Manipulation

У овом раду полазим од две методолошке претпоставке: 1) Култура се може очитати из језика; 2) Култура је целина, те се може објективно испитати само огледањем с другом целином. Полазећи од лексике, примењујем широку филолошку методологију да бих упоредио православну и модерну језичку слику света, предвиђајући да ће се православна догма показати релевантним и ревелаторним поредбеним еквивалентом савременог дискурса. Нагласак стављам на учење о апокалипси и на појам прелести. Утврђујем да је тај негативни појам у више језика претрпео нормализацију кроз губљење наслеђених речи осуде (прелест) те њихову дискредитацију (лаж), семантичку рестрикцију (превара) и неутрализацију (мнење); кроз афирмативно превредновање (машта) и еуфемистичко преименовање (пи-ар); најзад противосуду (теорија завере) која инкорпорира критичке неологизме (дезинформација). Појам истовремено бележи ширење које обухвата савремене праксе манипулације и кључне речи цивилизације (информисање, ИТ, јавно мнење). Прелест је тиме увећана а њена критика онемогућена променом лексичке и семантичке структуре. Ова промена демонстрира на који начин језик обликује и изражава постистински поглед на свет. Очигледна, битна и епохална, она представља знак времена, који по православној догми јесте апокалиптичан.

In this paper, I proceed from two methodological assumptions: 1) Culture can be read from language; 2) Culture is a whole, and it can be objectively examined only in comparison with another whole. Starting from the lexicon, I apply a broad philological methodology to compare the Orthodox and the modern linguistic picture of the world, predicting that Orthodox dogma will prove to be a relevant and revelatory comparative equivalent of contemporary discourse. The emphasis is on the teaching of the apocalypse and the notion of deception. I find that in several languages this negative notion has undergone normalization through: the disappearance of the inherited words of condemnation (srp. prelest), their disrepute (lie), semantic restriction (fraud) and neutralization (seduction); affirmative revaluation (dream) and euphemistic renaming (PR); finally counter-condemnation (conspiracy theory), which incorporates critical neologisms (disinformation). At the same time, the notion is experiencing an extension which includes modern practices of manipulation and key words of civilization (information, IT, public opinion). The deception is thus increased and its critique prevented by the change of lexical and semantic structure. This change demonstrates how language shapes and expresses a post-truth world view. Obvious, essential and epochal, the change represents a sign of the times, one which according to Orthodox dogma is apocalyptic.

Viewing the consumer as an active, skeptical reader of the persuasion attempt is an emerging perspective in advertising research. This perspective suggests that a consumer's recognition of an emotional ''tactic'' in an ad can have a significant impact on an ad's intended effect. Adopting this approach, we examine whether consumers' evaluations of an ad's credibility can enhance, and perceptions of manipulative intent can disrupt, the emotional response intended by the advertiser. We also investigate the effects of these two variables on attitude toward the ad and corporate attributions, including attitude toward the sponsor of the ad. We examine a commonly employed emotional tactic-the guilt appeal-and report the results of an experimental study. Our results suggest that credible guilt advertisements that are not overtly manipulative induce guilt feelings and positive attitudes. However, when consumers infer manipulative intent by the marketer, consumers do not feel guilty, but do have negative attitudes toward the sponsor of the advertisement and the advertisement. D

Resumo: Este artigo pretende refletir acerca dos desafios educacionais levantados pelo poder da fotografia. Traça-se um contexto histórico e cultural em torno da invenção da fotografia, abordando a sua receptividade, a sua capacidade de espelhar a realidade e a sua elevação ao estatuto de arte. Abordam-se ainda os poderes da fotografia (dizer a verdade, manipular, encenar e ver além do visível), sobretudo a partir dos ensaios de Roland Barthes, Walter Benjamin e Susan Sontag. Por fim, reflete-se sobre a forma como a imagem fotográfica condiciona as experiências dos indivíduos. Palavras-chave: Fotografia. Poder. Manipulação. Abstract: This article intends to reflect on the educational challenges posed by the power of photography. It draws a historical and cultural context around the invention of photography, dealing with its receptiveness, its ability to mirror reality and its elevation to the status of art. It also deals with the powers of photography (to tell the truth, to manipulate, to stage and to see beyond the visible), mainly based on essays by Roland Barthes, Walter Benjamin and Susan Sontag. Finally, it reflects on the way photographic images condition the experiences of each individual. Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre los retos educativos que plantea el poder de la fotografía. Se traza un contexto histórico y cultural en torno a la invención de la fotografía, abordando su receptividad, su capacidad de reflejar la realidad y su elevación al estatuto de arte. Se abordan también los poderes de la fotografía (decir la verdad, manipular, escenificar y ver más allá de lo visible), sobre todo a partir de los ensayos de Roland Barthes, Walter Benjamin y Susan Sontag. Por último, se reflexiona sobre la forma en que la imagen fotográfica condiciona las experiencias de los individuos.

It is important to study language as a tool used by managers to Influence and control their; subordinates with their assertion of power. Language is ideological as speakers can use linguistic strategies to empower themselves while convincing their audience. What are the mechanisms of power inherent in language? Leaders/managers use linguistic strategic as an influential instrument of managerial rhetoric to convince or persuade staff to carry out specific actions. To argue in favor of their managerial ideologies and goals, managerial staff can deploy a broad range of manipulative and rhetorical devices at the lexical, semantic, pragmatic and textual levels in their discourse. In this paper examples will be taken from leaders and managers who; have used such; strategies to persuade and convince their audience of the correctness of their stance.

