Etnoarchaeology

Сегодня Всехсвятский храм возле метро Сокол является одним из самых доходных в Москве. При это о том, что в XVIII-XIX вв. он служил усыпальницей грузинской аристократии, ныне почти не помнят из-за неоднократных изменений его интерьера и произошедшего в 1981-м сноса прилегающего погоста. Анализ сохранившихся описаний и характеристики нескольких уцелевших надгробий позволяют составить – пускай дискретное – представление о том, каким был облик некрополя внутри храма и возле его стен. Данные же из метрических записей дают дополнительную информацию о социальном составе погребённых, а систематизация эпитафий позволяет понять, каким было их функциональное предназначение.
Nowadays the church of All Saints near subway station Sokol is one of if not the most profitable in Moscow. Due to the numerous changes of its interior and the demolition (partly removal) of the churchyard in 1981, the fact that this church located in XVIII-XIX centuries in the namesake village of Moscow county, had been also the necropolis for Georgian nobility, was deleted from the public memory. An analyze of archival descriptions and features of a very few remained tombstones enables to create – even discretely – the perception of how the cemetery looked like inside the church and around its walls. The data from the metric books of the parish provides us with an additional information about social accessory of the buried people, while the systematization of epitaphs shows its functional purpose.

"The present work will analyse some methods to produce lentisk oil. Lentisk, Pistacia Lentiscus L., is an evergreen shrub
with an intense, resinous and aromatic scent. It is typical of the Mediterranean bush and very widespread in Sardinia from
mountainous to flat areas. Its leaves, rich with tannin, were used for hide tanning, while its wood, excellent to burn, was
used to make vegetal coal. An oil was made from its fruits, that was mainly used for lighting, for treating kettle’s wounds
and for dressing food in the poorest families. The subject has been dealt with on a multidisciplinary point of view. First,
different operative phases have been set after a series of campaigns of ethnographic investigation in Barigadu, a historical
region of Central Sardinia, and after bibliographical and archival studies. Then, the experimental researches on the
production techniques have allowed to reproduce the techniques and to define the optimal characteristics of the tools to
use. The operative process of every productive method has been documented. The multidisciplinary approach has allowed
to find precious information in botany and archaeology. The information resulting from the experimental method has
permitted a wider interpretation of the published information."

El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar y definir el modo de vida recolector-cazador de los indígenas janambres, antiguos habitantes del actual estado de Tamaulipas reconstruido a partir de las crónicas y fuentes históricas. El objetivo secundario es buscar y registrar las posibles pervivencias culturales que puedan identificarse como un remanente de dicho modo de vida. Para lograr esto, primero habrá que conjugar, mediante un trabajo interdisciplinario, la investigación histórica y etnohistórica realizada por autores como fray Vicente de Santa María, Alonso de León, Guy Stresser Péan, Jofrak Rodríguez, Francisco Mendoza y muchos otros, con la información etnográfica y antropológica obtenida del trabajo de campo que se llevó a cabo a lo largo de 2019, especialmente durante el trimestre de octubre-diciembre.

Представлены результаты археологических исследований, проведенных на территории истори-
ческого центра Уфы в 2012–2013 гг., на месте строительства автостоянки Национального банка
РБ по ул. Театральная, 3. В ходе археологического наблюдения выявлен материал этнографического
времени, связанный с историей города XIX – перв. пол. XX в., – фрагменты поливной и фаянсовой
керамики, а также стеклянные сосуды малых форм

Based on fieldwork and reflection over a period of almost fifty years, Maya Potters’ Indigenous Knowledge utilizes engagement theory to describe the indigenous knowledge of traditional Maya potters in Ticul, Yucatán, Mexico. In this heavily illustrated narrative account, Dean E. Arnold examines craftspeople’s knowledge and skills, their engagement with their natural and social environments, the raw materials they use for their craft, and their process for making pottery.

Following Lambros Malafouris, Tim Ingold, and Colin Renfrew, Arnold argues that potters’ indigenous knowledge is not just in their minds but extends to their engagement with the environment, raw materials, and the pottery-making process itself and is recursively affected by visual and tactile feedback. Pottery is not just an expression of a mental template but also involves the interaction of cognitive categories, embodied muscular patterns, and the engagement of those categories and skills with the production process. Indigenous knowledge is thus a product of the interaction of mind and material, of mental categories and action, and of cognition and sensory engagement—the interaction of both human and material agency.

Engagement theory has become an important theoretical approach and “indigenous knowledge” (as cultural heritage) is the focus of much current research in anthropology, archaeology, and cultural resource management. While Dean Arnold’s previous work has been significant in ceramic ethnoarchaeology, Maya Potters' Indigenous Knowledge goes further, providing new evidence and opening up different concepts and approaches to understanding practical processes. It will be of interest to a wide variety of researchers in Maya studies, material culture, material sciences, ceramic ecology, and ethnoarchaeology.


