3rd Int'l Conf.

on Recent Advances in Information Technology I RAIT-2016I

Modelling and Simulation of Photovoltaic System

for Isolated and Grid Connected Mode

Kumari Prema Gauri Shankar

Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad
lharkhand-826004, India lharkhand-826004, India
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstract- Solar energy is available in plentiful amount and probably a s much as SO% with in next 4-7 years [6-7].
it is more important than any other renewable energy sources, There are several types of MPPT algorithm is presented so
it may be utilized to produce electricity through photovoItaic as the maximum output power is always obtained from the
(PV) energy conversion process. This paper briefly describes
PV array which maximize the efficiency of the system [8-9].
the analysis and modelling of both isolated mode and grid
In grid connected mode, synchronization and power control
connected mode of operation of a 100 kW PV system by means
of a suitable control scheme under different load conditions.
technique is required, hence P-Q control strategy in grid
The studied model incorporates perturb and observe based connected photovoltaic system is presented in [10]. The
maximum power point tracking algorithm for the extraction of method of achieving fixed switching frequency, and the
maximum power from the designed PV system. In the grid feedforward control of grid voltage, and a direct current
connected mode of operation, dual loop feedback control control is described in [11]. For the purpose of
strategy is implemented. The simulation is performed under synchronization of frequency in a reference frame phase
R
the platform of MA TLAB/SIMULINK environment. locked loop is used which is implemented in [12-13].
Controlling of active and reactive power by using converters
Keywords-Boost converter, grid, maximum power point
in both isolated and non-isolated that is grid mode is given
tracking algorithm, photovoItaic system.
in [14].
The paper is aimed for the implementation of 100 kW solar
I. INTRODUCTION
PV systems in distributed generation and their respective
Conventional energy sources such as gasoline, fossil fuels control strategy. The remaining part of this paper is
etc are facing the problem of gradual depletion, poor summarized as follows. Section II gives a brief description
efficiency, costly and eco unfriendly. These serious issues about the characteristics of PV array. Section III presents
have rendered us with no options other than going for working of the MPPT algorithm. Standalone mode and grid
renewable energy sources to fulfill increased energy connected mode of operation of the PVGS is discussed in
demand. Solar photovoltaic (PV) system is widely used Section IV. Section V shows the simulation results to
because of quick installation and less maintenance cost [1]. illustrate the feasibility of control techniques. Finally
In comparison to other renewable energy sources, the conclusions and references are provided in Section VI and
substantial growth in use of PV based energy sources has VII, respectively.
been observed in the world. It is becoming double in every
two years and expected to reach approximately 4S0 GW of II. PV ARMy MODEL
total capacity by 2017 [2]. By the end of 203S, solar energy The process of direct conversion of solar energy into
will become the main source for global electricity demand. electrical energy is carried out by a solar cell, which is a
The output efficiency of PV module has also increased from basic device for PV based generation system [IS]. The
24% to 30% and in the upcoming years PV technology will equivalent circuit of a solar cell is presented in Fig. 1.
lead the other power generation technology [3]. In the last
ten years, the total investment in the photovoltaic market has
Rs
been increased by 20% [4].
Photovoltaic generation system (PVGS) operation is
mainly divided in two modes i.e. standalone mode which is
best utilized in the day time and grid connected mode which
may be utilized for the load operating in night hours when
the solar energy is insufficient. Also the efficiency of the
Fig.1 Equivalent circuit of PV cell for single diode model
PVGS in grid connected mode is improved as it always
operates at maximum power point tracking (MPPT) [S]. In On applying Kirchhoff's current law in the circuit as
the past decade the main market of PV system found in off presented in Fig. 1, the expression for current in PV cell is
grid application. However, now worldwide market of PV obtained which are represented as (1)-(2) , while the
system is in grid connected application, in which power is modified current expression for PV array is presented as (3)
supplied into electrical network. The expansion in use of [16].
solar PV system will ensure a steady decline in its cost,

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3rd Int'l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology I RAIT-2016I

Ipv = Iph -Id -Ip (1) and frequency under varying loads. Hence, a voltage
regulator is required, which is given in Fig.2.

ld �+xp(�:; )-1] (2)

PWM

(3)

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of voltage regulator in PYGS

where, Iph is the current generated due to incident light, In the grid connected operating mode of PVGS as presented
in Fig. 3, the voltage and frequency need not to be
Ipv is the current through load, Id is the current through controlled as it gets locked with the voltage and frequency
diode, Ip is the current through shunt element, 10 is the of the grid. Rather, focused is made to design a proper
control module which may govern the power sharing
leakage current of diode, k is the Boltzmann constant , Vpv is between the PVGS and the grid. For this, dual control loop
method (outer and inner control loop) as proposed in [19]
the load voltage, C is the number of solar cells of a PV
has been adopted in the present work.
module, Nsv is the number of PV module in series , Npv is
the number of PV module in parallel, q is the charge of an
electron, a is the diode ideality factor, Rs is the series
resistance and Rp is the shunt resistance of the PV system.

