List of (automatic) protocol reverse engineering tools/methods/approaches for network protocols
This is a collection of 58 scientific papers about (automatic) protocol reverse engineering (PRE) methods and tools. The papers are categorized into different groups so that it is more easy to get an overview of existing solutions based on the problem you want to tackle.
The collection was started with help of the following two surveys and got extended afterwards:
- J. Duchêne, C. Le Guernic, E. Alata, V. Nicomette, and M. Kaâniche, “State of the art of network protocol reverse engineering tools,” Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 53–68, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11416-016-0289-8.
- B. D. Sija, Y.-H. Goo, K.-S. Shim, H. Hasanova, and M.-S. Kim, “A Survey of Automatic Protocol Reverse Engineering Approaches, Methods, and Tools on the Inputs and Outputs View,” Security and Communication Networks, vol. 2018, pp. 1–17, 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/8370341.
Please help extending this collection by adding papers to the tools.ods
.
Overview ↑
Name | Year | Method/Approach used |
---|---|---|
PIP [1] | 2004 | Sequence alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch 1970 and Smith and Waterma 1981 applied |
GAPA [2] | 2005 | Protocol analyzer and open language that uses the protocol analyzer specification Spec → it is meant to be integrated in monitoring and analyzing tools |
ScriptGen [3] | 2005 | Byte-wise sequence alignment (find variable fields in messages) |
RolePlayer [4] | 2006 | Byte-wise sequence alignment (find variable fields in messages) |
Ma et al. [5] | 2006 | |
FFE/x86 [6] | 2006 | |
Replayer [7] | 2006 | |
Discoverer [8] | 2007 | Recursive clustering and type-based sequence alignment |
Polyglot [9] | 2007 | Dynamic analysis (execution trace and network trace) |
PEXT [10] | 2007 | |
Rosetta [11] | 2007 | |
AutoFormat [12] | 2008 | Dynamic analysis (execution trace and network trace) |
Tupni [13] | 2008 | Dynamic analysis (execution trace and network trace) |
Boosting [14] | 2008 | |
ConfigRE [15] | 2008 | |
ReFormat [16] | 2009 | |
Prospex [17] | 2009 | |
Xiao et al. [18] | 2009 | |
Trifilo et al. [19] | 2009 | |
Antunes and Neves [20] | 2009 | |
Dispatcher [21] | 2009 | Dynamic analysis |
Fuzzgrind [22] | 2009 | |
REWARDS [23] | 2010 | |
MACE [24] | 2010 | |
ReverX [25] | 2011 | |
Veritas [26] | 2011 | |
Biprominer [27] | 2011 | Statistical analysis including three phases, learning phase, labeling phase and transition probability model building phase. See this figure. |
ASAP [28] | 2011 | |
Howard [29] | 2011 | |
ProDecoder [30] | 2012 | |
Zhang et al. [31] | 2012 | |
Netzob [32] | 2012 | Sie this figure |
PRISMA [33] | 2012 | |
ARTISTE [34] | 2012 | |
Wang et al. [35] | 2013 | |
Laroche et al. [36] | 2013 | |
AutoReEngine [37] | 2013 | Apriori Algorithm (based on Agrawal/Srikant 1994). Identify fields and keywords by considering the amount of occurrences. Message formats are considered as series of keywords. State machines are derived from labeled messages or frequent subsequences. See this figure for clarification. |
Dispatcher2 [38] | 2013 | |
ProVeX [39] | 2013 | |
Meng et al. [40] | 2014 | |
AFL [41] | 2014 | |
ProGraph [42] | 2015 | |
FieldHunter [43] | 2015 | |
RS Cluster [44] | 2015 | |
UPCSS [45] | 2015 | |
ARGOS [46] | 2015 | |
PULSAR [47] | 2015 | Reverse engineer network protocols with the aim to fuzz them with thus knowledge |
Cai et al. [48] | 2016 | |
WASp [49] | 2016 | |
PowerShell [50] | 2017 | |
ProPrint [51] | 2017 | |
ProHacker [52] | 2017 | |
Goo et al. [53] | 2019 | Apriori based: Finding „frequent contiguous common subsequences“ via new Contiguous Sequential Pattern (CSP) algorithm which is based on Generalized Sequential Pattern (GSP) and other Apriori algorithms. CSP is used three times hierarchically to extract different information/fields based on previous results. |
Universal Radio Hacker [54] | 2019 | |
