Povijest

Rights of citizens and modern institutions: European and Croatian legal traditions. The book focuses on the right of citizens in the period of "the long ninteenth century" as the formative period of the modern institutions. The methodological basis of the book is center-periphery approach. Croatia is defined as a double (two-dimensional) periphery regarding political environment with the centres in Vienna and Budapest and regarding legal-cultural environment with the principal influence by the Austrian legal system and partial influences by German and French legal theory and legislation. Special chapters are devoted to comparative analysis of historical development of the right of citizens and the right of domicile (Heimatrecht), suffrage, right of public assembly, electoral law, right of association and right of petition, freedom of the press and trial by jury, equality of religions before the law.
Knjiga je poredbena studija u čijem je žarištu pravna regulativa koja se odnosi na pojedina prava građana u formativnom razdoblju njenog nastanka u "dugom devetnaestom stoljeću".  U prvom je poglavlju elaboriran koncept središta i periferije kao metodološka osnova rekonstrukcije prijenosa prava na europskom prostoru te osnova pristupa procesu modernizacije pravnog sustava u zemljama periferije u koje su ubrojene i hrvatske zemlje. Potom su izložene povijesne i konceptualne odrednice pojmova rule of law i Rechtsstaat kao okosnice razumijevanja tih procesa. U glavnom dijelu knjige prikazane su pojedina prava građana koja su od 1848. do 1918. institucionalno uobličena u pravnom sustavu autonomne kraljevine Hrvatske i Slavonije i to: pravo državljanstva i pravo zavičajnosti, pravo glasa (izborno zakonodavstvo), pravo na javno okupljanje, pravo udruživanja i pravo peticije, sloboda tiska i njegova sudska zaštita kroz porotno suđenje, jednakopravnost vjera. U prikazu je najprije rekonstruiran relevantni europski okvir, a potom proces uobličavanja odgovarajuće hrvatske regulative i njen značaj. U zaključnom je dijelu proces modernizacije hrvatskog pravnog sustava rekonstruiran u vidu modela koji je uobličen i kao grafički prikaz.

Autor kritički analizira novu talijansku historiografiju o takozvanoj "Confine orientale", ili bivšima Veneziji Giuliji/Julijskoj Krajini i Österreichische Küstenland. Ovo Sjeverno-jadransko područje koje nema zajedničko ime u tri jadranske kulture i jezika posljednjih je godina opet zadobilo pažnju talijanske javnosti, najviše zbog novog interesa za esodo i foibe koji se javlja nakon što su te problematike i regija dugo vremena bili na margini političkih i povijesnih diskursa. Autor dakle prikazuje talijanske knjige (i udžbenike) ne samo o egzodusu i fojbama nego i o "graničnom fašizmu", iredentizmu i o cijelom jadranskom prostoru u suvremenoj povijesti.

Kronološki pregled povijesti izraelskoga/židovskog naroda u Erec Izraelu, zemljovidi i preko 150 stranica bilješki s popisom literature. Prvi dio manijenjen je općem čitateljstvu a bilješke za daljnje znanstveno istraživanje. Obilje literature. Stranica: 309.

Од шездесетих година XIX века, када је после слома
апсолутизма започео парламентарни живот у Монархији Хабсбурга, односи између Хрвата и Срба почели су се затезати и реметити.Неспоразуми, спорови и сукоби Хрвата и Срба полако су захватали све области живота. Из политике увлачили су се у науку и публицистику, трујући читав јавни живот и реметећи међусобне односе до граница једва сношљиве. Због тога што је "Обзор" захтевао од Срба да јавно изнесу шта су им Хрвати криви, Руварац је књигу посветио Обзору. Међутим, Обзор није на њу никада одговорио, већ је, како је забележио Браник, лист Српске народно либералне странке из Угарске, искрени заговорник слоге и сарадње Срба и Хрвата, „у место одговора вицловао,називајући проту Руварца ’пабирчарем“.
Познати српски политичар, барон Јован Живковић осврнуо се на књигу Ево, шта сте нам криви!, који је једно време, као истакнути униониста, заузимао положај предстојника за унутрашње послове Хрватске и Славоније. Учинио је то успут, у чланку који је објављен у наставцима са намером да изнесе више конкретних и аутентичних појединости о томе зашто је дошло до размирице између Хрвата и Срба и ко за то сноси одговорност. Живковић је сматрао да је Руварац „врло добро учинио, што је, ’у његовој‘ врло поучној књижици Ево, шта сте нам криви! сакупио и као једну целину на свет издао све оне податке од 1848. године на овамо, који нам показују и чудновато расветљавају поступак и понашање браће Хрвата према нама Србима кроз цео тај низ од четрдесет и више година!“