III. MpPT ALGORITHM

The characteristics of PV array is non-linear which vary
greatly with temperature and irradiation, hence, it is Fig. 3. Grid connected mode PYGS system.

pertinent to obtain the maximum power output from PV

array by using MPPT algorithm, which increases the PVGS in grid connected mode mainly consists of PV array,
efficiency by 15-20%. In the past years, different MPPT DC-DC converter, MPPT, inverter, load, utility grid and
algorithms have been proposed by researchers round the dual loop control system. The grid inverter is crucial which
globe which differ with each other in many aspects such as converts the DC input of PV array to AC output to match
complexity, sensors required, cost, efficiency etc. In the with the grid voltage and frequency. Under this mode,
present work, perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm based voltage and frequency of the system is determined by the
MPPT method is used owing to ease of implementation. grid and it is controlled so that real and reactive power is
Boost converter is used in the model because distributed kept constant, hence, P-Q control strategy is used [20] so as
generation system requires higher voltage to provide voltage to take advantages of both current control and voltage
control, this converter always operate in continuous current control technique. The phase and the magnitude of the
mode and a high value of inductor is used to reduce current output voltage of the inverter are controlled by the voltage
ripple. The harmonics at high frequency can be minimized source inverter itself and utilize the impedance between grid
by connecting a capacitor between the boost converter and and inverter that is transformer leakage inductance. Isolation
converter and PV array. It is an iterative method that takes transformer is used in the system to overcome the problem
voltage and current as input. The P&O algorithm operates caused by parasitic capacitance in solar PV array. A
on the principle of periodically increasing or decreasing proportional integral (PI) controller is used so as to obtain
output voltage of PV array by regulating the duty cycle of excellent operation of grid connected inverter by
boost converter and power in the previous step is compared maintaining the voltage of DC link as constant. Comparison
with the current value of power, on the basis of this of DC link voltage and reference DC voltage gives direct
axis current reference value (Id rej) [21]. A synchronously
,
comparison the direction of operating point is decided, if the
change in power is positive than point of operation is moved rotating reference frame phase locked loop (PLL) is used for
towards the maximum power point (MPP) otherwise it will grid synchronization. In this scheme the reference value of
moves the operating point away from MPP [17-18]. reactive power is adjusted to zero value so that the phase
IV. STANDALONE AND GRID CONNECTED PVGS
difference between current and voltage will be zero and
unity power factor is obtained. The current control loop is
A standalone PVGS is described as one in which total AC used to regulate the inverter current, which transforms the
power is transported to the system through inverter, the grid connected current to d-q component of current, which is
system is needed to be operated to provide constant voltage compared with reference value of dq component of current
through PI controller, the output is modulating wave. The

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3rd Int'l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology I RAIT-2016I

switching signal for inverter is generated by comparing the

output of PI controller with the triangular waveform. The
active power and reactive power injected by the PV system
is described by (4)-(5) [22]. : :::�
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Voltage(V]
P=Vd1d +Vqlq
PV

(4) Q = -Vd1q +Vq1d

(5)
Where,l d,1q is the component of grid current along d, q 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
PV Voltage(V]
axis, Vd,Vq is the component of grid voltage along d, q G�400W/m
2
-- G�600W/m2

axis, P is the active power and Q is the reactive power --G�800W/m2 --

G�1000W/m2

Fig.4 Profiles of PV characteristics (a) I-V and (b) P-V

Since there is cross coupling between d-q axis component,
so a PLL is used which locks the system frequency by
Fig.5 presents the profiles of the I-V and P-V curves at
forcing q-axis component of the voltage to zero, thus by
different temperature and at constant irradiation. In this
controlling direct and quadrature component of current,
case, the power output from the PV array decreases with
active power and reactive power is controlled.
increase in operating temperature.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this study, a PV array of 100 kW is designed based on the

data sheet for KC200GT [23] PV module which is tabulated
in Table loThe studied PV array consists of 19 series PV
modules and 27 parallel PV modules. The profiles of power­
voltage (P-V) characteristic, current-voltage (I-V)

"t�l
characteristic curves of PV array at constant temperature
(25°C) and at different irradiation is displayed in Fig. 4.
From Fig. 4, it may be observed that as the irradiation level
increases, power output of the PV array also increases.
D.. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
ii: PV Volta!je(V}
°C -T�50 °c o
-T�2.5 -T�75 °c -T�100 C
Table I. Data sheet for KC200GT PV Module

Parameter Values Fig.5 Profiles of PV characteristics (a) I-V and (b) P-V

Voltage at MPP,( Vmpp ) 26.3V

The mechanism of power tracked by P&O algorithm under
Current at MPP,(Impp ) 7.61A varying irradiation condition is shown in Fig. 6. From Fig.
6, it may be noted that as the irradiation level increases the
)

�
Power at MPP,(Impp 200W
power tracked by MPPT algorithm also increases.

