opioid effects of oxymorphone, naltrexone HCl (50 mg) was administered approximately 12 and 2 hours prior to each oxymorphone administration, and again at 12 hours after administration. Subjects were fasted overnight for at least 8 hours prior to dosing. Water was allowed ad lib except from 1 hour before dosing until 1 hour after dosing. A standardized meal was served 4 hours and 10 hours after dosing.
Oxymorphone 40 mg sustained release tablets were administered on four separate occasions with 240 mL of: A) 40% ethanol, B) 20% ethanol, C) 4% ethanol, or D) 0%
ethanol. Serial blood samples were obtained from 0 to 48 hours after dosing.
Plasma samples were assayed for oxyinoiphone. Pharmacolcinetic parameters for oxyinorphone were determined using non-compartmental methods for data evaluation. Point estimates and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for natural logarithmic transformed Cmax, AUCo_t, and AUCo_iõf were calculated using Least Squares Means (LSMeans). Any treatinent in which a subject vomited during the dosing interval (0-12 hours) was excluded from the primary pharinacokinetic analysis.
Thirty subjects were enrolled in the study. Twenty-five subjects completed the study, meaning these subjects received all four treatments. Subjects who vomited within the dosing interval (0-12 hours) were to have that treatment excluded from the pharinacolcinetic analysis. There were 10 subjects who vomited between 0-12 hours on treatment A (40% ethanol) and 5 subjects who vomited between 0-12 hours on treatment B (20%) ethanol. There were no subjects who vomited on treatments C (4%
ethanol) or D (0% ethanol). Mean plasma concentration-time data for each treatment, excluding subject data from a treatment if the subject vomited, are shown in Table 11.

Table 11 Mean oxymorphone plasma concentrations (excluding subjects with emesis) [pg/ml]
Time 0% ethanol 4% ethanol 20% ethanol 40% ethanol (hr) (N=25) (N=25) (N=20) (N=15) 0 hr 0.000 4.200 1.115 0.000 0.25 hr 316.248 269.400 255.910 686.880 0.5 hr 1218.988 1067.048 1307.611 1968.407 0.75 hr 1572.360 1469.992 2067.158 2520.593 1 hr 1716.480 1556.372 2135.500 2630.867 1.5 hrs 1726.720 1785.560 2352.500 2746.200 2 hrs 1930.840 1944.920 2442.000 2466.000 3 hrs 1694.800 1854.040 2179.750 2556.667 4 hrs 1450.800 1754.880 1838.400 2416.000 hrs 1800.600 2002.400 1768.700 2402.533 6 hrs 1681.080 1877.440 1591.350 1944.933 8 hrs 1262.880 1517.480 1359.550 1061.200 hrs 1002.800 1187.000 1162.000 889.200 12 hrs 1429.316 1489.280 1420.050 1223.667 16 hrs 876.800 872.760 958.400 854.067 24 hrs 443.872 451.920 403.305 407.933 36 hrs 254.988 238.020 241.980 261.647 48 hrs 95.180 99.976 85.675 116.207 Statistical analyses of the pharmacokinetic parameters are presented in Table 12.