The book deals with the analysis of the data of the national tax census from 1828, which refer to three free royal cities and thirteen markets of Bačko-Bodroška County in the Kingdom of Hungary. The mentioned census represents a very valuable historical source for the economic and demographic history of Hungary, ie the mentioned settlements. The results of the census were once used for a detailed analysis of the property and production relations of the taxed population - which provided certain guidelines for the necessary reforms.


Knjiga se bavi analizom podataka zemaljskog poreskog popisa iz 1828. godine, koje se odnose na tri slobodna kraljevska grada i trinaest trgovišta Bačko-Bodroške županije u Kraljevini Mađarskoj. Pomenuti popis predstavlja veoma vredan istorijski izvor za privrednu i demografsku istoriju Ugarske odnosno pomenutih naselja. Rezultati popisa poslužili su svojevremeno za detaljnu analizu posedovnih i proizvodnih odnosa oporezovanog stanovništva - što je dalo određene smernice i za neophodne reforme.

Kontinuitet našeg naroda na našem prostoru od prapovijesti do današnjih dana nije bio sporan i bio je dio znanstvenog diskursa sve do XIX. stoljeća. Dakle, sve do tada svakome je bilo jasno da su Južni Slaveni = Iliri. U ovom članku ćemo pokazati da su istom „alkemijom“ prapovijesni stećci odjednom postali srednjovjekovni spomenici što znači da su stećci i pitanje našeg kontinuiteta neraskidivo povezani.

kampanju sa svrhom organiziranja odgovarajuće zdravstvene službe na selu, poglavito one koja se bavila pitanjem zaštite majki i djece. U pretposljednjem su poglavlju naznačeni neki od problema koji su otežavali uspješno predstavljanje zdravstveno-prosvjetnih poruka na selu: nepismenost i opća kulturna zaostalost, lokalni običaji, kulturološka i religiozna ograničenja, tabuizira-nje pojedinih tema, nerazumijevanje samog sadržaja poruka kao i svrhe i važnosti predavanja, nemogućnost pohađanja tečajeva zbog slabe materijalne situacije itd. Na provođenje programa unapređivanja narodnog zdravlja presudno je, dakako, utjecao i odnos politike i državnih institucija prema javnome zdravstvu. Tako uslijed nepovolj-ne političke situacije ranih 1930-ih zdravstveno-prosvjetni rad doživljava stagnaciju i krizu koju će prebroditi tek u doba uspostave Banovine Hrvatske (str. 126.–133.). Posljednjim, zaključnim poglavljem naglašava se kako je međuratnim zdravstvenim prosvjećivanjem, njegovim pristupom, oblicima i metodologijom, stvorena osnova za oblikovanje zdravstveno-odgojnog rada u suvremeno doba (str. 134.–138.). Knjiga Željka Dugca pruža vrijedan uvid u proces zdravstvenog prosvjećivanja u međuratnoj Hrvatskoj i istodobno otvara brojna pitanja i nova područja koja izisku-ju daljnja znanstvena istraživanja i nadopune. Korisna je i zato što prikazuje društveni kontekst u kojemu se usvajaju i provode nove, progresivne ideje modernizacije i socija-lizacije medicine u cilju unapređenja života ne samo pojedinca, nego i društva u cjelini. Rezultati autorovih istraživanja proizašli su iz korištenja obimne domaće i inozemne arhivske građe, a s obzirom na to da su izneseni brojni podaci koji upotpunjuju sliku o tadašnjem društvu, njegovoj kulturi, običajima, svjetonazoru i mentalitetu, ova je knjiga dobrodošla literatura ne samo za one koji se bave poviješću javnoga zdravstva i medicine u Hrvatskoj, nego i za one koji istražuju teme s područja društvene povijesti. U izdanju Muzeja Republike Srpske 2010. godine izišla je knjiga Vrbaska banovina 1929-1941. Svrha ovog izdanja je dvojaka. Naime, ono služi kao katalog prošlogodišnje izložbe posvećene Vrbaskoj banovini, o čemu svjedoči sam format izdanja te mnoštvo slikovnog materijala koje nalazimo unutar ovoga naslova, a koje je ujedno korišteno u postavljanju izložbe. S druge strane ova knjiga je ujedno punopravna monografija Vrbaske banovine kao administrativne jedinice iz doba Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Dapa-če, sam tekstualni dio knjige, koliko god se u konačnici činio tek pregledan, možda je najveća količina teksta posebno posvećena formiranju i funkcioniranju jedne od onodobnih banovina te pridonosi shvaćanju gospodarskog, kulturnog, prosvjetnog i općenito društvenog života njezina teritorija toga doba. Interes za temu od strane izda-vača proizlazi iz toga što je Vrbaska banovina bila prva veća posebna administrativna jedinica zapadno od Drine stvorena tako da su u njoj Srbi bili apsolutna većina. To je i doba kad se grad Banja Luka naglo razvija, prvi put kao centar neke veće regije, te se emancipira od Sarajeva kao središta Bosne i Hercegovine. Zbog već spomenute dvoja