; w � ,
(a)

,
No. of cells, ( C ) 54

r[
N"

� '��I.' I
Open circuit voltage, ( Voc ) 32.9V
800 /m'
Short Circuit current,(Ise ) 8.21A
I
� 500
0 2 3 4 5 6
Time(s)
�(b)

====
: 1 =1
10

� :
4

r:f�
�
c..
: ----
: :--
0
-'- 1 2 3
Time(s)
4 5 6

Fig.6. (a) Irradiation curve (b) PV power output curve

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3rd Int'l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology I RAIT-2016I

=
a) Dynamic peiformance ofstandalone PVGS the power demand (i.e. 50 kW) is met by the grid. It is
The dynamic performance of standalone PVGS for different observed that throughout the simulation the voltage at the

=
load condition is represented by Fig.7. The simulation is DC link (presented in Fig. 8(a)) is maintained at constant)
performed for t 2 5 sec. The simulation started with pure
.
and the MPPT helps to keep the output power from PVGS
resistive load of 50 kW at t =0 sec. At t =1 sec, at this time
always at 100 kW inspite of varying load conditions.
load is increased to 90 kW, again at t l.5 sec, it is switched
Another case of the power sharing between the PVGS and
back to 50 kW. It can be viewed that as the value of load is
increased t =1 sec, load current also increases from 65.6 A grid following load demand is considered and presented in
to 117.9 A but load voltage remains constant at 440 V (refer Fig. 8(c), to show the proper working of the designed PVGS
Fig.7 (a)). In the whole process, DC link voltage and under grid connected mode of operation.
modulation index remains constant with only slight
fluctuation during changing of load. In second case, i.e Fig.7

(i fmf' ....' 1
(b) the simulation started with pure 50 kW resistive load and
at t =1 sec, an inductive load of 74.83 kVAR is switched on
following which current increases from 65.6 A to 143.4 A
and load voltage remains constant in this case as well, '
O--�-�---'-�-��-�-���
increase in current in inductive load is more than resistive o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
load because of poor power factor due to inductive nature of '

l� ; ; ;:: : : ; ; l
load. x 10
(b)
� :
b) Dynamic peiformance of grid connected PVGS
�

The performance of grid connected PVGS with proper �0

==
c-
power sharing between source, load and grid under different -2

=
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
load condition is explored in this case and the results
'
obtained is portrayed in Fig. 8. The simulation is carried out X 10
(e)
for t 10 sec. The simulation started with load of 70 kW and

:� , ; ; : : : : ; ; l
at t 3.5 sec it is increased to 150 kW, again at t 7 sec it is �
�
switched back to 70 kW. It is to be noted from the Fig. 8 (b)
that when load demand (70 kW as shown in Fig. 8(b))
�0

I
c-
belowl00 kW it is completely met by PVGS and extra -1
power available with the PVGS (i.e. 30 kW) 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time(s)

(.) 500 Invener power Grid power Load power

§:: 400 r;:==�=====�===:::::j
-- -- --

';- - 300
""'
Fig.8 Profile of (a) DC link voltage (b) Power sharing curve (70kW,
Jf
Load voltage Load current
� 200 -- --
150kW) (c) Power sharing curve (20kW,60kW)
1
� 8 0��==:::;:=
: =::'==�===;::=�
o 0.5 1.5 2 2.5
VI. CONCLUSION

(b) 500!r============:::::::j In the presented work, the modeling of 100 kW of PVGS is

c-:? 400
';- �
done. Two modes of operation, standalone mode and grid
300 -- Load voltage -- Load current
Jf 200� connected mode, of the considered PVGS are explored
�U 1001- _____...... \ under different loading conditions. The results obtained
under both the mode of operations confirm it proper
°oL---0�
.5--�---�
1 .5
--�2-----'
2.5

;rmr'::: I
functioning of different control actions adopted. The MPPT
that is based on P&O algorithm is realized with a view to
obtain the maximum power output from the designed
PVGS.
°O�--O�
.5 --�---1�.5--�2--�2.5

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978-1-4799-8579-1/161$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

3rd Int'l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology I RAIT-2016I

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