Table 12 Pharmacokinetic Oxymorphone treatment (excluding subjects that vomited) parameter (SD) 40% ethanol 20% ethanol 4% ethanol 0% ethanol Cmax, pg/mL 3917 3089 2564 2373 (1672) (1150) (1037) (870) Tmax~ h 1.50 1.50 3.0 2.0 (0.75-6.0) (0.75-8.0) (1.0-12.0) (0.5-12.0) AUCo_t, pg=h/mL 36385 35389 35146 33350 (12441) (11495) (12534) (11864) AUCo_1õf, pg=h/mL 39973 ` 36889 37551b 36034b (13595) (12356) (13452) (11388) tyõ h 11.3" 9.9 10.4b 10.7b (3.5) (3.2) (4.1) (4.7) Median and range reported for Tmax an=13 bn=24 Geometric mean ratios (GMR) and 90% CI for those treatments in which subjects completed the study without vomiting between 0-12 hours are shown in Table 13.
Table 13 Oxymorplione treatment Pharmacokinetic 40% ethanol 20% ethanol 4% ethanol Parameter /0% ethanol /0% ethanol /0% ethanol Ratio 90% CI Ratio 90% CI Ratio 90% CI
Cinax 1.703 1.476,1.966 1.309 1.151, 1.488 1.073 0.952,1.209 AUC0 _t 1.129 1.03, 1.24 1.040 0.95, 1.13 1.055 0.97, 1.14 AUCo_iõf 1.127 1.03, 1.24 1.010 0.93, 1.09 1.022 0.95, 1.10 The mean plasma concentration-time data in Table 11 show that the 40% and 20%
ethanol treatments produce higher plasma concentrations during the first 4 to 6 hours compared to the 0% ethanol treatment. The 4% ethanol treatment mean plasma concentrations were similar to those for the 0% ethanol treatment. All data were coinparable from 16 to 48 hours after dosing. Secondary peaks were observed at 5 hours for the 4% and 0% ethanol treatments and 12 hours for all four treatments.
Although the 40% ethanol treatment mean plasma concentration was higher than 0%, 4%, or 20%
from 0.5 to 6 hours, the concentration then declined and was lower than the other three treatments at 8 to 12 hours. C,nax was the only pharmacokinetic parameter that appeared to be directly related to the ethanol treatment (Table 12). From the ratios shown in Table 13, it can be seen that the increases in C,,,aX were 70%, 31 %, and 7% for the 40% ethanol, 20% ethanol and 4% ethanol treatments, respectively, compared to the 0%
ethanol treatment. Changes in AUCo_t and AUCo_i,,f ranged from 1% to 13% for the ethanol treatments compared to 0% ethanol (Table 13). Other than Cmax, no significant differences for the pharmacokinetic parameters were observed among various treatments.
Analysis of all subjects regardless of whether they vomited is presented in Tables 14 and 15. Mean plasma concentration-time data for each treatment, without any exclusions for vomiting, are shown in Table 14.

Table 14 Mean oxymorphone plasma concentrations (including subjects who vomited) [pg/ml]
Time 0% ethanol 4% ethanol 20% ethanol 40% ethanol (hr) (N=25) (N=25) (N=25) (N=25) 0 hr 0.000 4.200 0,892 0.000 0.25 hr 316.248 269.400 205.892 544.828 0.51ir 1218.988 1067.048 1090.458 1775.428 0.75 hr 1572.360 1469.992 1718.917 2641.636 1 hr 1716.480 1556.372 1860.552 2640,640 1.5 hrs 1726.720 1785.560 2045.680 2481.396 2 hrs 1930.840 1944.920 2138.240 2208.060 3 hrs 1694.800 1854.040 1981.320 2166.160 4 hrs 1450.800 1754.880 1720.920 2152.960 hrs 1800.600 2002.400 1695.680 2635.628 6 hrs 1681.080 1877.440 1481.040 2311.740 8 hrs 1262,880 1517.480 1226.040 1259.644 hrs 1002.800 1187.000 1024.568 866.844 12 hrs 1429.316 1489.280 1250.080 981,016 16 hrs 876.800 872.760 844.264 692.216 24 hrs 443.872 451.920 359.224 338.700 254.988 238.020 227.056 233.728 95.180 99.976 80.784 97.752 Mean plasma concentration-time profiles without excluding treatments (n=25) in which subjects vomited (Table 14), showed the 40% ethanol treatment with a secondary peak at 5 hours, which was not clearly evident in Table 11, where only 15 subjects were 5 represented. The 20% ethanol treatment (n=25) appeared to be similar to that of Table 11, where there were 20 subjects. The 4% and 0% ethanol treatments represented the same sainple of subjects as those in Table 11. As previously indicated in Table 12, C,,,ax was the only pharinacolcinetic parameter that appeared to be directly related to the ethanol treatment (Table 15).

