TAÏP CHÍ PHAÙT TRIEÅN KH&CN, TAÄP 16, SOÁ K4- 2013

The Modified Control Method for the

Single-Stage Three-Phase Grid-
Connected Photovoltaic System
 Phan Quoc Dzung
 Nguyen Truong Dan Vu
 Le Dinh Khoa
 Nguyen Bao Anh
 Le Chi Hiep
University of Technology, VNU-HCM
(Manuscript Received on August 28th, 2013, Manuscript Revised November 03rd, 2013)

ABSTRACT:
Single-stage topology and the maximum and is not dependent on any circuit
power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm have parameters. It simply calculates the output
advantages such as simple configuration and power of the inverter to replace the input
high efficiency in grid-connected photovoltaic power of the PV systems in the MPPT
(PV) systems. In conventional systems, algorithm. The modified algorithm is
current and voltage sensors of PV system simulated by using Matlab/Simulink software
are normally used for MPPT. This paper and implemented in the experimental
presents a modified control algorithm for the prototype. With the single-stage configuration
single-stage three-phase grid-connected PV and PV current sensorless method, the
system without PV current sensor with a prototype is suitable for lowcost high efficient
variable step MPP-tracker. This algorithm is implementation in the practice.
not derived from complex state equations
Keywords: Single Stage Configuration, MPPT, Photovoltaic System.

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, PV energy system is one of systems are in low-power application and use
important source for sustainable development in many battery banks for power reservation. In
most of countries all over the world. It features direct grid-connected application, the PV system
pure source and easy-to-install system. power is converted and directly injected into
Moreover, it does not require complex and usual electricity grid.
maintenance. Often, there are two categories for The PV power and voltage have a non-linear
photovoltaic (PV) systems: 1) standalone system relationship. Therefore, it is indispensable to
and 2) direct grid-connected system. Standalone operate a PV system in maximum power point.

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

The maximum power point (MPP) is dependent 14]. In these systems, both current and voltage
on environmental elements, such as irradiation, sensors of PV array are usually used to realize
temperature. The maximum power point tracking MPPT. In the other work [15], unlike other
(MPPT) algorithms are developed for those PV MPPT methods, only PV array’s output voltage
systems always produce the maximum power is required to be sensed to implement MPPT.
regardless of the environment. During years, However, the algorithm for this scheme is quite
many MPPT methods have been developed and complex and suitable only for a single phase
implemented such as Hill Climbing/P&O, grid-connected inverter.
Incremental Conductance (IncCond), Fractional With a goal to minimize the cost and control
Open-Circuit Voltage or Short-Circuit Current complexity, this paper presents a low-cost single-
methods, based on Fuzzy logic or Neural stage three-phase grid- connected PV system
Network methods [1-7]. without the PV array’s output current sensor. The
The maximum power point tracker (MPPTer) modified algorithm observes the output power of
usually requires two sensors in the input side for inverter instead of the input power of PV system.
PV system voltage and current. However, the PV CONVENTIONAL AND PROPOSED
system voltage, current and grid currents have SINGLE-STAGE THREE-PHASE GRID-
relation based on mathematical equations. Thus, CONNECTED PV SYSTEM WITH MPPT
some strategies are developed to estimate the ALGORITHM
information of PV system voltage or PV system
Single-stage configuration is used to remove
current without sensors. These algorithms are
the DC/DC converter. This configuration is
often affected by circuit parameters or based on
useful to increase the efficiency and decrease
complex theory of observer [8], [9]. These
overall cost (Fig.1). Fig.2 and the equation (1)
problems make the algorithms difficult to
show the relationship between DC-link voltage,
implement in practice.
inverter and grid voltages.
The single-stage grid-connected PV systems
have been presented in many publications [10-
2
 0.9  U DC link  vi  wLi 2  v g2 (1)


Inverter side Grid side

FILTER
PV Modules
DC-link INVERTER STEP-UP
GRID
Capacitor TRANSFORMER

Figure 1. Single-stage three- phase grid- connected PV configuration with step-up transformer

Figure 2.Relationship between DC-link, inverter and grid voltages

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 TAÏP CHÍ PHAÙT TRIEÅN KH&CN, TAÄP 16, SOÁ K4- 2013

