Median

Formulations of location-allocation models must address the assignment of demand to facilities. Many models allow demand to be assigned to a non-closest facility. However, many applications exist where closest assignment (CA) is preferred. Several types of constraints have been introduced over the last 25 years to force CA. The objectives of this paper are to identify applications for closest assignment constraints, to review previous work, to propose necessary improvements to one of the major CA constraints, and to offer a comparison of the different integer-linear approaches to CA. In addition, new constraints are presented that are designed to ensure equal allocations in the event of equidistant closest facilities. We also note, as have previous researchers, that "closest assignment" generalizes to "most preferred" assignment with no alterations to constraint structures. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Noise is consistently presents in digital images during image acquisition, coding, transmission, and processing steps. The main purpose of de-noising the image is to restore the detail of original image as much as possible. Depending on the types of disturbance, the noise can affect the image to different extent. Salt and Pepper noise arises in the image because of sharp and sudden changes of image signal. Dust particles in the image acquisition source or over heated faulty components can cause this type of noise. In the field of image processing, several type of linear and non-linear filtering techniques have been proposed for reducing the noise in images. Filters like Median, Gaussian and Wiener are used to do this comparative study of different images of same type in Gray scale. The quality of the enhanced images is measured by the statistical quantity measures: Peak Signal-to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) metrics. An application specific measure for natural flower images correlation is defined and known as Deviation Measure. A Deviation Measure (DM) is obtained by the comparison of filtered and original image which shows the deviation in the images.

The paper examines the impact of Superhero cartoons such as Bheem, Little Singham and Vir
on school going children in India. Children lack perceptual defence to mass media messages, unlike
the adults. They learn to speak, to dress, to eat and to behave from these cartoon characters. Online
survey has been conducted on 66 respondents to gather data. Percentages and Central tendencies of
data have been calculated for data analysis. For detailed study an expert named Kiran Gupta has
been interviewed. The both results show cartoons play an important role in school children‘s life

In his Book I, Herodotus relates the war between Lydia of Alyattes and Media of Cyaxares. This war ended with the well-known occurrence of the total solar eclipse, which astronomical researchers propose to date to 585 BC. After these hostilities, a treaty between the two kingdoms was concluded, and was sealed by a royal wedding. This paper analyzes this event, better known as the " battle of the eclipse ". It will revisit the problem of the location of the battle and that of the identity of the Lydian and Median kings who reigned during this conflict. The paper will study the role that the eclipse played on the conclusion of hostilities and its impact on the minds of the Greeks; it will also examine the nature of the treaty concluded between the Lydians and the Medes. Finally, the paper will examine the problem of the Halys border that separated the Lydian and the Median kingdoms, modern scholars asserting that this border was chosen during the Lydo-Median treaty. This examination will allow us to study the view of the ethnic, geographical and political space that the river played in Herodotus's mind.

Security and authentication of a person is a crucial part of any industry. There are many techniques used for this purpose. One of them is face recognition. Face recognition is an effective means of authenticating a person. The advantage of this approach is that, it enables us to detect changes in the face pattern of an individual to an appreciable extent. The recognition system can tolerate local variations in the face expression of an individual. Hence face recognition can be used as a key factor in crime detection mainly to identify criminals. There are several approaches to face recognition of which Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Neural Networks have been incorporated in our project. The system consists of a database of a set of facial patterns for each individual. The characteristic features called 'eigenfaces' are extracted from the stored images using which the system is trained for subsequent recognition of new images.