Knjiga mrtvih skup je tekstova koji se na sahrani obavezno polagao uz pokojnika te se odnosio na njihov novi život poslije smrti. Ona je također po svojem sadržaju i priručnik namijenjen postmortalnom obredu jer je put između života i smrti ravan prelasku u drugačiju životnu fazu u ovozemaljskome životu kod starijih civilizacija. U njoj se opisuje put duše preminulog od vlastitog groba do Ozirisova zagrobnog suda tj. put kroz period između ovozemaljskog i zagrobnog života. Osim toga, opisuje se i suočavanje sa brojnim preprekama te iskušenjima protiv kojih se preminuli trebaju boriti nakon smrti. Kroz razvoj Knjige mrtvih pratimo i razvoj književnosti u Egiptu jer je ona prvo literarno djelo nastalo na tom području.

Uskoplje I. Uskoplje na Vrbasu od prapovijesti do kraja austro-ugarske uprave. Uskoplje I. Uskoplje upon Vrbas [Vrbas headwaters, middle Bosnia] since prehistory till the end of the Austro-Hungarian administration. Nije nimalo slučajno da se ime Uskoplja (u obliku „supa Vskopla“) po prvi put u hrvatskoj historiografiji spominje u Ljetopisu Popa Dukljanina kao mjesto na kojem je vođena jedna žestoka bitka. Od tada pa do naših dana ime Uskoplja gotovo da se i ne spominje izvan konteksta ratova i nedaća, a i u narodnom pamćenju kao da su se zadržale samo priče o ratovima i paleži, proganjanju i zulumima, kugi i drugim pošastima. U Uskoplju gotovo da i nema legendi poput one koja je još živa kod stanovnika Duvanjskog polja o kraljevskom saborovanju, kod Jajčana o nekadašnjem sjaju njihova grada ili, pak, kod sutjeških žena o njihovoj kraljici. No zato, čini se, nema Uskopljanina koji nije slušao priče o Misnom dolcu, kužnom groblju ili pak, o nekom od brojnih neograđenih grobova po našim šumama. Doduše, za dugih uskopaljskih večeri znala je u pričanju starijih ljudi, poput „rimskih pjenezah... što ih i danas u Krupi svaki čas nalaze“, zabljesnuti i pokoja svijetla epizoda, poput one o Krešim-kralju koju je iz usta stanovitog Gekića zabilježio i Ivan Zovko. No opet, vjerojatno je riječ o onom istom Krešimiru II., kojeg spominje i Pop Dukljanin. Dakako, u kontekstu rata. Povijest Uskoplja, čini se, nije ništa drugo do povijest neprestanih ratova i tlačenja? I nama danas, iako smo pred vratima 21. stoljeća, pred oči izlaze slike naših kuća u plamenu, mnoge naše žene u crnini ponovno razmišljaju o neograđenim grobovima, među Hrvatima koji su ostali u Bugojnu ponovno oživljavaju neki novi „misni dolci“. Tek sada, kada razmišljam o našoj prošlosti, čini mi se da po prvi put ispravno shvaćam riječi koje su zaprepašteni uskopaljski Hrvati, nakon napada svojih dojučerašnjih susjeda, često ponavljali: "Ovo je tursko doba, vraćeni smo nekoliko stoljeća unatrag". Da! Ovo je „tursko doba“, ali ne po svojim obilježjima, već prije svega zbog onih „nekoliko stoljeća“ koja ćemo ponovno morati proživjeti, jer će se u budućem vremenu dogoditi ono što se toliko puta u onih „nekoliko stoljeća“ već dogodilo.