This book is now in paperback.

This brief article introduces a new etbnoarchaeological project concerning potters 0f the Fustdt area in Cairo. Currently the potters are being euicted jiom their worhshops, which utill be replaced by new, gouernment-buib workshops. This process will lead to the disap-?earance of a traditional potters quarter. An ethnoarchaeological project by tbe Netherlands-Flemish Institute in Cairo (NVIC) and Leiden Uniuersity aims to document the already partly demolished quarter and study the potters before they relocate.

Resumen

En  la  mayoría  de  los  contextos  culturales  del  centro  norte  de  México, han  quedado  plasmadas aquellas  tradiciones  culinarias  que  ayudaron  a  la  adaptación  y  supervivencia  de  las  sociedades chichimecas, muchas de estas formas alimenticias hoy en día se siguen practicando, tal es el caso de  la  recolección  de  plantas  silvestres.  En  todos  esos  productos  hay  beneficios  nutricionales  y materiales  que brindan  a  las  personas  una  armonía  con  el  medio,  ya  que  todos  esos  agaves, cactos y acacias,son todavía útiles para el desarrollo cultural en estos lugares de clima árido.

Palabras Clave:Recolección, procesamiento,etnohistoria, tradición oral.

Abstract

In  most  of  the  cultural  contexts  of  central  northern  Mexico  they  are  still  present  culinary traditions  that  helped  the  adaptation  and  survival  of  Chichimec  societies,  many  of  these  food forms  are  still  practiced  today,  such  as  the  collection  of  wild  plants.  In  all  these  products  there are nutritional and material benefits that give people a harmony with the  environment, since all these  agaves,  cacti  and  acacias  are  still  useful  for  cultural  development  in  these  places  of  arid climate.

Key words:Collection, processing, ethnohistory, oral tradition

The Xetá indigenous group, part of the Tupí-Guaraní linguistic family and Guarani dialectal group, have been described in various reports and publications since the 17th century as inhabiting the region between the Paraná, Ivaí and Piquiri rivers, in the current State of Paraná, southern Brazil. In the 1950s, agricultural expansion in the extreme west of Paraná brought about a brutal conflict between the Xetá and farmers, that was documented by the press and several researchers. Attempts have been made to protect this dramatically reduced and fragmented population which has been wrongly relegated as "remnants of the stone age", a clear perception of evolution in colonial terms. Many of the images, documents, and material culture related to this group are housed at the Paranaense Museum and the Federal University of Paraná, and reveal part of the daily life, myths and rituals of this society over time. Thus, Xetá memory, their material culture in museums, the collection of images produced by Vladimir Kozák, and interinstitutional partnerships, have enabled new archaeological and and anthropological theoretical discussions, as well as the implementation of heritage education activities, such as workshops. Elements of Xetá material culture show an entanglement with Guarani archeology, enabling a better understanding of social organization and technology in the past. Language and aesthetics are essential to the definition of Xetá identity, and can been seen through Xetá traditional knowledge such as weaving on a loom, feathering, lythic and bone technology, body painting and miniature sculpture in beeswax, among others. The ancient myths of Xetá, recorded between 1955 and 2003, point to a complex society with large villages, the practice of agriculture and pottery making, a significant change in social practice that occured about 500 years ago. Currently, new studies and activities of heritage education are being implemented, with the goal of greater interaction between indigenous people and local and regional communities, as well as a discussion of a collective memory that eliminate or reduce ethnic conflicts and intolerance.

En este trabajo se analiza la evolución de la producción cerámica mapuche usando fuentes de tipo etnográfico, etnohistórico y arqueológico. Se propone que el sistema de producción de los grupos mapuches que pasaron a formar parte del territorio colonial español evolucionó hacia la aparición de poblaciones especializadas en la fabricación de cerámica, mientras que los grupos que permanecieron independientes mantuvieron una producción doméstica hasta el siglo XX. El contacto con poblaciones europeas provocó la introducción de nuevas formas cerámicas. Sin embargo la tecnología cerámica se ha mantenido prácticamente invariable hasta la actualidad como un elemento de resistencia cultural

En este trabajo se habla de la fundación del pueblo de Tila y la aparición del señor de Tila en la region, así mismo se hacen trabajos de registro de los primeros asentamientos coloniales de los Ch’ oles de Tila, relacionados al mito del señor de Tila