Conventional control algorithm for single operating in next step. The output voltage Vref is
stage PV system kept closer and closer the maximum power
MPPT algorithm for single-stage configuration voltage.
is based on Udc-controling ability of the inverter. Block Control: controlling three currents
The inverter changes the altitude of Id (d-axis injected into grid. Some methods can be used to
value of grid-current-space-vector in the grid- control the currents [16], [17]: PI control,
voltage-coordinate) to change Udc into Udc-reference. hysteresis control (Fig.3b), deadbeat control... In
MPPTer detects the maximum power point (Vref this paper, the hysteresis algorithm is used
= VMPP). Afterthat, the inverter will keep the Udc because of simplicity and flexibility. Often, Iq_ref
approximately equal to this value as showing in is kept zero so that the grid current and the grid
Figure 3a. phase voltage are in the same phase, unity power
Block MPPT: using any MPPT algorithms factor. Beside that, Iq_ref can be different from
such as P&O, Incremental Conductance... zero to compensate the reactive power as desired.
Receiving PV system voltage and current, this
block determines the optimal voltage for

Vpv
Vpv +
MPPT _ PI
Vref Id_ref
Ipv CONTROL
6 pulses
Iq_ref

a) Control block-schema for single-stage PV system

Ia_ref
+-
6 pulses
Va alpha
Id_ref Ib_ref
dq_abc
Ic_ref
+- Hysteresis
Vb Grid Phase
Iq_ref +- Grid Voltage
abc_alphabeta Arctan
Sensors Vc beta
Ic Ib Ia

Grid Phase
Grid Current
Sensors

b) Hysteresis Current Control c) Grid Voltage Phase Detecting

Figure 3.Control block-schema for single-stage PV system

Pin Pout
+

Udc
-

Pin = Pout : Udc constant

Pin > Pout : Udc increased
Pin < Pout : Udc decreased

Figure 4. Relationship between DC-link value and Power Flow

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Principle of DC-link Voltage Balance where Vgd is grid voltage and Id is grid
Active power P and reactive one Q are current. Thus, control loop can change Id value to
controlled by tuning the values of Id and Iq of grid keep the DC-link voltage fixed.
currents. Where (Id, Iq) is two components of grid U DC  U DC _ ref : increase I d _ ref
 (3)
U DC  U DC _ ref : decrease I d _ ref
current space vector in the rotation grid voltage
coordinate, d-axis is identical with the grid
voltage space vector (Fig.3c). The simultaneous The grid currents presented in this paper have
value of (P, Q) injected into grid must ensure the the assigned direction from inverter to grid.
stability of DC-link voltage. As mentioned The proposed control algorithm for single
above, Q is often set to zero, only P is changed to stage three-phase PV system
stabilize DC-link voltage (Fig.4).
The proposed algorithm uses only voltage
In addition, the active power P can be sensor of PV array output and the MPPTer has to
calculated in terms of the Id component: be detect the MPP (Fig.5).
P  3  Vgd  I d (2)

+
FILTER
PV Modules _
INVERTER STEP-UP
TRANSFORMER GRID
pulses

MPPT
Vpv
Only one
sensor

Figure 5. Low-cost single stage three-phase grid-connected PV system

Vpv
Vpv +
MPPT _ PI
Vref Id_ ref
Id CONTROL
6 pulses
Iq_ ref
Replace
Ipv by Id

Figure 6. The block-schema of proposed control algorithm

In the block schema of proposed control algorithm will control the PV voltage operation
algorithm (Fig. 6), the input of MPPT block point to attain the maximum value of Id.
includes VPV and Id. Due to principle of DC-link At the beginning, the MPPTer will adjust the
voltage control, the input power and the output DC-link voltage (VPV) to be equal to the initial
power will be equal when Udc-link value voltage reference (Vref). It may be done by using
balances out. Therefore, instead of Pin the fractional open circuit voltage MPPT method,
observation, the MPPT block can observe P out to as following:
VREF _ INIT  0.6  0.8  VOC
track the MPP. In this case, PV current value is
(4)
unnecessary for MPPT because the MPPT block
do not need to know the PV power, so the current where VOC – the open circuit voltage of PV
sensor for PV array can be removed. The new array