Uskoplje I. Uskoplje upon Vrbas [Vrbas headwaters, middle Bosnia] since prehistory till the end of the Austro-Hungarian administration. The monograph Uskoplje I. Uskoplje upon Vrbas since prehistoiy till the end of the Austro-Hungarian administration treats the prehistory and the history of the region along upper Vrbas in central Bosnia, known since the 10th century as Uskoplje. For this work various published and unpublished sources (archeological, numismatic, epigraphic and diplomatic material, Ottoman censuses and Catholic censuses made by Bosnian Franciscans, etc.) have been used, as well as researches of a large number of scholars. Of course, the author is far from having exhausted all sources. This especially applies to parish registers and archives destroyed by fire or to whisch the author could not have access. In the book the author follows the chronological and thematic principle directed by the subject itself. Covering a period from prehistory till the end of WW I, the monograph is divided into 6 chapters, each dealing with a historical or thematic unit. The first chapter, called Introductory chapter, presents an analysis, based on historical sources, of the name geography, relief, natural resources of the region and its major places. The second chapter, Prehistory, deals with three prehistoric periods of Uskoplje: the Copper, Bronze and Iron Age and protohistoric period. The subjects of the third chapter, Ancient Times, are: the Illyrian-Pannonian uprising in the Uskoplje region, Roman roads and mining, Roman settlements in South, Central and North Uskoplje, the chief Roman settlements Bistues, the early Christian period and its basilicas. The fourth chapter treats medieval Uskoplje: the political events of the Middle Ages, medieval fortresses, major fortified settlements, mediaeval graveyard and Catholic monasteries and churches. Uskoplje through 45 years of Ottoman invasion and occupation is the subject of the fifth chapter. It first tells about the course of occupation and the life under the Ottomans, the major Ottoman settlements, market-places and fairs in Uskoplje. It further describes the feudal lords, who marked Uskopliezs Ottoman period, major Ottoman feudal strongholds, clock towers, Ottoman places for rituals and religious ceremonies, stations and inns.
Two special chapters speak of the origin of the Vlach (grazier; cattle-breeder) population of Uskoplje and the position of Croatian non-Islamic population under the Ottomans have been analysed following the valuable Catholic censuses made by eight Bosnian bishops and apostolic representatives for Catholics in Bosnia. The last part of this chapter is dedicated to the Catholic parish Skoplje, which united the Catholics of Uskoplje during the Ottoman occupation, and to four Catholic parishes, that develpped by separating from the Skoplje parish during the 19th century. The sixth chapter speaks of the 40-year Austro-Hungarian rule. It describes the rise and development of the major modem Uskoplje settlement Bugojno, analyses the Uskoplje population according to religion and nationality following four censuses made by the Austro-Hungarian administration, tells about communication and industrialization, cultural and political organizations and refers to the development of the five Catholic parishes of Uskoplje. The last parth of this monograph is Appendices that are integral to the previous chapters and corroborate the writing and conclusions of the parts they refer to. Due to their extensiveness they were separated to facilitate the reading. The oldest traces of human life in the region of Uskoplje date from the neolithic period and the oldest settlement from the Copper Age (round 2500 - 2400 BC). In the prehistoric and protohistoric times this territory had been inhabited by Pannonian Desidiates, who had been defeated by the Romans and integrated into the Roman Empire by the 9 year AD. During almost five centuries of Roman rule Uskoplje had been well populated. In its central part (Cipuljic, Bugojno) there had been a major settlement, most probably called Bistues. The Christinization of Uskoplje had begun quite early and by the 4th century the first Christian communities had been organized. On the territory of Uskoplje there had been six early Christian basilicas and Christianity has been present there ever since. Since the 7th century the Uskoplje region has been inhabited by Croats. It had been an integral part of the Croatian Kingdom till the end of the 12th century when it became part of Bosnia. In 1463 the Ottomans occupied it for a short period. From then till 1503 Uskoplje is a battlefield of interest of Croato-Hungarian and Ottoman forces. It was put under Ottoman control after the fall of the Jajce banat in 1527. From the very beginning the Ottomans encouraged a large number of Orthodox Vlachs, who will consider themselves as Serbs in the following centuries, to settle in that region. The Islamization of Uskoplje, which started immediately after the Ottoman conquest, was strongest in the second half of the 16th and in the 17th century. After the wars for Crete (1645-1669) and a Vienna (1683-1699) large number of Ottoman feudal lords from Dalmatian, Slavonian and Hungarian territories settled in Uskoplje, whereas the majority of Catholic Croats emmigrated. With the most drastic decrease of the Croatian population in the history the Catholic parish of Skoplje, covering the territories of Uskoplje and Kupres, stopped with its activities. However, the Catholic Croats managed to survive and the Skoplje parish revived in the second quarter of the 18th century. Since then the parish has spread in spite of the danger doming from the Ottomans. Since the beginning of the 19th century the Croat emmigrants come back from Dalmatia and Dalmatian Zagora (Hinterland) to Uskoplje and the parish of Skoplje split into two parts. By the end of the 19th century there were already four Catholic parishes in the Uskoplje region. From 1878 till autumn 1918 Uskoplje was part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, thus enterig the world of European culture. The industrialization began, modem communications were built, an education based on European model was introduced, churches were erected and cultural and political organizations were born. During the 19th and 20th centuries Uskoplje was inhabited by Catholic Croats, Islamized people and Orthodox Vlachs. The majority of Croats lived in Central Uskoplje with Bugojno being its major centre. The islamized population were in the majority in North and South Uskoplje; their religious and political centres were Prusac, Donji and Gornji Vakuf. The Orthodox Vlachs were mainly concentrated in North and Central Uskoplje; their centre was Cipuljic (Bugojno).

