Science and Technology Park

Abstrak Salah satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam upaya peningkatan daya saing produk dalam negeri adalah dengan meningkatkan kemampuan dan kapasitas SDM, memanfaatkan IPTEK serta meningkatkan kerjasama antar stakeholder. Rendahnya tingkat kerjasama riset yang dapat menghasilkan suatu inovasi antara perguruan tinggi dan lembaga riset dengan industri, salah satunya disebabkan karena perguruan tinggi dan lembaga riset belum menjadi sumber informasi inovasi bagi perusahaan. Padahal dampak utama dari inovasi yang dihasilkan apabila perusahaan melakukan kerjasama riset adalah perusahaan akan mampu bertahan dalam persaingan, kebutuhan pelanggan dapat terpenuhi dengan baik, dan keuntungan perusahaan akan mengalami peningkatan. Salah satu strategi dalam meningkatkan kapasitas SDM, Iptek dan kerjasama antar stakeholder yaitu dengan menyediakan lingkungan yang inklusif dengan mengembangkan technopark. Terdapat beberapa istilah sejenis dengan Technopark yang biasa digunakan, antara lain "Technopolis", "Technopole", "Science and Technology Park", "Science Park", "Techno Park", "Research Park", "Innovation Center", "Business Park", dan lain-lain. Techno Park adalah konsepsi kawasan berdeminsi pembangunan ekonomi, sosial dan budaya, yang memiliki sentra kegiatan iptek, kegiatan produktif dan gerakan masyarakat yang mendukung percepatan perkembangan inovasi, difusi dan pembelajaran. Sementara itu, Kawasan Techno Park adalah kawasan yang terdiri atas satu atau lebih kegiatan iptek, kegiatan produktif dan gerakan masyarakat pada wilayah tertentu sebagai sistem pembangunan yang ditunjukkan oleh adanya keterkaitan fungsional dan hierarki keruangan sistem inovasi. Kata Kunci : Kawasan, Technopark, Industri Pangan Olahan. A. Pendahuluan Dewasa ini, peran industri di Indonesia kian mengecil dan ketimpangan sosial ekonomi semakin meningkat. Hal ini salah satunya disebabkan karena Indonesia selama ini lebih fokus untuk menjual barang mentah, kekayaan alam, dan harta negara lainnya sehingga dapat menghasilkan margin keuntungan yang luar biasa bagi negara lain. Oleh karena itu, pembangunan saat ini perlu difokuskan untuk meningkatkan daya saing produk dalam negeri sehingga dapat menghasilkan nilai tambah dan margin bagi bangsa Indonesia. Salah satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam upaya peningkatan daya saing produk dalam negeri adalah dengan meningkatkan kemampuan dan kapasitas SDM,

本文以台南科學園區特定區的空間發展計劃形構所牽動的政治社會過程為例，探究地方利益實踐之空間格局以及成長聯盟如何在不同的作用力下產生轉化，以及地方政府透過怎樣的空
間策略來緩和空間利益的矛盾。台南科學城的空間生產是外部與內部力量在一個複雜的互動過程中所逐步形構，地方權力結構歷程展現出受到外部政經情境與內部利益結構和作用者影響的多重治理模式。我們認為空間的社會生產過程是都市政權中公私部門合作關係之所以能夠鞏固的重要因素，而萌生的空間利益之複雜性也對於成長聯盟產生治理的挑戰，如何操弄跨尺度的「協議式權力」以及「先發式權力」是地方公私部門合作之發展體制實踐外來大型經建計畫利益的關鍵。最後本文指出資本主義都市化與成長聯盟治理模式在特定結構脈絡下彼此是內生的變數，對所謂「都市化」的理解應該超越傳統新古典主義的理論模型，從空間治理策略的角度出發將會對於資本主義都市化之空間形式研究有更深刻的發展潛力。
This article aims to explore the transformation of local growth coalitions and the strategy of spatial governance by investigating the social-political process of the spatial formation of Tainan
Techonopolis. The empirical study shows that the spatial formation of the Technopolis was affected by the engagement of many actors in a complex process, and the local growth coalitions were also transformed. We argue that the formation of the spatial project is relevant to the cooperation between public and private sectors, while the emerging complexity of related interests did challenge the governance of the existing local growth coalition. Moreover, how to exercise the trans-scalar bargaining power and preemptive power is very important for the actors to achieve their derivative interests from the large development plan. Finally, this article highlights that the process of capitalist urbanization and the governance mechanism of the growth coalition are endogenous to each other under certain structural context, as well as the fact that analytical perspective of the spatial governance would boost the study of urbanization.