Media image of reality. Empirical research conducted over decades has proven unequivocally that the media affects its audience. Depending on the decade and the existing paradigm, a broader or narrower scope for potential impact is indicated. The author presents selected results of research on the agenda ‑setting and fram‑ ing process as well as the characteristics of both phenomena in order to find out whether the mechanisms behind them should be considered in the manipulation category. Nowadays, in the age of rapid development of " new " media, especially social media platforms, individuals are no longer merely passive users but can act as an active sender. This causes the impact of the media to appear distracted. The purpose of this article is also an attempt to answer the question of what role traditional media plays today and whether their role in setting up the thematic agenda has changed significantly. Medialny obraz rzeczywistości. Prowadzone od dziesięcioleci badania empiryczne dowiodły jednoznacznie, że media oddziałują na swoich odbiorców. W zależności od dekady i obowiązującego paradygmatu wskazywano szerszy lub węższy zakres potencjalnego wpływu. Autor prezentuje wybrane wyniki badań nad procesem agenda ‑setting i uramowienia (framing) a także cech charakterystycznych obu zjawisk celem poszukiwania odpowiedzi na pytanie czy mechanizmy stojące za nimi powinny być rozpatrywane w kategorii manipulacji. Współcześnie, w do‑ bie gwałtownego rozwoju " nowych " mediów, w szczególności platform społecz‑ nościowych, jednostki nie są już jedynie biernymi odbiorcami, ale mogą pełnić rolę aktywnego nadawcy. Powoduje to, że oddziaływanie mediów wydaje się być rozproszone. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest też próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaką rolę pełnią dziś tradycyjne media i czy ich rola w ustanawianiu agendy te‑ matycznej uległa znaczącej zmianie.

The article is focused on social causes of using provocations in advertising as tools of impact, consideration and comparison of provocative advertising and advertising with provocations. Analysis of main features of advertising with provocations, its essence and impact techniques of creolized advertising material that contains advertising. The article also studies riscogenics of provocations in commercial advertising, the role of provocations in building virtual social capital while promoting premium-level goods and services, as well as analysis of impact of social advertising on social actors.
Анализ социальных предпосылок применения в рекламном дискурсе провокаций как средств воздействия, рассмотрение и сравнение провокационной рекламы и рекламы-провокации. Анализ основных признаков рекламы-провокации, характера и механизма воздействия рекламных мультимодусных произведений, содержащих провокации. Изучение рискогенности провокаций в коммерческой рекламе, их роли при формировании виртуального социального капитала в процессе продвижения продуктов и услуг премиального ценового сегмента и в социальной рекламе при формировании новых ментальных установок членов социума.

The media world cannot escape a kind of the "introspection", showing the ways mass media function, how they influence the audience, and, in so doing, what methods and techniques are used. Therefore, for almost a hundred years, cinema has repeatedly addressed the storylines related to the work of the press, television, radio, film studios (and now also Internet agencies), to the stories of journalist investigations, election campaigns, etc. Meanwhile, the work of the employees of media agencies is often portrayed in a rather negative light, revealing many ulcers associated with media manipulations, information wars, direct forgery, etc. The article analyzes the ways cinema, to a large extent, presents the media (press, television, Internet) as a source of media manipulation and fraud, and the work of journalists as a technology for deceiving and managing the mood of the mass audience just to please the mighty. Materials of our research are academic books and articles on media manipulation and the topic of media manipulation in movies, films about media manipulation, as well as Internet sites. Methodology is based on theoretical framework on the relationship, interdependence and integrity of the phenomena of reality, the unity of the historical and the logical in cognition, the theory of the dialogue of cultures. The research is based on a content analysis and comparative approaches. The following methods are used: data collection (films, monographs, articles, reports) related to the article's theme, analysis of the films and academic literature, theoretical analysis and synthesis; generalization and classification.

ÖZET: Doğru ve tam bilgi ile güven, sermaye piyasasının temel yapı taşlarıdır. Güvenin olmadığı bir piyasada yatırım olmaz. Bu sebeple bilgi yatırımcının güvenine ulaşmak için açılan bir yoldur. Yatırımcı güveni ile ihraççının sermaye isteği arasındaki uzak mesafeleri kavuşturan yol bilgidir. Bilgi, olmayan güveni ortaya çıkarır; mevcut güveni ise, korur. Netice olarak bilgi, güven içindir. Asimetrik bilgi diğer bir tabirle bilgi eksikliği, piyasadan beklenen verimin alınmasına engel olur. Piyasa verimsiz ve meyvesiz bir ağaca döner. Asimetrik bilgi kuramı, yanlış, hileli veya eksik bilginin piyasayı nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koyan ve bu duruma çözüm yolları sunan modern bir görüştür. 1970 yılında ortaya atılan bu kuram, iktisat alanıyla ilgilenen birçok çevrede geniş yankı uyandırmış, iktisadi ve hukuki çevrelerde üzerinde uzun soluklu düşünüşler mey-dana getirmiştir. Bu düşünüşler asimetrik bilgi savını, bir teoriden öteye taşımış ve asimetrik bilgi iktisadi alanda vazgeçilmez bir temel unsur haline gelmiştir. Ayrıca asimetrik bilgi, sermaye piyasasının temel ilkesi olarak kabul edilen yatırımcının korunması ilkesine de apayrı bir yorum getirmiş; yatırımcının bilgi eksikliğinin giderilmesinin sermaye piyasası için ne kadar önemli olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Asimetrik bilginin temel bir unsur olarak kabul edilmesi üzerine yatırımcının bilgi eksikliğini gidermek, böylece piyasaya olan mevcut güveni korumak ve olmayan güveni inşa etmek için Türk hukukunda çeşitli çözüm yolları geliştirilmiş-tir.

ABSTRACT: Accurate and complete information and trust are the basic building blocks of the capital market. There is no investment in a market that is not trustworthy. For this reason, information is the way to build the trust of investors. It is the path that links the distances between investor's trust and the issuer's capital demand. Knowledge brings non-trust to light, while preserving existing trust. As a result, information is for trust. Asymmetric information, in other words the lack of information, prevents to get the efficiency of the expected yield from the market. The market turns inefficient and fruitless. In the framework of asymmetric information theory, it is a modern view that reveals how wrong, fraudulent or incomplete information affects the market and offers solutions to this situation. This theory, which was put forward in 1970, has created wide repercussions in many circles interested in the field of economics and has brought long-term thoughts on economical and judicial circles. These thoughts carried the asymmetric information position beyond the theoretically so that asymmetric information become an indispensable element in the economic field. In addition, asymmetric information has brought a new approach to the principle of investor protection, which is regarded as the fundamental principle of the capital market. In this direction, it has been revealed how important it is for the capital market to resolve the investor's lack of information. Asymmetric information has been regarded as a fundamental element and various solutions have been developed in Turkish law to resolve investor's lack of knowledge so as to maintain existing trust in the market and solve the non-trust.