Kronologija povijesti varaždinskog sporta od 1799. godine do 2016. godine. Navedeni su svi najvažniji sportski događaji, pojedinci, klubovi (i druge sportske organizacije) te najveći sportski uspjesi iz prošlosti Varaždina. U nedostatku cjelovite monografije povijesti sporta grada Varaždina, ova kronologija može poslužiti kao pregled osnovnih informacija i poticaj daljnjem istraživanju pojedinih sportskih grana, pojedinaca ili klubova koji su djelovali na području Varaždina.

This paper, for a conference on figures of Vojvodina in the context of European history, deals with field marshal Count András Hadik (1710-1790). Hadik belonged to a
noble family whose members held prominent positions in the Evangelical Church and the army. He began his military career in the Hussars, and distinguished himself in the many
Austrian wars of the 18th century. Stories abounded of his un
flinching courage and heroic exploits, best exemplified by the taking of Berlin in 1757. In 1763, Empress Maria Theresa granted him a patent for lands including the settlements of Gložan, Pertovač, Kisač, Rumenka, Begeč and —
ten years later — Čerević. To his military exploits, Hadik added significant political activity. As commander - general and governor of Transylvania from 1764 to 1768, Hadik was the first Hungarian official to propose abolishing serfdom. In 1769 he was royal commissioner at the Serbian Ecclesiastical assembly in Sremski Karlovci; in 1774 he was promoted to
field marshal and named head of the imperial war council. In 1776 he was appointed guvernor of Bács-Bodrog county. After injuries sustained during the 1789 siege of Belgrade,
Hadik was replaced as commander in chief of the Austrian army by Marshal von Laudon. The following year Hadik died. He is buried in Futog.