This PhD dissertation analyzes critically the history and historiography of the Archaeology of the Pantanal area, from the second half of the 19th to end of the 20th, and it aims at studying the process of indigenous occupation of the low lands of the region, from the first fishers-hunters-gathers of the prehistory to the current canoeists Guató. The larger objective is to contribute to the composition of an Indigenous History, in its multiples aspects and perspectives, starting from an interdisciplinary approach using theoretical-methodological procedures of common to Archeology, Anthropology and History. Data were drawn from several textual sources, information collected through the Guató oral tradition and the results of archeological, ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological research. It was possible to demonstrate that the Archaeology of the Pantanal area has been ruled by the study of fishers-hunters-gathers people, associated to the series of ceramic styles known in Brazil as Pantanal tradition and the mounds, which settled down in the area several centuries before the beginning of the Christian Era. Nowadays, the Archaeology of the Pantanal area reflects the same trends that are common to the Brazilian Archeology since 1980s. In the 16th, 17th, and 19th centuries, period of many disputes between Spain and Portugal for the control of Upper Paraguay river, several reports were produced that attest the existence of an extraordinary sociocultural mosaic in the center of South America, besides that of a complex of canoeists people formed by cultural and linguistically different societies. Of all those societies, the Guató are best known ethnohistorically and ethnologically, being traditionally organized in domestic groups linked by blood relationships, descent and likeness, related to patrilocality and patrilineal systems.

El tema principal se centra en los wahyis, un tipo de entidades anímicas de las cuales gozaban los antiguos gobernantes mayas o k’uhul ajaw durante el periodo Clásico. Estos espíritus fueron representados en las vasijas cerámicas de varios estilos del periodo Clásico Tardío (producidas aproximadamente del 550 – 850 d.C.), donde cobraron expresiones zoomorfas, antropomorfas o híbridas.
Estudios anteriores sugerían que los wahyis no se trataban alter egos, ni de animales o seres tangibles y observables en el mundo terrenal, sino un tipo de nahuales con características potenciadas que habrían tenido la facultad de causar enfermedades. El objetivo de la tesis fue encontrar la manera en que los antiguos gobernantes mayas lograban controlar estos espíritus para atacar a sus enemigos.
La postura metodológica utilizada en la investigación fue la analogía etnoarqueológica debido a que la mayoría de estas vasijas proceden del saqueo, con lo cual se ha perdido la información derivada de su contexto arqueológico. A pesar de ello, análisis químicos y estilísticos sobre estas piezas han permitido rastrear su procedencia y asociación a ciertas regiones y talleres. Por otra parte, la información epigráfica también es limitada, pues las glosas jeroglíficas que acompañan a estos seres únicamente mencionan el nombre del wahyis y el gobernante al cual estaban asociado, sin profundizar en sus características y naturaleza. Por tales motivos se decidió recurrir a una metodología de investigación que incluyera el análisis de fuentes históricas y etnográficas que ayudaran a revelar el significado, funciones y características de estas misteriosas entidades anímicas. Las etnografías actuales fueron de fundamental importancia pues en las comunidades mayas actuales perviven conceptos relacionados al nahualismo.
La comparación de las distintas fuentes con el material arqueológico e iconográfico dio como resultado la formulación de modelos hipotéticos sobre la naturaleza de los antiguos espíritus del sueño:
1.- Los wahyis eran entidades anímicas o vientos que residían en el corazón de los k’uhul ajaw, lugar que fungían como centro anímico. Los gobernantes habrían tenido la facultad de exteriorizar estos espíritus para atacar a sus enemigos. La manera en la que sucedía era que durante el sueño, los wahyis abandonaban el cuerpo de sus dueños por la boca y viajaban a través del viento hasta encontrar a su víctima, en quien se introducían a través de la boca o las articulaciones produciéndole enfermedades e incluso la muerte.
2.- Lo que en el mundo terrenal era concebido como vientos, en el mundo sobrenatural tenía una contraparte onírica en la que los wahyis adquirían características antropo-zoomorfas que son las que observamos representadas en las vasijas del Clásico Tardío. Los k’uhul ajaw al enviar a sus espíritus auxiliares, hacían que sus víctimas soñaran con aquellos seres o animales que los mordían o atacaban. Esto puede verse en los ejemplos de jaguares wahyis atacando la posible contraparte onírica de distintos individuos. Incluso, puede verse a estos animales con las cabezas cercenadas de su víctimas entre las garras indicando seguramente un grave daño a la persona víctima del ataque. También pueden observarse wahyis esqueléticos que de igual modo portan cabezas humanas en una posible representación metafórica de la enfermedad enviada.
De esta manera puede entenderse mejor el título de la tesis: Los espíritus del sueño, para resaltar por una parte la naturaleza gaseosa de los wahyis en el mundo terrenal y por otra, su manifestación con una forma propia en los sueños, donde hacían su aparición a los hombres.

