Permian

This paper results from a taxonomic study of platyspermic seeds from taphofloristic assemblage of the "Toca do indio Ranch", belonging to the upper pOliion of the Itarare Subgroup, Municipality of Cerquilho (SP) and a revision of material collected by Millan (1977) from the same area which is deposited in the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro. The assemblage comprises the Transitional Taphoflora (A-B) or the Gangamopleris-Rubidgea-Slephanophylliles association from the type-locality of Northeastern Parana Basin. This taphoflora is Early Permian (Asselian-Early Sakmarian) in age and records the beginning of the colonization of the Parana Basin by the proto-glossopterid and gangamopterid elements of the Glossopteris flora. It is, probably, correlated to the Argentinean "Lubeckense A" Floristic Stage or even a little older. The platyspennic seeds are assigned to the genera Salllaropsis and Cordaicarp/ls. The assemblage is diversified and includes the taxa Cordaicarpus brasilian/ls n. sp., Samaropsis dolianitii Millan, S. rigbyi Millan, S. lielensis Millan, S cerq/lilhensis (Millan) comb. nov., S moreirana (White) Millan, S. goraiensis Surange & Lele, S. rugata sp. nov. and S rohnii sp.nov. The record of S moreiran({ (White) Millan in the present study is the oldest from the Parana Basin and S goraiensis Surange & Lele is recognized for the first time outside India. The wide variety of detached seeds reflect the diversification of the gymnospenns in this assemblage, putatively related to the last interglacial event of the Lower Gondwana glaciation in the Parana Basin. Biostratigraphic con'elati-:>n based on seeds is not possible due to apparent endemic nature of the assemblage and further work in this field is required.

Well preserved plant fossil assemblage recorded for the first time from the Barakar Formation of Sharda Open Cast Mine, Sohagpur Coalfield, Shahdol District, Madhya Pradesh is documented in this study. The assemblage comprises the orders Equisetales, Glossopteridales and Cordaitales. Equisetales is represented by unidentifiable leafless equisetalean axes bearing nodes and internodes, Glossopteridales comprises one species of Gangamopteris (Gangamopteris intermedia) and seven species of Glossopteris (Glossopteris communis, G. gigas, G. giridihensis, G. indica, G. longicaulis, G. spatulata and Glossopteris sp.), and Cordaitales is known by one species of Noeggerathiopsis (Noeggerathiopsis hislopii). The floral assemblage is broadly comparable with those described previously from the Barakar Formation of Damodar, Mahanadi, Wardha, Godavari, Rajmahal and Satpura Gondwana basins of India. Since the known records of plant mega fossils from the Barakar Formation of Sohagpur Coalfield are m...

A rich megaspore assemblage has been recorded from the Early Permian Barakar Formation of Umrer Coalfield, Wardha Basin. The assemblage is represented by nine genera and thirteen species. Bokarospori/es rOlUndus, Banksispori/es indicus, B. utkalensis, Duospori/es congoensis, D. irregularis, Duospori/es sp., Barakarella pan/ii, Talchirella /rivedii, Jharia/rile/es baculosus, two new species-Biharispori/es umrerensis and B. waigaoensis besides the taxa Lagenoispori/es sp. and Se/osispori/es hirsutus. The last two are reported for the first time from India Preponderance of trilete and gulate megaspores indicates a dominance of Cryptogams and an association of gulate forms, in particular. suggests lycopsid affinity. The assemblage indicates prevalence of marshy and humid environmental conditions of deposition.

The sub–surface samples of bore core NP–75 drilled near Nand Village, a part of Nand–Besur Block of Bandar Coalfield, Wardha Basin, Maharashtra have yielded palynomorphs which include spores/pollen grains and megaspores. The pollen assemblage shows the dominance of the genus Scheuringipollenites and sub–dominance of Faunipollenites (=Protohaploxypinus) along with Caheniasaccites, Plicatipollenites, Potonieisporites, Barakarites, Arcuatipollenites, Striatopodocarpites, etc. Megaspores are represented by three genera and nine species comprising Bokarosporites rotundus, Bokarosporites sp., Jhariatriletes filiformis, Singhisporites baculatus, S. indica, S. nautiyalii, S. radialis, S. surangei and Singhisporites sp. The palynomorph assemblage indicates an early Permian age equivalent to the lower Barakar Formation.

Major, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry has been carried out in this paper to characterize source–rock weathering and climatic variability of the late Permian Weller Formation and the late Triassic Lashly Formation of Gondwana sequences which have yielded rich record of plant mega–and micro fossils associated with coal beds in post–glacial conditions in Allan Hills of South Victoria Land, Antarctica. The geochemistry suggests dominantly a felsic provenance with a volcanogenic input and role of weathering and hydrothermal alteration. The palaeoclimatic interpretation derived from geochemical analysis indicates warm, temperate and humid conditions during the late Permian, and warm and humid conditions during the late Triassic.

