International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 2, June 2023, pp. 1121~1130

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i2.pp1121-1130  1121

Photovoltaic system for maximum power point tracking using

hybrid firefly and perturbation and observation algorithm

Lavety Navinkumar Rao1, Rahul Somalwar1, Harshit Dalvi1, Satyavir Singh2, Partha Sarathi Subudhi1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Bajaj Institute of Technology, Wardha, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM University, Andhra Pradesh, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This work presents the novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
approach for a small 50 W photovoltaic (PV) system using the DC-DC
Received Nov 25, 2022 converter. The method of modeling of PV module is discussed. The firefly
Revised Jan 10, 2023 (FFY) algorithm and the perturbation and observation (P&O) algorithm are
Accepted Jan 23, 2023 combined to implement MPPT of the PV system connected to battery load.
The operating principle is discussed in detail and steady-state analysis of the
proposed system is implemented through simulation. The charging profile of
Keywords: the 7.5 Ah VRL battery is also studied using simulation. Furthermore, a low-
cost microcontroller-based experimental setup rated at 50 W system
Buck converter connected to battery load was built to implement a hybrid FFY-P&O
FFY algorithm algorithm. The experimental results are in same as the simulation result. In
MPPT contrast to the traditional P&O approach, it demonstrated the quick and
P&O efficient maximum power point operation triggered by a sudden transition in
Photovoltaic the environment.
PID
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Lavety Navinkumar Rao
Department of Electrical Engineering, Bajaj Institute of Technology
Arvi Rd, Pipri, Wardha, Maharashtra 442001, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Solar photovoltaic battery storage system becomes one of the most important applications of
renewable energy. Considering economic issues, this scheme is of great concern for standalone PV systems.
Renewable energy sources are showing remarkable growth in the last 20 years. Out of this PV energy has
shown rapid growth these days. The optimal harnessing of photon energy is challenging for researchers. The
cost of PV generation is falling day by day, forcing the consumer to pay more attention to PV generation. It is
becoming more commercial in rural areas, hills, islands, agricultural fields, etc. The world energy demand
has shown drastic growth and conventional energy sources like oil, natural gas and coal are exhausting in the
coming days. Moreover, conventional energy sources also produce global warming to the earth. Hence the
requirement of a clean, sustainable, and cost-effective source of energy is demanded whose solution is PV
energy. Recently many researchers are working to control the performance of PV systems by operating them
at maximum power [1], [2]. The only limitation is their operating characteristic which is highly non-linear.
This forces researchers and scientists to develop different algorithms/techniques to extract maximum power
by matching the load [3]–[10]. Due to the dc output of the PV panel, the intermediate DC-DC controller is
needed to control and govern the performance characteristics for stable optimal operation. A general boost
converter is preferred for the implementation of MPPT algorithms [11]–[13]. The complete review of MPPT
algorithms with respect to state of art, design specification, control strategy, the convergence of operation,

Journal homepage: https://ijpeds.iaescore.com

1122  ISSN: 2088-8694

stability issues, and comparison of various techniques based on suitability in various applications are
discussed [14]–[16]. To make the planet free from pollution battery-fed electrical vehicles are preferred.
The control technique is essential for the optimal stable operation of the PV system. A sliding mode
control of a PV system is best suited for water pumping applications [17], [18], however, in a battery
charging system, it becomes complex to implement efficient charging methods. The partial shading issues in
the PV system are discussed [19] for performance improvement. The second limitation of a PV system is that
it is available only during the daytime, hence storage system is essential. Battery storage is the cheapest and
commercially used in small-scale as well as large-scale applications. The standards of the battery charging
system are given in [20]–[22]. The flywheel energy storage system for fast charging electrical vehicle [23] is
proposed, but this system is costly and preferred for a large system. The control strategy of the DC-DC
converters using feedforward [24] and feedback control [25] is essential for the stable and efficient operation
of the PV system.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has shown tremendous popularity for the PV system. A
large number of papers are available in the literature which employs single-diode or double-diode models for
the prediction of the Maximum PowerPoint. Since DC-DC converters and diode model of PV system both
show non-linear behavior, therefore it becomes very difficult for a controller to achieve MPPT operation
under varying insolation conditions. Different charging methods and their efficient control are available in
the literature [26], [27]. The description of many controllers which used to operate DC-DC converters is in
[28]–[30].
This paper deals with the implementation of a photovoltaic (PV) system, capable of maximum
power operation. Section 2 describes the modeling of PV panels using a double diode model. Section 3
establishes the control strategy using a hybrid FFY-P&O-MPTT algorithm for maximum power tracking and
charging of the battery load. Section 4 deals with the simulation of the proposed PV system for maximum
power operation. Section 5 shows the experimentation of the proposed system. Section 6 explains the results
obtained from simulation and experimentation under varying insolation conditions. Finally, the conclusion of
the proposed work is explained in section 7.

