Test Bank For A History of Modern Psychology 11th Edition

Test Bank for A History of Modern Psychology, 11th Edition
Test Bank for A History of Modern Psychology, 11th

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1. What were the central tenets of behaviorism as set forth by Watson? How did they differ from the principles and
approaches of Wundt and Titchener? Why was the method of introspection unacceptable to Watson?
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
2. Identify and describe the three major forces that formed Watson's system of behavioral psychology. What was Watson's
position and that of his contemporaries on positivism?
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
3. Describe the evolution of animal psychology from Romanes and Morgan to Pavlov and Bekhterev. Why was it difficult
to be an animal psychologist in the United States before behaviorism was well established?
POINTS: 1
4. What were the specific contributions of Loeb, Washburn, Small, and Turner to animal psychology?
POINTS: 1
5. Tell the story of Clever Hans, the clever horse. Who are the main characters and what are their roles? Explain how
experimentation was used to determine the source of Hans' cleverness. Who served as the experimenter and what were
his/her conclusions?
POINTS: 1
6. Describe Thorndike's work with cats in the puzzle box, including the nature of the box, what he observed, and the link
between the results and his laws of learning.
POINTS: 1
7. Compare and contrast Thorndike's law of effect and Pavlov's law of reinforcement.
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
8. What was Twitmyer's contribution to modern psychology? Why is his work so often overlooked?
POINTS: 1
9. Describe Pavlov's work on conditioning, including his experimental method and the extent to which he attempted to
control irrelevant variables.
POINTS: 1
10. Compare and contrast the work of Pavlov on conditioned reflexes and that of Bekhterev on associated reflexes. How
did their work influence Watsonian behaviorism?
POINTS: 1
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1

11. Discuss the ways in which functional psychology influenced behaviorism.
POINTS: 1
12. By the second decade of the 20th century, psychologists agreed on the ____.
a. value of introspection
b. existence of mental elements
c. need for psychology to be a pure science
d. replacement of structuralism by functionalism
e. None of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Toward a Science of Behavior
13. Watson's approach to structuralism and functionalism was ____.

a. conciliatory
b. to reject structuralism but retain aspects of functionalism
c. to demand a return to pure science
d. an overreaction to the quick popularity of psychoanalysis
e. a revolt
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
14. Which of the following terms should be banned from psychology according to behaviorism?
a. image
b. mind
c. consciousness
d. All of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
15. For Watson, such subject matter as mind, consciousness, and images was ____.
a. meaningless for a science of psychology
b. necessary for human thought
c. best dealt with by psychoanalysis
d. the necessary starting point for the study of behavior
e. regulated by Pavlov's law of reinforcement
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
16. Who argued that consciousness, as a concept, was as unprovable as the concept of the soul?

a. Loeb
b. Watson
c. Pavlov
d. Thorndike
e. Angell
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
17. For Watson, introspection was ____.

a. irrelevant
b. appropriate only for research with normal humans
c. acceptable as used by Wundt, i.e., with systematic observation, controls, and replication
d. acceptable only if performed by exceptionally well-trained observers
e. necessary to the understanding of behavior
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
18. For Comte, valid knowledge is that which is ____.

a. objectively observable
b. social in nature
c. reliable
d. truthful, as defined by internal observation
e. objectively observable and social in nature
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
19. The early 20th-century Zeitgeist in science was marked by ____.

a. behaviorism
b. positivism
c. functionalism
d. experimentation
e. nihilism
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
20. The most important antecedent of Watson's behaviorism was ____.

a. evolutionary theory
b. functionalism
c. positivism
d. animal psychology
e. the anecdotal method
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Influence of Animal Psychology on Behaviorism
21. Who had a theory of tropisms?

a. Bekhterev
b. Watson
c. Loeb
d. Morgan
e. Twitmyer
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
22. For Loeb, a tropism is a(n) ____.

a. involuntary forced movement
b. reflex arc
c. indication of consciousness
d. reflex
e. toucan
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
23. For Loeb, if an animal's response is forced by a stimulus, the ____.

a. behavior does not need explanation
b. behavior is positivist
c. behavior requires no inferences about consciousness
d. animal is unable to perceive and discriminate between objects
e. animal is unable to display purposive behavior
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
24. The white rat and the rat maze became staples of research in psychology in 1900 with the work of ____.
a. Jacques Loeb
b. C. Lloyd Morgan
c. Willard S. Small
d. Carl Lashley
e. John B. Watson
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
25. Watson's dissertation was on ____.