In 2014 in the framework of Trade Promotion and Quality Infrastructure program of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development supported by Ministry of Economy of Armenia, Enterprise Incubator Foundation (EIF) was offered to contribute to the Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Cluster Development component of the program. The management team of EIF has chosen project for creation of technology cluster for engineering sector. The project was chosen taking into account the studies that show how important are creation of business clusters in modern technological world, as well as existing high demand of business environment from existing high-tech companies. The research was devoted to the development of an implementation concept for the project.

In the era of the 21st century, the best higher education institutions have more than one role. Not only do they educate and train students but they also create new ideas and knowledge for the short-term contemporary issues as well as long-term complex problems. In the strategic goals, five aspects are critical in higher education: the democratization of knowledge and access, the contestability of the market and funding, the research technologies, the global mobility and the integration with the industry. Universities should have strategic plans including strategic goals. In this study, the strategic models and plans of the public (5) and private (5) universities are analysed from the five different aspects. In order to deeply understand the dynamics at these universities, the phenomenological interpretive analysis is preferred. University leaders
and managerial departments should consider market needs and do strategic plan accordingly. Hence, they should develop the strategic thinking capacity of both their academic staff and researchers for short and long terms need of the industry. Results have shown that most universities have wrong perception regarding the strategic model and plan. Neither private nor public universities possess enough knowledge on the subject.
Keywords: Higher education, university and industry partnership, strategic model and planning, higher education management, financing of higher education.

This design was created base on requirement of education facilities and entertainment park that can evolve potention of a primacy at Deli Serdang Regency. Tobacco Deli as one of endemic plantation in this area was choosen to be a primacy that will be develop in an education facility base on technology evolvement and entertainment park to drive the economy sector of Deli Serdang peoples. Many facility will be prepare for evolve requirement of Tobacco Deli as primacy commodity that will be develop base on technology. This design application is adopt futuristic theme to gift a future perspective that will be related with technology which is can accommodate todays people needs and the future needs. Start with identify, after that figure it out and do some exploration in this design, people of Deli Serdang will be expected can effort and make Tobacco Deli as the renewable potention in the future.

The aim of the article is to design a science and technology park in Ethiopia as well as the opportunities of the development of new technology use in Ethiopia. The first section reviews the origins and definitions of science and technology park in order to clarify and systematize the concepts used in existing research and practice. Subsequently, the ensuing sections introduce my design of science and technology park, including the location, layout, management mode, industrial choose, and so on. The paper ends with a set of implications and conclusions.

Esta dissertação trata do tema Governança dos Ativos de Conhecimento em ambientes de inovação e teve como fundamentos revisão de literatura e pesquisa exploratória. Sua motivação principal foi a necessidade de compreender com maior profundidade a forma pela qual as organizações lidam com seus ativos de conhecimento, tendo em vista serem organizações mais sustentáveis e úteis para a sociedade. Para tal, apresenta o estudo de caso do Parque Tecnológico do Rio (UFRJ), ao qual se impõe o desafio atual de lidar com as demandas tecnológicas existentes para a exploração das reservas de petróleo na camada do pré-sal. A questão principal consiste em avaliar em que medida os processos relacionados à criação, disseminação e proteção do conhecimento são influenciados por mecanismos de governança e gestão em uso no ambiente de inovação estudado, tendo por base teórica a nova literatura institucional e os estudos evolucionistas. As conclusões apontaram para a necessidade de que os Parques Científicos e Tecnológicos intensifiquem seu papel na coordenação de atividades relacionadas aos processos de criação, disseminação e proteção do conhecimento, configurando-se como um importante mecanismo de governança deste.