Table 15 Mean Oxymorphone treatment (including subjects who vomited, N=25) Pharmacokinetic 40% ethanol 20% ethanol 4% ethanol 0% ethanol Parameter (SD) C,,,a,, pg/mL 4124 2815 2564 2373 (2251) (1227) (1037) (870) Tmax~ h 1.50 2.0 3.0 2.0 (0.75-6.0) (0.75-8.0) (1.0-12.0) (0.5-12.0) AUCo_t, pg h/m1 33677 31815 35146 33350 (13772) (13456) (12533) (11864) AUCo_iõf, pg h/m1 37128a 34677b 37551 36034 (14803) (13432) (13452) (11388) tyõ h 11.7a 9.9b 10.4 10.7 (4.5) (3.1) (4.1) (4.7) an =22 bn=23 GMR data shown in Table 16 indicate that increases in C,,,aX were 62%, 15%, and 8% for the 40% ethanol, 20% ethanol and 4% ethanol treatments, respectively, as compared to the 0% ethanol treatment. Changes in AUCo_t and AUCo_iõf ranged from -10% to 7% for the ethanol treatments as compared to 0% ethanol (Table 16). The 40%
and 20% C,,,a,, AUCo_t and AUCo_ir,f increases were lower when subjects who vomited were included.

Table 16 Oxymorphone treatment (including subjects who vomited, N=25) 40% ethanol 20 % ethanol 4% ethanol Parameter /0% ethanol /0% ethanol /0% ethanol Ratio 90% CI Ratio 90% CI Ratio 90% CI
Cmax 1.623 1.365, 1.931 1.145 0.963, 1.362 1.077 0.905, 1.281 AUCo.t 0.961 0.79, 1.18 0.897 0.73, 1.10 1.070 0.87, 1.31 AUC0_1n1 0.953 0.78, 1.16 0.920 0.75, 1.12 1.034 0.85, 1.26 Example 10 Effect of food on bioavailability of 40 mg sustained release oxymorphone tablets and 4 x 10 mg oxymorphone immediate release tablets A study was performed in healthy volunteers to assess the effect of food on the bioavailability of sustained release 40 mg oxymorphone tablets and oxymorphone irnmediate release tablets (4x 10 mg). The study design was a randomized, open-label, single-dose, four-period crossover in 28 subjects. The 40 mg oxymorphone sustained release tablet and 4x 10 mg oxyinoiphone immediate release tablets were evaluated under fed and fasted conditions. To block the opioid effects of oxymorphone, naltrexone HC1 (50 mg) was administered approximately 12 hours prior to each oxyrriorphone administration. Subjects were fasted overnight for at least 8 hours prior to dosing. For the fed treatment subjects were served a high-fat breakfast and were dosed 10 minutes after coinpletion of the breakfast. Each dose was adininistered with 240 mL of water.
Subjects were not perinitted any other food until 4 hours after dosing. Serial blood sainples were obtained from 0 to 72 hours after dosing. Plasma samples were assayed for oxyinorphone. Phannacokinetic parameters for oxylnorphone were deterinined using non-compartmental methods. Point estimates and 90% CIs for natural logarithmic transforined C1111X, AUCo_t, and AUCo_iõf were calculated using LSMeans.

Twenty-five subjects completed the study. The mean plasma concentration-tiine data for the fasted and fed treatments for the sustained release tablet are shown in Table 17.

Table 17 Mean oxymorphone plasma concentrations 40 mg sustained release oxymorphone tablets [ng/ml]
Time Fasted Fed (hr) 0 0.00 0.00 0.25 hr 0.47 0.22 0.50 hr 1.68 0.97 0.75 hr 1.92 1.90 1 hr 2.09 2.61 1.5 hrs 2.18 3.48 2 hrs 2.18 3.65 3 hrs 2.00 2.86 4 hrs 1.78 2.45 hrs 1.86 2.37 6 lirs 1.67 2.02 8 hrs 1.25 1.46 hrs 1.11 1.17 12 hrs 1.34 1.21 24 hrs 0.55 0.47 36 hrs 0,21 0.20 48 hrs 0.06 0.05 60 hrs 0.03 0,01 72 hrs 0.00 0.00 5 As shown in Table 17 the fed treatment produced higher plasma oxyinorphone concentrations during the first 8 hours coinpared to the fasted treatinent.
The mean plasma concentrations for both treatments were similar from 10 to 48 hours after dosing.
Secondary peaks were observed at 5 hours for the fasted treatment and at 12 hours both treatments. The mean plasma oxyinorphone concentration-time data or the fasted and fed treatments for the iminediate release tablets are shown in Table 18. The fed treatment produced higher plasma concentrations during the first 10 hours compared to the fasted treatment. The mean plasma concentrations for both treatments were similar from 12 to 48 hours after dosing. Secondary peaks were seen at 12 hours for the fasted and fed treatments.
Mean plasma oxymorphone concentration time profiles for the fed and fasted treatments for the immediate release oxymorphone tablets (4 x 10 mg) are shown in Table 18.

