Magnesium

In the present study, the production of magnesium metal from Turkish calcined dolomite containing 43.20 % MgO and 47.46 % CaO via Pidgeon process was studied under the pressure of 1 mbar. In the experiments, Turkish ferrosilicon containing 75 % Si and 24 % Fe was used as reducing agent. Effects of FeSi addition (90-150 % of stoichiometric requirement of silicon) and time (60-240 min.) were investigated on recovering of metallic magnesium from calcined dolomite (dolime) at the temperature of 1200 °C. Effects of fluxing additive (CaF 2 ), calcined magnesite and different temperatures on Mg recoveries and concentrations were also studied using with 100 % of stoichiometric requirement of silicon for 180 min.

The effect of corrosive solutions on stress relaxation behavior of pure Mg and its alloys is studied. Pure magnesium shows a crucial corrosion stress relaxation in 3.5wt.% NaCl even at room temperature in comparison with tests in air. Die-cast Mg alloys AZ91D, AM50 and AS21 at room temperature show a relatively small stress decrease both in air and in different

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), Ca *+ + Mg *+-ATPase, and Ca *+-ioncphore were obtained from white rabbit skeletal muscles. Methylmercury inhibited the Ca *+ + Mg*+-ATPase an d Ca**-transport but had no effect on the Ca*+ionophore. Mercuric chloride inhibited all three functions (i.e., ATPase, transport and ionophoric activity). The mechanism of HgC12 inhibition of the Ca*+ionophore was by competition with Ca*+ for Ca*'-ionophoric site whereas its inhibition of the enzyme ar,d Ca*+-transport was due to the blockage of essential sulfhydryl (-SH) groups. Ca*' + Mg*+-ATPase and Ca*+-transport were more sensitive to methylmercury than to HgC12. Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was obtained for the electric organ of T.

Magnesium and oxidative status were investigated in young volunteers exposed to chronic stress (political intolerance, awareness of potential military attacks, permanent stand-by duty and reduced holidays more than 10 years) or subchronic stress consisting of everyday mortal danger in military actions lasting more than 3 months. Significant decreases in plasma ionized Mg2+, total Mg and ionized Ca2+ concentrations were found in both groups. Similarly, both study groups exhibited oxidative stress as assessed by increased plasma superoxide anions and malondialdehyde and modified antioxidant defense. There were no significant differences between the two stress groups. A negative correlation between magnesium balance and oxidative stress was observed suggesting that the same etiological factor (chronic stress) initiate decreases in both free and total magnesium concentrations and simultaneously increase oxidative stress intensity. These findings support the need for magnesium supplement...

Supplemental Figure 1. Ribose-614 cleavage is unaffected by the addition of 10% complementary strand. Addition of equimolar amounts of the complement greatly lowers cleavage rate and plateau. (A) Cleavage profile for ribose-614 (100 nM)(triangles), or ribose-614 (115 nM) plus complementary strand (11.5 nM)(squares). (B) Cleavage profile for ribose-614 (222 nM)(triangles), or ribose-614 (200 nM) plus equimolar complementary strand (circles). Unless otherwise stated, all kinetics were performed under standard reaction conditions, namely 1M NaCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM HEPES, 25°C, and errors in percent cleaved are < ±2 percentage points. Supplemental Figure 2. Cleavage products do not affect ribose-614 cleavage, and only minimally alter ribose-library cleavage. Ribose-614 or ribose-library were incubated either alone (400 nM), or with the addition of the 28-nt product of 614 cleavage (400 nM), the 78-nt product of 614 cleavage (400 nM), or both (400 nM each). Data are fit to a single exponential curve. Errors in percent cleaved are < ±2 percentage points. Supplemental Figure 3. Gel-purification of ribose-614 at cleavage plateau results in additional cleaveage, indicating a fraction of 614 is folded into an inactive conformation. Ribose-614 (222 nM) was allowed to self-cleave for 140 hours, nearing cleavage plateau

The hydration of magnesium bication is studied using the DFT method BPW91 / 6-31G(d,p) , which gives remarkable results for the reproduction of the infra-red spectrum of liquid water. The enthalpies and the Gibbs free energies of Mg++ hydration are computed using the standard and the cluster procedures, up to eight added molecules of water. The entropic contribution to the hydration phenomenon is discussed using frequency analyses.