a. the conscious experience of rats
b. the conscious experience of toddlers
c. the latent learning of rats
d. fear conditioning in rats
e. fear conditioning in toddlers
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
26. An early African American researcher in comparative psychology was ____.

a. Loeb
b. Bond
c. Turner
d. James
e. Twitmyer
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
27. The Animal Mind, the first textbook on comparative psychology, was written by ____.
a. Mary Calkins
b. Margaret Washburn
c. Mary Cover Jones
d. Rosalie Rayner
e. Maude Merrill
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
28. Who wrote a paper on ant behavior that was highly praised by Watson?
a. Turner
b. Loeb
c. Washburn
d. Twitmyer
e. Yerkes
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
29. The "last stand" of mentalistic interpretations of animal behavior was the text ____ written by ____.
a. Animal Intelligence; Thorndike
b. The Animal Mind; Yerkes
c. The Animal Mind; Washburn
d. Animal Education; Turner
e. Objective Psychology; Bekhterev
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
30. After The Animal Mind, textbooks on comparative psychology focused on ____.
a. reflex behavior
b. respondent conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. learning
e. physiology
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
31. Which of the following statements best describes the change that took place in animal psychology following the work
of Romanes and Morgan?
a. The field became more subjective as methods to study animal consciousness were perfected.
b. The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.
c. The field stopped growing after Angell's 1906 presidential address describing functionalism.
d. The field was growing in popularity in Russia but was never a major part of psychology in the United States.
e. There was no change, the methods of Romanes and Morgan are still widely used today.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
32. According to Schultz and Schultz, "Whether dealing with mind or with behavior, it was not easy to be ____.”
a. a functionalist
b. an experimentalist
c. a beginning psychologist
d. an animal psychologist
e. a mechanist
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
33. The particular contribution of Pavlov's work to Watson's behaviorism was Pavlov's ____.
a. objective methodology
b. evidence of the feasibility of an objective psychology
c. refutation of Dewey's criticisms of the reflex arc concept
d. refutation of the laboratory animal
e. refutation of Thorndike's law of effect
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
34. Pfungst demonstrated that the apparent thinking ability of the horse Clever Hans was really due to the animal's ability
to respond to ____.
a. voice commands
b. head movements
c. touches
d. odors
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
35. The case of Clever Hans served to ____.

a. illustrate the importance of objective, experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions
b. demonstrate transference between animals and humans
c. refute Lashley's equipotentiality principle
d. focus public attention on introspection by analogy
e. demonstrate the importance of studying both human and animal subjects
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
36. Thorndike's (1898) law of effect is similar to ____.

a. Pavlov's law of reinforcement
b. Tolman's purposive behaviorism
c. Guthrie's one-trial learning
d. Jones's behavior modification
e. Wundt's tridimensional feelings
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949)
37. The first doctoral dissertation in psychology to use animal subjects was that of ____.
a. Washburn
b. Turner
c. Watson
d. Thorndike
e. Yerkes
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
38. In Thorndike's early research, he worked with all of the following except ____.
a. chicks
b. cats
c. dogs
d. children
e. None of the above.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
39. Thorndike earned his Ph.D. in 1898 and after 1899 studied ____.
a. human learning
b. mental testing
c. educational psychology
e. human learning and mental testing only
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 277
40. An approach to learning termed ____ was developed by Thorndike.

a. associationism
b. reflexology
c. instrumental conditioning
d. connectionism
e. reinforcement
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
41. For Thorndike, learning is ____

a. simple associations
b. complex associations
c. making connections
d. a stimulus-response unit
e. "satisfaction”
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
42. The influence of Romanes and Morgan on Thorndike was shown in Thorndike's ____.
a. use of mentalistic processes
b. freely granting high levels of consciousness to animals
c. use of introspection as an additional methodology
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
43. Thorndike's approach was similar to that of structuralism in his focus on ____.
a. mechanism
b. introspection
c. mentalism
d. positivism
e. phenomenalism
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
44. Who used puzzle boxes to study animal behavior?