Table 18 Mean oxymorphone plasma concentration 4 x 10 mg IR oxymorphone tablets [ng/mll Time (hr) Fasted Fed 0 0.00 0.00 0.25 hr 3.34 1.79 0.50 hr 7.28 6.59 0.75 hr 6.60 9.49 1hr 6.03 9.91 1.5 hrs 4.67 8.76 2 hrs 3.68 7.29 3 hrs 2.34 4.93 4 hrs 1.65 3.11 51irs 1.48 2.19 6 hrs 1.28 1.71 8 hrs 0.92 1.28 hrs 0.78 1.09 12 hrs 1.04 1.24 24 hrs 0.40 0.44 36 hrs 0.16 0.18 48 hrs 0.04 0.05 60 hrs 0.01 0.01 72 hrs 0.00 0.00 The fed treatment with 4 x 10 mg immediate release oxymorphone tablets produced higher plasma oxymorphone concentrations during the first 10 hours compared to the fasted treatment. The mean plasma oxymorphone concentrations for both treatments were similar from 12 to 48 hours after dosing. Secondary peaks were observed at 12 hours for the fasted treatment and fed treatments. C,,,ax was increased in the presence of food for both the sustained release and the iiumediate release tablets and AUC was increased by food for the immediate release tablets (Table 19). From the GMR
data (Table 20) it can be seen that food increased C,,,aX by 51% and 38% for the sustained release and iinmediate release tablets, respectively, when coinpared to administration under fasted conditions. Food increased AUCo_t and AUCo_inf by 43% and 38%, respectively for the iinmediate release tablets. For the sustained release tablet administered with food, the AUCo_t and AUCo_inf increases were less than 10%
and the 90% CIs were within 80-125%.