This study reviews the shifting trend of universities in society from teaching to research and development, innovation, entrepreneurship, and recently to facilitate an entrepreneurial society by promoting entrepreneurial culture and institutional development. The ideas of human capital, knowledge and, research and development have evolved the economies towards knowledge based economies by having creativity, innovation, knowledge transfer, information access and supportive infrastructure. In entrepreneurial society, universities move one step ahead from promoting research, innovation, commercialization and entrepreneurship by structuring the mechanisms to facilitate entrepreneurial culture and, creating institutes and leaders. However, the role of university incubators is facilitative and revenue generation by providing a cloud with financial, legal and technical support for a win-win interaction between universities, business tycoons, government and community. The paper argues that universities would enhance their participation through an effective and well-integrated incubation system for the development of sustainable entrepreneurial society.

This is an empirical study of a major issue of territorial competition in Taiwan in the 1990’s - the spatial formation of the southern science-based industrial park - from the perspective of the political economy.    It explores the dynamics and mechanisms
of spatial development behind territorial competition as well as the development of the technopolis project by analyzing the process of interaction between actors engaged on  different  geographical  scales.  Furthermore,  it  also  has  dialogues  with  relevant
theories  to  investigate  the  role  played  by  geographical  space  in  the  process  of  the spatial politics and the possible condition of territorial governance.  The focus of this article lies  in  constructing a  framework  of “Geju  politics”  (politics of  scale)  which incarnates  the  dynamic  characters  of  the  spatial  politics,  figuring  out  the  “powergeometry”  concerning  the  social-political  process  behind  the  social  production  of
space  of  the  project,  and  revealing  the  dynamics  of  “relativilization  of  geographic scale”  during  the  process  of  Taiwan’s  political  and  economic  restructuring  in  the 1990s.    Drawing on the empirical analysis, the article points out the shortcomings of the existing models of territorial competition which stresses the economic efficiency, and argues for the recognition of the significance of broader structural context as well
as  the  relevance  of  the  geographical  scale  as  the  framework  of  political  spatiality. Finally, it argues that neo-Gramscian perspectives and the regulation approach to state, local  economic  development  and  governance  can  be  articulated  with  the  analytical framework  of  “Geju  politics”  (politics  of  scale)  from  the  perspectives  of  human geography to enrich our understanding.ء

In Turkey, most university administrators and academic staff members are not yet fully aware of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Researchers often have difficulty in licensing opportunities that can provide additional revenue streams due to the lack of either strategic policies set by the administration or a dedicated technology transfer (or licensing) office (TTO). This paper attempts to shed some light
on the relationship between intellectual property rights and licensing awareness in Turkish universities as well as how this is affected by the lack of TTOs. Semi-structured exploratory interviews were conducted with 45 researchers in two different faculties (Medicine and Engineering). Results show that most of the participants, including a higher-than-expected percentage from the Faculty of Engineering,
were not aware of the importance of the technology that they had developed in terms of licensing and royalties that they could earn. In conclusion, it can be said that universities in Turkey have to undergo a policy change regarding managerial issues, especially with regards to Technology Transfer Offices. Increasing the visibility of technology transfer options and agreements, as well as further research on this topic, is recommended.

Science and technology parks (STPs) have been playing an increasingly influential role in the stimulation and growth of the knowledge economy. However, the spread of STPs faces relevant challenges, such as the development of robust performance management systems, able to demonstrate results and indicate improvement opportunities. Thereby, this paper proposes a theoretical model of performance management, which combines premises of the Service-Dominant Logic (S-D Logic), the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and the General Hierarchical Model (GHM). Based on a multiple-case exploratory and qualitative study, relevant information about the strategic planning and management of these projects were extracted and paved the way for the construction of a performance hierarchical model composed of five perspectives, according to the BSC. Considering the outcomes, it is expected that the proposed model provide useful insights for the consolidation of a framework for the strategic management of science and technology parks.

This paper seeks to provide a conceptual framework for the designing of an entrepreneurial mentoring program to effectively commercialise technological innovations. This research was undertaken by telephone interviews with key decision makers of five self-selected organisations worldwide that provided entrepreneurial mentoring to developing technological innovations. They included ATP Innovations, Cambridge University, Queensland Department of State Development and Innovation, The Indus Entrepreneurs and University of Waikato-Waikato Technology Park partnership. Following the qualitative data analysis, a conceptual framework is developed to provide a roadmap of an entrepreneurial mentoring program. This model is underpinned by four pillars of success namely (1) mentor quality, (2) organisational capabilities, (3) supporting services and (4) relationship management. In addition, mentoring organisations should undertake a series of activities that effectively support, motivate and develop technopreneurs in their path to commercialising their innovative products or services.