a. Washburn
b. Turner
c. Watson
d. Thorndike
e. Yerkes
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
45. The puzzle box is traditionally associated with the work of ____.
a. Thorndike
b. Watson
c. Skinner
d. Köhler
e. Tolman
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
46. Thorndike used ____ measures of learning to record his data.

a. qualitative
b. quantitative
c. qualitative as well as quantitative
d. no
e. outdated
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
47. Thorndike's "trial and accidental success" learning is more commonly known as ____ learning.
a. respondent
b. stamping in
c. trial-and-error
d. one-trial
e. latent
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
48. Habit strength is a function of repetition. This is an instance of ____.

a. Thorndike's law of effect
b. Thorndike's law of exercise
c. Pavlov's law of reinforcement
d. Skinner's principle of the extinction of competing responses
e. vicarious learning
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
49. Thorndike's ideas about the stamping in or stamping out of a response tendency led to his statement of ____.
a. the S-R connection
b. reinforcement
c. the law of satisfaction
d. the law of exercise
e. the law of effect
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
50. Who first demonstrated that reward had a stronger effect than punishment?
a. Pavlov
b. Watson
c. Thorndike
d. Tolman
e. Skinner
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
51. Thorndike's revision of his law of effect stated that ____.

a. rewards are unrelated to the strength of connection between stimuli and responses
b. stimuli that satisfy physiological needs are most effective as rewards
c. punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a
connection
d. the law of exercise was unrelated to it
e. All of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
52. The "original" law of effect states that ____.

a. punishment always weakens a response
b. reward strengthens a response, but punishment does not always weaken a response

c. any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again; any act that produces discomfort is less likely
to occur again
d. any act that produces reward will always be extinguished
e. rewards stamp in connections, and punishments stamp out connections
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
53. Thorndike's particular contribution to behaviorism was his focus on ____.

a. animal research
b. objective observation
c. the experimental method
d. principles of association
e. S-R units
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
54. Pavlov's work effected a change in focus from ____ to observable physiological events.
a. introspection
b. subjective speculation about associationism
c. connectionism
d. determinism
e. mechanism
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (1849-1936)
55. Whose work has been described as "a shift from speculation to experimentation?"
a. Pavlov
b. Thorndike
c. Bekhterev
d. Watson
e. Yerkes
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
56. What led Pavlov to shift from a study of theology to that of animal psychology?
a. becoming familiar with the psychology of Wundt
b. the work of Thorndike
c. Darwin's theory
d. the case of Clever Hans
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
57. Who could be described as an absent-minded genius?

a. Bekhterev
b. Thorndike
c. Pavlov
d. Watson
e. Twitmyer
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
58. The term psychic reflexes reflects ____.

a. Pavlov's early inclination to use mentalistic terms
b. Pavlov's familiarity with Watson's dissertation on the psychic development of the white rat
c. the distortion of the data of history by an error in translation
d. Pavlov's training as a neurologist
e. Pavlov's early identification with the new science of psychology
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
59. Pavlov's conditioned reflexes require ____ for learning to occur.

a. reinforcement
b. knowledge
c. two or more unconditioned responses
d. S-R connections
e. reinforcements and S-R connections
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
60. More than any other researcher in psychology before him, Pavlov attempted to ____.
a. eliminate sources of error from his studies.
b. implement the experimental method.
c. reject all responses that were not objectively observable.
d. analyze S-R units into their component elements.
e. eliminate sources of error from his studies and implement the experimental method.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
61. In the typical conditioning experiment done by Pavlov, the food placed in the dog's mouth is called the ____.
a. conditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus
c. conditioned response
d. unconditioned response
e. conditional response
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
62. For Pavlov, ____ is necessary for learning to take place.

a. punishment
b. reinforcement
c. emission of a voluntary behavior
d. clean dogs
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
63. Pavlov conducted research on ____

a. reinforcement
b. extinction
c. generalization
d. discrimination
e. All of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
64. According to Pavlov in the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927), his starting point in research
was ____.
a. his previous work in physiology
b. careful observation of dogs salivating
c. Darwin's theory of evolution
d. Washburn's book on the animal mind
e. Descartes idea of the nervous reflex
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
65. In the last half of the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927), Pavlov discussed ____.
a. his work on higher order conditioning
b. many of his experimental variations
c. Darwin's theory of evolution
d. Washburn's book on the animal mind
e. the building of what became known as the "Tower of Silence"
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
66. While Pavlov was exploring conditioning in Russia, an American named ____ also discovered the existence of
conditioned reflexes.
a. Walter Pillsbury
b. John Watson
c. Edward Thorndike
d. Edwin Burket Twitmyer
e. Willard Small
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
67. If the 1904 APA attendees been more attentive, we might today speak of ____.
a. canine introspection
b. Twitmyer's dogs
c. Bekhterev's knees
d. Twitmyerian conditioning
e. Bekhterev's dogs
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
68. Which of the following is (are) true?