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎن:‬ ‫ﺟﻠﯿﻠﯿﺎن‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫)ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ﯿﺄ‬ ‫اﻫﻮاز(‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﭼﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﯿﺪ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اده‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺪرز‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ) ‫داﻧﺶ‬ ٔ ‫آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻫﻮاز(‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﭼﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﯿﺪ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬ ‫اﻫﻮ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﭼﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﯿﺪ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ات‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫از‬ ۱۳۹۶ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎد‬ ِ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬ ‫اﯾﺮاﻧﯿﮑﺎ‬ ٔ ‫داﻧﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ‬ ِ ‫ﮔﺰارش‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻠﯿﻠﯿﺎن‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ : ‫اده‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺪرز‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ، ‫اﻋﻀﺎی‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺮ:‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﯿﺴﯿﻮن‬ ‫ﺷﻮرای‬ ‫اﺑـﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨـﺎز‬ ‫دﮐﺘـﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺳـﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻗـﺪرت‬ ‫دﮐﺘـﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨـﺪ،‬ ‫اده‬ ‫ز‬ ‫دﮐﺘـﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻮر،‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫ﻧﺪاف،‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺪی‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫آﻫﻨﮕﺮی،‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻤﺠﯿﺪ‬ ‫روح‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫دار،‬ ‫دﮐﺘـﺮ‬ ‫اده،‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺮﻋﻠﯿـﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﺪاﻟﻪ‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﯿﺒﯽ،‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺤﻤﯿﺪ‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫رﻧﺠﺒﺮ،‬ ‫اﻟﻪ‬ ‫رﺿﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺤﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﮕﺪﻟﯽ،‬ ‫اﻫﺪ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﺷﮑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮد‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫اد،‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺟﻠﯿﻠﯿﺎن.‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻧﺼﺎری،‬ ‫ادﺑﯽ:‬ ‫وﯾﺮاﺳﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺳﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرت‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ:‬ ‫اﻫﻮاز‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﭼﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﯿﺪ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺪ:‬ ‫ﻃﺮاح‬ ‫و‬ ‫آرا‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺪرز‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اده‬ ‫اول:‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ۱۳۹۶ ‫ﺗﯿﺮاژ:‬ ۵۰۰ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺎﻓﯽ:‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬ ‫اﻫﻮاز‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﭼﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﯿﺪ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ات‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ‫اداره‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ:‬ ۱۵٫۰۰۰ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﺮوش‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫اﻫﻮاز‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﭼﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﯿﺪ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮوﺷﯽ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ،‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن،‬ ‫اﻫﻮاز،‬ : ‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎﮐﺲ‬ : ۳۳۳۱۰۷۲ -۰۶۱۱

Erstmals (?) zeigt er insbesondere die politische Situation.
Erstmals (?) zeigt er das mutmaßliche Denken der Weisen.
Erstmals (?) zeigt er mit einer neu gestalteten Karte den Weg von Ekbatana nach Jerusalem.
Erstmals (?) zeigt er eine Grafik die Konjunktionen und die Planetenschleifen  übersichtlich und verständlich.
König Phraates IV. herrschte im Jahre 7 v.Chr. über das Reich der Parther und schloss mit Kaiser Augustus einen Friedensvertrag.
Ekbatana (Ecbatana) versus Babylon
-) Hatten die Weisen aus dem Osten einen politischen Auftrag?
-) Gott verkündete über die Astrologie das Evangelium.
-) Für Matthäus spielte die Zahlensymbolik eine große Rolle.
-) Die Erklärung der Lücken im  Stammbaum Jesu.

Die Weisen und der Stern von Bethlehem -- Möglichkeiten und Fakten, 2019
Star of Bethlehem

inculding political interest of King Phraates and herod the great
in the view of the wise men
Ecbatane versus Babylon
the way from ecbatane to Jerusalem  in a map
Jesus born;

This research has been supported under the British Academy Award No. 30,649. The second author is also grateful for the financial support by Spanish Ministry of Sciences and Technology. Project No. BEC2002-03097 and by the Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Economicas. We thank two referees for their useful comments. Usual disclaimers apply.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this expository article is to provide greater access to critical values for testing hypotheses about the shape parameter of a gamma distribution. Among the possible tests, we consider tests of exponentiality against gamma increasing failure rate and/or decreasing failure rate alternatives. Extensive tables of critical values are given for individual sample sizes from 2 to 30, and values of the shape parameter in half-integer increments from 1/2 to 10. Median unbiased estimators are also given for the shape parameter to avoid small-sample complications with maximum likelihood methods. Power curves are given for testing exponentiality against gamma alternatives. These curves illustrate certain advantages of this parametric test oveer nonparametric alternatives.