Yang et al. [55] | 2020 | Using deep-learning (LSTM-FCN) for reversing binary protocols |
Sun et al. [56] | 2020 | "To measure format similarity of unknown protocol messages in a proper granularity, we propose relative measuremnets, Token Format Distance (TFD) and Message Format Distance (MFD), based on core rules of Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABND)." for clustering process Silhouette Coefficient and Dunn Index are used. density based cluster algorithm DBSCAN is used for clustering of messages |
Shim et al. [57] | 2020 | Follow up on Goo et al. 2019 |
IPART [58] | 2020 |
Input and Output ↑
NetT: input is a network trace (e.g. pcap)
ExeT: input is an execution trace (code/binary at hand)
PF: output is protocol format (describing the syntax)
PFSM: output is protocol finite state machine (describing semantic/sequential logic)
Name | Year | NetT | ExeT | PF | PFSM | Other Output |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIP [1] | 2004 | ✔ | Keywords/ fields | |||
GAPA [2] | 2005 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
ScriptGen [3] | 2005 | ✔ | Dialogs/scripts | |||
RolePlayer [4] | 2006 | ✔ | Dialogs/scripts | |||
Ma et al. [5] | 2006 | ✔ | App-identification | |||
FFE/x86 [6] | 2006 | ✔ | ||||
Replayer [7] | 2006 | ✔ | ||||
Discoverer [8] | 2007 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Polyglot [9] | 2007 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
PEXT [10] | 2007 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Rosetta [11] | 2007 | ✔ | ||||
AutoFormat [12] | 2008 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Tupni [13] | 2008 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Boosting [14] | 2008 | ✔ | Field(s) | |||
ConfigRE [15] | 2008 | ✔ | ||||
ReFormat [16] | 2009 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Prospex [17] | 2009 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Xiao et al. [18] | 2009 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Trifilo et al. [19] | 2009 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Antunes and Neves [20] | 2009 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Dispatcher [21] | 2009 | ✔ | C&C malware | |||
Fuzzgrind [22] | 2009 | ✔ | ||||
REWARDS [23] | 2010 | ✔ | ||||
MACE [24] | 2010 | ✔ | ||||
ReverX [25] | 2011 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Veritas [26] | 2011 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Biprominer [27] | 2011 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
ASAP [28] | 2011 | ✔ | Semantics | |||
Howard [29] | 2011 | ✔ | ||||
ProDecoder [30] | 2012 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Zhang et al. [31] | 2012 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Netzob [32] | 2012 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
PRISMA [33] | 2012 | ✔ | ||||
ARTISTE [34] | 2012 | ✔ | ||||
Wang et al. [35] | 2013 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Laroche et al. [36] | 2013 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
AutoReEngine [37] | 2013 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
Dispatcher2 [38] | 2013 | ✔ | C&C malware | |||
ProVeX [39] | 2013 | ✔ | Signatures | |||
Meng et al. [40] | 2014 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
AFL [41] | 2014 | ✔ | ||||
ProGraph [42] | 2015 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
FieldHunter [43] | 2015 | ✔ | Fields | |||
RS Cluster [44] | 2015 | ✔ | Grouped-messages | |||
UPCSS [45] | 2015 | ✔ | Proto-classification | |||
ARGOS [46] | 2015 | ✔ | ||||
PULSAR [47] | 2015 | |||||
Cai et al. [48] | 2016 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
WASp [49] | 2016 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
PowerShell [50] | 2017 | ✔ | Dialogs/scripts | |||
ProPrint [51] | 2017 | ✔ | Fingerprints | |||
ProHacker [52] | 2017 | ✔ | Keywords | |||
Goo et al. [53] | 2019 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
Universal Radio Hacker [54] | 2019 | ✔ | ||||