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 TAÏP CHÍ PHAÙT TRIEÅN KH&CN, TAÄP 16, SOÁ K4- 2013

When the VPV is steady, the Id value will be In case of using fixed step, if the step size is
observed. If the Id value in this step is bigger than large, the PV operation point will reach to MPP
the previous step value, Vref will be changed as rapidly but oscillate around this point. In opposite
same way as the previous step. Otherwise, Vref way, if the step size is small, the operation point
will be changed as inverse way as the previous will be steady at the MPP but it takes a long time
step (Fig.7). Thus, the stable Vref is in the to reach to this point. To overcome this
operation point having maximum Id value. drawback, the proposed MPPT method uses
The proposed algorithm is based on the method variable voltage step size as below equation (5),
with variable step change of Vref. Unlike other the step size depends on the difference of Id(k) and
MPPT methods, the input power is substituted by Id(k-1). In this equation, the value of coefficient K
Id value which is easy to calculate (Fig.7). In is determined by using such as the optimization-
addition, the Id_ref is observed instead of Id based algorithm.
because the Id_ref value has a little noise than Id dV  K I d (k )  I d (k  1) (5)
value and relatively identical to Id in steady state.

Figure 7. The flowchart of proposed variable step change of MPPT algorithm

The variable step size can combine two Model of estimating power loss and efficiency
advantages of small step size and large step size; of VSI
they are fast response time and stable operation Estimating efficiency of solar inverters is
point. At the starting, the operation point is far usually based on calculating power loss of
from MPP, the difference (Id(k) – Id(k-1)) is big, so switching device [20-23]. Calculating the power
the step size dV is also big to get MPP rapidly. loss of semiconduting switches is expressed as
After a short time, the operation point is moved the following.
to MPP, the difference (Id(k) – Id(k-1)) is small
When a switch is operating, there are four
gradually and is equal to zero when it reaches to
types of power loss: conducting loss, off-state
MPP, so dV is smaller than the previous one and
loss, switching loss, driving loss. Comparing
remains zero at MPP to get the stable operation
with conducting loss and switching loss, off-state
point.
loss and driving loss are so small that they can be

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

neglected. The switching loss depends on the IC_ref : collector current from datasheet
switching energy (EON and EOFF) and switching iC : collector current
frequency, the conducting loss depends on
fsw : switching frequency
voltage (VCEO), resistance (RCEO) and value of
current which is through the semiconducting Estimating power loss of Diode
device. The above parameters is provided by the Power loss of a didoe is similar to above, it is
producers, they can be selected appropriately calculated by the following formula:
according to operating condition and operating
 
PDiode  VD  I D ( AV )  RD  I D2 ( RMS )  Err 
Vr i
 d  f sw
Vr _ ref I d _ ref
mode.
Energy converting efficiency of VSI is based (9)
on estimating the total power loss of With VD: on-state voltage
semiconducting switches and it is calculated by
RD : on-state resistance;
the following formula:
Err : reverse recovery energy
Pdc  PL _ total
 100% (6)
ID(AV) : average value of forward current
Pdc
ID(RMS): RMS value of forward diode current
With  is efficiency, Pin is input power of VSI,
Vr : reverse voltage
PLtotal is power loss of semiconducting switches.
Vr_ref : reverse voltage from datasheet
The input power of VSI is determined by the
formula: Id_ref : forward current from datasheet

Pdc  Vin  I in (7) id : diode current

fsw : switching frequency
Estimating power loss of IGBT
Power loss PL_total is the sum of power losses of
Power loss of IGBT consists of conducting loss
IGBTs and diodes.
and switching loss, it is calculated by the
SIMULATIONS OF THE PROPOSED
following formula:
CONTROL METHOD FOR LOW-COST
 