a. Pavlov argued that higher mental processes in animals could be described in physiological terms.
b. Pavlovian methods have had practical applications.
c. Pavlov published extensively with his lifelong friend Bekhterev.
d. Both a and b.
e. None of the above are true.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
69. Pavlov's work illustrated the study of higher mental processes in ____.
a. psychical terms
b. physical terms
c. physiological terms
d. reinforcement
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
70. For Pavlov, humans and animals were ____.

a. machines
b. allies

c. enemies
d. incompatible
e. essentially different, needing different research methods
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
71. Consistent with James's views, Pavlov argued that ____.

a. psychology was not yet a science
b. psychology was in the preparadigmatic phase
c. classical conditioning was the paradigm needed for psychology to become a science
d. psychology was a mentalistic interpretation of physiology
e. psychology was still in the realm of philosophy
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
72. Pavlov's view of psychology was ____.

a. initially favorable, then somewhat negative
b. always negative
c. always favorable
d. initially negative, then somewhat favorable
e. uncertain; he never said one way or the other
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
73. Which of the following statements is not true regarding Bekhterev?

a. Bekhterev was a physiologist, neurologist, and psychiatrist.
b. Bekhterev had a cordial relationship with Pavlov.
c. Bekhterev hypothesized that high-level behaviors were compounded from simpler reflexive behaviors.
d. Bekhterev argued for a completely objective approach for psychology.
e. Bekhterev was probably assassinated by Stalin
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1927)
74. Bekhterev discovered ____.

a. the associated reflexes
b. the reflex arc
c. the knee-jerk response
d. one-trial learning
e. that punishment is not effective
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
75. Bekhterev ____.
a. never used reinforcement for his conditioning
b. applied Pavlovian principles to the muscles
c. was a close friend of Pavlov
d. had a research program that blossomed when he emigrated to the U.S.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
76. Objective Psychology was authored by ____.

a. Thorndike
b. Comte
c. Watson
d. Pavlov
e. Bekhterev
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
77. Bekhterev ___.

a. argued that thought processes depended upon muscle responses of the speech
b. did work on glandular conditioning
c. influenced Freud
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
78. Watson was not the first to demand an objective psychology and, according to one historian, ____ is considered the
grandfather of Watson's behaviorism.
a. Fechner
b. Cattell
c. Thorndike
d. Pavlov
e. Bekhterev
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Influence of Functional Psychology on Behaviorism
NOTES: WWW
79. Who first defined psychology as the study of behavior?

a. Watson

b. Cattell
c. Pillsbury
d. Pavlov
e. Washburn
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
80. Angell proposed that the term consciousness had about the same life expectancy in psychology as the term ____.
a. mind
b. psychic
c. soul
d. respondent
e. mental element
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
81. Behaviorism was a protest against structuralism, not functionalism.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
82. The founder of positivism was Comte.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
83. One criterion of positivism is that knowledge must be private in nature.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
84. According to positivism, introspective knowledge cannot be considered valid knowledge.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
85. Animal psychology was an outcome of evolutionary theory.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
86. The notion that single-celled organisms engage in purposive behavior was given by Wundt.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
87. The advantage of Loeb's concept of tropism was that consciousness was irrelevant.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
88. For Loeb, if an S-R association is formed, then the organism has consciousness.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
89. The rat maze was introduced in the research of Willard S. Small.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
90. The author of "Animal Education: The Psychical Development of the White Rat" was Washburn.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
91. The first text on comparative psychology was by Margaret Washburn.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
92. In the early years, animal psychology was discouraged because it appeared to lack pragmatic value.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
93. The work of Skinner on intermittent reinforcement was anticipated by the conditioning of Clever Hans.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
94. Thorndike argued that psychology should study behavior as well as conscious experience.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
95. Most of Thorndike's career was concerned with animal learning.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
96. Thorndike posited that "The mind is man's connection-system."

