This repository provides a C-code function library for encoding and decoding (packing/unpacking) Open Drone ID messages, as the format is defined in the ASTM F3411 Remote ID and the ASD-STAN prEN 4709-002 Direct Remote ID specifications. See further details in the specifications section below.

Please note that both specifications have been updated during the first half of 2021. Both of the updated standards have been published (May 2022). The code available in this repository is compliant with these updates.

The opendroneid-core-c code is meant for implementations that will broadcast the Remote ID information via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. If you are looking for code related to Network Remoted ID (via the internet), please take a look at https://github.com/interuss and https://github.com/uastech/standards.

Work is ongoing by the IETF DRIP (Drone Remote ID Protocol) task force to define how security could be supported in the context of the ASTM Remote ID specification: https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/drip/documents/ and https://github.com/ietf-wg-drip and https://www.ida.liu.se/~andgu38/drip/.

MAVLink messages for drone ID are available with documentation. A similar message set for DroneCAN has been published.

If you want to contribute to the open source efforts for Remote ID, see below.

For an example Android receiver application supporting Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, see https://github.com/opendroneid/receiver-android. This app is available on the Google PlayStore.

The source codes for an alternative remote ID application are available at https://github.com/dronetag/drone-scanner. The DroneTag app can be built for both Android and iOS and is available on the Google PlayStore.

The DroneTag application for iOS can received Bluetooth 4 Legacy Advertising signals on iOS. It is available on the AppStore. The source codes are available at https://github.com/dronetag/drone-scanner and can be built for both iOS and Android.

Another receiver application for iOS is being Beta tested here: https://testflight.apple.com/join/HA3EL4zw.

Apple currently does not expose suitable APIs to receive any other transmission method for drone ID signals than BT4 legacy advertising. I.e. current versions of iOS (up to and including 15) do not support receiving BT5 Long Range + Extended Advertising, Wi-Fi NaN nor Wi-Fi Beacon.

Examples on how to use the WireShark PC application to pick up and dissect open drone ID messages (both WiFi and Bluetooth) are available here: https://github.com/opendroneid/wireshark-dissector.

Using Texas Instruments Bluetooth boards, it should be possible to use this SW to pick up all Bluetooth advertisements from a transmitter: https://github.com/nccgroup/Sniffle

Keep in mind that for both WireShark and for this approach, if the goal is to do rule compliance testing, the setup most likely needs to be placed in a radio shielded room, to avoid disturbance from other Bluetooth/Wi-Fi transmitters in the neighborhood.

The ESP32 transmitter example code also contains code for receiving drone ID signals on ESP32 HW.

A basic scanner application for Wi-Fi NaN/Beacon frames and Bluetooth is available here.

A list of smartphones that have been tested for receiving Remote ID signals is available here.

An implementation for the ESP32-C3 or ESP32-S3 HW supporting inputting data via either MAVLink or DroneCAN messages is available at https://github.com/ArduPilot/ArduRemoteID.

This has been tested to work together with ArduPilot. Currently it supports transmitting Bluetooth 4 Legacy Advertising, Bluetooth 5 Long Range, Wi-Fi Beacon and Wi-Fi NaN.

An example library for transmitting Open Drone ID signals from ESP32/ESP8266 HW can be found at https://github.com/sxjack/uav_electronic_ids. The implementation supports simultaneous transmission via Bluetooth Legacy Advertising, Wi-Fi NaN and Wi-Fi Beacon (ESP32) or Wi-Fi NaN/Beacon (ESP8266).

Please note that the ESP32 HW only supports transmitting Bluetooth Legacy Advertising signals. Bluetooth Long Range and Extended Advertising are not supported (ESP32-S3 or ESP32-C3 HW is needed for that). Please check if this is sufficient to comply with the rules that apply in the area in which you are flying (most likely it is not. See below).

A Wi-Fi NaN transmitter implementation for Linux is available here. Better documentation is needed on what exact HW + SW environment this is functional. Functions for creating suitable Wi-Fi Beacon frames have been added to wifi.c, but those are currently not used by the sample sender application.

A simple application for sending static drone ID data via Bluetooth 4 and 5 and via Wi-Fi Beacon is available here. This has tested to work reasonably okay on one CometLake motherboard and partly okay on RaspberryPi 3B and 4B HW.