Abstract
This paper is intended as an opening of a dialog on how to apply platform thinking in the development of innovation environments. It will brie y describe a new STP (Science and Technology Park) concept called 3GSP (Third Generation Science Park), which is gaining momentum in Finland. The paper explains the fundamental changes that are currently taking place in the global innovation environment and explains why platform thinking is becoming an essential element in ecosystem development. The theoretical background and classifications of platforms are described and the benefits to be gained from STP perspective are highlighted. The paper emphasizes especially the role of so called ‘competence platforms’ and explains the main characteristics of a fully working competence platform. The role of competence platforms in understanding serendipity and as a fundamental factor in building the team is also highlighted. The paper analyses from STP perspective several practical examples, where platform thinking supports the emergence of new innovation environments, including Urban Mill (Finland) and Meetberlage (Netherlands). The requirements for comprehensive competence platform services are presented and their potential to support community building and therefore ecosystem development is illustrated. This analysis will provide STP practitioners with new models for applying platform thinking and will help to establish co-creation, open innovation and serendipity management practices. The case studies presented will help STP management teams to evaluate the benefits of competence platforms in different contexts.

The creative economy has become a key element in generating ideas, products and services being an evolving concept based on creative assets, which modifies the profile of industry and global market, from the partnership between creativity and economics combined with innovation and technology. In Brazil, Technological Parks and Incubators, in turn, have not devoted themselves with real interest in this emerging sector; they are involved primarily with technologies for areas such as biotechnology, environment, embedded electronics, alternative energy, oil, software and, mainly, IT (ICT). This article identifies how the economy and creative industry have changed the entrepreneurial profile in the national and global environment and how these trends are applicable in relation to the environment of the Parks and Incubators for the inclusion of creativity in the current Brazilian scenario. Shows that the creative production promotes skills that constitute the knowledge of Design, Architecture, Cultural Heritage, Media, Culture and Arts, acting democratically, adding knowledge, diversity and differentiation, overcoming social and regional barriers and making social inclusion. It shows that a market segment that involved about US $ 624 billion in 2011, more than doubling between 2002 and 2011, and maintains a growth trajectory has only 2% of the featured activities of the Parks aimed at its development and prom

The concept of Science Park dates back to mid-50s and the strategic considerations undertaken at North Carolina, with critical contributions from academia and inestimable state governor support. This newly approach to link University with private business did have its burdens and drawbacks, until financial partners were engaged and there was a clearer view about the institutional setup. Research Triangle Park followed shortly after, whenever these issues were sorted-out. Europe followed too such trend, albeit a few years later. Sophia-Antipolis was one of the primary names to emerge (early 70s), whereas year 1984 witnessed the incorporation of International Association of Science Parks. This can be seen as a direct result of the significant role science parks were playing in terms of heightening socioeconomic development. European policies started also to reflect these changing paradigms, having proceed to the implementation of political/funding instruments targeted to such endeavours. Scientific concern beyond this work in progress addresses key characteristics of a Science Park, deemed essential for a sound operation and the fulfilment of its mission statement. Triple helix model is embedded still within Science Parks, but has evolved into more complex structures. Technology hub, entrepreneurship ecosystems and innovation ecosystems are but a few of recent denominations. The later have been used to better describe the fuzzy reality of Science Parks and their performance metrics in terms of A) ability to retain talents; B) network significance; C) accelerator capacity and D) science-to-the-market delivery. This work consists of a reflection about innovation models followed by Science Parks, quoting some EU-based examples. There's a discussion about recent trends, heavily influenced by external factors such as the scarcity of resources; sustainability; the individual; green economy. Way ahead encompasses smart specialisation and strategic thinking, being the paper a contribution for the analysis of regional dynamics which are Science-Park centred. Science Park concept: a historical insight The Science Park concept is not new: actually it has emerged back in the mid-50s, whenever some strategic considerations were undertaken at North Carolina. These have been supported both by academia and the state governor (Luther Hodges in such a case) whose enrolment was decisive at the time. Such a disruptive approach aiming at to strengthen the linkage between University and private businesses did have however plentiful burdens and drawbacks. That was the situation until the financial partners were enrolled and there was a clearer view as regard to the institutional setup. The Research Triangle Park (later referred to as RTP) followed shortly afterwards, as soon as all these issues have been tackled in a timely manner. The triangle vertexes comprised three university poles, It must be said that the decentralised model of RTP as far as the academia is concerned was followed closely by a concurrent endeavour dating back also to the 50s, more precisely to California and the eponymous Stanford University. It consisted of the first brick of what was known by then as Stanford Industrial Park (later renamed Stanford Research Park) and nowadays Silicon Valley. Whenever speaking about " The Valley " the one refers to the location of numerous fast growing high-tech companies. These contemporary examples have several common characteristics, that is: 1) the geographical dispersion, not restricted to a small conurbation but rather a large area. Current RTP campus spans over an area of approximately 2.800 ha (Cirillo, 2013), whilst Silicon