The generalized Pareto distribution is a two-parameter distribution that contains uniform, exponential, and Pareto distributions as special cases. It has applications in a number of fields, including reliability studies and the analysis of environmental extreme events. Maximum likelihood estimation of the generalized Pareto distribution has previously been considered in the literature, but we show, using computer simulation, that, unless the sample size is 500 or more, estimators derived by the method of moments or the method of probability-weighted moments are more reliable. We also use computer simulation to assess the accuracy of confidence intervals for the parameters and quantiles of the generalized Pareto distribution.

König Phraates IV. herrschte im Jahre 7 v.Chr. über das Reich der Parther und schloss mit Kaiser Augustus einen Friedensvertrag.
Ekbatana (Ecbatana) versus Babylon
-) Hatten die Weisen aus dem Osten einen politischen Auftrag?
-) Gott verkündete über die Astrologie das Evangelium.
-) Für Matthäus spielte die Zahlensymbolik eine große Rolle.
-) Die Erklärung der Lücken im  Stammbaum Jesu.

(Diese Version korrigiert einige kleine Fehler.)

Die Weisen und der Stern von Bethlehem -- Möglichkeiten und Fakten, 2019
Star of Bethlehem

inculding political interest of King Phraates and herod the great
in the view of the wise men
Ecbatane versus Babylon
the way from ecbatane to Jerusalem  in a map
Jesus born;

We show that increasing the probability of obtaining a job offer through a network should raise the observed wages of workers in jobs found through formal channels relative to those in jobs found through the network. This prediction holds at all percentiles except the highest and lowest. The largest changes are likely to occur below the median of the offer distribution. We test and confirm these implications using a survey of recent immigrants into Canada. We develop a simple structural model consistent with the theoretical model and show that it can replicate the broad patterns in the data. Our results are consistent with the primary effect of network strength being to increase the arrival rate of offers rather than to alter the distribution from which offers are drawn at least among recent immigrants.

To find the optimal value of window length in singular spectrum analysis (SSA), we consider the concept of separability between the signal and noise component. The theoretical results confirm that for a wide class of time series, the suitable value of this parameter is median{1, . . . , T } with the series of length T . The theoretical results obtained here coincide with those obtained previously from the empirical point of view.

Many statistical procedures rely on the assumption that the observed data are normally distributed. Consequently, there exists a vast literature on tests of normality and their statistical properties. Today the most commonly used omnibus test for general use is the Shapiro-Wilk method while the Jarque-Bera test is the most popular omnibus test in economics and related applications.

We introduce the hiring problem, in which a growing company continuously interviews and decides whether to hire applicants. This problem is similar in spirit but quite different from the well-studied secretary problem. Like the secretary problem, it captures fundamental aspects of decision making under uncertainty and has many possible applications. We analyze natural strategies of hiring above the current average, considering both the mean and the median averages; we call these Lake Wobegon strategies. Like the hiring problem itself, our strategies are intuitive, simple to describe, and amenable to mathematically and economically significant modifications. We demonstrate several intriguing behaviors of the two strategies. Specifically, we show dramatic differences between hiring above the mean and above the median. We also show that both strategies are intrinsically connected to the lognormal distribution, leading to only very weak concentration results, and the marked importance of the first few hires on the overall outcome.

"Nushijan Tappeh (Nushijan hill) in Malayer is one of the most important archeological sites belonging to Meadian era. The most significant scientific finding of the recent excavation of the hill led by the author in year 2009 was the fact that the mud-brick structures of Nushijan dating back to Meadian era are in fact remnants of a Mithra Temple.
In Avesta's Mehr Yasht, wherever the House of the God of Mithra  (Mehr Temple) is mentioned, one finds that most of these temples are located on high altitudes. Quite interestingly, what we face here is a natural hill in Nushijan which is 32 meters higher than the surrounding lands. One of the other points which can be understood via studying Mehr Yasht is the fact that Mithra has been  introduced as possessing vast plains, and this is what one sees around Nushijan hill.
The main entrance into the Nushijan buildings is located in the eastern front (towards sunrise).  Having entered through this gate, you would find the first building in eastern yard, called rooms and barns. A kind of religious ablution or baptism is mentioned in Mehr Yasht in which the pilgrim is washed and baptized with cow's urine, then whipped in order to be able to enter the Mithra temple. On the other hand, perhaps, all the elements in Nushijan are located on the left side; this suggests the religious importance of the concept of the left in Nushijan.
Other interesting points can be the ramps of Nushijan. Probably the ramps are towers higher than the building. The  Watchman is frequently mentioned in Mehr Yasht, and what is meant is those watchmen who are appointed for Izad Mehr.
Various other reasons can be brought up for proving the theory suggesting that Nushijan is a Mithra Temple.
"