Η ρητορική της κυβέρνησης περί του θέματος απλώς αναπαράγει τα πάγια εδώ και δεκαετίες χονδροειδή προπαγανδιστικά στερεότυπα, ιδεολογήματα και δόγματα της αγοραίας νεοφιλελεύθερης «δημοσιογραφίας/δημοσιολογίας». Στερεότυπα που έχουν δημιουργήσει στο πιο επιρρεπές προς χειραγώγηση κοινό ένα φράγμα πρόσληψης σε επίπεδο εξαρτημένων αντανακλαστικών. Το φράγμα αυτό αποτρέπει και ακυρώνει εκ προοιμίου κάθε ορθολογική πραγμάτευση του θέματος, κάθε επιστημονικά τεκμηριωμένη προσέγγιση. Η κυβέρνηση επιλέγει σκοπίμως αυτή τη λαθροχειρία-απάτη, ώστε να επιβάλλει αυταρχικά  και εσπευσμένα (για να αποφύγει θύελλα κινητοποιήσεων με ανοικτά τα ΑΕΙ) νέο κύκλο αντιδραστικών αντιμεταρρυθμίσεων στην παιδεία και στην κοινωνία, με το φωτοστέφανο του «σωτήρα», που «ξέρει να κυβερνά με πυγμή» και να «αποκαθιστά την τάξη και την ηθική»…
Πρόκειται για αριστοτεχνικά καλοστημένη στον πρωτογονισμό της παγίδα-βρόγχο, όπου: από τη μια μεριά υπάρχει η τάξη, ο νόμος, όπως σε κάθε «δυτικό πολιτισμένο κράτος», από την άλλη – η «ανομία», η «παραβατικότητα», το «παραεμπόριο», η «διακίνηση ναρκωτικών», το «έγκλημα», οι «μπαχαλάκηδες», κ.λπ.
Ουδόλως απασχολεί τους αυτουργούς αυτής της παγίδας και τα θύματά της το εξωπραγματικό της διατύπωσης και ο προφανής παραλογισμός της. Οι ισχυρισμοί αυτού του πρωτογονισμού είναι ακόμα πιο άθλιοι από το να διατείνεται κανείς ότι η άρση του ασύλου της κατοικίας, του οικογενειακού ασύλου (άρθρο 9 του Συντάγματος) θα εξαλείψει τα περιστατικά ενδοοικογενειακής βίας!
Από πού απορρέει ότι τα ΑΕΙ είναι «εστίες παραβατικότητας» σε μια κοινωνία παράδεισο μιας ευνομούμενης πολιτείας; Τι εμποδίζει με το υφιστάμενο θεσμικό πλαίσιο την καταπολέμηση έκνομων ενεργειών του κοινού ποινικού δικαίου σε πανεπιστημιακούς χώρους; Από ποιον ελέγχεται π.χ. και από ποιον εξωθείται εν μέρει η διακίνηση ναρκωτικών προς ορισμένους χώρους; Έχει άραγε η διακίνηση φορτίων ναρκωτικών με πλοία σχέση με ΑΕΙ, ή με πλοιοκτήτες και κατόχους πληθώρας ΜΜΕ, φίλα προσκείμενους στην εξουσία (που κατά περίεργο τρόπο είναι εκ προοιμίου και αναφανδόν «αθώοι»); Τι γίνεται με την ιδιότυπη ασυλία (θεσμική ή/και εθιμική) της οποίας χαίρουν μεγαλοσχήμονες που εμπλέκονται σε σκάνδαλα διαφθοράς, οικονομικά και άλλα εγκλήματα; Τι γίνεται με το αέναο παίγνιο εκείνου του είδους «μπαχαλάκηδων»-προβοκατόρων, ευρισκόμενων κατά τεκμήριο σε εντεταλμένη υπηρεσία, στην πλάτη των λαϊκών κινητοποιήσεων και του πανεπιστημίου; Τι θέση έχουν άραγε οι πανεπιστημιακοί χώροι στη συνολική χωροταξία και ανθρωπογεωγραφία του εγκλήματος; Ποιος ασχολείται με τη συστηματική και κατά συρροήν παραβίαση του άρθρου 16 του Συντάγματος, με την εισβολή επιχειρηματικών ομίλων και συμφερόντων στα ΑΕΙ, με βαθμιαία μετάλλαξη στην κατεύθυνση του «επιχειρηματικού πανεπιστημίου» ή/και του «πανεπιστήμιου-επιχείρησης»; Με τις καθεστωτικές φοιτητικές παρατάξεις που λειτουργούν ως παραμάγαζα σταδιοδρομίας (διανομή σημειώσεων, χρέη γραμματείας, εμπλοκή σε αντιγραφές, προθάλαμος για μεταπτυχιακά, διδακτορικά κ.λπ.); Με την υπερεκμετάλλευση απλήρωτης εργασίας, φοιτητών, προπτυχιακών, υποψηφίων διδακτόρων, προσωπικού και υποδομών από καθηγητές-επιχειρηματίες; Με τις διώξεις κατά μελών της πανεπιστημιακής κοινότητας για τις ιδέες και την επιστημονική τους έρευνα; Ποιον απασχολεί η χρονίζουσα και ιδιαίτερα έντονη κατά την τελευταία δεκαετία της κρίσης χρέους εγκληματική υποχρηματοδότηση και υποστελέχωση των ΑΕΙ , η αρπαγή των αποθεματικών τους με το διαβόητο PSI; Λύθηκε άραγε το πρόβλημα της μαζικής και χρόνιας ανεργίας των νέων, ιδιαίτερα οξύ μεταξύ των αποφοίτων ΑΕΙ; Το πρόβλημα της υποαπασχόλησης, της επισφαλούς εργασίας/μερικής απασχόλησης με μισθούς πείνας και μπλοκάκι; Το πρόβλημα της μαζικής μετανάστευσης νεολαίας που έχει αποκτήσει δημογραφικές διαστάσεις μαζικής γενοκτονίας; Το πρόβλημα της ελάχιστης έως ανύπαρκτης φοιτητικής μέριμνας (σίτισης, στέγασης κ.λπ.);  Και άλλα πολλά…
Το ίδιο το πανεπιστήμιο ως θεσμός, είναι γέννημα και συστατικό στοιχείο συγκεκριμένου ιστορικά τύπου του κοινωνικού καταμερισμού της εργασίας και ειδικότερα, του ανταγωνιστικού τύπου καταμερισμού μεταξύ φυσικής και διανοητικής εργασίας. Αντανακλά αυτόν τον καταμερισμό, ενώ ταυτόχρονα, συνιστά και όρο αναπαραγωγής ή/και περαιτέρω ανάπτυξής του. Με αυτό τον τρόπο, αντανακλά  και αναπαράγει την εκάστοτε ιστορικά διαμορφωμένη θέση και το ρόλο των επιστημών (βασικών, εφαρμοσμένων και τεχνολογικών) και των τεχνών στην παραγωγή και ευρύτερα στην κοινωνία, στον πολιτισμό, ενώ έχει προνομιακή συμβολή και στη διαμόρφωση του φάσματος δυνατοτήτων περαιτέρω ανάπτυξης της παραγωγής και συνολικά της κοινωνίας, του πολιτισμού μέσω της επιστήμης και των τεχνών. Για αυτό το λόγο, το σύνολο της παιδείας και ειδικότερα το πανεπιστήμιο διαδραματίζει στρατηγικό ρόλο στη συγκρότηση και ανάπτυξη της κοινωνίας.
Η ακόμα πιο άμεση υπαγωγή επιστήμης και παιδείας στο κεφάλαιο επιτυγχάνεται μόνο μέσα από συστηματική υπονόμευση και αποδόμηση των τελευταίων. Καταλυτικές είναι σε αυτή την κατεύθυνση οι αλλαγές που επιβάλλονται από υπερεθνικά όργανα τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες (Ενιαίος Ευρωπαϊκός Χώρος Έρευνας και Εκπαίδευσης, διαδικασία της Μπολόνια, υπαγωγή στο τρίπτυχο: επιχειρηματικότητα, ανταγωνιστικότητα, «αριστεία», επιβολή της αγοραίας αξιολόγησης κ.λπ.). Σε αυτές της συνθήκες η πανεπιστημιακή παιδεία υποβαθμίζεται σε μια διαδικασία μαθητείας-τιθάσευσης σε όρους εκτελεστικότητας, η βασική επιστημονική έρευνα (στην οποία περιλαμβάνεται η φιλοσοφία και οι κοινωνικές-ανθρωπιστικές επιστήμες) υποβαθμίζεται ή/και τίθεται υπό διωγμό ως «ασύμφορη» και «άχρηστη», ενώ προτάσσεται η εφαρμοσμένη και τεχνική/τεχνολογική με άμεση κερδώα διέξοδο, τα επιστημονικά γνωστικά αντικείμενα συρρικνώνονται σε πακέτα πληροφορίας και μετρήσιμων δεξιοτήτων με ημερομηνία λήξης κ.ο.κ. Επιτυχημένος επιστήμονας δεν είναι πλέον αυτός που επιδίδεται ανιδιοτελώς σε έρευνα ανοίγοντας δρόμους για την ανθρωπότητα, αλλά ο έχων επιδόσεις στην επιχειρηματική αξιοποίηση επιστήμης και πανεπιστημίου, ο προγραμματοθήρας, ο επιχειρηματίας εργολάβος/εργοδότης που εκμεταλλεύεται ασυστόλως υποδομές, διασυνδέσεις και εργασία μελών της πανεπιστημιακής κοινότητας…
Η έρευνα, η τεχνολογία και η παιδεία, είναι ως προς την ουσία τους ζωτικής στρατηγικής σημασίας καθολικές πανανθρώπινες δυνάμεις, οι τύχες των οποίων δεν μπορούν να αφεθούν ως έρμαια του αγοραίου και προοπτικά καταστροφικού καιροσκοπισμού των όποιων ιδιωτικών συμφερόντων του κεφαλαίου.