Table 19 Oxymorphone treatment (N=25) Mean 40 mg sustained release tablet 4x10 mg immediate release Pharmacokinetic tablets Parameter (SD) Fed Fasted Fed Fasted Cmax, pg/mL 4250 2790 12090 9070 (1210) (840) (5420) (4090) Tmax, h 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 (0.5-5.0) (0.5-12.0) (0.25-3.0) (0.25-2.0) AUCo_t, pg=hhmL 38200 35700 51350 36000 (11040) (10580) (20200) (12520) AUCo_1õ1., pg=h/mL 41170 40620 54100 39040 (10460) (11380) (20260) (12440) tiõh 10.5 12.2 9.6 11.7 (5.5) (7.6) (3,6) (6.2) Median and range reported for T,,,ax Table 20 Oxymorphone treatment Pharmacokinetic 40 mg sustained release tablet 4 x 10 mg immediate release parameter tablet Ratio (fed/fasted) 90% CI Ratio (fed/fasted) 90% CI
Cmax 1.507 1.3777, 1.376 1.156, 1.637 AUC04 1.07 1.6970 1.43 1.32, 1.55 AUCo_iaf 1.02 0.94, 1.22 1.38 1.28, 1.41 0.91, 1.15 From the GMR data (Table 20) it can be seen that food increased C,nax by 51%
and 38% for the sustained release and immediate release tablets, respectively, when compared to administration under fasted conditions. Food increased AUCo_t and AUCo_inf by 43% and 38%, respectively for the immediate release tablets. For the sustained release tablet, the AUCo_t and AUCo_;,,f increases with food were small and the 90%
CIs were within 80-125%.
The in vitro study (Exainple 8) showed that 40% ethanol did not increase the dissolution rate of the oxyinorphone sustained release 40 mg tablet. These data indicate that the fonnulation drug release matrix is not compromised by beverage-strength ethanol concentrations and the preinature release of oxymorphone in vivo when exposed to ethanol at concentrations up to 40% does not occur. However, the data from the human ethanol study demonstrated that co-administration of 240 inL of 40% ethanol, and to a lesser extent 20% ethanol, increased the C,nax of oxylnorphone from the 40 mg sustained release tablet while having no demonstrable effect on the AUC (Tables 12 and 13). The in vitro and in vivo results suggest that beverage-strength ethanol does not directly effect the integrity of formulation, but may cause other effect(s), that can lead to an apparent increased rate of absorption of oxyinorphone.
Interestingly, an increased rate of absorption of oxymorphone is also observed when oxyinorphone 40 mg sustained release tablets are administered after a high-fat meal (Tables 19 and 20). The magnitude of the increase and the plasma concentration-time course are similar when oxymorphone tablets forinulated with TIMERx-NO are administered after a high-fat meal or with ethanol (see Tables 11 and 16).
This observation suggests that there may be a common mechanism between food and ethanol leading to the increase in Cmax= The pharmacokinetic parameters measured following dosing of oxyinorphone immediate release tablets and oral solutions were also affected when taken after a high-fat meal (Tables 19 and 20). In addition to an increase in Cmax, the AUC for the immediate release tablets also increased, unlike the results for the sustained release tablets, where AUC did not change appreciably after ethanol or food.
These differences suggest that the sustained release tablets are not releasing oxymoiphone at an accelerated rate in the presence of ethanol, but that it is only the level of oxyinorphone dissolved in the gastrointestinal tract that is affected by the food or ethanol.
The in vitro results indicate no oxymorphone sustained release formulation-ethanol interaction. The results from the bioavailability study deinonstrated that there is a pharmacokinetic interaction when 40 mg oxymorphone sustained release tablet is consumed with 240 mL of 40% ethanol, which represents an excessive intake of ethanol, with resultant increases in peak plasma concentrations similar to those observed when oxyinorphone sustained release tablets are taken after a standardized high-fat meal. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not clear at present.
Based on evaluation of the in vitro and earlier in vivo data, the increases in Cmax observed are not believed to be caused by early release of oxyinorphone owing to disintegration of the sustained release delivery system (i.e., dose duinping), but instead by an apparent increased rate of absorption, which is independent of the formulation.
Similar results are expected to be obtained with other drugs, because the properties of the sustained release system affect the dissolution properties of the formulation to a significantly larger extent than the nature of the drug in the formulation.
Ethanol dissolution testing is conteinplated to become a standard procedure in the development of new sustained release products.
The patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to one slcilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such inodifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A sustained release oxymorphone formulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to a patient with about 200 mL to about 300 mL
of about 4% to about 40% ethanol the formulation provides a secondary peak of blood oxymorphone concentration about 12 hours after administration, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.

2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises from about 20 mg to about 60 mg of oxymorphone.

3. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the formulation comprises about 40 mg of oxymorphone.

4. A solid dosage form comprising the formulation of any one of claims 1, 2 or 3.

5. A solid dosage form of claim 4, wherein the solid dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a powder, a granule, a tablet, and a capsule.

6. The solid dosage form of claim 5, wherein the solid dosage form is a tablet.

7. A sustained release oxymorphone formulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to a patient the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone less than about 5 times higher when ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of up to about 40% ethanol compared to when ingested without ethanol, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.

8. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone is less than about 2.5 times higher when ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of up to about 40% ethanol compared to when ingested without ethanol.

9. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the formulation comprises from about 20 mg to about 60 mg of oxymorphone.