The cofactor composition and electron-transfer kinetics of the reaction center (RC) from a magnesium chelatase (bchD) mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides were characterized. In this RC, the special pair (P) and accessory (B) bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)-binding sites contain Zn-BChl rather than BChl a. Spectroscopic measurements reveal that Zn-BChl also occupies the H sites that are normally occupied by bacteriopheophytin in wild type, and at least 1 of these Zn-BChl molecules is involved in electron transfer in intact Zn-RCs with an efficiency of >95% of the wild-type RC. The absorption spectrum of this Zn-containing RC in the near-infrared region associated with P and B is shifted from 865 to 855 nm and from 802 to 794 nm respectively, compared with wild type. The bands of P and B in the visible region are centered at 600 nm, similar to those of wild type, whereas the H-cofactors have a band at 560 nm, which is a spectral signature of monomeric Zn-BChl in organic solvent. The Zn-BChl H-cofactor spectral differences compared with the P and B positions in the visible region are proposed to be due to a difference in the 5th ligand coordinating the Zn. We suggest that this coordination is a key feature of protein-cofactor interactions, which significantly contributes to the redox midpoint potential of H and the formation of the charge-separated state, and provides a unifying explanation for the properties of the primary acceptor in photosystems I (PS1) and II (PS2). magnesium chelatase mutant ͉ photosynthetic bacterial reaction center ͉ photosystems I and II ͉ protein-cofactor interaction

Ab inifio calculations are used to provide bond lengths, harmonic frequencies, and dissociation energies of low-lying electronic states for LiX, LiX+, and LiX-(with X = Li through F and Na through Cl). Most of these species represent hitherto experimentally unknown molecules or ions, which provides the focus of the work presented here. All of these species are stable to dissociation and the anions are stable to loss of an electron. Differences among the electronic structures of the valence isoelectronic LiX; and HX, LiX+, and HX+; and LiX-and HXspecies are analyzed. Optimized geometries, dissociation energies, ionization potentials, and electron affinities were calculated for the following ground states of the respective species: rZ+ for Li2('1:)

A decrease in serum Mg +2 is associated with airway hyper-reactivity and impaired pulmonary function. The purpose of this study was to determine if decreased serum Mg +2 levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with acute exacerbations. In a retrospective study, the charted serum Mg +2 levels in 100 COPD patients were examined. These included 50 patients who presented with an acute exacerbation of COPD and 50 stable patients. Chart review was sequential within both groups. Serum Mg 2+ levels in the stable COPD patients averaged 0.91 ± 0.10 mmol/L (mean ± SD) with a 95% CI of 0.88 -0.94 mmol/L. Patients undergoing an exacerbation had significantly lower serum Mg +2 levels (0.77 ± 0.10 mmol/L; CI, 0.74 -0.79; p <0.0001). Logistic regression of the dichotomous outcomes as a function of serum Mg +2 concentration demonstrated a highly significant association (c 2 = 41.26; p <10 -5 ). These data were subjected to receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis for decision levels (DL) and the area under the ROC curve was determined to be 0.85 ± 0.04 (CI, 0.78 -0.93). The optimum DL was determined to lie between 0.80 mmol/L (OR = 14.33; sensitivity 70%; specificity 86%) and 0.84 mmol/L (OR = 11.16; sensitivity 84%; specificity 68%). These data suggest that at the lower range of the reference interval, serum Mg +2 levels are associated with an increased risk of exacerbation of symptoms in COPD patients. Furthermore, they suggest a DL that is useful for predicting clinical outcomes in these patients and serving as a target value for therapy.

BackgroundIn cattle, diseases of abomasum are of great importance and include right and left displacement, torsion, impaction, pyloric stenosis and ulceration. Displacement of the abomasum has become one of the most important metabolic and organic internal disorders of cattle and the disease is most prevalent in high performing milk breeds. Abomasal displacement occurs most frequently in high yielding cows during early lactation. It has been reported that feeding a large amount of concentrations or corn silage to dairy cows inhibits the motility of the resulting in gas accumulation followed by dilation and atony and thereby causing bovine displaced. Abomasal displacement, ketosis, parturient paresis, retain placenta and endometritis has been often associated with a fatty liver.AimsThis investigation was undertaken to determine the relationship of abomasal displacement and fatty liver syndrome in dairy cows.Methodsthis study, twelve cows with abomasal displacement (7 RDA, 5 LDA) and 10 ...