2. MODELLING OF PV PANEL
The PV panel is modelled as light generated current (IL) connected in parallel with two diodes, with
a high-value resistance in parallel and low resistance in series as shown in Figure 1. The (1) shows the double
exponential model of PV cell most suitable for polycrystalline silicon construction. The various unknown
parameters used in the model are extracted using [13].
𝑉𝑝𝑣 +𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑝𝑣 +𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑒
𝐺 𝑉𝑝𝑣 +𝐼𝑝𝑣 𝑅𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑝𝑣 = ( ) ∗ 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼01 (𝑒 𝑎1 − 1) − 𝐼02 (𝑒 𝑎2 − 1) − (1)
1000 𝑅𝑠ℎ

Were,
𝑛𝑠 𝜈𝐾𝑇 𝑛𝑠 𝜈𝐾𝑇
𝑎1 = & 𝑎2 = (2)
𝑞 𝑞

The q is the electronic charge 1.6 × 10−19 C, G is the solar insolation in Watt/m2,  is the
photovoltaic single-cell ideality factor of the diode, IL is light-generated current, K is Boltzmann’s constant,
nS is the number of cells in series in a PV panel, T is the ambient temperature of PV panel in degree kelvin,
I01 is reverse saturation current of diode due to diffusion and I02 is saturation current of diode due to
recombination take place in space charge layer.

+
Id1 Id2 IPV
Rse
IL
D1 D2 Rsh VPV

Figure 1. Double diode model of PV panel

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 2, June 2023: 1121-1130
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1123

3. CONTROL STRATEGY OF PROPOSED PV SYSTEM CONNECTED TO BATTERY LOAD

3.1. Perturbation and observation method
The nonlinear characteristics of PV module depict a one unique maximum power point (MPP) under
varying temperature and insolation conditions. Therefore, MPPT algorithm is essential to locate MPP. In
P&O method module voltage and current are sensed to calculate power. Power is continuously checked by
creating perturbation in the voltage ( V ) and the tracking algorithm is continuously followed till maximum
power is tracked. As shown in (3), the voltage is changed by perturbation in the duty ratio (ΔD) provided by
DC-DC converter. The various steps to be followed in this method are shown in the flow chart in Figure 2.

𝑉(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑉(𝑛) ± 𝛥𝑉
𝐷(𝑛 + 1) = 𝐷(𝑛) ± 𝛥𝐷 (3)

START

Read
V (n + 1) and I (n + 1)

Yes
p ( n + 1) − p ( n )  

No

No Yes
p ( n + 1) − p ( n )  0

Yes No
V ( n + 1) − V ( n )  0 V ( n + 1) − V ( n )  0
No
Yes

V ( n + 1) = V ( n + 1) V ( n + 1) = V ( n + 1) V ( n + 1) = V ( n + 1)
+ V − V + V

Update V (n) = V (n + 1) and I (n) = I (n + 1)

Return

Figure 2. Flow chart showing P&O method

3.2. Firefly (FFY) algorithm

It is an algorithm for tracking the maximum power point for optimization. In this algorithm, fireflies
are attracted by other fireflies (opposite sex) by using flashing behavior. The fireflies are considered unisex
in nature while deriving a mathematical model of the firefly algorithm. Fireflies are mutually independent
and can attract any fireflies. The brighter fireflies are more attractive and attract the less bright fireflies,
which can be moved towards brighter fireflies.
The variation in attractiveness of fireflies with distance R is given by (4).
2
𝛽 = 𝛽0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑅 (4)

𝛽0 is attractiveness at distance R=0, 𝛾 is the light absorption coefficient. Consider two fireflies Xi and Xj,
separated by distance Rij. When less bright firefly Xi, is attracted to another brighter firefly Xj, then
movement generated due to attraction is given by (5).
Photovoltaic system for maximum power point tracking using hybrid firefly … (Lavety Navinkumar Rao)
1124  ISSN: 2088-8694
2
𝑋𝑖𝑛+1 = 𝑋𝑖𝑛 + 𝛽0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑅𝑖𝑗 (𝑋𝑗𝑛 − 𝑋𝑖𝑛 ) (5)

Following the above equation, the firefly algorithm is developed, and a series of steps are followed
for the execution of FFY algorithm as shown in the flow chart in Figure 3. The objective function which is to
be minimized is the integral time absolute error signal of power between two intervals.