10. The formulation of claim 9, wherein the formulation comprises about 40 mg of oxymorphone.

11. A sustained release oxymorphone formulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to a patient the formulation provides a ratio of the maxiinum blood concentration of oxymorphone when ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 40% ethanol to the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone when ingested after a high-fat meal without ethanol from about 0.5 to about 2, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.

12. The formulation of claim 11, wherein the ratio of the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone when the formulation is ingested with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 40% ethanol to the maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone when the formulation is ingested after a high-fat meal without ethanol is from about 0.8 to about 1.5.

13. The formulation of claim 11, wherein the formulation comprises from about mg to about 60 mg of oxymorphone.

14. The formulation of claim 13, wherein the formulation comprises about 40 mg of oxymorphone.

15. A sustained release oxymorphone formulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein after oral administration of a single dose to a patient with about 200 mL to about 300 mL
of about 4% to about 40% ethanol the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.1 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.

16. The formulation of claim 15, wherein the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 7.5 ng/mL.

17. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 1 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL.

18. The formulation of claim 15, wherein the formulation comprises from about mg to about 20 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.3 ng/mL to about 3.2 ng/mL.

19. The formulation of claim 18, wherein the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.4 ng/mL to about 2.8 ng/mL.

20. The formulation of claim 18, wherein the formulation comprises about 10 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.3 ng/mL to about 1.8 ng/mL.

21. The formulation of claim 20, wherein the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL.

22. The formulation of claim 15, wherein the formulation comprises from about mg to about 40 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL.

23. The formulation of claim 22, wherein the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.9 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL.

24. The formulation of claim 22, wherein the formulation comprises about 20 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.5 ng/mL to about 3.2 ng/mL.

25. The formulation of claim 24, wherein the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 0.75 ng/mL to about 2.8 ng/mL.

26. The formulation of claim 15, wherein the formulation comprises from about 40 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 1 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL.

27. The formulation of claim 26, wherein the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 1.9 ng/mL to about 12 ng/mL.

28. The formulation of claim 26, wherein the formulation comprises about 40 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 1 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL.

29. The formulation of claim 28, wherein the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 1.4 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL.

30. The formulation of claim 26, wherein the formulation comprises about 80 mg of oxymorphone and the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 3.5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL.

31. The formulation of claim 30, wherein the formulation provides a maximum blood concentration of oxymorphone from about 4 ng/mL to about 13 ng/mL.

32. A sustained release oxymorphone formulation comprising a sustained release delivery system and from about 5 mg to about 80 mg of oxymorphone, wherein the formulation provides a minimum blood concentration of oxymorphone of at least about 0.013 ng/mL at about 12 hours after oral administration of a single dose to a patient with about 200 mL to about 300 mL of about 4% to about 40% ethanol, and the formulation provides analgesia to the patient for at least about 12 hours after administration.

33. The formulation of claim 32, wherein the formulation comprises about 5 mg of oxymorphone.

34. The formulation of claim 32, wherein the formulation comprises about 10 mg of oxymorphone.

35. The formulation of claim 32, wherein the formulation comprises about 20 mg of oxymorphone.

36. The formulation of claim 32, wherein the formulation comprises about 40 mg of oxymorphone.

37. The formulation of claim 32, wherein the formulation comprises about 80 mg of oxymorphone.

38. The formulation of claim 33, wherein the minimum blood concentration of oxymorphone is at least about 0.07 ng/mL.

39. The formulation of claim 34, wherein the minimum blood concentration of oxymorphone is at least about 0.15 ng/mL.

40. The formulation of claim 35, wherein the minimum blood concentration of oxymorphone is at least about 0.3 ng/mL.

41. The formulation of claim 36, wherein the minimum blood concentration of oxymorphone is at least about 0.6 ng/mL.

42. The formulation of claim 37, wherein the minimum blood concentration of oxymorphone is at least about 1.2 ng/mL.

43. A solid dosage form comprising the formulation of any one of claims 7-42.

44. The solid dosage form of claim 43, wherein the solid dosage form is selected from a group consisting of a tablet, a capsule, a granule, and a powder.

45. The solid dosage form of claim 44, wherein the solid dosage form is a tablet.