A new idea of using a stiffer metallic compound Mg 2 Si to enhance the damping capacities of pure magnesium and its alloys is successfully attempted. The present paper focuses on the relation between damping capacities and the addition amount of Si. The results show that damping capacities increase with increasing amount of Si. Particular emphasis is placed on the increasing dislocation density around matrix-particulate interface and the refinement of grain size promoted by big growth restriction factor of Si.

In the present work we report on the electrochemical formation towards layers of multiscale MgO nanowhiskers by a two step approach. First, metallic magnesium was anodized under ''high-voltage"-conditions in chloride containing ethanol/water mixtures. This results within seconds in the formation of dense areas of magnesium hydroxide nanowhiskers on the surface. The individual as-grown whiskers have a needle tip shape, and a length depending on the growth time of up to 20 lm. The whiskers can be transformed to MgO by a thermal annealing process. To gain more insight into this very rapid growth process, the paper describes the influences of the key parameters of the anodization (pH, ion-concentration, electrolyte composition) and the effect of the thermal treatment on the morphology. All steps were characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD and XPS measurements.

Precision agriculture depends on the knowledge and management of soil quality (SQ), which calls for affordable, simple and rapid but accurate analysis of bioavailable soil nutrients. Conventional SQ analysis methods are tedious and expensive. We demonstrate the utility of a new chemometrics-assisted energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and scattering (EDXRFS) spectroscopy method we have developed for direct rapid analysis of trace 'bioavailable' macronutrients (i.e. C, N, Na, Mg, P) in soils. The method exploits, in addition to X-ray fluorescence, the scatter peaks detected from soil pellets to develop a model for SQ analysis. Spectra were acquired from soil samples held in a Teflon holder analyzed using 109 Cd isotope source EDXRF spectrometer for 200 s. Chemometric techniques namely principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were utilized for pattern recognition based on fluorescence and Compton scatter peaks regions, and to develop multivariate quantitative calibration models based on Compton scatter peak respectively. SQ analyses were realized with high CMD (R 2 > 0.9) and low SEP (0.01% for N and Na, 0.05% for C, 0.08% for Mg and 1.98 g g −1 for P). Comparison of predicted macronutrients with reference standards using a one-way ANOVA test showed no statistical difference at 95% confidence level. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that an XRF method has demonstrated utility in trace analysis of macronutrients in soil or related matrices.

We report a study of the substratum and medium requirements for attachment and neurite outgrowth by cells of the pheochromocytoma-derived PC12 line. In attachment medium containing both Ca2+ and Mg2+, more than 50% of cells attached within 1 hr to petri dishes coated with native collagen Types I/III or II, native or denatured collagen Type IV, laminin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), or poly-L-lysine; attachment to dishes coated with nerve growth factor (NGF) was only about 20% and attachment to uncoated dishes or to dishes coated with fibronectin or gelatin was almost nil. Neither prior culturing in the presence of NGF nor addition of NGF to the attachment medium significantly affected the extent of attachment to collagen or laminin. With Ca2+ (1 mM) as the sole divalent cation, cells attached normally to WGA, polylysine, and NGF, but failed to attach to collagen or laminin. With Mg2+ (1 mM) as the only divalent cation, attachment to all substrata was about the same as in medium with ...

Background and Objectives: The quality of irrigation water affected by salinity and high concentration of soluble salts is one of the important problems of pistachio areas in recent years.
In this regard, the gradual increase in the concentration of soil magnesium in pistachio areas which irrigated with inappropriate and salty quality groundwater has become one of the most serious challenges ahead. Since there are very few studies on the effect of high concentrations of magnesium on soil properties and vegetative traits of pistachio, so this study investigates soil properties and growth characteristics of two bases of pistachio Badami Zarand and Ghazvini, under the influence of different concentrations of magnesium in irrigation water, as well as selection the superior and more resistant bases to high concentrations of magnesium.