Scutum-type female Glossopterid fructification is described from the Raniganj Formation (Upper Permian) of Bhatdih and Murulidih collieries of Jharia Coalfield, Bihar, India. Statistical analysis of shape, apex, base and total number of scars on the receptacle show that majority of specimens are lanceolate in shape and have acute apices. The base is stalked with wide marginal border and usually rounded where margins are absent. Total number of Scars ranges between 20 and 45. The study shows that a number of multiovulate fructification genera, viz., Plumsteadia, Hirsutum, Plumsteadiostrobus, Venustostrobus and jambadostrobus,which have been differentiated on the basis of presence or absence of marginal wings and cuticular features, in all possibilities are related to each other and quite likely represent the developmental or maturation stages of a single type glossopterid fructification.

Plant megafossils recorded from the Kamthi Formation of India have been assessed in the present communication. The formation is mainly exposed in the Mahanadi, Godavari and Wardha basins and has been critically analysed on the basis of its megafloral and palynological contents, and the lithological aspects by earlier workers who variously assigned its age as late Permian, early and late Triassic. An endeavour has been made here to compile all the known plant fossil records from the Kamthi Formation for better understanding of its floral and biostratigraphical significance. Known records of the plant megafossils from the Kamthi Formation reveal dominance of the Glossopteris flora and paucity of the Dicroidium floral elements suggesting a transition between late Permian and early Triassic.

Scanning electron microscopy of cuticles of glossopteris fructification (Sculum type) recovered from the Upper Permian sequence of Jharia coalfield demonstrates damaged cellular tissue and bacteria like structures. Occurrence of bacteria over the marred surface of seed cuticle possessing plaque/pit suggests role of micro-organisms in biodegradation of Glossopteris flora.

A 1300 m thick sedimentary sequence in borehole SNB–1 around Jaisinghnagar area in the western part of the South Rewa Basin has been lithologically designated as the Pali Formation. However, palynological investigation reveals presence of three distinct palynoassemblage zones belonging to late Permian, early and late Triassic ages in ascending order. Palynoassemblage I (Striatopodocarpites magnificus–Crescentipollenites fuscus) recorded between a depth of 1213.40–1164.10 m showing dominance of striate bisaccate pollen taxa chiefly―Striatopodocarpites ovatus, Faunipollenites varius and Crescentipollenites fuscus in association with Alisporites ovalis, Lunatisporites pellucidus, Densipollenites indicus and Lahirites rarus is late Permian (Raniganj) in age. Palynoassemblage II (Lundbladispora densispinosa–Densoisporites playfordii) recorded between a depth of 1054.30–956.00 m and showing dominance of cavate/cingulate spores, like Lundbladispora microconata, Densoisporites complicatus a...

The Pennsylvanian strata of the Itararé Group are present on the northeastern border of the Paraná Basin, i.e. northern part of Paraná State towards north of São Paulo. The Pennsylvanian lycopods of the Itararé Group are represented by diverse megafossils, megaspores and microspores. The present study deals with the lycopsid megafossils from the third interglacial level of the paleofloristic succession of the Itararé Group in the northeastern border of the Paraná Basin, i.e. Paranocladus-Ginkgophyllum-Brasilodendron association (PGB as.) recovered from its type locality Volpe ranch, in Monte Mor municipality, SP. The megafossils belong to the taxa Bumbudendron millani, Bumbudendron cf. B. paganzianum, Brasilodendron pedroanum, Brasilodendron sp., Leptophloeum cf. L. sanctae-helenae, and Cyclodendron sp. The diversity and abundance of the megafossils (sometimes forming coal beds in a glacial context) indicates climatic ameliorations of an interglacial phase of the “time Itararé”. The...

Early Permian megaspores are reported for the first time from the Barakar Formation of Index Seam, Goutham Khani Open Cast Mine, Kothagudem Area, Godavari Graben, Telangana, India. The megaspore assemblage includes three genera and ten species, namely Biharisporites spinosus, Biharisporites sp. A (in Tewari et al., 2009), Biharisporites sp., Jhariatriletes filiformis, Jhariatriletes sp., Singhisporites indica, S. nautiyalii, S. radialis, S. surangei and Singhisporites sp. Besides adding to the existing knowledge of megaspores from the Godavari Graben, the comparison of megaspores from the Goutham Khani Open Cast Mine with those of the other Indian Lower Gondwana basins, namely Damodar, Satpura, Wardha, South Rewa and other areas of the Godavari Graben reveals that majority of these differ in the presence of dense ornamentations on their exosporia. The previous records of megaspores from the late Permian of the Godavari Graben show dense spinate exosporia. Presence of such dense dive...

A survey of megaspore studies from Penman ofRamagundam, Chelpur, Mailaram, Rampuram, Gundala and Kachinapalli areas of Godavari Graben, Andhra Pradesh indicates their qualitative and quantitative richness during the Late Permian. Out of seventy nine megaspore taxa recorded from Indian Lower Gondwana, twenty three are represented in this graben. Presence of Biharisporites sparsus in the Raniganj Fonnation ofKachinapalli area is palticularly significant because it was previously recorded from Triassic and thus indicates an early appearance ofTriassic taxon in Godavari Graben in Late Pelmian. Additionally, the survey also records a higher (eighteen) number of megaspore taxa in the Raniganj Fonnation. A distinct evolutionary trend is observed since exosporia of megaspores from the Barakar Fomlation are simple and those of the Raniganj Formation are complex and more diversified.