Гроф Андраш Хадик, (1710−1790) дао је богат прилог историји Аустријске монархије, Угарске и Футога, а стекао је славу и у европским размерама. Заслугама стеченим
у 23 похода Аустријске монархије, од ситног племића и заставника у хусарском пуку уздигао се до титуле грофа Немачке империје, односно маршала аустријске војске. Као председник Дворског ратног савета значајно је допринео осавремењавању аустријске војске. Краљица Марија Терезија поверила му је деликатне војнополитичке задатке: био је гувернер Будимпеште, Ердеља, Галиције; бавио се статусом и проблемима православних. Као
велики жупан Бачко-бодрошке жупаније и властелин футошког поседа унапредио је привреду јужне Бачке, помогао је насељавање Словака и Немаца, изградио је цркву, школу и замак у Футогу. Иза себе оставио је богату архивску грађу од значаја и за јужнословенске
народе.

Knjiga je podijeljena u dva dijela – prvi dio je teorijski i u njemu se govori o geografsko-povijesnom okviru regije, nositeljima tradicijske kulture te usmenoj književnosti regije s naglaskom na pričama. Drugi dio knjige donosi prvi sustavan prikaz zapisa usmenih priča iz regije podijeljenih u poglavlja prema tipičnim usmenoknjiževnim žanrovima (predaje, svagdanjske i šaljive priče, priče o životinjama i basne, bajke, pričanja o životu, viceve i jednoj zabilježenoj legendi) i upravo ovdje vidimo moguću važnost objavljivanja ove knjige jer se prvi puta na jednom mjestu mogu čitati sami tekstovi koje je u obliku priča kazivao Baranjac.

Marvin Peri:
Zaokružiti temu o tome koliko je stari kontinent stvorio tokom proteklih vekova i naznačiti precizno ključne tačke te istorije ideja nije nimalo lako. Retki su istoričari koji odlučuju da se late takvog poduhvata; u njih nesumnjivo spada Marvin Peri.

Autor je više važnih izdanja od kojih ističemo: Western civilization - Ideas, Politics and Society, Western Civilization - A Brief History, Sources of the Western Tradition.

„...Ova je knjiga sinteza, ne mora se čitati od početka do kraja, već kao enciklopedija, po potrebi i želji“, kaže Ðorde Krivokapić, prevodilac kapitalnog dela o istoriji ideja Marvina Perija.

Tokom vekova mislioci Zapada raspravljali su o suštinskim pitanjima ljudskog postojanja. U tom procesu oni su iskovali instrumente racionalnog mišljenja koji su omogućili sistematsko istraživanje fizičke prirode i ljudske kulture, začeli ideju političke slobode i priznali unutrašnju vrednost pojedinca. Intelektualna istorija Evrope napisana je sa uverenjem da intelektualna tradicija Zapada ima nešto vredno da saopšti izučavaocima. Bez razumevanja istorijske evolucije ovih suštinskih ideala zapadnog sveta, kao i načina na koji su bili skovani, tumačeni, primenjivani, kako im se suprotstavljalo, kako su bili narušavani i branjeni, bila bi smanjena naša mogućnost da ih istinski prihvatimo.

Knjiga izučavaocima omogućava celovit pristup i svest o pravcima kojima se ide ka savremenoj evropskoj intelektualnoj istoriji, kao i da uoče ključne odnose unutar te istorije.Ovaj tekst ima dva uvodna poglavlja koja pružaju uvid u temelje i razvoj zapadne misli u antičkom svetu, u srednjem veku i na početku savremenog doba. Kako sve ključne ideje Zapada ne proističu iz razumskog sagledavanja velikih pitanja ljudskog postojanja, ova knjiga posvećuje znatnu pažnju i temi iracionalnog, jer su mnoge neracionalne ideje uticale na svest i politiku savremene Evrope.