In recent years, educational technology and innovative programs have been introduced
to many education systems. Although these technologies have a great potential to improve teaching,
learning and management processes especially at higher education, many obstacles and resistance
hinder their implementation. In order to shift towards an entrepreneurial higher education institu-
tion, organisational culture needs to be adapted to the present conditions. Given the importance of
the subject, there is a need for a deeper look into the nature of organisational culture in the context
of its relationships with innovative and technology-based development for educational institutions.
This paper attempts to show and critically analyse the role of organisational culture on the develop-
ment of innovation and technology-based projects (ITBP) at the higher education; particularly by
considering the perceptions of the researchers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34
researchers from different fields. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used in this
study. Academic people (89%) from well-developed organisation in terms of physical components
had better results in developing innovation and technology when compared to the academic people
from non well-developed cultural organisation. Furthermore, values of the organisation are signifi-
cantly important in order to increase the depthless of the innovation and technology-based projects
development.

The article discusses the world experience in the design of technology parks. Its general requirements and models have been studied. Recommendations were made on the organizational model of the architectural and planning solution of technoparks of Uzbekistan.

This paper presents an appropriate model for Science and Technology Parks (STPs) with a view to helping policy makers and STP managers implement and manage STPs. The authors reorganize and prioritize the Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm. We identify three critical groups of actors (determinants, reactors and executors) and develop four sub-models from different trajectories of the groups of actors. We place more emphasis on the-determinants‖ as the most important actors in the establishment and management of STP. A critical evaluation of the sub-models reveals that the sub-model in which government, industry and university/research institutes are all jointly involved in decisive policy direction is the most appropriate for the developing country. The paper concludes that economies in transition should see STPs as having a distinctive organizational structure as a result of its myriads of collaborations and partnerships.

The study reported in this paper compared the effects of two approaches of blended learning on students’ learning outcomes in courses on intellectual property rights and patents. One group of students followed three weeks of online graduate courses and underwent peer assessment. In a second group of students, the online work and peer assessment were combined with active face-to-face experience-based learning. Pre and post-tests were used to measure the students’ knowledge about intellectual property rights and patents. In addition, a questionnaire was used to gather data on the students’ opinions regarding course arrangement and implementation, digital learning, the learning environment, and their knowledge, understanding, and implementation of intellectual property rights and patents. The data were quantitatively analyzed to determine whether the two blended learning approaches differed in terms of the effects measured. The findings show that the students approved of the online courses and also the face-to-face learning. These findings may reflect approval of the decrease in costs and time. The implication is that active face-to-face experience-based learning should supplement online courses with peer assessment, as this combination led to more successful learning outcomes among students taking courses on intellectual property rights and patents.

According to the objectives of the paper, the evaluation was checked together with the participants in semi-structured interviews. Two assessments were given to the students: the strategic talent management and the innovation potential assessment. A control group was used, wherein the students received an innovation potential assessment but not the strategic talent management assessment. There was a vital difference between students who took the strategic talent management assessment and those who did not in assessing their innovation potential. A difference was also seen in the area of flexibility, self-confidence and achievement drive. The research exhibited that the assessment had helped the majority of the participants to get more involved in the needs of the market to make a greater impact in on today’s society since they became more aware of their own skills, talents,
capabilities, and goals.