First palynological data, supplemented by detrital zircon U-Pb ages, from the Fenestella Shale Formation near the Gund Village in the Banihal area of Jammu and Kashmir State, India, provide new insights into the floristic evolution of Gondwana during the Late Palaeozoic, especially in India, from where the Carboniferous-Permian macro-and microfloral records are impoverished. We also present a first approach to the palynological correlation of the Carboniferous-Permian palynoassemblages described from the various Gondwana countries. 2 The palynomorphs from the Fenestella Shale Formation are fairly well preserved and diversified and include 11 genera and 18 species. While the trilete spores and striate bisaccate pollen grains are scarce, monosaccate pollen taxa mainly-Parasaccites, Plicatipollenites and Potonieisporites are dominant. The assemblage is most similar to the Parasaccites korbaensis palynozone of the Lower Gondwana basins of the Indian peninsula and the Stage 2 palynozone of the late Carboniferous of east Australia. Besides, it is comparable with the known Carboniferous assemblages of Pakistan, Yemen and South America; Carboniferous-early Permian assemblages of South Africa and Permian assemblages of Antarctica. The sediment source of the siliciclastic shelf and delta deposits intercalated in the Fenestella Shale Formation is a hinterland in which Precambrian rocks dominantly were exposed and the Th-U ratios of detrital zircons suggest, that most rocks exposed on the erosion level in the hinterland had a felsic composition. The youngest U-Pb zircon age of the investigated fossiliferous strata is 329 ± 16 Ma (late Visean to early Serpukhovian), providing a maximum age of deposition of the studied succession. Based on the affinities of the palynofloral assemblage and earlier palaeontological records, a warm, temperate and arid climate has been inferred for the Fenestella Shale Formation.

Research highlights  Geochemistry and petrographical studies from the Guryul Ravine section, Jammu and Kashmir, India are carried out to decipher the oceanic redox conditions at Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) in the area.  Redox sensitive elements like Ni, Co, Cr, V, U at PTB and negative Ce anamoly in the early Triassic sediments of Khunamuh Formation indicate reducing environmental conditions.  The prolonged reducing conditions were probably the source of water anoxia, which may be one of the causes for the PTB mass extinction.  Ternary A-CN-K plot shows moderate weathering at PTB (CIA 72), whereas, below the Late Permian Event Horizon (CIA 60), physical weathering is more prominent.

Carvão vegetal macroscópico é amplamente aceito como um indicador direto da ocorrência de paleo-incêndios vegetacionais, sendo relativamente bem estudado e distribuído de forma homogênea em depósitos do Paleozoico Superior da Euramérica e Cataísia. Por outro lado, apenas alguns registros deste tipo de material foram publicados para o Paleozoico Superior do Gondwana e, somente recentemente foi demonstrado que carvão vegetal macroscópico (e, portanto, incêndios) também é comum no continente meridional. Os mais importantes registros do Gondwana se constituem em fragmentos carbonizados de lenhos gimnospérmicos e estão associados, principalmente, a depósitos de carvão mineral. Registros de macro-charcoal (carvão vegetal macroscópico) foram descritos para níveis do Paleozoico Superior da Bacia Damodar (Índia) e da Bacia do Paraná (Brasil), demonstrando que paleo-incêndios vegetacionais ocorriam em sequências e intervalos estratigráficos variados no Gondwana durante esse período. Com base ...

Macro‐charcoal, as direct evidence of palaeo‐wildfires, is a common constituent throughout an Early Permian (Cisuralian) inertinite‐rich coal seam from the Dhanpuri Coal Mine (Barakar Formation, Sohagpur Coalfield, Madhya Pradesh, India). The continuous presence of macro‐charcoal within this particular seam demonstrates that fires occurred repeatedly in the source vegetation of the seam. Based on these macro‐charcoal remains, an anatomical assessment of the diversity and taxonomic composition of the vegetation, which experienced wildfires and contributed to the formation of peat/coal, is provided. The vegetation that experienced regular fires was dominated by gymnosperms, with a minor component of pteridophytes. The results also support previous studies, which suggest a pyrogenic origin for the high inertinite contents of many Permian coals within Gondwana. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This first palynological study of the Permian-Triassic succession in the Guryul Ravine, Kashmir, India, reveals impoverished latest Permian spore-pollen assemblages in the uppermost Zewan Formation, a rich palynoassemblage from the basal Khunamuh Formation characteristic of the Permian-Triassic transition zone and depleted Triassic assemblages from higher in the Khunamuh Formation. The collective assemblages can be broadly correlated to the Densipollenites magnicorpus and Klausipollenites decipiens palynozones of peninsular India and to palynofloras spanning the Permian-Triassic boundary elsewhere in Gondwana. Generally, low spore-pollen yields and poor preservational quality of the studied assemblages hinder more precise correlations and are inferred to be a function of an offshore marine depositional setting on the margin of the Neotethys Ocean, and thermal alteration associated with Cenozoic collisional tectonism between India and Asia.