Intelektualna istorija Evrope može da bude korisna knjiga i za studente, jer Peri u uvodima pojedinih poglavlja daje jasan pregled najvažnijih problema, jasno objašnjava komplikovane ideje koje smešta u istorijski kontekst. Nekoliko poglavlja ima zaključne eseje sa širim značenjem materijala o kojima je bilo govora. Brojni odlomci iz primarnih izvora uključeni su u pripovedanje.

Autor predstavlja historiju nakita i nošnje u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni. Na osnovu očuvanih artefakata i arheološkog istraživanja, on ističe ulogu ovih predmeta u svakodnevnom životu ljudi tokom srednjeg vikeka. Nakit, kao i odjeća, nisu imali samo praktičnu ulogu, nego su bili i pokazatelj ekonomskog i društvenog položaja pojedinca.
Ključne riječi: nakit, odjeća, nošnja, ukrasi, srednjovjekovna Bosna

During the 17th century period, there was a gradual separation of Varaždin Generalate (Slavonnian Military Border) from the eastern part of medieval Križevci County (today: northwest Croatia). Varaždin military and Križevci County, with interlinked jurisdictions of both authorities were, however, a part of greater contact area on the border between the Habsburg and the Ottoman Empires. This is where many civil and military jurisdictions and relations were in conflicting complexity, as it was the case for many other borderline areas. In late 16th century this region, encompassing Varaždin Generalate was almost completely devastated with population cut down to insignificant numbers.

It badly needed a repopulation and establishing prerequisites for life in a functioning society of a military border. Organization of civil life was, at the same time a process of adapting natural environment to the new needs. So the stories of that period are ultimately of the environment, of the people and their settlements.

Initially, I wanted to determine what were the environmental consequences of this process. Then I tried to explain who the people, who had settled here, were. Finally, I showed what types of settlements were created in this colonization.

History of environmental issues in the studied area can be divided into two segments. The first is related to the impact of nature on humans in the studied area, and the second to human impact on nature.

The first segment highlights the issue the "Little Ice Age" and the influence of Drava River. Unlike today's times, when climate is significantly affected by human (wrong)doing, and climate changes have huge impact on people all over the world - the pre-industrial era had only impacts on the population. In order to better understand climate changes today, we should strive to better understanding of the climate before Industrial revolution and its changes without human interference.

This is why it’s important to research the climate of Early Modern times, or rather, the effects of so called Little Ice Age, as it affected Varaždin Generalate and Križevci County areas and its influence on the following in particular:

1) agriculture, farming food production and human sustenance
2) forestation and permanent clearance of beech forests from the lowlands
3) effects on human health
4) effects on society and its culture
5) wars and conflicts
6) migrations (and, possibly, link Vlach migrations to “global cooling”).

During the 17th century period, Varaždin Generalate and Križevci County borderline regions were rich in natural water resources, rivers and streams. People from the lowlands and river valleys were heavily endangered by frequent flooding on the research areas:

1) Drava River valleys
2) Sava River valleys
3) Lonja River and Česma River lowlands.

As for Drava River area, the hydro regulation of its stream had begun in the 17th century, in order to prevent flooding and save the settlements and population. In 17th century, the regulation effects were very limited, but also announced the future of increased human interventions into nature, unlike the medieval times. River regulations in this region would intensify in the late 18th century, and later, in the 19th century even to greater extent.

Wetlands and marshes were important as a natural regulator for flooding- these terrains absorbed excess of water in flooding. Such wetlands were usually along the big rivers, like Drava and Sava, but would be found near other, smaller rivers like Česma, Bednja and Lonja, the latter being best known for the marshes of Lonja River valley.

Forming of settlements, right in the middle of 17th century wetlands, is an evidence of successful colonization of the terrain. 17th century anthropization of terrains was followed by drainage of wetlands. The second half of 17th century saw some successful drainage in vicinity of Molve, Hlebine, Čigoč and some failed ones, like Mačkovec. Human settlement succeeded only on elevated terrain, like island of dry land surrounded by wetlands and marshes. Even today, such higher grounds are called ‘rooftop beams’.