Materials and Methods: The experiment was split plot based on a randomized complete block design with two factors each with three replications. The first factor consists of two pistachio bases including Badami Zarand and Ghazvini and the second factor was made of five levels of magnesium in water (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 mM from magnesium sulfate source). vegetative traits were measured before the treatments (end of the eighth week) and after 6 months from the beginning of the treatment, and their changes were investigated during the application of the treatments, dry weight of the aerial parts (leaf and stem) and root, concentration of some The nutrient elements of the plant leaf and the soil chemical properties of the pots, such as electrical conductivity, pH, concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, soluble phosphorus and calcium to magnesium ratio were measured at the end of the experiment.

Results: Results showed that in general the effect of different levels of magnesium in the irrigation water was significant on soil EC and the concentrations of calcium, magnesium and sodium in the soil solution. In addition, at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mM magnesium sulfate, the growth of pistachio plant (vegetative shoot and shoot dry weight plus roots) improved while by increasing the concentration of magnesium in the irrigation water (level 2 to 3 mM Mg), shoot growth and root dry weight, shoot+root weight reduced compared to the control. Also, soil soluble calcium to magnesium ratio showed significant difference at 0 mM magnesium of irrigated water compared to other treatments. The results showed that changes in soil pH, absorbable potassium and available phosphorus in the soil experienced no significant influence by pistachio base, magnesium levels in water and their interactions effect.
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that for two bases of Badami Zarand and Ghazvini, there is a threshold value of magnesium concentration. It was found that under the influence of different concentrations of magnesium in the irrigation water, the best growth in both pistachio bases was observed at 0.5 and 1 mM magnesium sulfate. With increasing the concentration from 2 to 3 mM, both bases showed a decline in growth. Overall, the results of this study indicated that the concentration of magnesium in irrigation water mare than 2 mM can reduce pistachio growth and lead to the complexity of the leaf, and burn margins and tips of the leaves, which can be considered by researchers and farmers.

Bioflocculation of bacteria isolated from the marine biomass acclimatized to textile wastewater has been achieved. Pseudomonas was the main genus found in the marine biomass. This bacterium showed an important hydrophobicity but slightly weaker than that of pilot plant genera adapted to the conventional sewage. This hydrophobicity provided the bacteria with hydrophobic characters, especially those of the polymeric extracellular substances (ECS) released in the sewage. Whereas some factors such as the divalent cations, calcium and magnesium had an effect on this bacterial hydrophobicity, glucose concentration did not have any impact. Furthermore, the physiological state of the cells hatched in the sewage had an impact on the hydrophobicity. Indeed, during the logarithmic growth phase, cell hydrophobicity increase enhanced floc formation, thus improving wastewater treatment.

A Mg/Fe hydrotalcite-like-compound (HTlc) was prepared and its affinity toward the removal of SeO 2− 3 from an aqueous medium was studied as a function of pH, time, temperature, particle dose, and SeO 2− 3 concentration. The fraction of SeO 2− 3 removal increases with decrease in both pH and temperature. The adsorption data are fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm in the temperature range 303-333 K, and the thermodynamic parameters viz. standard Gibbs' free energy change (G •), enthalpy change (H •), and entropy change (S •) are calculated. The negative value of H • indicates that the adsorption process is exothermic. The apparent equilibrium constants (K a) are also calculated and found to decrease with increase in temperature.

The MgSO 4 crystal hydrate formed below approximately 0°C was proven to be the undecahydrate, MgSO 4 • 11H 2 O (meridianiite) instead of the reported dodecahydrate MgSO 4 • 12H 2 O. The crystals were grown from solution by eutectic freeze and by cooling crystallization. The crystal structure analysis and the molecular arrangement of these crystals were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Reflections were measured at a temperature of 110(2) K. The structure is triclinic with space group P j 1 (No. 2). The crystal is a colorless block with the following parameters F.W.) 318.55, 0.54 × 0.24 × 0.18 mm 3 , a) 6.72548(7) Å, b) 6.77937(14) Å, c) 17.2898(5) Å, R) 88.255(1)°,) 89.478(2)°, γ) 62.598(1)°, V) 699.54(3) Å 3 , Z) 2, D calc) 1.512 g/cm 3 , µ) 0.343 mm-1. Raman spectroscopy was used for characterizing MgSO 4 • 11H 2 O and for comparing the vibrational spectra with the MgSO 4 • 7H 2 O salt. Between the two salts, there are significant differences mainly in the type of interactions of water with sulfate groups in the lattice, in view of the different O-H stretching vibrations, as well as sulfate, O-H • • • O (sulfate) and O-Mg-O bands vibrational modes. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the stochiometry of the MgSO 4 • 11H 2 O salt. Additionally, the Miller indices of the major faces of MgSO 4 • 11H 2 O crystals were defined.