𝐹(𝑥) = ∫|𝑒(𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡 (6)

Begin

Initialize FFY algorithm

parameters &
Define objective function

Generate population of fireflies

Evalutae fitness of fireflies

Determine light intensity of firefly

using objective function

Define absorption coefficient

Update the light intensity and rank

the fireflies

itr = itr + 1 Find the current best solution

No
Iteration >max(iteration)

Yes
RETURN

Figure 3. Flow chart for firefly algorithm

Figure 4 shows the proposed block diagram of a PV system using DC-DC buck converter connected
with a combined hybrid FFY-P&O-MPPT algorithm for maximum power operation. In this system, the duty
ratio for switching pulse is controlled using an intermediate buck converter for maximum power operation.
Figure 5 shows the flow chart of different steps involved in the generation of the reference voltage for
maximum power tracking. This shows initially FFY algorithm is executed till the convergence of the
objective function is achieved. Afterward, P&O algorithm tracks the peak operating point. In each iteration,
the reference voltage is varied by suitably varying the duty ratio of gate pulses given by (3). Specification of
the PV panel is depicted in Table 1. The generated reference voltage is fed to the PID controller which is
compared with a 50 kHz triangular signal for the generation of PWM pulses for the buck converter switch.
The PID controller is continuously regulating the reference voltage that corresponds to maximum power at
different insolation conditions. The design specifications of the system are shown in Table 2, which are
employed for simulation. The maximum power is always tracked and fed to load considering stability issues.
Here PID controller is used to generate the duty ratio 𝐷𝑛 at the nth interval is given as,

𝑑(𝑉𝑒,𝑛 )
𝐷𝑛 = 𝐷𝑛−1 + 𝐾𝑝 (𝑉𝑒,𝑛 ) + 𝐾𝑑 + 𝐾𝐼 ∫ 𝑉𝑒,𝑛 𝑑𝑡 (7)
𝑑𝑥

KP is a proportional constant, Kd is a derivative constant and KI is an integral constant and 𝑉𝑒,𝑛 is the error
voltage given by (8).

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1125

𝑉𝑒,𝑛 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉𝑝𝑣 (8)

Ipv Ibat
+ +
Buck
Vpv Converter Vbat Battery
Bank

- -
PV Panel
Pulses
Pulse
Driver
Vpv generator
50 kHz
D* Triangular
i +e signal
FFY-P&O
PID
MPPT - Controller
Controller Vref
v

Figure 4. Block diagram of proposed MPPT operation of a PV system

Begin

Call FFY Algorithm

Call P&O Algorithm

No Is Yes
P  Ppermissible

Figure 5. Flow chart of proposed hybrid FFY-MPPT Algorithm

Table 1. PV panel specifications

S. No. Symbol Typical electrical characteristics Panel
1 Pmax Maximum power 50 W
2 Vmp Voltage at maximum power 17.3 V
3 Imp Current at maximum power 2.89 A
4 Isc Short circuit current 3.17 A
5 Voc Open circuit voltage 21.8 V
6 Ns Number of cells in series 36
7 αi Temperature coefficient of current 0.065±0.015

Table 2. Design specifications of the proposed system

S. No. Symbol Parameters Values
1 Vi Input voltage 15-18 V
2 Vo Battery voltage 12-13 V
3 fS Switching frequency 50 kHz
4 L Main buck inductor 1mH
5 Co Output capacitor 100 µ F
6 Ci Input capacitor 1,000 µ F
7 P Power 50 W
8 SMF Battery capacity 7.5 Ah, 12 V

4. PV SYSTEM SIMULATION
Using MATLAB/Simulink software, this proposed PV system is simulated. Figure 6 shows the
schematic diagram of the simulation system for a proposed PV system. It consists of four subsystems: PV

Photovoltaic system for maximum power point tracking using hybrid firefly … (Lavety Navinkumar Rao)
1126  ISSN: 2088-8694

panel, DC-DC buck converter, FFY-P&O-MPPT controller, and PID controller. The design specifications of
the proposed system employed for simulation are shown in Table 2.