Dari hasil penyebaran angket terhadap 12 orang tua jemaat di suatu gereja dengan 15
pertanyaan dengan skor :
5= sangat setuju,
4 = setuju,
3 = ragu-ragu,
2 = tidak setuju,
1 = sangat tidak setuju,
Maka, diperoleh data: 74, 68, 70, 68, 73, 65, 68, 75, 65, 74, 68, 67
Hipotesa: Bahwa dukungan orang tua kepada anak untuk ikut sekolah minggu sudah berhasil
80%
Dari hasil penelitian tersebut:
1. Tuliskanlah hipotesis penelitiannya H0 dan H1.
2. Tuliskanlah hipotesis statistiknya.
3. Hitunglah mean, modus, dan media.
4. Hitunglah juga Standar Deviasi (SD)
5. Tentukanlah nilai rata-rata acuannya (µ0)
6. Hitunglah nilai t.
7. Buatlah kurva normalnya
8. Interpretasi hasil analisis dan tarik kesimpulan

Logistic distribution is very widely used in modeling real life problems in different fields of study, particularly in the area of reliability. In this study, we propose different estimators for the location and scale parameters using simple random sampling and ranked set sampling (RSS) or some modifications of RSS. The estimators are proposed in the cases of either one or both parameters are unknown. The estimators are compared with each other for the cases considered via their mean square error. Finally most of the estimators considered in this study are compared using real life example.

Lap a r osc opic ra dic al cys t ec t omy wit h or t hot opic ile al ne obla dde r : rep or t of 33 c as es HUAN G Jian , XU Ke2wei , YAO You2sheng , GUO Zheng2hui , XIE Wen2lian , J IAN G Chun , HAN Jin2li and L I Si2yao Keywords : bl a d de r ca nce r l ap a r osc op y ra dical c yst ect o m y ile al ne obl a

Stream data mining is the process of excerpting knowledge structure from large, continuous data. For stream data, various techniques are proposed for preparing the data for data mining task. In recent years stream data have become a growing area for the researcher, but there are many issues occurring in classifying these data due to erroneous and noisy data. Change of trend in the data periodically produces major challenge for data miners. This research concentrates on incremental missing value replacement for stream data. The proposed method generates the value for the missing data considering the data type and data distribution. It also considers the concept drift in the data stream. The method is applied to different datasets and promising results derived.

The problem of image deblurring in the presence of salt and pepper noise is considered. Standard image deconvolution algorithms, that are designed for Gaussian noise, do not perform well in this case. Median type filtering is a common method for salt and pepper noise removal. Deblurring an image that has been preprocessed by median-type filtering is however difficult, due to the amplification (in the deconvolution stage) of median-induced distortion. A unified variational approach to salt and pepper noise removal and image deblurring is presented. An objective functional that represents the goals of deblurring, noiserobustness and compliance with the piecewise-smooth image model is formulated. A modified L 1 data fidelity term integrates deblurring with robustness to outliers. Elements from the Mumford-Shah functional, that favor piecewise smooth images with simple edge-sets, are used for regularization. Promising experimental results are shown for several blur models.

Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy sets (AIFS) and interval valued fuzzy sets (IVFS) are two generalizations of a fuzzy set, which are equivalent mathematically although different semantically. We analyze the median aggregation operator for AIFS and IVFS. Different mathematical theories have lead to different definitions of the median operator. We look at the median from various perspectives: as an instance of the intuitionistic ordered weighted averaging operator, as a Fermat point in a plane, as a minimizer of input disagreement, and as an operation on distributive lattices. We underline several connections between these approaches and summarize essential properties of the median in different representations.