PIGBT  VCEO  I C ( AV )  RCEO  I C2 ( RMS )  EON  EOFF  
VCE _ bl iC

VCE _ ref I C _ ref
 f sw SINGLE STAGE THREE-PHASE PV
SYSTEM
Whole simulation model is built in
(8)
Matlab/Simulink with SimPowerSystem Toolbox
With VCEO : on-state zero-current collector- (Fig.8).
emitter voltage
The simulation model includes:
RCEO : collector-emitter on-state resistance
PV system: VOC = 800V, ISC = 4A, Pmax = 2380
EON : turn –on energy W (normal irradiation).
EOFF : turn –off energy 2-level inverter : Switch parameters:
IC(AV) : average value of collector current RCEO=0.05Ω, VCEO=2.5V, Eon=0.005, Eoff=0.006,
IC(RMS): RMS value of collector current VCE_bl/( VCE_ref. IC_ref)=0.0117; RD=0.01Ω,
VD=0.8V, Err=0.006, Vr/( Vr_ref. Id_ref)=0.0117.
VCE_bl: blocking collector-emitter voltage
Filter: L = 50 mH.
VCE_ref: blocking collector-emitter voltage from
datasheet Grid phase voltage: Vg = 220 Vrms, f = 50Hz

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 TAÏP CHÍ PHAÙT TRIEÅN KH&CN, TAÄP 16, SOÁ K4- 2013

Irradiation : 0≤ t ≤ 0.5s, G =1; 0.5≤ t ≤ 1s, G is grid phase voltage (rms) and Id is in rms
=0.7. (Fig.10a).
The simulation results for the irradiation The grid current phase is identical to the grid
change case are shown in Fig.9. voltage phase. When the irradiation changes, the
The input power is measured to demonstrate magnitude of grid current is decreased (Fig.10b).
the operation points of PV system easily. In The efficiency of VSI is evaluated by using the
addition, the estimated power can be used to plot estimation block (Fig.8c), which is based on
and test without measuring input power. The expressions (6)-(9). The high efficiency of PV
estimation is based on expression (2), where V gd inverter is obtained as shown in Fig.10c, while
the irradiation changes from 1 to 0.7 at 0.5s.

PV System Inverter and

Grid
L-Filter

a) The low-cost single-stage three-phase grid connected PV system

Id Observer
MPPT

DC-Link
Voltage Cotrol
Hysteresis
Control

b) Control Block

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

c) Efficiency estimation block for one pair of IGBT-Diode

Figure 8. The simulation model of proposed control algorithm

2500 2500
G=1

2000 G=0.7 2000

1500
Ppv, [W]

1500
Ppv, [W]

1000
1000

500
500

0
650 700 750 800
Vpv, [V] 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time, [s]

a) P-V curve in normal irradiation (G=1) to G=0.7

b) Input power characteristic

Figure 9. Simulation results of PV and input power characteristic

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 TAÏP CHÍ PHAÙT TRIEÅN KH&CN, TAÄP 16, SOÁ K4- 2013

8
Va/40
Input Power 6 Ia

Phase voltage and current

4

-2

-4

-6
Estimated
Power -8
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time, [s]
a) Input power and estimated power (Watt) b) Grid phase current and voltage (Va/40) waveform

0.98
Efficiency

0.96

0.94

0.92

0.9
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time, [s]

c) The efficiency characteristic of PV inverter

Figure 10. Simulation results of estimated power, grid current and voltage, efficiency

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Isolated Transformer: 370/75 V, line voltage

A prototype is used to verify the proposed The Power Analyzer Fluke 43B is utilized to
algorithm. In the experiments, a PV system show the power factor, grid current harmonics…
current sensor is additionally used to measure The proposed control method is programmed
input power. Similar to simulation, an estimated by dSPACE 1103. The user interface (Fig.12),
power is calculated for plotting and checking for controlling and plotting, is built in
based on the relationship expression between ControlDesk.
output power and Id value.
As shown in the Fig.12, the measuring value
The experimental model (Fig. 11) includes: and the reference value is relatively equivalent,
PV system: 15 panels, Kyocera KC50T, such as VPV and Id. The estimated power is very
installed in series close to the input power which determined by
VOC  21.7V , I SC  3.31A, Pmax  50W : everypanel sensors. However, the estimated one is not
 completely steady. It slightly changes around the
VOC  325.5V , I SC  3.31A, Pmax  750W : wholesystem
measured power. The secondary currents mean
DC-link Capacitor: 1800 μF, 400V maximum the current in the inverter side, not in the grid
Controller: dSPACE 1103 side because of step-up transformer.
2-level inverter : 6 IGBTs Fairchild G60N100 The true P-V curve, not estimated, is easier to
Driver : opto HCPL A3120 observe the maximum power point (Fig.13a).
Voltage and current sensors: LEM LV-25P, The algorithm control the secondary current
LEM HX-20P phase to be the same as the grid voltage phase for
L-Filter: L = 20mH unity power factor (Fig.13b). Because the grid

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

voltage and the secondary votage have the same secondary side has the maximum power factor
phase, the power which measured in the (Fig.14a).