The article revises the effects of technology transfer offices (TTOs) on capacity building within the university, from the perspective of
creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship. The objective of the article is to understand clearly and deeply how TTOs build capacity in
creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship for all the stakeholders, researchers, faculty members, SMEs, incubators, undergraduate and
graduate students, and attorneys. Particular focus is given for analysing TTOs activities in order to comprehend the strategy of TTOs in
delivering and building capacity for innovative products and services. The author concludes that the universities and TTOs should have a
common strategic plan and policy to empower and to increase efficiently and effectively the impacts TTOs activities have on the
development of the technology-based innovative products and services.
Keywords: Technology Transfer Offices, creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship

One of successful ideas in current era in the field of local and national economic development is establishment of science and technology parks and growth centers which their main aim is developing technology and making proper conditions for growing and appearing various technology based innovations. Scientific researches as one of the main and crucial ways for reaching to hidden and obvious facts of the world and discovering new sources and solutions for responding the problems are requirements and needs of today’s human. Thus, to reach the aims of country’s development the role of Universities and research centers will be prominence. Therefore, support of policy makers in the field of development and broadening of science and technology parks is important. These people can apply modern managerial methods as well as providing fundamental basics to achieve these aims. Science and technology parks as research and development centers can eliminate most of the existed problems and promote situation. The new metds of transmitting information can lead to build new atmosphere for making technology more accessible and using facilities effectively. Regarding environmental crisis that threatens the earth and enhancement of fossil fuel use that makes this crisis more extreme the necessity of using clean energy resources are becoming bold. The concept of sustainability in architecting is the same as correspondence architecting with ecosystem or environment. According to this approach building designers not only can help in energy consumption but also help in prevention of air pollution that is a great help for next generations.

This study reviews the shifting trend of universities in society from teaching to research and development, innovation, entrepreneurship, and recently to facilitate an entrepreneurial society by promoting entrepreneurial culture and institutional development. The ideas of human capital, knowledge and, research and development have evolved the economies towards knowledge based economies by having creativity, innovation, knowledge transfer, information access and supportive infrastructure. In entrepreneurial society, universities move one step ahead from promoting research, innovation, commercialization and entrepreneurship by structuring the mechanisms to facilitate entrepreneurial culture and, creating institutes and leaders. However, the role of university incubators is facilitative and revenue generation by providing a cloud with financial, legal and technical support for a win-win interaction between universities, business tycoons, government and community. The paper argues that ...

Information technologies (IT) outsourcing, which means subcontracting of in-house IT activities to external vendors and plays an important role for companies adopting new technologies, has spawned a rich body of studies over decades. In terms of transaction cost theory (TCT), however, our understanding of the factors, which affect outsourcing success, is still incomplete. By adopting TCT, this paper aims to assess the factors clarifying under which circumstances IT outsourcing may be completed successfully. In this context, the decision is explained by means of direct influence of asset specificity, internal uncertainty and external uncertainty. Based on data collected from science park companies in Turkey, a research model is constructed to test the research hypotheses in the light of the information gathered from the related literature. Generally, the results of the study are supportive of the transaction cost theory. In particular, external uncertainty and internal uncertainty have the predicted positive effects on IT outsourcing success, but asset specificity does not exhibit a significant relationship with IT outsourcing success for science park companies. Hence, as well as the supportive results of TCT, this research raises a critical question concerning relationship between asset specificity and outsourcing success for further research to investigate.

Knowledge management practices are used in collaborative networks promoting innovation in order to share critical knowledge among network members towards improving organizational results. This paper proposes to explore the channels and practices for knowledge sharing in collaborative networks, by means of an exploratory multiple case study carried out in two types of collaborative networks: (i) industrial associations; and (ii) science and technology parks. Empirical evidence has been collected from interviews with managers of the collaborative networks and of organizations participating in the collaborative networks. The contribution of this paper to the knowledge management literature is twofold: (i) it provides a characterization of the channels and technology used for knowledge sharing in collaborative networks based on empirical evidence and (ii) it describes knowledge sharing practices used among organizations to foster new forms of connectivity between groups and individuals.