Averaging (in statistical terms, estimation of the location of data) is one of the most commonly used procedures in neuroscience and the basic procedure for obtaining event-related potentials (ERP). Only the arithmetic mean is routinely used in the current practice of ERP research, though its sensitivity to outliers is well-known. Weighted averaging is sometimes used as a more robust procedure, however, it can be not sufficiently appropriate when the signal is nonstationary within a trial. Trimmed estimators provide an alternative way to average data. In this paper, a number of such location estimators (trimmed mean, Winsorized mean and recently introduced trimmed L-mean) are reviewed, as well as arithmetic mean and median. A new robust location estimator tanh, which allows the data-dependent optimization, is proposed for averaging of small number of trials. The possibilities to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of averaged waveforms using trimmed location estimators are demonstrated for epochs randomly drawn from a set of real auditory evoked potential data.

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) is unique in providing information about both the structural integrity and the orientation of white matter fibers in vivo and, through “tractography”, revealing the trajectories of white matter tracts. DT-MRI is therefore a promising technique for detecting differences in white matter architecture between different subject populations. However, while studies involving analyses of group averages of scalar quantities derived from DT-MRI data have been performed, as yet there have been no similar studies involving the whole tensor. Here we present the first step towards realizing such a study, i.e., the spatial normalization of whole tensor data sets. The approach is illustrated by spatial normalization of 10 DT-MRI data sets to a standard anatomical template. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are described for assessing the results of spatial normalization. Techniques are then described for combining the spatially normalized data sets according to three definitions of average, i.e., the mean, median, and mode of a distribution of tensors. The current absence of, and hence need for, appropriate statistical tests for comparison of results derived from group-averaged DT-MRI data sets is then discussed. Finally, the feasibility of performing tractography on the group-averaged DT-MRI data set is investigated and the possibility and implications of generating a generic map of brain connectivity from a group of subjects is considered.

Information system is one of Information Technology divisions. The emergence of information system can be found in many areas. However, based on a report, percentage of failure for information system projects are still disturbing. In order to make an accurate evaluation regarding the status of information system in Malaysia, the definition of information system failure need to be peeled off specifically for Malaysia environments. Therefore, this study is conducted to identify the definition of failure by using Delphi technique. The intention of defining the definition will make it as a hit statistic about the usage of information system particularly in the Malaysia government sectors. Twenty experts have been selected, but only ten were willing to participate throughout the research. Experts were chosen from variety fields in information system background. Research has been conducted by considering experts views from three round. Research questions were developed and distributed to all experts involved. Analysis were performed by using SPSS version 16 and consensus from experts were taken by evaluating the min, median and also the inter quartile. All items were analysed and items with high value were selected as main element in the definition. On the final phase, the definitions were verified by the experts participated.

Diese umfangreiche Vorlesung für Studierende des berufsbegleitenden Bachelor-Studiengangs Betriebswirtschaftslehre an der Hochschule Harz umfasst alle wesentlichen Grundlagen der deskriptiven (beschreibenden), explorativen (suchenden) und induktiven (schlussfolgernden) Statistik sowie eine Einführung in die Methoden-, Mengen- und Wahrscheinlichkeitslehre. Neben Lagemaßen, Streuungsmaßen, Korrelationskoeffizienten, Konfidenzintervallen und der linearen Regressionsanalyse wird auch auf die grafische Darstellung von Daten sowie auf die Durchführung und Interpretation statistischer Tests eingegangen. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der gründlichen Einführung in die methodischen Unterschiede zwischen qualitativer und quantitativer Forschung sowie auf der Vorbereitung und Durchführung methodisch sauberer Datenerhebungen - von der Stichprobenplanung über die Formulierung guter und eindeutiger Fragebögen bis hin zum Einsatz freier Software zur Erfassung und Analyse von Daten. Der Kurs schließt mit einer kurzen Einführung in die freie statistische Programmiersprache R sowie die grafische Benutzeroberfläche RStudio.