Figure 6. Simulation model of proposed PV system connected to battery load

5. EXPERIMENTATION
Figure 7 represents the experimental prototype of the proposed PV system. It consists of a buck
converter, a driver circuit, a control circuit, and a battery. A small 50 W PV panel is used for
experimentation. The buck converter is fabricated using power MOSFET IRF540N with fast switching
behaviour and low reverses recovery charge carriers for high frequency switching at 50 kHz. The diode D
used is BYV32E. The inductor used on the buck converter is 1 m H which is constructed in the laboratory
using a toroidal ferrite core. The current sensor used is LEM (LTS 15-NP) Hall Effect current transducer.
The microcontroller used is ATmega328P in the ARDUINO microcontroller board.

Figure 7. Photograph of proposed PV system connected to battery load

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 8 shows the I-V characteristics and P-V curves of PV panel obtained from simulation when
the load is varied from open circuit condition to short circuit condition and insolation is varied from 20% to
100%. Figure 9 shows the simulation results of the charging profile of the VRL battery. It shows up to 80%
of the SOC battery is charging under constant current mode and then constant voltage mode. The MPPT-
FFY-P&O algorithm continuously generates the reference voltage corresponding to maximum power. The
result shows maximum power of the PV panel can be obtained by continuously tuning the duty ratio D. The
PID controller is continuously comparing the reference voltage with the actual voltage and generating duty
for maximum power operation. The convergence of FFY algorithm applied to the fitness function with the
number of iterations is shown in Figure 10. Figure 11(a) and Figure 11(b) shows the output power of the PV
and buck converter is always maximum irrespective of changes in insolation.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1127

Figure 8. Simulation results showing I-V characteristics and P-V characteristics of a PV panel for changing v
insolation level from 20% to 100% at 25 ºC

5
(A)
bat

3
I

0 10

15
(V)
bat

10
V

Fitness

100
SOC(%)

75
50

2
10
0.8
Duty (%)

0.7

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (s) No of Iteration

Figure 9. Battery charging profile of 7.5 Ah Figure 10. Response showing the convergence of
VRL battery fitness function using FFY algorithm
Insolation (W/m 2)
Insolation (W/m 2)

1000 1000
500 500
0 0

5
5
(A)

(A)
pv

out
I

0
I

20
15
(V)

(V)

10
pv

out
V

15 5
V

0
(W)

50
(W)

40
pv
P

out

20
P

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0

Time (s) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Time (s)
(a) (b)

Figure. 11 Simulation results of proposed (a) PV system and (b) battery load for maximum power point
operation for variation in insolation at 25 ℃

Photovoltaic system for maximum power point tracking using hybrid firefly … (Lavety Navinkumar Rao)
1128  ISSN: 2088-8694

A small 50 W laboratory PV system is also built, and experiments were conducted on the real
system. The PV panel’s current and voltage are continuously sensed and fed to hybrid FFY-P&O MPPT
controller which generates a reference voltage for maximum power point tracking. This reference voltage and
panel voltage are compared, and the error signal is generated is the input of the PID controller to generate the
duty ratio of the converter. The output of the PID controller is then compared with a 50 kHz sawtooth carrier
signal to generate PWM pulses for maximum power point operation. PWM signal is fed to gate drive circuit
to generate pulses for switching of the converter. The control algorithm and PID controller tune the duty ratio
for stable operation under steady-state conditions of a proposed PV system. Table 3 shows the experimental
results of Power, current, and voltages of PV panel and output of DC-DC converter which validate the
simulation result obtained for maximum power point operation for varying insolation conditions.

Table. 3 Experimental results show power, current, and voltage of PV panel and Battery at different
insolation levels at constant temperature conditions
PV-Panel Battery
S. No Insolation Efficiency (%)
VPV (V) IPV (A) PPV (W) Vo (V) I O (A) P O(W)
1 1,000 16.86 2,846 47,9835 11.49 3.97 45,6153 95,0644
2 900 16.94 2,614 44,2811 11.47 3.67 42,0949 95,0627
3 800 16.83 2,381 40,0722 11.46 3.418 39,170 97,7491
4 700 16.86 2,125 35,8275 11.45 3,062 35,0599 97,8575
5 600 16.77 1,832 30,7226 11.43 2,674 30,2895 98,5901
6 500 16.78 1,548 25,9754 11.42 2,257 25,5808 98,4807
7 400 16.7 1,247 20,8249 11.4 1,814 20,406 97,9884