Open Innovation promises higher outcomes from innovation processes through collaboration and sharing knowledge and the intellectual assets. Inclusion of suppliers, customers or users, partners, and even competitors in innovative processes can help to overcome constraints on internal resources. For ICT companies that operate in ecosystems of technology development zones (TDZ), open innovation approach becomes more critical mostly due to the scale and experience constraints. To understand the barriers of open innovation for ICT firms in TDZs can significantly help strategy and decision makers in designing policies and actions to empower innovation processes in order to overcome these barriers and hence to utilize open innovation for higher competitiveness. Various researchers examined the challenges of open innovation in various contexts, as well as the innovativeness and business performances of TDZ companies. However, there is still a room for research on exploring the dimensions of motives and barriers of open innovation practices of these companies. This study aims to explore the barriers for open innovation in ICT TDZ companies through surveys and in-depth interviews that are carried out in 102 ICT firms in TDZs in Turkey. By applying factor analysis, the main barriers to openness are identified and relationships of these barriers with the company's characteristics explored. Findings reveal that the most frequently perceived constraints are financial and administrative problems.
Öz
Açık inovasyon, işbirlikleri ve bilgi ve entelektüel varlık paylaşımı yoluyla inovasyon süreçlerinden daha iyi çıktılar elde edilmesini sağlamaktadır. Tedarikçilerin, müşteri ya da kullanıcıların, ortakların ve hatta rakiplerin inovatif süreçlere dâhil edilmesi, dahili kaynaklar üzerindeki kısıtların üstesinden gelmeye yardımcı olmaktadır. Açık inovasyon yaklaşımı, özellikle teknoloji geliştirme bölgelerinin (TDZ) ekosistemlerinde faaliyet göstermekte olan bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri firmaları için, ölçek kısıtları ve deneyim eksiklikleri dolayısıyla daha kritik bir hal almaktadır. Teknoloji geliştirme bölgelerindeki bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri işletmelerinin açık inovasyon uygulamaları üzerindeki engelleri anlamak, karar vericilere politika tasarımı ve bu engellerin üstesinden gelmek ve dolayısıyla rekabet avantajı sağlamak yoluyla inovasyon süreçlerini güçlendirme hususunda yardımcı olabilmektedir. Çeşitli araştırmacılar, TDZ firmalarının yenilikçilik ve iş performanslarının yanı sıra çeşitli bağlamlarda açık inovasyon uygulamaları sırasında karşılaştıkları engelleri incelemiştir. Fakat özellikle teknoloji geliştirme bölgelerindeki bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri firmalarının açık inovasyon motivasyon faktörleri ve engellerini incelemek gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki teknoloji geliştirme bölgelerinde bulunan 102 bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri firmasına uygulanan anketler ve derinlemesine mülakatlar üzerinden açık inovasyona ilişkin engelleri araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Faktör analizi uygulanarak, açıklık üzerindeki temel engeller belirlenmiş ve bu engellerin şirketlerin özellikleri ile ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Bulgular, en sık görülen engellerin finansal ve idari sorunlara ilişkin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Science parks are institutions that support the creation and development of high technology-based companies. They are designed to provide value-added services together with high-quality space and facilities and to promote interaction amongst universities, R&D institutions, companies, and markets. Although Spain is among the countries that have been investing heavily in these institutions, there is lack of feedback from the tenant companies’ perspective with respect to the value added that they receive from science parks. The objective of this study is to evaluate the services that the Barcelona Science Park offers to its tenants by gathering information from the companies currently located in the park and those that have graduated. By comparing the results obtained from the two groups of companies, incubated and graduated, we examine whether the opinions differ about their appreciation of the services that they benefited from during their stay in the Park than those currently remaining.