Yang et al. [55] | 2020 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Sun et al. [56] | 2020 | |||||
Shim et al. [57] | 2020 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
IPART [58] | 2020 | ✔ | ✔ |
Tested protocols ↑
Name | Year | Text-based | Binary-based | Hybrid | Other Protocols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIP [1] | 2004 | HTTP | |||
GAPA [2] | 2005 | HTTP | |||
ScriptGen [3] | 2005 | HTTP | NetBIOS | DCE | |
RolePlayer [4] | 2006 | HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NFS, TFTP | DNS, BitTorrent, QQ, NetBios | SMB, CIFS | |
Ma et al. [5] | 2006 | HTTP, FTP, SMTP, HTTPS (TCP-Protos) | DNS, NetBIOS, SrvLoc (UDP-Protos) | ||
FFE/x86 [6] | 2006 | ||||
Replayer [7] | 2006 | ||||
Discoverer [8] | 2007 | HTTP | RPC | SMB, CIFS | |
Polyglot [9] | 2007 | HTTP, Samba, ICQ | DNS, IRC | ||
PEXT [10] | 2007 | FTP | |||
Rosetta [11] | 2007 | ||||
AutoFormat [12] | 2008 | HTTP, SIP | DHCP, RIP, OSPF | SMB, CIFS | |
Tupni [13] | 2008 | HTTP, FTP | RPC, DNS, TFTP | WMF, BMP, JPG, PNG, TIF | |
Boosting [14] | 2008 | DNS | |||
ConfigRE [15] | 2008 | ||||
ReFormat [16] | 2009 | HTTP, MIME | IRC | One unknown protocol | |
Prospex [17] | 2009 | SMTP, SIP | SMB | Agobot (C&C) | |
Xiao et al. [18] | 2009 | HTTP, FTP, SMTP | |||
Trifilo et al. [19] | 2009 | TCP, DHCP, ARP, KAD | |||
Antunes and Neves [20] | 2009 | FTP | |||
Dispatcher [21] | 2009 | HTTP, FTP, ICQ | DNS | ||
Fuzzgrind [22] | 2009 | ||||
REWARDS [23] | 2010 | ||||
MACE [24] | 2010 | ||||
ReverX [25] | 2011 | FTP | |||
Veritas [26] | 2011 | SMTP | PPLIVE, XUNLEI | ||
Biprominer [27] | 2011 | XUNLEI, QQLive, SopCast | |||
ASAP [28] | 2011 | HTTP, FTP, IRC, TFTP | |||
Howard [29] | 2011 | ||||
ProDecoder [30] | 2012 | SMTP, SIP | SMB | ||
Zhang et al. [31] | 2012 | HTTP, SNMP, ISAKMP | |||
Netzob [32] | 2012 | FTP, Samba | SMB | Unknown P2P & VoIP protocol | |
PRISMA [33] | 2012 | ||||
ARTISTE [34] | 2012 | ||||
Wang et al. [35] | 2013 | ICMP | ARP | ||
Laroche et al. [36] | 2013 | FTP | DHCP | ||
AutoReEngine [37] | 2013 | HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3 | DNS, NetBIOS | ||
Dispatcher2 [38] | 2013 | HTTP, FTP, ICQ | DNS | SMB | |
ProVeX [39] | 2013 | HTTP, SMTP, IMAP | DNS, VoIP, XMPP | Malware Family Protocols | |
Meng et al. [40] | 2014 | TCP, ARP | |||
AFL [41] | 2014 | ||||
ProGraph [42] | 2015 | HTTP | DNS, BitTorrent, WeChat | ||
FieldHunter [43] | 2015 | MSNP | DNS | SopCast, Ramnit | |
RS Cluster [44] | 2015 | FTP, SMTP, POP3, HTTPS | DNS, XunLei, BitTorrent, BitSpirit, QQ, eMule | MSSQL, Kugoo, PPTV | |
UPCSS [45] | 2015 | HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP | DNS, SSL, SSH | SMB | |
ARGOS [46] | 2015 | ||||
PULSAR [47] | 2015 | ||||
Cai et al. [48] | 2016 | HTTP, SSDP | DNS, BitTorrent, QQ, NetBios | ||
WASp [49] | 2016 | Smart plug & PSD systems | |||
PowerShell [50] | 2017 | ARP, OSPF, DHCP, STP | CDP/DTP/VTP, HSRP, LLDP, LLMNR, mDNS, NBNS, VRRP | ||
ProPrint [51] | 2017 | ||||
ProHacker [52] | 2017 | ||||
Goo et al. [53] | 2019 | HTTP | DNS | ||
Universal Radio Hacker [54] | 2019 | ||||
Yang et al. [55] | 2020 | IPv4, TCP | |||
Sun et al. [56] | 2020 | ||||
Shim et al. [57] | 2020 | FTP | Modbus/TCP, Ethernet/IP | ||
IPART [58] | 2020 | Modbus, IEC104, Ethernet/IP |
Source Code ↑
Most papers do not provide the code used in the research. For the following papers exists (example) code.
Name | Year | Source Code |
---|---|---|
ReverX [25] | 2011 | https://github.com/jasantunes/reverx |
Netzob [32] | 2012 | https://github.com/netzob/netzob |
PULSAR [47] | 2015 | https://github.com/hgascon/pulsar |
Universal Radio Hacker [54] | 2019 | https://github.com/jopohl/urh |
References ↑
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X. Wang, K. Lv, and B. Li, “IPART: an automatic protocol reverse engineering tool based on global voting expert for industrial protocols,” International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 376–395, May 2020, doi: 10.1080/17445760.2019.1655740.