The key findings of the study are that monopoly power in the stock market can be created and exercised through information-based market manipulation by a strategic trader. Successful execution of manipulation can result in substantial profit to the strategic trader but unfair losses to other investors, as well as excess volatility to the manipulated stocks. In addition, we propose that creation and exercise of monopoly power in the stock market is one mechanism that contributes to a widening income gap between market manipulators and the investing public.

Utilizzare un linguaggio proprio, evitare di appiattire le possibilità espressive, e decifrare i linguaggi e i messaggi e i testi è sempre la strategia più efficace. Se pensiamo alla comunicazione sui social: la capacità di riconoscere la presenza o l’assenza di argomentazioni ancor prima della capacità di controargomentare, la distinzione di una comunicazione “vuota” e dell’uso di luoghi comuni, la comprensione di atteggiamenti aggressivi, non assertivi e manipolatori, può essere fondamentale. Il potenziamento e la valorizzazione di queste capacità avvengono tramite la consuetudine con la parola creativa e la letteratura di finzione, molto più che con altri testi scritti di carattere informativo o argomentativo. La lettura di opere letterarie ha un peso consistente, insieme allo sviluppo di capacità di scrittura. Discutere soprattutto di letteratura può creare un giusto livello di informazione e di autostima.

Öz
Yaşamın her anında ve her alanında mitlerin yaygın kullanımı söz konusudur. Mitler, medya sektörü ve reklamcılık gibi iletişimsel alanların yanı sıra, kendi özünü oluşturan astroloji tarafından da kullanılmaktadır. Astrologlar, gökyüzü hareketlerini hesaplayarak bireylerin gelecekte karşılaşacakları olaylar hakkında kehanette bulunmayı ve onlara rehber olmayı yarı-dinsel tonlarla vaaz ederler. Böylesi bir özellik astrolojinin, siyaset tarafından medya yoluyla kullanılmasını sağlamaktadır.
Bu çalışma, medyanın astroloji yoluyla okuyucuyu eylemsizlik ya da eylemliliğe nasıl yönlendirdiğini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu noktada, astrologların hangi manipülatif stratejilerle kimler adına hegemonya oluşturmaya çalıştıkları önemlidir. Amaç doğrultusunda, siyasal iktidara yakın olan Sabah, Bugün, Habertürk ile muhalif çizgideki Sözcü, Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet/Posta gazetelerinin 2014-2015 yıllarındaki siyasal içerikli astrolojik haber, röportaj, yorum niteliği taşıyan metinleri belirlenmiştir. Bu medya metinlerine, astrolojinin yoğun olarak kullandığı mitlerin manipülatif özelliklerinde dolayı, söylemsel manipülasyon çözümlemesi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, gazetelerin okuyucuları kendi ideolojileri çerçevesinde eylemsizliğe ya da eylemliliğe yönlendirmeyi hedeflediklerini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, kitleler üzerinde iktidara yönelik bir tutum oluştururlarken, aynı zamanda kendi aralarında örtük bir mücadele içinde oldukları anlaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Medya, Astroloji, Mitoloji, Mit, Manipülasyon, Hegemonya, Kimlik.