An example transmitter implementation for the nRF52840 Bluetooth chip can be found here.

Transmitter implementations for Bluetooth 4 and 5, based on the TI CC2640 SoCs are known to exist, but so far none have been open sourced. Please open an issue if you have an implementation you are willing to share. A new repository under opendroneid can be made.

A list of devices capable of transmitting Remote ID signals is available here.

Integration of remote ID support in various flight controller SW is an ongoing effort.

The first part of supporting remote ID in ArduPilot has been merged. It is expected that additional changes are needed in order to be fully compliant with the rules and standards. Discussion related to remote ID support in ArduPilot can be followed on Discord. Some documentation is available here, here and here. The ArduPilot changes are being tested against this transmitter implementation.

The first part of supporting remote ID in PX4 is being handled in this Pull Request and this Pull Request. It is expected that additional changes are needed in order to be fully compliant with the rules and standards. Discussion related to remote ID support in PX4 can be followed on Discord.

To build the library, the sample app and the unit tests on Linux:

sudo apt-get install libgps-dev libnl-genl-3-dev libgtest-dev
git submodule update --init
mkdir build && cd build
cmake ../.
make

You can then run tests from with:

ctest .

The outputs will be libopendroneid/libopendroneid.so, the test/odidtest sample application, and the test/unit_odid_wifi_beacon test.

The sample application will do a test encode/decode, then continuously generate sample messages.

The intended architecture is to take whatever input you wish, and to put it into the nominal structures as defined in libopendroneid/opendroneid.h.

The unit_odid_wifi_beacon checks that a sample input data structure produces the expected Beacon header.

Some embedded systems might require a smaller memory footprint than what by default is used by opendroneid-core-c. The following compile time options exists for reducing the memory consumption:

• ODID_AUTH_MAX_PAGES is by default configured to support 16 pages/messages of authentication data. See the beginning of opendroneid.h. If authentication messages are not used, this value can be configured between 1 and 16, e.g. by adding -DODID_AUTH_MAX_PAGES=1 when calling cmake.

• When including MAVLink in the build (see below), if MAVLink's virtual channel functionality is not used, some memory can be saved by defining MAVLINK_COMM_NUM_BUFFERS to be equal to 1, before including mavlink_types.h See further details in the beginning of mav2odid.c.

MAVLink OpenDroneID support is included by default.

To disable, use the BUILD_MAVLINK parameter, i.e.:

cmake -DBUILD_MAVLINK=off .

MAVLink support requires the mavlink_c_library_v2 to be installed in the respective folder

The Wi-Fi NaN example implementation is built by default.

To disable, use the BUILD_WIFI parameter, i.e.:

cmake -DBUILD_WIFI=off .

It requires the libgps, libnl-3 and libnl-genl-3 support. Install the dependencies on your build host, e.g. on Debian/Ubuntu use

sudo apt-get install libgps-dev libnl-genl-3-dev

If available, the Wi-Fi reference implementation will link against libnl-tiny instead of libnl*-3 if available.

Regressions can be checked against by running tests provided in the test subdirectory.

An example is given in the form of a GitHub workflow in the .github subdirectory.

These are nominal (non-encoded) structures:

ODID_BasicID_data
ODID_Location_data
ODID_Auth_data
ODID_SelfID_data
ODID_System_data
ODID_OperatorID_data
ODID_MessagePack_data

The SDK functions will encode to (or decode from) the following structures:

ODID_BasicID_encoded
ODID_Location_encoded
ODID_Auth_encoded
ODID_SelfID_encoded
ODID_System_encoded
ODID_OperatorID_encoded
ODID_MessagePack_encoded

Once you have the encoded data, then you are ready to assemble and transmit over any of the acceptable broadcast methods in Open Drone ID.