Myosin has been isolated from clonal lines of murine neuroblastoma and rat glioma cells. Partial characterization of the two cellular myosins indicates that both possess the following properties: (1) the same elution position as rabbit skeletal muscle myosin by Sepharose 4B chromatography; (2) the presence of heavy (molecular weight about 200,000) and light subunit polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel eleetrophoresis; (3) EDTA and Ca 2+ activated but Mg ~+ inhibited ATPase activity in 0.6 M KCI; and (4) binding to rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin which is inhibited by Mg2+-ATP. For both mouse neuroblastoma and rat glioma cells, approximately 0.5-1.5 ~ of the total cell protein is present as myosin. Cellular myosin appears to be indistinguishable in quantity and biochemical properties regardless of whether it is isolated from monolayer or suspension neuroblastoma cells.

Gellan gum is a hydrogel-forming polysaccharide when combined with monovalent or divalent cations such as sodium, magnesium, potassium or calcium. Commercially, gellan gums are sold with trace amounts of these cations, which have been proven to affect the gelation and mechanical properties of the resultant hydrogels. A new method based on impedance analysis for determining the gel transition temperature of purified and unpurified gellan gum is presented. The sodium salt form of gellan gum is shown to have lower dissolution and gel transition temperatures.

The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is considerably greater in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) than in the general population. We evaluated anatomic and metabolic factors that may be associated with an increased prevalence of nephrolithiasis in patients with ADPKD. We compared anatomic parameters among ADPKD patients with or without nephrolithiasis as diagnosed by ultrasonography, whereas metabolic factors were determined by 24-hour urinary chemical analysis. Patients with ADPKD and nephrolithiasis had more renal cysts (P F 0.05) and a larger predominant renal cyst size (P F 0.005) than patients without nephrolithiasis. Concurrently, individual stone-forming kidneys had a greater cyst number (P F 0.05) and a significantly larger predominant cyst size (P F 0.01) compared with kidneys without stones. Patients with ADPKD and nephrolithiasis had a significantly lower creatinine clearance than those without nephrolithiasis (68.7 ؎ 8.6 versus 94.8 ؎ 5.4 mL/min, respectively; P F 0.05). Twenty-four-hour urinary analysis showed that patients with ADPKD and nephrolithiasis had significantly lower urinary volumes (P F 0.05), and levels of urinary phosphate (P F 0.05), magnesium (P F 0.005), and potassium (P F 0.05). Although not statistically significant, patients with ADPKD with stones tended to have lower levels of urinary citrate, and both groups showed a high percentage (range, 49% to 60%) of patients with hypocitraturia. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that patients with ADPKD who develop nephrolithiasis do so because of increased intrarenal anatomic obstruction, as well as lower levels of such urinary inhibitors of stones as magnesium and citrate.

A series of magnesium, aluminum, and zinc complexes of imidazol-2-ylidene-, imidazolin-2-ylidene-, and tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene-derived N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) was prepared. In addition, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical CO 2 -protected imidazol-2-ylidenes and imidazolin-2-ylidenes were prepared. Selected single-crystal Xray structures are reported. All compounds were investigated for their catalytic behavior in (poly)urethane (PUR) synthesis. Out of nine different compounds, the dimeric complex [Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 (1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)] 2 (7) proved to be the most active one, rivaling the industrially most relevant catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate in terms of catalytic ac-

The interconversion of the active, nonphosphorylated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase and its inactive, phosphorylated form is modulated by acetyl-CoA/CoA and NADH/NAD molar ratios. An increase in either ratio increases the proportion of the phosphorylated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is stimulated by acetyl-CoA and by NADH and is inhibited by CoA and by NAD. NADH inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, and this inhibition is reversed by NAD.

The perovskite relaxor ferroelectric lead magnesium niobate (PbMgl/3Nb2/303) is an important material because of its high dielectric constant and correspondingly large electrostrictive strains. However, it is difficult to prepare in polycrystalline ceramic form because of the formation of a stable pyrochlore phase. The reaction kinetics during calcining were investigated and an improved fabrication scheme was developed.