The Power Struggle under the Stars: The Construction of Hegemony and Identity

Abstract
Myths in every field and in every moment of life are widely in use. Myths, such as the media and advertising industry as well as a communicative space, its essence are used by astrology. Astrologers, by calculating the sky movements, preach individuals to foretell about the events they may encounter in the future and to be their guide in quasi-religious tones. Its such a feature, allows it to be used by politics through the media.
This study aims to reveal how media drives the reader to action or inaction by astrology. At this point, with which kind of manipulative strategies and for whom astrologers try to establish hegemony is important. For this purpose, the astrological news, interviews, comments containing political content were determined from the Sabah, Bugün, Habertürk which is closer to political power, and Sözcü, Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet/Posta which is opposition newspapers’ in the years 2014-2015. Because of the manipulative characteristics of the myths which are used by astrology widely, discursive manipulation analysis has been applied to these media texts. The findings show that newspapers aim at directing the readers to action or inaction within the framework of their own ideology. In addition, while creating an attitude towards power over the masses, at the same time it’s understood that they are in an implicit struggle among themselves.

Keywords: Media, Astrology, Mythology, Myth, Manipulation, Hegemony, Identity.

In this paper I will attempt to examine cases of emotional appropriation and manipulation within a political context as portrayed in the classical myth of Theseus and the Labyrinth which, I propose, serves as a model for Suzanne Collins’ trilogy, The Hunger Games (2008-2010). I will engage in a comparative reading of the common ground these two narratives share through the theories of Louis Althusser, Guy Debord and Michel Foucault arguing that Collins rewrites the mythical Labyrinth, a symbol of political and divine power, as a panoptical technological dispositive which functions as a televised arena of multilayered interpellations and emotional manipulation. This new labyrinth utilizes the penetrative gaze of the camera in order to mould the emotions of its subjects and perpetuate its sovereignty. Moreover, I will explore how both Theseus and Katniss are placed in this labyrinthine structure of power and how they appropriate the tools of sovereignty in order to manipulate emotions so as to overthrow it. However, this victorious emergence from the labyrinth entails detrimental repercussions on both Katniss and Theseus, as they are eventually both alienated, marginalized and emotionally crippled. In short, I will attempt to read the classic and the modern text through a common, contemporary theoretical axis in order to underpin the sense of continuity from past to present regarding the issue of political manipulation of emotions.

Resumen En el tiempo presente en el que la posverdad, como manipulación, se presenta como un hecho inevitable, es necesario incluir en la educación de las nuevas generaciones los contenidos y habilidades que los preparen para hacer frente a los intentos de manipulación

La identidad cultural designa propiamente una cultura en el sentido antropológico del sistema social como un todo, pero en el uso ordinario alude a una serie de rasgos escogidos de forma arbitraria, a los que un grupo humano se adhiere emocionalmente, con fines políticos.

The objective of this research is to collect and analyze post-revolutionary rhetoric (including homophobic) related to sexual and gender issues and discursive means available in Armenia, which are being used to target human rights defenders, activists working on women’s and LGBT issues, progressive civil society, aiming at shrinking their space of action, trying to turn this theme into a weapon to be utilized against the post-revolutionary government and to impede reforms in this area.

Given the objective of the research, the following questions were posited:

What discursive means and ideological boundaries are underlying the local and international anti-gender campaigns?
What political interests and agendas hold people, groups, and forces backing the local anti-gender campaigns?
What messages and ideas about sexuality and gender issues are being circulated in locally organized campaigns? What are the specificities and commonalities with global anti-gender campaigns?
How those, engaged in anti-gender campaigns, are linking the public discussions of sexuality and gender issues to the 2018 revolution and the new political power?
How the post-revolutionary power reacts to the anti-gender campaigns and, in its turn, what types of messages and ideas it formulates about sexuality and gender?
How anti-gender campaigns impact the progressive, rights defending civil society, and the reforms in Armenia?

Howard Gruber, a founder member of Psychologists for Social Action, reviewed the dissertation. His review, dated May 7, 1978, as Parkovnick (2015) points out, "... is worth quoting in full, as it captures the very essence of the dissertation":
“This is an effective dissertation and could become an important book. I began reading it very favorably disposed to it. Then I got more and more riled up, made many hostile notes. By the end I found myself almost won over, certainly illuminated. Francks [Gruber’s spelling] has a style that gets under your skin and stays there. This is a good thing and should not get lost in the process of expansion, rewriting, and editing. It will take some work to make it a persuasive book to a less sympathetic reader, and to reduce its present excessive vulnerability to academic criticism. Its very sweep opens many avenues to criticism, crit. of a kind that detracts the reader and potential reader from the central ideas. But all this can be worked out. As an academic type, I often find myself cringing, wanting things toned down. But by the time I finished, I felt that the direction of the change should be to strengthen the tone of the book, to make its central, disturbing message more apparent, bring it more up front.”  Gruber, H. (1978). Review of A history of American social psychology up to the Second World War by Peter Francks [Gruber’s spelling] for Ablex Publishing Corporation, May 7.