The primary SDK calls are the following:

int encodeBasicIDMessage(ODID_BasicID_encoded *outEncoded, ODID_BasicID_data *inData);
int encodeLocationMessage(ODID_Location_encoded *outEncoded, ODID_Location_data *inData);
int encodeAuthMessage(ODID_Auth_encoded *outEncoded, ODID_Auth_data *inData);
int encodeSelfIDMessage(ODID_SelfID_encoded *outEncoded, ODID_SelfID_data *inData);
int encodeSystemMessage(ODID_System_encoded *outEncoded, ODID_System_data *inData);
int encodeOperatorIDMessage(ODID_OperatorID_encoded *outEncoded, ODID_OperatorID_data *inData);
int encodeMessagePack(ODID_MessagePack_encoded *outEncoded, ODID_MessagePack_data *inData);

int decodeBasicIDMessage(ODID_BasicID_data *outData, ODID_BasicID_encoded *inEncoded);
int decodeLocationMessage(ODID_Location_data *outData, ODID_Location_encoded *inEncoded);
int decodeAuthMessage(ODID_Auth_data *outData, ODID_Auth_encoded *inEncoded);
int decodeSelfIDMessage(ODID_SelfID_data *outData, ODID_SelfID_encoded *inEncoded);
int decodeSystemMessage(ODID_System_data *outData, ODID_System_encoded *inEncoded);
int decodeOperatorIDMessage(ODID_OperatorID_data *outData, ODID_OperatorID_encoded *inEncoded);
int decodeMessagePack(ODID_UAS_Data *uasData, ODID_MessagePack_encoded *pack);

Specific messages have been added to the MAVLink message set to accommodate data for Open Drone ID implementations:

https://mavlink.io/en/messages/common.html#OPEN_DRONE_ID_BASIC_ID

The functions in mav2odid.c can be used to convert these MAVLink messages into suitable opendroneid.h data structures and back again. See the example usages in test/test_mav2odid.c.

Recommendations on how to utilize the MAVLink messages for UAS internal distribution of Open Drone ID data of an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) can be found here: https://mavlink.io/en/services/opendroneid.html

Any contribution to the open source efforts related to Remote ID will be very welcome. Below is a list of multiple topics that would be useful to get sorted out, but anything you feel you can help with, will certainly be appreciated.

• Provide open source transmitter implementations for the TI CC2640 (and related) and/or the nRF52480 (and related) Bluetooth transmitter chips (also ST have various Bluetooth chips). Preferably implementations capable of feeding in data via MAVLink messages
• There are multiple issues open for the Android Receiver example application. Some are new feature requests. Particularly the new feature request from issue 27 would be good to get supported, since this will help the application be better compliant with the ASTM Means of Compliance document
• The ESP32 transmitter has an unexplained problem with the Wi-Fi Beacon signals. For some Android phones it is close to impossible to pick up the signal, despite it being sent regularly and the phone easily picking up the signal from a RaspberryPi or other Linux transmitter. It is possible that this is related to missing support in the implementation for Wi-Fi probe request/response.
• Testing of additional (Android) smartphones for expanding the receiver compatibility list.
• Information and updates to the Transmitter Devices list.

The standards below are referencing the ANSI/CTA-2063-A to specify the format of the UA serial number.

The ASTM F3411 Specification for Remote ID and Tracking has been defined to specify how Unmanned Aircraft (UA) or Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) can publish their ID, location, altitude etc., either via direct broadcast (Bluetooth or Wi-Fi), or via an internet connection to a Remote ID server.

Version 1.0 (F3411-19) of the specification is available: https://www.astm.org/f3411-19.html

Version 1.1 (F3411-22a) of the specification is available: https://www.astm.org/f3411-22a.html

The updated version F3411-22a contains smaller changes/additions to make the message content etc. better suited to meet the rule defined by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) for UAS flights in the United States.

Additionally, a Means of Compliance document (MoC) has been created by the ASTM and published 26-Jul-2022: https://www.astm.org/f3586-22.html.

The MoC contains further implementation requirements and test specifications needed to be compliant with the FAA remote ID rule.

Via the publication of a Notification of Availability (NoA), the FAA has accepted (11-Aug-2022) the procedures specified by the F3586 MoC document as an acceptable means, but not the only means, of demonstrating compliance with the requirements for producing standard remote identification unmanned aircraft and remote identification broadcast modules, when also the few additional requirements in the NoA are followed.

Together, the three documents (F3411, F3586 and the NoA) allows manufacturers of UAS and remote ID broadcast modules/Add-ons to implement remote ID support and create the necessary Declaration of Compliance (DoC) document, which must be submitted to the FAA for approval.