Marine tetrapods quickly diversified and were established as marine top predators after the end-Permian Mass extinction (EPME). Ichthyosaurs were the forerunner of this rapid radiation but the main drivers of the diversification are poorly understood. Cartorhynchus lenticarpus is a basal ichthyosauriform with the least degree of aquatic adaptation, holding a key to identifying such a driver. The unique specimen appeared edentulous based on what was exposed but a CT scanning revealed that the species indeed had rounded teeth that are nearly perpendicular to the jaw rami, and thus completely concealed in lateral view. There are three dental rows per jaw ramus, and the root lacks infoldings of the dentine typical of ichthyopterygians. The well-developed and worn molariform dentition with three tooth rows supports the previous inference that the specimen is not of a juvenile. The premaxilla and the corresponding part of the dentary are edentulous. Molariform dentition evolved three to f...

The first radiolarian fauna obtained from Permian carbonates in Thailand is of late Kungurian age and is present in the basal beds of the carbonate-mudstone-chert Phap Pha Formation, Ratburi Group. This succession contains several species of the radiolarian Pseudoalbaillella, and some sponge spicules. The radiolarian fauna consists of abundant

Lower Palaeozoic rocks have been mapped in Kayin State in an area previously shown on published maps as either metamorphic or possibly Lower or Upper Palaeozoic rocks. Three new formations, with a total thickness of over 900 m, apparently overlain by an, at least, 100 m thick Upper Palaeozoic formation are mapped along the Salween River and along the road from Yinbaing, in Myanmar, to Tha Song Yang, in Thailand. The Lower Palaeozoic succession consists of the predominantly siliciclastic Kyaukpulu and Kushwe-ewe formations and an overlying, predominantly carbonate Meseik Ashe Formation which contains Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) conodonts. The older two formations are probable correlates of the Ngwetaung and Lokeypin formations of the southern Shan State of Myanmar and the Lower Ordovician siliciclastics of western Thailand. The overlying, peritidal to shallow subtidal carbonates of the Meseik-Ashe Formation are correlates of the Wunbye and Sitha formations of Shan State, Myanmar. The thick-bedded, quartz arenites of the Nyaungwiang Formation are faulted against the Ordovician carbonates and are probable lithological correlates of the Carboniferous Taungnyo Formation. The folds in the Lower Palaeozoic rocks are overturned to the northeast and deformation was in one major phase between the Tournaisian and the Early Permian. The Lower Palaeozoic strata may probably be followed as a ridge for at least 100 km towards the NNW, close to the western border of the Sibuma Block which is separated by a postulated cryptic suture from the Irrawaddy Block to the west.

Geochemical analysis reveals that Middle Triassic radiolarian cherts from northern Thailand, including Chiang Dao, Lamphun and Den Chai, are of biogenic origin. These cherts present slightly high SiO 2 content which was possibly modified by diagenetic alteration and migration processes as indicated by negative correlation between SiO 2 and most of the other major elements. The relatively high content of Cr, Zr, Hf, Rb and Th and high positive correlation of these elements with Al and Ti from the majority of cherts suggest a close relation to terrigenous component. The Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*) with geometric means ranging from 0.85 to 0.93 is compatible with that of continental margin composition (0.67-1.52) from Murray et al. (1990) which is also consistent with low Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*, 0.91-0.94). Moreover, the slightly low ratios of La and Ce NASC normalized (La n /Ce n , 0.91-0.94) and the low LREE and HREE ratios in most of our samples (La n /Yb n , 0.62-0.85) are in agreement with the continental margin. The result from La n /Ce n vs. Al 2 O 3 /(Al 2 O 3 +Fe 2 O 3) discrimination diagrams also This study was supported mainly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.

Geological evidence indicates that the deformation along the southwest Gondwana margin began during the Middle-to-Late Devonian (the Acadian-Cháñica orogenic phase in Argentina). It has been interpreted that this deformation occurred as a consequence of the collision of Chilenia from the west and Patagonia from the south-southwest with Gondwana. As both Chilenia and Patagonia collided at the same time, in this study, we proposed that these continental blocks conform to the same allochthonous drift terrain, named here as CHIPA. The geological evolution of this margin is still under debate. Field work, paleomagnetic studies, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies were integrated from different localities along this paleomargin in Argentina. In Permian rocks, all the geological indicators show a clear regional NW-SE elongation signature and NE-SW shortening direction. The middle Devonian to Permian patterns are more complex as the result of stress interference and the overlapping of orogenic activities with different intensities and ages. The deformation that started as the product of the CHIPA collision with Gondwana during the Middle Devonian continued through the Permian (the Hercinian-San Rafael orogenic phase in Argentina) as post-collisional compressive deformation, consequence of the paleogeographic reorganization of Gondwana and Laurentia, which moved toward the Equator from the south and the north, respectively, to form the Pangea supercontinent during the Triassic.