Readers should also look at: https://www.academia.edu/60033912/The_Psychology_of_Participation_Revisited_1984_2021

The subject of this research is the positive provocation, its essence, types, structure, causes, riskiness, as well as the models of positive provocation in sociocultural environment. The object of this research is the provocations, the subject of which desires to achieve positive result for itself and the object of provocation. The author examines the various cases of application of provocation in the areas of philosophy, art, literature, education and social advertising; as well as the diverse models of the use of positive provocation in postmodern society. A conclusion is made that it is caused by the desire of provocateur to motivate the object of provocation for actions, beneficial to both, the subject and the object. The scientific novelty lies in systemic consideration of the forms of positive provocation at the various social levels; as well as in substantiation of conclusion that the positive provocation can be of altruistic nature and carry social importance, is not a method of causing distress, and requires a high level of reflexivity form the provocateur. The relevance of this article is justified by the broad distribution of prevocational practices in modern world and the need for their examination in the negative and positive aspect. The author formulates the definition of positive provocation, and concludes that the instruments of positive provocation at the microsocial level are trust, dishonesty, concealment of true intentions; while at the macrosocial level – the emotional pressure. The positive and negative provocation are ambivalent: negative can become positive, or the other way around, depending on the circumstances. 
Предметом исследования является положительная провокация, ее сущность виды, структура, причины, рискогенность, модели положительной провокации в социокультурной среде. Объект исследования – провокации, субъект которых стремится добиться положительного результата как для себя, так и для объекта провокации. Автор исследует случаи применения провокации в сферах философии, искусства, литературы, образования и в области социальной рекламы. Также он рассматривает различные модели применения положительной провокации в постмодернистском обществе. Он делает вывод, что её причиной является стремление провокатора создать у объекта провокации мотивацию к действиям, выгодным как субъекту, так и объекту. Методологическую основу статьи составили современные исследования провокации в русле социальных наук, для изучения феномена используются методы анализа, обобщения, синтеза и кейс-стади. Научная новизна работы заключается в системном рассмотрении форм положительной провокации на различных социальных уровнях, в обосновании выводов о том, что положительная провокация, может иметь альтруистический характер и социальное значение, не является способом уничтожения или нанесения ущерба, требует от провокатора высокого уровня рефлексивности. Актуальность исследования обусловлена широким распространением провокационных практик в современном мире и необходимостью их изучения, как в отрицательном, так и положительном аспекте. Автором сформулировано определение положительной провокации, сделан ряд выводов. В частности, отмечается, что инструментами положительной провокации на микросоциальном уровне выступают доверие, обман, сокрытие истинных намерений, на макросоциальном уровне – эмоциональное воздействие.Положительная и отрицательная провокация амбивалентны (отрицательная может стать положительной и наоборот в зависимости от обстоятельств).

Докторант, УниБИТ Манипулация и манипулиране: в търсене за определение 1 Увод Вниманието на обществеността по целия свят все повече се насочва към темата за манипулацията и манипулирането. Въпреки че от 2004 година насам се наблюдава тенденция на леко снижаване, стойностите на интереса към психологичните манипулации остават в границите между 75-100% в световен мащаб по данни на Google 2 .

Yeni teknolojilerin imkanları ölçüsünde ortaya çıkan internet ve modern tekniğin yeni konfigürasyonları olan sosyal medya platformları toplumsal ve politik tartışmaların farklı bir boyut kazanmasına yol açmıştır. Aralık 2010’da Tunus’ta başlayan, sonrasında Mısır ve Suriye’yi içerisine alan devrim/karşı devrim hareketlerinin sosyal medya mecraları aracılığıyla etkisini göstermesi bu alanlara yönelik ilgiyi artırmıştır. Toplumsal hareketlerde etkisi test edilen internet mecraları zamanla toplumsal hayatın vazgeçilmez bir parçası olmuş ve siyaseti de derinden etkilemiştir.
İnternet teknolojisinin yarattığı dönüşüme paralel olarak değişen siyaset alanında da sosyal medya kullanımı zaman içerisinde mecburi bir hal almıştır. Sosyal medyayla birlikte konvansiyonel siyaset yapma tarzlarında yaşanan değişiklik yeni siyasal iletişim modellerini ortaya çıkartmış ve politik aktörler bu alanda da kendilerini göstermiştir. Siyasi parti ve yöneticilerinin daha geniş kitlelere ulaşmak amacıyla kullandıkları sosyal medya araçları süreç içerisinde siyasetin vazgeçilmez araçları olmuştur. Nitekim sosyal medya kullanan siyasi parti liderlerinin daha geniş kitlelere erişimi ve söz konusu kitlelerin de politikacıları takibi mümkün olmuş ve bu mecra propaganda açısından elverişli bir alan olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Teknolojideki dönüşümle birlikte siyaset alanında yaşanan bu farklılıklar birtakım riskleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Öyle ki sosyal medya son dönemlerde küresel alanda siyasete ve seçmen davranışlarına etki eden manipülatif bir araç olarak kabul edilmektedir. 2016 ABD başkanlık seçimlerinde Rusya’nın etkisi olduğuna dair güçlü iddialar konunun bu yönleriyle tartışılmasını mecburi kılmış ve devletler egemenliğini tehdit eden bu girişimlere karşı önlemler alma yoluna gitmişlerdir. Geçtiğimiz aylarda kamuoyuna mal olan ve sosyal medyanın siyaset alanını manipüle etmeye dönük etkilerinin bütün boyutlarıyla tartışılmasına yol açan Cambridge Analytica skandalı sosyal medyanın seçim sonuçlarını etkileyebileceği iddialarının ciddiye alınmasını sağlamış ve bu alandaki risklerin bütün boyutlarını ortaya koymuştur.  Genellikle bot hesaplar oluşturularak yalan haber yayılımı ve suni kamuoyu oluşturma gibi yöntemler benimsenerek seçmen davranışı etkilenmeye çalışılmaktadır.


TURGAY YERLIKAYA, SECA TOKER

A Simple Way To Create Drop Shadow Photoshop In
Details
It is one kind of effect found in catalogue photographs, advertising images, and web
pages. It is called the drop shadow, sometimes called the box shadow. Separate the
object from the contextual and placing a custom shadow is the procedure to create it. https://www.clippingusa.com/
At this point of view, the background needs to delete sometime. But that’s rare. Most
of the time it is replaced, customized or changed. The result of it is to make the
impression of floating the object in space.
That’s mean; this type of shadow is an effect where an image is repeated beneath
itself to create the impression. The image also looks like floating over background.
That is done in the graphics design.

The possible harmful effects of advertising in magazines aimed at teenagers have not lost relevance. Thus the aim of this article is to explore the linguistic characteristics used as foregrounding devices in a corpus of English advertisements aimed at teenagers. My underlying premise is that some linguistic messages or images convey information which is picked up by teenagers creating in them the desire to obtain certain products. In my analysis I attempt to ascertain, if any, what kind of linguistic control and what linguistic devices advertisers use to achieve their goal. Additionally, I try to find out to what extent the power of advertising has something to do with social problems related to compulsive consumerism, health disorders and behavior which affect teenagers. Hence, in my research, I gathered linguistic data from four magazine advertisements and identified the strategies used by prestigious brands to create in teenagers artificially constructed necessities on the basis of Donald Gunn's classification of manipulative techniques in advertising.