7. CONCLUSION
This work demonstrated, a small PV-based system for maximum power operation. The modeling of
the PV panel, and a buck converter, are presented and have been easily implemented on MATLAB
simulation software. The buck converter components inductor and capacitor are selected within a prescribed
ripple limit for stable operation. The feedforward controller is developed using FFY & P&O algorithms to
generate reference voltage feed to the PID controller to generate maximum power for the battery charging
application. The PID controller is properly tuned considering stability issues. The proposed system was
shown to have satisfactory performance under varying atmospheric conditions. The control mechanism used
is very simple and easily implemented using a low-cost microcontroller. The microcontroller is programmed
for the implementation of the FFY-MPPT algorithm and PID controller. The proposed scheme along with the
FFY-MPPT algorithm is also verified through experimental results. Moreover, this proposed scheme can be
used for a large photovoltaic system employing the bidirectional converter considering the shading
phenomenon for efficient utilization of the battery energy storage system as per requirement.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Lavety Navinkumar Rao received BE degree in Electrical Engineering from

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology in 1999, MTech in Integrated Power Systems
in 2002, and Ph.D. from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam technical university. He is currently working
as Associate Professor at the Bajaj Institute of Technology, Wardha. He is a life member of
the Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE) and the Solar Energy Society of India
(SESI). His areas of interest are renewable energy, power electronics, and high-power
converters. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Photovoltaic system for maximum power point tracking using hybrid firefly … (Lavety Navinkumar Rao)
1130  ISSN: 2088-8694

Rahul Somalwar has completed his Ph.D. from, RTMNU Nagpur on Islanding
in microgrid in 2020, M.E. in Power electronics from RGPV Bhopal, M.P. India in 2009 and
B.E. in Electrical engineering in 2000. He has industrial experience as an executive engineer
in Ballarpur Paper Industry (BILT) Pune. For the last 19 years he has been working as Asst.
professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, His main area of interest is the
application of power electronics in microgrid. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Harshit Dalvi received his B.E. degree in Electronics and Power from Nagpur
University, Nagpur, India in 1997. Dr. Dalvi Completed his Master of Engineering from
Government College of Engineering, Amravati in 2007, specializing in Electrical Power
System. He was awarded Best Teacher in the year 2012. He received his PhD in the year 2019
from Nagpur University. His research interest includes Power System, FACTS, and Impacts
of EVs and Renewable Energy Systems. He is currently working as an associate Professor in
the Department of Electrical Engineering at Bajaj Institute of Technology, Wardha. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Satyavir Singh received his B. Tech in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, India, in 2005. He has completed his
Master of Engineering from Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior in 2008,
specializing in Measurement and Control. He is the recipient of Two Gold- medals award for
being the best M.E. student amongst all branches of Electrical Engineering and all branches of
the Institute in year 2008. He has received PhD in Electrical engineering from NIT Srinagar
and his research interests include Control Theory, Dynamical systems. He is working as
Assistant professor at EEE department SRM University AP, Amravati. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Partha Sarathi Subudhi completed his Bachelor of Technology in “Electrical

Engineering” from Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, India in 2012 and Master
of Technology in “Power Electronics and Drives” from Vellore Institute of Technology,
Chennai, India in 2015. He then went on to join for a full-time Ph.D. with the School of
Electrical Engineering (SELECT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) from 2015 to 2020.
He was also serving as a Teaching cum Research Assistant from 2015 to 2020 with the same.
Currently, he is an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Bajaj
Institute of Technology, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. He is an Editor of International Journal
of Power and Energy Systems, Acta Press, and Editor of DGAEJ, River Publisher. Dr.
Subudhi is a senior member of IEEE. He is an active member of IEEE PELS. He is a member
of the IEEE Technical Committee (TC 9) on Wireless Power Transfer Systems. He is also a
member of IEEE Technical Committee (TC 12) on Energy Access and Off-Grid System. He
is also a member of the IEEE PELS Educational Videos Committee initiative headed by Prof.
Brad Lehman, Prof. Prasad Enjati and chaired by Prof. Katherine Kim. He is a life member of
ISTE and IEANG. His field of interest includes Wireless Power Transfer, Electric Vehicle
Charger, Residential Nano Grid, Solar Power Generation System, Hybrid Converters, and
their applications. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 2, June 2023: 1121-1130