The Paleozoic flora of the state of Puebla is characterized by the presence of ancient and conservative lineages; we focus this study on the taxonomical Annularia, Bjuvia and the new morphotype. These groups are found in carbonaceous lutite, where paleosoils, small roots and trunks in situ are abundant, and have been associated with swampy environments. In this paper, we discuss the presence of a new architectural form of megaphyll size that has not been registered in other Permian locations. These lutite imprints are the second most abundant in this location and their degree of preservation supports their autochthonous nature. The large size of its funnel-shaped blade and its extremely long petiole support the idea that its size was a response to a competition for biotic resources and to the hydric stress to which communities of this region were exposed, as consequence of the environmental conditions prevailing at the end of the Paleozoic era. It is proposed that they lived in environments with seasonal humidity and this hypothesis is supported by both the abundance of fossil groups and lithology.

The Los Menucos Complex (North Patagonian Massif, Río Negro province, Argentina) has been long regarded as Late Triassic in age. A Dicynodontipus-dominated record is historically known from this complex and particularly from the Puesto Tscherig locality. Here we report the Puesto Vera site, where a new track-bearing horizon was discovered within a 73-m-thick volcano-sedimentary succession. Footprints from this site are morphologically similar to those from Puesto Tscherig and resemble footprints classically referred to the ichnogenus Dicynodontipus, thus we assigned the new material to Dicynodontipus isp. The new ichnological material is age constrained to a time interval between the Changhsingian (Lopingian, Permian) and the Olenekian (Early Triassic), on the basis of recently obtained U-Pb radiometric datings from two ignimbrites, respectively at the base and top of the Puesto Vera stratigraphic section. Interestingly, the Dicynodontipus record from the Los Menucos Complex is older than previously supposed. The inherent chronostratigraphy is consistent with the temporal occurrence of the ichnotaxon, which to date has a global distribution spanning from the Wuchiapingian (Lopingian, Permian) of northern Italy to the early Middle Triassic of Germany. Taking into account the most recent datings as well as previous literature about the geology and paleontology of Los Menucos, the new age-constrained finding turns out to encompass the Permian-Triassic transition and mirror a tetrapod fauna dwelling in a mid-latitude, highland paleoenvironment of southwestern Gondwana.

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Permo-Triassic magmatism is widespread in the eastern North Patagonian Massif and has been related to the Gondwanide orogeny. Although a magmatic arc setting is widely accepted for the Permian plutonic rocks, the origin and geotectonic setting for the Triassic plutonic and volcanic rocks are still unknown. A NW-SE Triassic dyke swarm composed of andesites and latites with minor rhyolites was previously described in the Sierra Grande e Rincon de Paileman area. The dyke swarm was associated with extensional tectonics which was linked to a postorogenic process. In this paper we present new geochemical data of the rocks that form the swarm. Trachyandesites and rhyolites were separated based on their geochemical characteristics. Both groups may be considered originated from different sources. On the other hand, the content of incompatible elements (LILE and HFSE) indicates a strong relation between the swarm and an active continental margin. The samples also show a transitional signature between continental-arc and postcollisional or anorogenic settings. The new geochemical data on the dyke swarm support the idea of a magmatism that was linked to a postorogenic extensional tectonic regime related to a continental magmatic arc. Such an extension started in the Paleopacific margin of Pangea during the Anisian and might indicate the beginning of the Pangea break-up.

High-resolution organic carbon isotope (δ13C), Hg concentration and Hg isotopes curves are presented for the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) sections at Guryul Ravine (India) and Meishan D (China). The total organic carbon (TOC)-normalized Hg concentrations reveal more intense environmental changes at the Latest Permian Mass Extinction (LPME) and the earliest Triassic Mass Extinction (ETME) horizons coinciding with major δ13C shifts. To highlight palaeoredox conditions we used redox-sensitive elements and Rare Earth Element distribution. At Meishan, three Hg/TOC spikes (I, II, and III) are observed. Spike I remains after normalization by total aluminum (Al), but disappears when normalized by total sulfur (TS). Spike III, at the base of Bed 26, corresponds with excursions in the Hg/TS and Hg/Al curves, indicating a change in paleoredox conditions from anoxic/euxinic in the framboidal pyrite-bearing sediments (Bed 26) to oxygenated sediments (Bed 27). At Guryul Ravine, four Hg/TOC spi...

For nearly 20 years, Dr. Lapeyrie, surgeon at Lodeve, has gathered many fossils coming from the Salagou Formation of the Lodeve Permian basin. They are Insects, Notostraca, plants and ichnofossils. Among the latter, appears a multitude of Arthropoda trackways, finely preserved, which were collected in the top of sequences deposited in a playa environment. The locomotion experiments undertaken with extant animals suggested allocation of the majority of these trackways to Notostraca which are also known by several hundreds of remains (carapace, appendages, body whole). From these different parts, it was described as Triops cancriformis permiensis and Lepidurus occitaniacus. All these trackways were made under water and correspond to various etho-morphotypes known in the literature under the name of Acripes for the walking prints, Rusophycus for resting traces (= stationary digging; horizontal, procline and opisthocline positions) and Cruziana for locomotion active and digging. Many fo...