Another nature’s influence on humans is clearly visible: enlarged thyroid gland, a goiter, often seen in people living by rivers, due to river water deficiency of iodine. The research of the Drava River area confirmed this, as a limiting factor to colonization processes. Suffering from enlarged thyroid gland caused serious health problems to population in close vicinity of rivers. 17th century records of goiter disease, the way it was detailed in 20th century records, could provide room for hypothesis that endemic cretinism, as a direct consequence of deficiency of thyroid hormones, might have been similar to those in the Early Modern Era times.

Razorna sjećanja Ante Cilige na logoraške dane. Sva tri pokreta, partizanski, četnički i ustaški, istovjetnog su tipa i mentaliteta i čini ih ista ljudska podloga Naklada Pavičić u novoj je biblioteci posvećenoj logorima objavila i knjigu Ante Cilige "Jasenovac, ljudi pred licem smrti". Riječ je o sjećanjima koja su objavljena još sedamdesetih godina u Rimu. Pročitajte više na: https://www.vecernji.hr/kultura/razorna-sjecanja-ante-cilige-na-logoraske-dane-u-jasenovcu-346509-https://www.vecernji.hr

The confraternity of St Saviour in Mokošica was established in August 1477, in the spirit of lay Christian spirituality and charity characteristic of medieval confraternities which emerged in Dubrovnik in the first decade of the thirteenth century. The confraternity matricula (statute) was approved by the archbishop and also confirmed by the Minor Council. Written on parchment in Latin and Italian, the matricula is bound in hard wooden covers, wrapped in red leather. The last entry in the matricula dates from 1882, and concerns the parish church. The confraternity itself is last mentioned in an entry from 1827. The confraternity of St Saviour played an important role in lay Christian spirituality, best exemplified in the corporal acts of mercy: to feed the hungry, to give water to the thirsty, to clothe the naked, to shelter the homeless, to visit the sick and imprisoned, to ransom the captive, and to bury the dead. Charity care primarily centred on the confraternity members and inner community – the parish and the village, people close and familiar.The most important spiritual help and at the same time the main purpose of the confraternity was the care of the deceased and the salvation of their souls. Yet the matricula also regulated the rules of conduct during lifetime and prescribed punishment for the offenders. Upon the establishment of the parish of St Saviour in 1769, the confraternity supported the church, chaplain and the priest. The activities of the confraternity and parish were closely intertwined. The confraternity provided the inhabitants of Mokošica with a religious and social life framework. The brethren of Mokošica gathered at the chapters held before Easter and the Holy Saints. The highest celebration was organised in honour of its title, the Ascension of Our Lord, Holy Saviour. 103 Zdenka Janeković Römer The chapter was usually followed by a confraternity feast, which was a sign of communal life and solidarity rather than mere festivity and celebration. The confraternity gathered the heads of all the families and households of Mokošica, regardless of age, occupation and property status, while the membership was also known to include the members of the nobility and other notables. Confraternities had a broad meaning for the entire community into which they introduced evangelistic ideals of peace, brotherhood, charity and Christian ethics. Within the social culture of deep religious roots the people were attracted by the idea of flocking together for the purpose of common devotion, mutual protection and help, common discipline and justice. Confraternity membership was a significant element of the community’s identity and contributed to the strengthening of social networks. It helped individuals to integrate socially, to acquire reputation and status, and to be more active in the local community. The confraternities also contributed to the harmonisation of the relations with the Church by reconciling the demands of the clergy with the aspirations of the lay. This is clearly displayed in the matricula of the confraternity of St Saviour in Mokošica, in addition to some specifics arising from the environment in which it originated, rural setting under a strong, centuries-old urban impact. The confraternity had much to offer to the inhabitants of Mokošica – security and help in the times of hardship and pivotal moments, a place of common piety and fraternal congregation. It contributed to a fuller religious and social life of the parish of St Saviour and the whole village of Mokošica, bringing together different social strata to act towards the common good.

20 glavnih argumenata zašto stećci ne mogu biti srednjovjekovni iako su u srednjem vijeku korišteni, djelomično ispisivani i ukrašavani.... U srednjem vijeku ne postoje tehnologija, razlog ni kontekst za proizvodnju  megalitskih stećaka težine od 3 do 32 tone