This study proposes a procedure for determining sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in biodiesel samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F AAS). The sample was prepared as a microemulsion without surfactant. The optimized composition of the microemulsion was 10% (w/v) biodiesel, 75% (v/v) n-propanol, 1% (v/v) concentrated nitric acid and 14% (v/v) of aqueous solution formed by 0.2% (v/v) of nitric acid and 0.5% (v/v) of ionization suppressor. Analyte signals in the samples as microemulsion were found to be stable for a period of 15 days. Analytical curves were obtained using organometallic standard solutions. The limits of detection (LOD) found for the proposed procedure were 0.1 µg g − 1 , 0.01 µg g − 1 , 0.04 µg g − 1 , and 0.004 µg g − 1 for Na, K, Ca and Mg, respectively. The reference method established by ABNT (Brazilian Association of Technical Norms) NBR 15556:2008 was used to verify the accuracy of the proposed procedure. No significant statistical difference was found between the results obtained with the proposed and the chosen reference procedure. The proposed procedure showed no matrix influence when recovery tests were performed (89%-103%). The results found in this study show that the proposed procedure is a good alternative for determining Na, K, Ca, and Mg by F AAS in biodiesel samples.

In the rat lung [3H]angiotensin II ([3H]AII) recognizes a single class of binding sites with an equilibrium constant (KD) of 2.8 + 0.9 nM. The corresponding receptor density (Bmax) was 704 + 60 fmol/mg protein. Equilibrium of [3H]AII binding was reached after 60 min. The dissociation of the radioligand was strongly influenced by mono-and divalent cations and the non-hydrolyzable GTP analog 5'-guanylyl-imido-diphosphate (Gpp[NH]p), indicating the interaction with a G protein.

We have developed a technique for monitoring the internal calcium concentration-[Ca2+li-in a single selected cell in cerebellar slices of &day-old rats. In post-migratory granule cells NMDA induced a rapid, reversible and concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+li ( + 22% at 10 /*M and + 210% at 100 PM). This effect was dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the extracellular medium. When Mg'+ was absent from the perfusion buffer the sensitivity to NMDA was greatly increased (+ 108% at 10 PM). The NMDA response was not affected by glycine site agonists or by tetrodotoxin, a sodium channel blocker.

The storage of large volumes of industrial CO 2 emissions in deep geological formations is one of the most promising climate mitigation options. The long-term retention time and environmental safety of the CO 2 storage are defined by the interaction of the injected CO 2 with the reservoir fluids and rocks. Finding a storage solution that is long lasting, thermodynamically stable and environmentally benign would be ideal. Storage of CO 2 as solid magnesium or calcium carbonates in basaltic rocks may provide such a long-term and thermodynamically stable solution. Basaltic rocks, which primarily consist of magnesium and calcium silicate minerals, provide alkaline earth metals necessary to form solid carbonates. In nature, the carbonization of basaltic rocks occurs in several well-documented settings, such as in the deep ocean crust, through hydrothermal alteration and through surface weathering. The goal of the CarbFix pilot project is to optimize industrial methods for permanent storage of CO 2 in basaltic rocks. The objective is to study the in-situ mineralization of CO 2 and its long term fate. The project involves the capture and separation of flue gases at the Hellisheidi Geothermal Power Plant, the transportation and injection of the CO 2 gas fully dissolved in water at elevated pressures at a depth between 400 and 800 m, as well as the monitoring and verification of the storage. A comprehensive reservoir characterization study is on-going prior to the CO 2 injection, including soil CO 2 flux measurements, geophysical survey and tracer injection tests. Results from the tracer tests show significant tracer dispersion within the target formation, suggesting large surface area for chemical reactions. The large available reservoir volume and surface area in combination with relatively rapid CO 2 -water-rock reactions in basaltic rocks may allow safe and permanent geologic storage of CO 2 on a large scale.