This study provides a combined analysis on the palynology, fossil charcoal and biomarkers of the subsurface coal deposits from a borehole RMB #2 drilled at the Dhulia Coal Block, Rajmahal Basin, India, in attempts to establish the chronology of sedimentation and to propose palaeobotanical as well as geochemical evidence for the occurrence of wildfires in these sediments. The palynological investigation suggests aScheuringipollenites barakarensispalynoassemblage from the lower Barakar Formation, dated as Artinskian (Early Permian) in age. This assemblage reveals the dominance of Glossopteridales and sub-dominance of taxa belonging to Cordaitales and Coniferales. Fossil charcoal in sediments is usually recognized as a direct indicator for the occurrence of palaeo-wildfires. More data involving the anatomical features of fossil charcoal analyzed by Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscope broaden our knowledge on Early Permian wildfires from the peninsula of India. The studied mac...

The first reported Permian (Kungurian to Roadian) palynomorphs are described from Colorado, recovered from bedded gypsum and rare organic-rich shale intercalated in the red siltstone-dominated Lykins and State Bridge Formations. Surprisingly, these units generally lack the taeniate, saccate pollen that typifies most Permian continental rocks elsewhere, yet they contain abundant terrestrially derived palynomacerals, a low-diversity suite of sphaeromorph and acanthomorph acritarchs, and extremely rare non-taeniate, bissacate pollen grains. Acritarchs, known from one stratigraphic interval, are well-preserved and interpreted to represent autochthonous deposition during a marine incursion into the depocenter. This interpretation is consistent with their occurrence in a gray mudstone that is mantled by a mollusk-dominated coquina that bears conodonts, palaeoniscoid scales, and actinopterygian teeth. In contrast, most studied samples are dominated by wood fragments, charcoal, cuticles, and unidentified phytoclasts-all interpreted to represent dispersed plant cuticle and wood of continental origin. Fossils occur in black paper shale, gray fetid calcareous siltstone, and rhythmically bedded gypsum that is closely associated with thin limestone. Palynofacies analyses suggest that non-acritarch palynomacerals were deposited in dysoxic to anoxic waters that received minimal suspended terrigenous input. When combined with sedimentologic information, these non-acritarch fossils are hypothesized to have been deposited in shallow epicontinental lake-like settings that were periodically alkaline, hypersaline, and/or emergent.

south-west of Warsaw. The aim of this study was to assess the groundwater aggressiveness on the base of measurements of the aggressive CO2 and saturation indices (SI) with respect to carbonates (calcite, aragonite, dolomite, magnesite and siderite). Generally, the aggressive CO2 does not occur in the leachate-contaminated groundwater, whereas in the natural (uncontaminated) groundwater, its concentration reached 49.28 mg/dm. The leachate-contaminated groundwater was in equilibrium, or was supersaturated with respect to calcite, aragonite, dolomite and siderite, and a spontaneous precipitation of these minerals was possible. The SI values showed undersaturation with respect to the carbonate minerals and a possibility of their dissolution in the natural groundwater. Based on aggressive CO2 concentrations and SI, it can be concluded that in the contrary to natural groundwater the leachate-contaminated groundwater is not aggressive.

RESUMO: Tratando-se de lenhos fósseis silicificados no Rio Grande do Sul, há décadas são reconhecidos importantes registros de “florestas petrificadas” nos municípios de Santa Maria, São Pedro do Sul e Mata, de ocorrência no Mesozóico. Constituídas predominantemente por coníferas, essas florestas foram vinculadas a diferentes associações de madeiras petrificadas. Com o mapeamento geológico realizado pela CPRM nas Folhas Bagé, Aceguá e Passo São Diogo, na escala 1:100.000, foram encontradas novas localidades com lenhos fósseis no extremo sul do Rio Grande do Sul, do período Permiano. Essas exposições de fragmentos de lenhos e troncos fósseis como registro paleontológico na região não são novos, porém as localidades os são. Além disto, foram encontrados em unidades estratigráficas distintas, a saber: Formação Irati e Formação Rio do Rasto (Grupo Passa Dois, Permiano da Bacia do Paraná). A Formação Irati consiste da sucessão de argilitos e folhelhos pretos betuminosos e não betuminosos...

This paper presents 3D seismic data to enhance our understanding of the seismic stratigraphy and buildup developments of the Finnmark Platform. We focus on carbonate buildup distributions and platform geometry in space and upper Palaeozoic time. Multiattribute analysis, neural network techniques and the use ofi nverted impedance data reveal seismic anomalies that can be linked with significant geological geometries such as buildups, subtle prograding clinoforms, karstified surfaces or platform breaks. The seismic expressions show a platform development mainly driven by climatic changes and differential subsidence. Seismic data indicate the first progradation of a low angle warm-water carbonate ramp during Mid Carboniferous times. A gradual change from a low angle (mixed) carbonate ramp to a more restricted carbonate shelf with a marked break and slope occurs during Upper Carboniferous/Lower Permian (Gipsdalen Group). Large buildups on the platform are identified both as individual mounds and unique continuous complexes (e.g. network of polygonal ridges as well as a 30-km long barrier complex). Multi-attribute analysis reveals a distinct karst event on top of the Gipsdalen Group. Climatic cooling during the Lower Permian (Bjarmeland Group) resulted in an even more restricted platform as seen in the seismic data with developments of 200-m high bryozoan mounds in deeper waters of the platform slope. Further cooling during Mid Permian (Tempel orden Group) resulted in a major chert event with development of a series of spiculitic chert mounds.

is a senior research scientist at the Bureau of Economic Geology with research interests in sedimentology, reservoir characterization, sedimentary petrology, and clastic diagenesis. She received a B.A. degree from the University of Rochester and an M.A. degree and Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin, all in geology.