About the Art of Manipulation According to Roland Barthes Roland Barthes's Mythologies consist of a series of essays on various topics, the most of them speaking about common topics of everyday's life: children's toys, photographs, politics, advertisments etc. However, the importance of these essays is the fact that their ideas and statements represent rather a new, a different point of view than an average one. One of Barthes's recurrent topics is manipulation and its appearance in different situations and stages of life, which he analyzes very precisely according to different aspects. I consider these essays as Barthes's method of opening one's eye by forming his clear critiques on the subject, making us, the readers rethink our previous personal equations. In his essay Toys Barthes claims that all the toys represent "a microcosm of the adult world" (53.), as children are typically seen and treated as smaller men. He brings up a series of examples to the many kinds of toys children play with: starting from kitchen tools through urinating dolls to the mini figures of soldiers or police officers. He makes his statements from a total objective point of view upon the topic, writing this analyzes in order to make us reconsider the role of toys in our and our children's life: how they affect their behavior and future roles without anybody caring about it.

Whether we want to buy a cell phone, rice or a bag of corn, baked cakes, a loaf of bread, whether we click our order, telephone the order, use the mail, or go to a retail store, the transactions, and indeed most economic transactions, are influenced by some form of market regulation. In ‘market
regulation’, the word, "regulation," usually connotes some extra-market, even administrative, guidance of the market. We'll call this external regulation to distinguish it from regulation by competition. What is really regulation? The regulation refers to controlling human or societal behaviour by rules or restrictions. Regulation can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by a certain governing authority, social regulation like norms, and market regulation. One can consider regulation as actions of conduct imposing sanctions that may be sometime fines.

In recent years, political theorists such as William Connolly, Jane Bennett, Stephen White, and Romand Coles have sought to reinvigorate democratic theory by challenging the boundaries of the political delimited by neo-Kantian and Anglo-analytic thought. 1 Broadly speaking, theorists of ethos share two related ambitions. First, they aim to radically expand the ambit of democratic politics. Rather than constraining politics to the forms of public reason and rational argumentation that make up the terrain of much democratic theory (and in particular, of deliberative democratic theory), they advocate a public sphere that is responsive to and incorporates the political dimensions of affect, persuasion, rhetoric, and religious argument. Second, they endorse the cultivation of an ethos of critical responsiveness and presumptive generosity in citizens facing the profound social, cultural, and religious diversity of late modern life. This aims to respond to deep pluralization in democratically productive ways, rather than through the more reactionary impulses towards which a post-9/11 U.S.A. has tilted.

This paper presents some linguistic features of manipulation and deception by analyizing examples from pseudo-scientific texts. There are several contents on the internet that source and credibility is doubtful, and these contents are manipulative and deceptive. The aim of investigation reveal these contents, and the results of it provide basis for development of teaching and training materials.

A tanulmány áltudományos szövegekből vett példák elemzésén keresztül mutatja be a manipu-láció és a megtévesztés egyes nyelvi jellemzőit, elemeit. Az interneten számos olyan tartalom terjed, amelyek forrását, hitelességét nehéz ellenőrizni, így könnyen manipulálhatják, megté-veszthetik a felhasználókat. Ez több veszélyt is rejt magában, így különösen fontosak azok a kutatások, amelyek az ilyen tartalmakat igyekeznek leleplezni, az eredmények pedig jó alapot adhatnak tananyagok és tréninganyagok kidolgozásához.

İnsan beyninin kapasitesini bir televizyona benzetirsek yaklaşık 300 yıl boyunca devam eden bir televizyon programını hatasız kaydedebilecek bir depo alanı gibi olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Gözden ve kulaktan elde edilen bilginin beyne iletilirken oluşturduğu hassasiyet, bir kablo üzerinde veri taşırken oluşan gürültü kadardır. Yani ihmal edilme olasılığı yüksektir. Bu şu anlama da gelebilir; duyu organlarından gelen bilginin %99.9 unu beyin kendi içinde tamamlamaktadır. İnsanın aslında kendi beyninin yarattığı dünyada yaşadığını ve biz bu durumu algının bir bilimsel kanıtı olarak da sunabiliriz. Algılama, duyular aracılığı ile nesnelerin veya kavramların belli ilişki sistemi içinde anlamlandırılmasıdır. Bu anlamlandırma, bireyin nesnelerden gelen veriler arasında zihinsel bir bağ kurması sonucu oluşur. Beyinle etkileşim sonucunda algılama süreci başlar. Algıma sürecini başlatan kişi, algıyan kişinin özelliği ve geçmişte yaşamış olduğu deneyimler, nesnenin sahip olduğu özellikler, fiziksel ortam, sosyal çevre ve örgütsel çevre unsurları algı sürecini etkileyen faktörlerdir. Anlamlandırma sonucu kendi benliğiniz dışındaki kişilerin anlamlarını benimsemek ve benimsettirmek mümkün müdür? Algı bu kadar önemli iken kişinin algısı başkaları tarafından kullanılabilir mi? Tarihte algı yönetimini kullanan birçok imparatorluk, millet veya kişi olduğunu düşünürsek,  bu anlamda hangi örnekleri verebiliriz? Bu sorular doğrultusunda bu makalede amaç; algının, algı yönetiminin tanımını yapmak, algı yönetimi teriminin ABD tarafından resmileştirilmesinden öncesini ve sonrasını içeren tarihini anlatmaktır.

It is important to study language as a tool used by politicians to persuade the public with their assertion of power.  In fact language is ideological as speakers can speak in a way that supports their interests. What are the mechanisms of power inherent in language? Language is a powerful instrument employed by political leaders. They use  linguistic strategies including linguistic manipulation as an influential instrument of political rhetoric to persuade audiences for a specific political action. To argue in favour of their political ideologies and goals, political leaders deploy a broad range of manipulative and rhetorical devices at the phonological, syntactic, lexical, semantic, pragmatic and textual levels in their political discourse.  In this paper examples will be taken from a number of world leaders, past and present, dead or alive, who have used such strategies to persuade their audience of the correctness of their stance in order to provide the reader with information about the most widely used political rhetoric devices.