Pierwsza dekada XXI wieku  to okres bezprecedensowego rozwoju instytucji otoczenia biznesu w Polsce. W całym kraju powstawały nowe parki technologiczne, inkubatory przedsiębiorczości, centra transferu technologii, fundusze pożyczkowe, ośrodki szkoleniowo-doradcze. Towarzyszyło temu przekonanie, że te różne podmioty muszą ze sobą współpracować, aby działać efektywniej i skuteczniej. Środkiem do tego celu miały być formalne sieci instytucji otoczenia biznesu, a głównym wzorem do naśladowania założona z inicjatywy Komisji Europejskiej międzynarodowa sieć Innovation Relay Centres. Dostęp do funduszy unijnych po wstąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej podsycił zapał do tworzenia nowych inicjatyw sieciowych, takich jak Krajowa Sieć Innowacji. Okres entuzjazmu minął jednak dosyć szybko. Okazało się bowiem, że większość sieci przestała działać tuż po zakończeniu realizacji projektów, w ramach których były one zakładane. Dlaczego tak się stało? Czy słuszne było wzorowanie się na sieciach europejskich? Jakie były efekty działania sieci instytucji biznesu w Polsce? Jak powinny funkcjonować sieci instytucji otoczenia biznesu?

Nesta apresentação, compartilho idéias iniciais sobre um projeto de pesquisa, ainda em fase embrionária, sobre uma antropologia de parques tecnológicos, como bases empíricas e teóricas para uma discussão sobre a temática do desenvolvimento tecnocientífico no Brasil. Vou começar sumarizando brevemente a situação de parques tecnológicos no país, antes de refletir sobre o seu significado antropológico, que pode ser explicitado através de dois predicamentos cruciais que pretendo examinar etnograficamente numa fase futura de pesquisa.

This ethnography examines how newly arising financial configurations of biotech research assemblages in Panama are changing local and global understandings of scientific collaboration and, subsequently, the relations among people, species, and nations. Drawing on science and technology studies, feminist epistemological methods, and the anthropological study of science, this study contributes to the analysis of precarity and expertise in Latin America, shifting the conversation of what it takes to make science in and from the region. Set athwart well-documented growth and science capacity in South East Asia, this research contributes to a rich body of literature focused on knowledge, biotechnologies, scientific capacity building, and responses to global health in different contexts.

This paper presents an appropriate model for Science and Technology Parks (STPs) with a view to helping policy makers and STP managers implement and manage STPs. The authors reorganize and prioritize the Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm. We identify three critical groups of actors (determinants, reactors and executors) and develop four sub-models from different trajectories of the groups of actors. We place more emphasis on the -determinants‖ as the most important actors in the establishment and management of STP. A critical evaluation of the sub-models reveals that the sub-model in which government, industry and university/research institutes are all jointly involved in decisive policy direction is the most appropriate for the developing country. The paper concludes that economies in transition should see STPs as having a distinctive organizational structure as a result of its myriads of collaborations and partnerships.

Little attention is paid in the extant academic literature to the question of housing knowledge workers despite the potential mismatches between housing supply and demand. This paper provides an initial examination of housing the knowledge economy in China, focusing on three science parks (SPs): Zhongguancun (Z-Park, Beijing), Zhangjiang (Z-SHIP, Shanghai) and Optics Valley of China (OVC, Wuhan). It discusses to what extent, and how these three SPs have fac-tored in the housing dimension in connection with the knowledge economy, paying particular attention to housing affordability, location (inside the SPs or outside in the wider city-region) and the mode of provision (market or state). Insights were drawn from documentary analysis and in-depth interviews in the three chosen case studies. Initial evaluation of policies geared towards housing supply in China suggests that the housing question needs to come to the fore in discussions of structural transformation towards the knowledge economy.

It is important to ensure and extend that education has modern, rational, scientific and democratic attributes at every level. An education programme has been developed in order to support personal, social and academic development of teachers and students in high schools. The programme had been carried out in Ümraniye and Gaziosmanpaşa districts of Istanbul by the Ministry of Education during 2011-2012 education term. The programme consists of series of education, seminar, workshop, culture and art activities for supporting personal, social and academic development of teachers. This study reveals if the programme caused any change on teachers. The aim of the study is to measure the effectiveness of the programme that has been carried on the teachers of two different districts and to assess the social, emotional and intellectual changes in teachers caused by the programme. According to the results of the study, emotional intelligence of teachers increased from 47% to 56% in Ümraniye and from 50% to 54% in Gaziosmanpaşa and leadership skills increased from 53% to 57% in Ümraniye and from 53% to 54% in Gaziosmanpaşa.