The Eastern Mediterranean region within the Tethyan belt is characterised by two main pulses of suprasubductionzone ophiolite formation during the Early-Middle Jurassic and Late Cretaceous. Despite vast exposures of the Permo-Triassic accretionary complexes, related suprasubduction-zone ophiolites and the timing of subduction initiation leading to the formation of Permo-Triassic accretionary complexes are unknown so far. Here we report on ã 40 km long and 0.3 to 1.8 km wide metaophiolite fragment within transitional greenschist-to blueschist-facies oceanic rocks from NW Turkey. The metaophiolite fragment is made up mainly of serpentinite and minor dykes or stocks of strongly sheared metagabbro with mineral assemblages involving actinolite/winchite, chlorite, epidote, albite, titanite and phengite. The metagabbro displays (i) variable CaO and MgO contents, (ii) anomalously high Mg# (=100 * molar MgO/(MgO + FeO tot)) of 75-88, and (iii) positive Eu anomalies, together with low contents of incompatible elements such as Ti, P and Zr, suggesting derivation from former plagioclase cumulates. The serpentinites comprise serpentine, ±chlorite, ±talc, ±calcite and relict Cr-Al spinel surrounded by ferrichromite to magnetite. Relict Cr-Al spinels are characterised by (i) Cr/(Cr + Al) ratios of 0.45-0.56 and Mg/(Mg + Fe 2+) ratio of 0.76-0.22, (ii) variable contents of ZnO and MnO, and (iii) extremely low TiO 2 contents. Zn and Mn contents are probably introduced into Cr-Al spinels during greenschist-to blueschist metamorphism. Compositional features of the serpentinite such as (i) Ca-and Al-depleted bulk compositions, (ii) concave U-shaped, chondritenormalised rare earth element patterns (REE) with enrichment of light and heavy REEs, imply that serpentinites were probably derived from depleted peridotites which were refertilised by light rare earth element enriched melts in a suprasubduction-zone mantle wedge. U-Pb dating on igneous zircons from three metagabbro samples indicates igneous crystallisation at 262 Ma (middle Permian). Timing of the metamorphism is constrained by incremental 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating on phengitic white mica at 201 Ma (latest Triassic). We conclude that the metaophiolite represents a fragment of middle Permian suprasubduction-zone oceanic lithosphere, involved in a latest Triassic subduction zone. These data, together with several reports in literature, indicate that the middle Permian was a time of suprasubduction-zone ophiolite formation in the Tethyan belt.

The Hauterivian-Barremian Gadvan Formation represents a depositional sequence in the central and
eastern regions of the Zagros Mountains. Field surveys and petrography of 30 thin-sctions of this
Formation in the Khaneh-Kat anticline togheter with wireline logs (gamma-ray and sonic) and 25
thin-sections analysis of two drilled wells in the Dashtak and Bandubast gas fields (Interior Fars
area) indicate important events in the basin evolution, especially the changes in the sedimentation
regime and platform evolution during the time period. The key point is upward grading of the thickbedded
layers, feature forming Berriasian-Valanginian carbonates into shale, marl and argillaceous
limestone interbeds of the Gadvan Formation. The vertical changes is consisten with a prominent
decrease in carbonate production and a definite change in the nature of the Fars platform. The intense
bioturbation and mostly mud-dominated texture of skeletal limestone microfacies with significant
occurrence of molluscs, green algae and benthic foraminifera in the cyclic alternations of shales
and limestones indicate that the Gadvan Formation was deposited in a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic
platform. The platform formed as the result of increased siliciclastics influx from the southern areas of
the Zagros fold-thrust belt (clastic drowning of the platform) and the change of the Fahlyian oolithicalgal
ramp into an environment consisting of an open lagoon and a muddy shelf. In the drilled wells,
these changes correspond to a significant increase in gamma-ray and sonic wireline logs. The Khalij
Member shows the regional continuity, implies a decrease of the (relative) siliciclastics supply and
increase of carbonate production in the mixed platform. Considering the relative tectonic quiescence
of the Interior Fars area during the Early Cretaceous, the mentioned changes can be the result of the
interplay between tropical climate and short-term fluctuations in the context of global sea level rise.