On 9 October 2009, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) sent a kinetic impactor to strike Cabeus crater, on a mission to search for water ice and other volatiles expected to be trapped in lunar polar soils. The Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) ultraviolet spectrograph onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) observed the plume generated by the LCROSS impact as far-ultraviolet emissions from the fluorescence of sunlight by molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide, plus resonantly scattered sunlight from atomic mercury, with contributions from calcium and magnesium. The observed light curve is well simulated by the expansion of a vapor cloud at a temperature of ~1000 kelvin, containing ~570 kilograms (kg) of carbon monoxide, ~140 kg of molecular hydrogen, ~160 kg of calcium, ~120 kg of mercury, and ~40 kg of magnesium.

Magnesium (Mg) alloys are promising materials for the development of biodegradable implants. However, the current in vitro test procedures for cytotoxicity, cell viability and proliferation are in some cases not suitable for this class of materials. In this paper we show that tetrazolium salt-based assays which are a widely used in practice are influenced by the corrosion products of Mg based alloys. Corroded Mg converts tetrazolium salts to formazan leading to a higher background and falsifying the results of cell viability. Tetrazolium-based assays are therefore not an useful tool to test the cytotoxicity of Mg in static in vitro assays.

Aluminium sulfate (alum), polyaluminium chloride (PACl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) have been used as coagulants with Koaret PA 3230 as the polyelectrolyte to determine the effectiveness of coagulation method for the removal of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Fe). The maximum removal of Pb(II) was observed in different distinctive pH ranges: 6.2–7.8 for alum, 8.0–9.3 for PACl and 8.7–10.9 for

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of the re-use of industrial orange wastes as organic soil fertilizer. The assay was performed with a lettuce variety widely produced and consumed in Portugal and, consequently, with great commercial interest. Lactuca sativa L. (osteolata variety) was cultivated in Mitcherlich pots containing samples of a poor soil of the Algarve region. This soil was prepared with different amounts of either pulp or peel orange-wastes from an orange-juice industry. The wastes were applied according to an increasing amount of nitrogen. The results obtained were submitted to statistical tests, in order to find the relations between the production of fresh and dry matter, and the percentages of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron) that were obtained in the dry matter, with the types and amounts of wastes applied. An increase in the average production of both fresh-and dry-matter with increasing amounts of either pulp or peel wastes applied, and high positive correlation coefficients between the average percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium obtained in the dry matter with the average production of both fresh-and dry-matter were found. No phytotoxicity was observed.

This study examined whether supplementing the diet with a commercial supplement containing zinc magnesium aspartate (ZMA) during training affects zinc and magnesium status, anabolic and catabolic hormone profiles, and/or training adaptations. Forty-two resistance trained males (27±9 yrs; 178±8 cm, 85±15 kg, 18.6±6% body fat) were matched according to fat free mass and randomly assigned to ingest in a double blind manner either a dextrose placebo (P) or ZMA 30-60 minutes prior to going to sleep during 8-weeks of standardized resistance-training. Subjects completed testing sessions at 0, 4, and 8 weeks that included body composition assessment as determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, 1-RM and muscular endurance tests on the bench and leg press, a Wingate anaerobic power test, and blood analysis to assess anabolic/catabolic status as well as markers of health. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results indicated that ZMA supplementation non-significantly increased serum zinc levels by 11-17% (p=0.12). However, no significant differences were observed between groups in anabolic or catabolic hormone status, body composition, 1-RM bench press and leg press, upper or lower body muscular endurance, or cycling anaerobic capacity. Results indicate that ZMA supplementation during training does not appear to enhance training adaptations in resistance trained populations.

Mixed organoboranes based on diphenyl-or dimethylalkylboranes transfer the alkyl group in the reductive alkylation of p-benzoquinone to form the alkylhydroquinones in very high yields. The auxiliary groups do not transfer or have a low migratory aptitude. Primary and ...

The reaction of 1-chloro,l-chloromethyl,l-silacyclopentane and 1-chloro, lchloromethyl, l-silacyclohexane with magnesium turnings in THF yielded a mixture of bimolecular coupled dispiro compounds, namely 5,7-disila-dispiro[4.1.4.1]dodecane (IA) and 6,8-disila-dispiro[5.1.5.1]tetradecane (IB) and the trimolecular coupled products 5,7, 13-trisila-trispiro[4.1.4.1.4.1]octadecane (IIA) and 6,8,15-trisila-trispiro[5.1.5.1.5.1] heneicosane (liB). The solid state structures of the two trispiro compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The crystal structure of 6,8,15-trisila-trispiro [5.1.5.1.5.1]heneicosane is noteworthy in that there are three independent molecules found in the unit cell.