A list of UAs that have an approved DoC is available from the FAA here.

To meet the European Commission Delegated Regulation 2019/945 and the Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/947, ASD-STAN has developed the prEN 4709-002 Direct Remote Identification specification. It specifies broadcast methods for Remote ID (Bluetooth and Wi-Fi) that are compliant with the ASTM F3411 v1.1 specification (first ballot round, see the Protocol versions below).

The final version of the standard has been published here. See also the summary whitepaper and the recording of this webinar.

Japan has required the use of Broadcast remote ID since 20-June-2022. Most of the material is in Japanese, but some parts are available in English.

The rule requirements appears to be available here. It is unclear how much auto-translation can be trusted, but some speculative observations:

• Compliance with ASTM F3411-19 is assumed.
• Wi-Fi Beacon from F3211-22a has been added, as one of the possible mandatory transmit methods.
• Bluetooth 5 Long Range has been changed from being optional, to being one of the possible mandatory transmit methods.
• Bluetooth 4 Legacy Advertising is optional (confirmed by the Japanese government).
• Two Basic ID messages must be transmitted. One containing the serial number of the UA and another containing a Civil Aviation Authority provisioned ID.
• A signature over the relevant message set must be transmitted via Authentication messages. This signature is calculated using a signing key obtained during the registration process of the UAS (?).
• Since the System message is optional, transmitting the operator location is optional (confirmed by the Japanese government).

Update Jan 2023: There now appears to be a version of the rule available in English.

The continued development of the relevant standards is reflected in the remote ID protocol version number transmitted in the header of each drone ID message. The following protocol versions have been in use:

0. ASTM F3411-19. Published Feb 14, 2020.

1. ASD-STAN prEN 4709-002 P1. Published 31-Oct-2021.

   ASTM F3411 v1.1 draft sent for first ballot round autumn 2021.

2. ASTM F3411-v1.1 draft for second ballot round Q1 2022 and published May 25th 2022. (ASTM F3411-22a)

   The delta to protocol version 1 is small:

   • New enum values ODID_STATUS_REMOTE_ID_SYSTEM_FAILURE, ODID_DESC_TYPE_EMERGENCY and ODID_DESC_TYPE_EXTENDED_STATUS
   • New Timestamp field in the System message

The timelines for the rules requiring manufacturers and drone operators to be compliant have been fluctuating. Some information can be found behind the following links but please do your own research, since this is not necessarily the most up-to-date information. Remember that as a manufacturer or drone operator, you are personally responsible for being compliant with all relevant laws and standards applicable to the area of operation.

• US: https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/remote_id/, addition, extension
• EU: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2022/425/
• Japan: https://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/drone/en/

A comparison of some of the more detailed parts of each specification and rule is given in the table below. If a field is left blank, nothing specific is mentioned in the particular document related to that part.

The rules are what is defined by law and must be followed (the FAA rule in the United States, the EU rule in the European Union and the Japan rule in Japan). The ASTM Means of Compliance (MoC) document overrides certain parts of the ASTM specification to meet the FAA rule requirements.

M: Mandatory. O: Optional. R: Recommended

1. Either the Serial Number or the Session ID must be transmitted. Add-ons are not allowed to use Session ID.
2. Not required for Add-ons.
3. For Add-ons under EU rule: the Take-off location can be used instead. For Add-ons under FAA rule: The Take-off location is required instead.
4. Concerns only the Basic ID, Location and System messages. Location is always with 1 second intervals. Basic ID and System intervals can be 3 seconds in the specifications.
5. Only one of the Mandatory broadcast methods is required.
6. Both BT4 and BT5 must be transmitted simultaneously.
7. Only Bluetooth (BT4 + BT5 simultaneously) or Wi-Fi Beacon (2.4 GHz or 5 GHz) are allowed.
8. If any other channel than Channel 6 on 2.4 GHz or Channel 149 on 5 GHz is used, a faster transmission rate of 5 Hz is required.
9. The Japanese rule mandates that both the Serial number and the Registration ID be broadcast in multiple Basic ID messages.
10. Uses Wi-Fi Beacon transmission as defined in ASTM F3411-22a.
11. Based on auto-translated document from Japanese to English. Can contain errors.