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The Academy of Sciences of Lisbon conducted an extensive study to establish an updated Portuguese (PT) terminology for chronostratigraphic/geochronologic units of selected Geological Timetables. The study, coordinated by M.J. Lemos de Sousa and Ana Salgado, was developed by a joint task force between the Earth and Space Sciences section of the Class of Sciences and the Institute of Lexicology and Lexicography of the Academy. In addition to establishing an updated terminology in the subdomain of Stratigraphy, the study should also be regarded as a valuable contribution to the Academy’s newly developed Dictionary and Vocabulary, which is currently available online. In pursuit of this objective, the authors considered the mandatory rules of both the International Stratigraphic Guide (Salvador 1994, reapproved 2013), and the erudite norm of the Portuguese language variety. The following Geological Timetables were considered in the study: • International Geological Timetable, usually referred to as the “standard” or “global” table, published by the International Union of Geological Sciences/International Commission on Stratigraphy as the “International Chronostratigraphic Chart”. • Detailed Geological Timetable of the Quaternary, traditionally considered as a complementary chart of the global one. • Geologic Timetable of the Bohemo-Iberian Ordovician regional chronostratigraphic units, specifically needed for the classification of Portuguese Ordovician units. • Geologic Timetable of the West European Carboniferous regional chronostratigraphic units, specifically needed for the classification of Iberian terrestrial Carboniferous units. In this poster, the authors present the “International Chronostratigraphic Chart” in both English and its corresponding new version in Portuguese (PT). In cases where linguistic rules allowed for the validation of various Portuguese orthographic variants, the variant used in the general table corresponds to the preferred form. The study was financed by Fundação Fernando Pessoa, Câmara Municipal de Oeiras and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.

The Permian deposits in the stratigraphic section of Sangsar (located in the eastern Alborz), are the best expose in the Semnan area. This sequence consists of the Doroud (Asselian-Sakmarian), Ruteh (Artinskian-Murgabian) and Nessen (Early Djulfian) formations. The Dorud Formation in the studied section with 56 m thickness consists of conglomerate, sandstone and quartzite, which is disconformity overlies on the Mobarak Formation. The Ruteh Formation with a thickness of 116 m consists of fossiliferous limestones. This formation in the studied section can be subdivided into two rock units that is covered the Doroud Formation with a transitional contact and overlain by bauxite-laterite horizon of the Nessen Formation disconformable. The rich foraminifer fauna of the Ruteh Formation can be established three biozones include the Schubertella-Mesoschubertella Assemblage Zone (Artinskian), Dunbarulla-Codonofusiella Assemblage Zone (Early Murgabian), Pachyphloia-Neoendothyra Assemblage Zone...

The Los Menucos Complex (North Patagonian Massif, Río Negro province, Argentina) has been long regarded as Late Triassic in age. A Dicynodontipus-dominated record is historically known from this complex and particularly from the Puesto Tscherig locality. Here we report the Puesto Vera site, where a new track-bearing horizon was discovered within a 73-m-thick volcano-sedimentary succession. Footprints from this site are morphologically similar to those from Puesto Tscherig and resemble footprints classically referred to the ichnogenus Dicynodontipus, thus we assigned the new material to Dicynodontipus isp. The new ichnological material is age constrained to a time interval between the Changhsingian (Lopingian, Permian) and the Olenekian (Early Triassic), on the basis of recently obtained U-Pb radiometric datings from two ignimbrites, respectively at the base and top of the Puesto Vera stratigraphic section. Interestingly, the Dicynodontipus record from the Los Menucos Complex is older than previously supposed. The inherent chronostratigraphy is consistent with the temporal occurrence of the ichnotaxon, which to date has a global distribution spanning from the Wuchiapingian (Lopingian, Permian) of northern Italy to the early Middle Triassic of Germany. Taking into account the most recent datings as well as previous literature about the geology and paleontology of Los Menucos, the new age-constrained finding turns out to encompass the Permian-Triassic transition and mirror a tetrapod fauna dwelling in a mid-latitude, highland paleoenvironment of southwestern Gondwana.

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Peltaspermum retensorium (Zalessky) Naugolnykh et Kerp, comb. nov., a new representative of the Peltaspermales, is described from the Kungurian of the Fore-Urals. Peltaspermum retensorium has radially symmetrical ovuliferous discs. The pollen organs are similar to those of other peltasperms. With regard to the frond architecture and the cuticle, the foliage of this plant appears to be very similar to that of Autunia Krasser emend. Kerp, a genus of peltasperms with bilaterally symmetrical megasporophylls, known from the uppermost Carboniferous and Lower Permian. Peltaspermum retensorium is the oldest true peltasperm with radially symmetrical ovuliferous organs known from Angaraland.

This work evaluated the activity concentration of radionuclides on sedimentary and igneous rocks at Corumbataí river basin, São Paulo State, and, consequently, the exposure rate. This basin possess a large sugar cane crops area, where occurs the application of phosphate fertilizers, and where is located the most important ceramic center of South America (Santa Gertrudes Ceramic Center). The chemical characterization of the samples indicated that Ca > Mg > K > Na, which is related to the mineralogy of each formation. The weighted mean exposure rate (35 nGyh-1) to the studied formations represent just 64% of the world average due to terrestrial gamma radiation, occurring the highest exposure rate at the southeast portion of the area. The data obtained can be utilized in environmental studies involving the basin, including those related to the land use.