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
97. Thorndike used the phrase "trial and accidental success."

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
98. In his mechanistic approach to psychology, Thorndike discarded concepts of satisfaction and discomfort.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
99. In anticipation of Skinner's work on reinforcement schedules, Thorndike concluded that reward is as important as
repetition of a response.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
100. Pavlov was constantly conducting experiments as he insisted on his own hands-on involvement.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
101. A revolution with fighting in the streets was no excuse for being late if you were one of Pavlov's lab assistants.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
102. Pavlov's Nobel Prize was for his work on conditioning.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
103. Pavlov's original term for learned responses was "psychic reflexes."
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
104. In Pavlov's terms, the conditional reflex is dependent on the formation of an association.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
105. Pavlov changed his terminology for a learned response from "psychic reflex" to "conditioned reflex."
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
106. While the cartoon character Superman had his Tower of Silence, Pavlov had his laboratory called the Fortress of
Solitude.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
107. In Pavlovian conditioning, reinforcement is not essential

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
108. E. B. Twitmyer was the first to describe classical conditioning.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
109. The crux of Pavlov's work on conditioning was that higher mental processes could be studied in physiological terms.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
110. The element of Pavlov's work most readily appropriated by Watson was the conditioned reflex.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
111. Bekhterev's work is distinct from Pavlov's in the former's focus on voluntary motor responses.
Test Bank for A History of Modern Psychology, 11th Edition
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
112. Bekhterev's discoveries concerned associated reflexes.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
113. V. M. Bekhterev wrote Objective Psychology.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
114. Watson was the sole proponent of a "science of behavior" prior to his 1913 paper on the subject.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
115. By 1910, it was expected that mind would soon become as irrelevant to psychology as the concept of soul.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
NOTES: WWW
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Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1

13. Watson's approach to structuralism and functionalism was ____.

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 2

17. For Watson, introspection was ____.

18. For Comte, valid knowledge is that which is ____.

19. The early 20th-century Zeitgeist in science was marked by ____.

20. The most important antecedent of Watson's behaviorism was ____.

21. Who had a theory of tropisms?

22. For Loeb, a tropism is a(n) ____.

23. For Loeb, if an animal's response is forced by a stimulus, the ____.

25. Watson's dissertation was on ____.

26. An early African American researcher in comparative psychology was ____.

35. The case of Clever Hans served to ____.

36. Thorndike's (1898) law of effect is similar to ____.

40. An approach to learning termed ____ was developed by Thorndike.

41. For Thorndike, learning is ____

44. Who used puzzle boxes to study animal behavior?

46. Thorndike used ____ measures of learning to record his data.

48. Habit strength is a function of repetition. This is an instance of ____.

51. Thorndike's revision of his law of effect stated that ____.

52. The "original" law of effect states that ____.

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53. Thorndike's particular contribution to behaviorism was his focus on ____.

57. Who could be described as an absent-minded genius?

58. The term psychic reflexes reflects ____.

59. Pavlov's conditioned reflexes require ____ for learning to occur.

62. For Pavlov, ____ is necessary for learning to take place.

63. Pavlov conducted research on ____

68. Which of the following is (are) true?

70. For Pavlov, humans and animals were ____.

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71. Consistent with James's views, Pavlov argued that ____.

72. Pavlov's view of psychology was ____.

73. Which of the following statements is not true regarding Bekhterev?

74. Bekhterev discovered ____.

76. Objective Psychology was authored by ____.

77. Bekhterev ___.

79. Who first defined psychology as the study of behavior?

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81. Behaviorism was a protest against structuralism, not functionalism.

82. The founder of positivism was Comte.

83. One criterion of positivism is that knowledge must be private in nature.

84. According to positivism, introspective knowledge cannot be considered valid knowledge.

91. The first text on comparative psychology was by Margaret Washburn.

95. Most of Thorndike's career was concerned with animal learning.

96. Thorndike posited that "The mind is man's connection-system."

97. Thorndike used the phrase "trial and accidental success."

102. Pavlov's Nobel Prize was for his work on conditioning.

107. In Pavlovian conditioning, reinforcement is not essential

108. E. B. Twitmyer was the first to describe classical conditioning.

112. Bekhterev's discoveries concerned associated reflexes.

113. V. M. Bekhterev wrote Objective Psychology.

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