We describe a 20-year-old man with tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism, mental retardation, epilepsy, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, and Bartter syndrome. When combined, these neurocutaneous and renal findings form a previously unreported combination.

We used high-resolution neutron powder diffraction to accurately measure the atomic positions and bond lengths in biogenic and geological calcite. A special procedure for data analysis was developed in order to take into account the considerable amounts of magnesium present in all the investigated samples. As a result, in biogenic calcite we found some atomic bonds to have significantly different lengths as compared to those in geological calcite, after the contribution of magnesium is accounted for. The maximum effect (elongation up to 0.7%) was found for the C-O bonds. We also analyzed changes in frequencies and spectral widths of normal vibrations of carbonate groups in biogenic calcite (as compared to geological calcite) measured by Raman and Fourier transform IR techniques. Surprisingly, the frequency shifts after subtracting the magnesium contribution are close to zero. At the same time, substantial spectral broadening (up to 1.2%) in biogenic calcite as compared to geological samples was detected. Possible explanations for the experimental findings are discussed.

Magnesium borate hydroxide (MBH) nanowhiskers were synthesized using a one step hydrothermal process with different surfactants. The effect surfactants have on the structure and morphology of the MBH nanowhiskers has been investigated. The X-ray diffraction profile confirms that the as-synthesized material is of single phase, monoclinic MgBO2(OH). The variations in the size and shape of the different MBH nanowhiskers have been discussed based on the surface morphology analysis. The annealing of MBH nanowhiskers at 500 °C for 4 h has significant effect on the crystal structure and surface morphology. The UV–vis absorption spectra of the MBH nanowhiskers synthesized with and without surfactants show enhanced absorption in the low-wavelength region, and their optical band gaps were estimated from the optical band edge plots. The photoluminescence spectra of the MBH nanowhiskers produced with and without surfactants show broad emission band with the peak maximum at around 400 nm, which confirms the dominant contribution from the surface defect states.

Effect of the aqueous chemistry on the mechanical strength of chalk has extensively been studied during the last decade. At high temperatures (~130°C), chalk exposed to seawater is significantly weaker compared to chalk exposed to distilled water when considering the hydrostatic yield strength and the following creep phase. The explanation of these experimental results must be of a chemical nature, as the density and viscosity of the aqueous phase vary little among these different brines. We present the results from simplified aqueous chemistry using MgCl2 brines, and compare these results with seawater. Previous studies show that different ions, e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, \({{\rm SO}{_{4}}^{2-}}\) in the injected brine, as well as the chalk mineralogy have an impact on the stability of the rock. We performed mechanical tests on chalk cores from Liège and Stevns Klint; it was found that these two outcrop chalks exhibit an unexpected difference in their mechanical responses when comparing cores flooded with NaCl and MgCl2 at 130°C. The results of this study show that the effects of magnesium seem to be governed not only by the differences in mineralogy, but also a time dependency on chalk deformation is additionally observed. Independent of the chalk type tested, the chemical analyses performed show that when MgCl2 is flooded through the core, a significant loss of magnesium and a considerable additional amount of calcium are detected in the effluent. The experimental observations fit very well with the time-dependent chemical changes gained from the mathematical model of this study that accounts for transport effects (convection and molecular diffusion) as well as chemical processes such as precipitation/dissolution. Based on the calculations and chemical analyses, we argue that the loss of magnesium and the production of calcium cannot solely be a consequence of a substitution process. The calculations rather indicate that magnesium is precipitated forming new mineral phases and in this process not only calcite, but also silicates are dissolved. The amount of dissolved calcium and silicon from the rock matrix is significant and could thus cause an additional deformation to take place. Both the retention of magnesium in the chalk core and the formation of newly precipitated magnesium-bearing carbonates and/or magnesium-bearing clay-like minerals after flooding with MgCl2 brine were demonstrated using scanning electron microscopic methods. In addition, precipitation of anhydrite as a result of flooding with seawater-like brine was proven. The water-induced strain not only depends on the ion composition of the injected brine; moreover, the presence of non-carbonate minerals will most likely also have a significant influence on the mechanical behaviour of chalk.