Abstract: In this article I will be presenting some issues related to the hybrid war. In the competition for taking control of the Black Sea, Russia vs UE and US started a propaganda action to control public opinion. The manipulation has an important role in this equation from trendy information to disinformation.  For understanding this phenomenon I will try to answer  the  question:  What  is the truth?  The  answer  to  this  question will  help us to  identify  manipulation practices on mass-media and social network. In post-truth epoch we need these tools to win the war.  In fact this is the only way for us to win.

Keywords: truth, hybrid war, manipulation, post-truth, Black Sea

This paper looks at Plato's treatment of mimesis in Books 2 and 3 of the Republic to argue for a new way of understanding the political project of the Republic.  Far from being an authoritarian treatise designed to create war-like philosopher kings, it is seen to be a work wherein Socrates engages in various mimetic activities with his interlocutors in order to make them more thoughtful and engaged democratic citizens. In doing so, Plato hopes to create readers who will constantly contest the manipulative images and fictions that will always be on offer from a polity's democratic leaders.

Այս հետազոտության նպատակն է հավաքագրել և վերլուծել հետհեղափոխական Հայաստանում սեռականության և գենդերային հարցերի շուրջ առկա հակագենդերային (ներառյալ հոմոֆոբ) հռետորաբանությունը և դիսկուրսիվ միջոցները, որոնցով թիրախավորում են կանանց և ԼԳԲՏ  հարցերով զբաղվող իրավապաշտպաններին ու ակտիվիստներին, առաջադիմական քաղաքացիական հասարակությանը՝ ձգտելով նեղացնելու վերջիններիս գործունեության տարածքը, փորձելով այս թեման դարձնել հետհեղափոխական Հայաստանի կառավարության դեմ մարտնչելու զենք և խաթարել ոլորտում հնարավոր բարեփոխումների առաջխաղացումը։

Ելնելով հետազոտության նպատակից՝ առանձնացվել են հետազոտական հետևյալ հարցերը.

- Ի՞նչ դիսկուրսիվ միջոցներ և գաղափարաբանական շրջանակներ են ընկած տեղական և  միջազգային հակագենդերային արշավների հիմքում:
Ի՞նչ քաղաքական շահեր և օրակարգեր ունեն տեղական հակագենդերային արշավների թիկունքում կանգնած անձինք, խմբավորումները և ուժերը։
- Ի՞նչ ուղերձներ և գաղափարներ են շրջանառվում սեռականության և գենդերի հարցերի շուրջ Հայաստանում կազմակերպված արշավների կողմից. դրանք ի՞նչ առանձնահատկություններ և ընդհանրություններ ունեն գլոբալ հակագենդերային արշավների համեմատ։
- Ինչպե՞ս են սեռականության և գենդերային հարցերի հանրային քննարկումները հակագենդերային արշավներում ներգրավվածների կողմից կապվում 2018 թ. հեղափոխության և նոր կառավարող ուժի հետ։
- Հետհեղափոխական Հայաստանի կառավարող ուժն ինչպե՞ս է արձագանքում հակագենդերային արշավներին և իր հերթին ի՞նչ ուղերձներ ու գաղափարներ է ձևակերպում սեռականության և գենդերի վերաբերյալ։
- Ինչպե՞ս են ազդում հակագենդերային արշավները Հայաստանի առաջադիմական, իրավապաշտպանական քաղաքացիական հանրության և Հայաստանում բարեփոխումների ընթացքի վրա։

Elinizdeki çalışma, Theodor Adorno’nun eleştirel yaklaşımı ışığında bir yandan kültür endüstrisini açımlamaya ve sorgulamaya çalışırken, diğer yandan okuru beğenilerimizi tartışmaya çağırıyor. Kültür endüstrisinin kıskacında yaratılan kültürün, bireyin özgün beğenilerini yansıtamayacağını savunarak, bir başka seçeneğin mümkün olduğu sonucuna da varıyor.

Günümüzde kültür endüstrisinin internet ve dijital oyunlar aracılığıyla kazandığı etki ve yaygınlaşma, dahası endüstriyel kültürün tüketicilerinin aynı zamanda üreticileri haline gelmeleri Adorno tarafından tahayyül bile edilemezdi. Elbette, bunlar televizyonun ulaştığı nokta gibi Adorno’nun düşüncelerini doğrulamakta ama aynı zamanda çizdikleri sınırları zorlamaktadırlar. Bundan dolayı, Adorno’nun felsefesinin bahsedilen değişimler ve yeni formlar bakımından tekrar değerlendirilmesi son derece elzemdir.

Önder Kulak’ın çalışması, kültür endüstrisi fenomenine dair Adorno’nun eleştirileri üzerine bir rehber kitap olma niteliği taşıyor.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

Gamification, smarte Technologien und eine persistente digitale Erreichbarkeit führen dazu, dass immer mehr Lebensbereiche mit Aspekten von Spielen angereichert werden. Doch was zeichnet das Spiel eigentlich aus? Und ist es überhaupt möglich und ethisch legitim, das ganze Leben in ein Spiel zu verwandeln?
Vor dem Hintergrund einer humanistischen Anthropologie, die dem Menschen zutraut und zugleich zumutet, selbst Autor*in des eigenen Lebens zu sein, wird Gamification als durchaus problematische Manipulationsstrategie beschrieben, die kaum etwas mit dem Spiel zu tun hat und deren Einsatz nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen ethisch legitim ist. Denn, verabschieden wir uns nicht ein Stück weit von unserem Menschsein, wenn wir uns zurücklehnen und unser Leben in die Hände gamifizierter Anwendungen und Systeme legen, die uns durch ihre Spielmechanismen und Algorithmen gewissermaßen darauf programmieren, erwünschte Verhaltensweisen an den Tag zu legen? Schließlich sollten wir als autonome Subjekte in der Lage sein, selbst herauszufinden und umzusetzen, was wir für richtig und erstrebenswert halten.

This paper aims to discuss the main aspects and terminological issues of the phenomenon of manipulation through language and its similarities and differences to concepts such as persuasion, propaganda, indoctrination or agitation. The article then presents and explains two examples of manipulative strategies in political discourse: a letter of the Austrian FPÖ-Member Werner Königshofer and the parliamentary speech of the MEP Nigel Farage.

https://primumverbum.istore.pl/pl/how-not-to-do-things-with-words-beitraege-zur-sprache-in-politik-recht-und-werbung.html