Dspace
1103

Grid

Sensors

Driver
CB
2-level
Inverter

Figure 11. Experimental Model

Vpv & Vref
Grid Voltage

Pest-V Curve
Id & Idref

P & Pest
Id-V Curve

Currents in
Secondary Side

Figure 12. User Interface for monitoring, measuring voltage (V), current (A) and power (W)

Red: Voltage Phase

Green: Current Phase

a) Power (w), current (A) and voltage(V) of PV, a) Grid voltage and current phase
measured by sensors
Figure 13. Experimental results

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 TAÏP CHÍ PHAÙT TRIEÅN KH&CN, TAÄP 16, SOÁ K4- 2013

a) Power analysis in the b) Inverter current analysis c) High order harmonics

secondary side

Figure 14. Power quality analysis

The quality of output currents is shown in can be removed. Beside that, the proposed MPPT
Fig.14b. The THD is smaller than 5% and can be algorithm is based on the method with variable
reduced when the PV system power increases. step change of Vref in order to accelerate the
The magnitude of high order harmonics is much MPPT response.
smaller than the basic harmonic (Fig14c). In this work, the hysteresis current control and
The experimental results demonstrate good L-filter are implemented. Advanced methods of
responses as shown in above figures. The current control, such as PI, deadbeat, and LCL-
responses of electrical quantities in low-cost filter could be considered to improve the quality
single-stage three-phase PV system are obtained of grid currents. The DC-link voltage balancing
quickly and precisely. principle has been used. However, other
CONCLUSION configurations are being researching to apply this
new MPPT idea possibly.
This paper presented a modified control
method for single-stage three-phase grid- The simulation results validate the
connected PV system, which has the advantages performance of the proposed schema.
of the high efficiency, cost-effectiveness and Experiments performed with a laboratory
simplicity. Unlike other MPPT methods, the prototype have shown encouraging results.
input power is substituted by Id value which is Acknowledgment: This research is funded by
easy to calculate. Moreover, the output power, Vietnam National University – HCM City,
actually Id, is observed to replace the input Vietnam under grant number B2012-20-04TĐ.
power. Hence, the PV array output current sensor

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Phương pháp điều khiển cải tiến cho hệ

thống điện mặt trời kết lưới ba pha cấu
trúc một tầng
 Phan Quốc Dũng
 Nguyễn Trường Đan Vũ
 Lê Đình Khoa
 Nguyễn Bảo Anh
 Lê Chí Hiệp
Trường Đại học Bách khoa, ĐHQG-HCM

TÓM TẮT:
Cấu hình một tầng và thuật toán dò tìm không cần giải tích từ các công thức tính
điểm công suất cực đại (MPPT) có ưu điểm toán phức tạp và không phụ thuộc vào bất
vì đơn giản và hiệu suất cao khi kết lưới cứ thông số mạch nào. Thuật toán cho phép
nguồn pin mặt trời (PV). Trong các hệ truyền tính toán công suất ngõ ra của bộ nghịch lưu
thống, cảm biến dòng và áp của hệ thống thay vì công suất ngõ vào của PV khi thực
PV được sử dụng để thực hiện MPPT. Bài hiện MPPT. Thuật toán cải tiến được mô
báo này trình bày một thuật toán cải tiến cho phỏng bằng Matlab/Simulink và được kiểm
hệ thống PV kết lưới ba pha, cấu trúc một chứng bằng thực nghiệm. Cấu hình một tầng
tầng, không sử dụng cảm biến dòng với và không dùng cảm biến dòng thích hợp cho
bước dò tìm MPP tự động thay đổi nhằm rút các ứng dụng giá thành thấp và hiệu suất
ngắn thời gian thực thi. Thuật toán này cao.
Từ khóa: cấu hình một tầng, điểm năng suất cực đại, hệ thống PV.

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