Os professores (as) indígenas como protagonistas em um processo de formação acadêmica diferenciado, que estimula a investigação e produção do conhecimento, demonstram formas plurais de refletir e agir sobre o seu patrimônio histórico-cultural. Assim como, refletem formas particulares e diversas de discutir a construção histórica estigmatizada e estereotipada doindígena no Brasil, e por outro lado demonstram uma presença atual questionadora e de intensa afirmação étnica. A concepção dos professores indígenas sobre Arqueologia relaciona-se a questões políticas e históricas em seus aspectos materiais, sociais, culturais, simbólicos e afetivos.

This article from the ‘Classics Review’ section of the journal ‘ethnoarchaeology’ provides the back story and update for “Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process” published in 1985 and reprinted many times since then. That book built on the seminal article that I wrote for ‘Current Anthropology’ ten years earlier, and my responses to my critics there that stimulated me to write the book (those articles are on this site). Besides several anecdotes about the book, one section of the article provides a brief ethnography of its publication at the Cambridge University Press.
    One of my greatest frustrations that stimulated writing of  the book was that my former focus on the cognitive anthropology (e. g. Arnold 1971) of ceramic production and my focus on what has come to be known as ‘technological choice’ among potters failed to provide much insight into understanding ceramic production outside of the ceramics in the communities that I studied. Those theoretical and conceptual perspectives, although helpful and useful, did not help me provide insight into another pottery making community except that ‘potters make choices’ about resources, vessel shapes, and design. I already knew that from my field work; it was very obvious to me. I had written several articles that incorporated potters’ choices that I called ‘decision trees’. (These articles will be added to this site in due time), and the frustration of the incomparability of my perspective from one pottery making community to another that led me to rethink my experiences with potters in Mexico, Peru and Guatemala, in order to discover new insights that were truly cross-cultural in scope. The results were generalizations, but not necessarily universals, in ’Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process’. Some of these generalizations challenged assumptions and generalizations that archaeologists used to interpret the past.  Finally, the article makes several updates to the ceramic resource model, and other feedback mechanisms in the book.

Questo lavoro di tesi triennale si propone di portare a sintesi quanto finora edito sugli strumenti agricoli di età medievale, in termini di analisi cronotipologica e di storia e archeologia della produzione, soprattutto prendendo in esame i rinvenimenti fatti nel territorio toscano. Particolare attenzione è stata posta agli aspetti iconografici, lessicali e tecnologici legati agli strumenti agricoli, poi riassunti in una serie di tavole poste a corredo del testo. Lo spoglio di quanto pubblicato fino ad oggi ha dunque permesso di fare alcune considerazioni critiche sui tipi di archeologia che hanno riguardato più da vicino l’analisi dei manufatti legati al mondo agricolo e di presentare alcune proposte metodologiche per migliorare lo studio di questa particolare classe di manufatti.

La antropología americana se subdivide en cuatro grandes áreas de trabajo, entre ellas la arqueología y la antropología sociocultural. La antropología sociocultural y la arqueología se han interesado por temas marítimos, por ejemplo, la explotación de especies marinas, su papel en el mundo simbólico o las conexiones para el intercambio. A pesar de estos puntos de encuentros entre ambas subdisciplinas, los trabajos en común sobre un mismo tema, interdisciplinarios, han sido escasos y la arqueología desarrollada en Panamá, no escapa de esta realidad.

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la navegación y el comercio de las sociedades prehispánicas que habitaron en el archipiélago de Coiba y las relaciones con los epicentros contemporáneos del Pacífico Central y Occidental de Panamá durante los siglos VI al X EC.

Salt is an indispensable element for human and animal life, as well as for the present in about 16.000 processes in which it is used, for that reason, in antiquity it was cause for wars, blockades and dominance of certain groups or empires towards others in all over the world. The El Salado Valley, located between the states of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí, contains more than 45 salt lakes, some of which were possibly exploited from pre-Hispanic times to the present day. Because these salinas are located in the territories of the so-called "chichimec" indians groups, so misunderstood historically and archaeologically, it was believed that these never took advantage of the salt produced in these salt flats, notwithstanding the above, following the first ethnoarchaeological study of the Salt production in the region that produced the most salt quantity in the whole America, it was possible to "rescue" and record the methods, techniques and assemblage used by the last salineros of the El Salado Valley for salt production, some of which surprisingly presents a cultural survival that originate in the time of the Spanish contact (although possibly previous to this one), as well as of the XVI, XIX and XX centuries.

Günümüzde Türkiye nüfusunun %80 kadarı kentlerde yaşamakta ve kırsal alanın yerleşme kimliğini oluşturan köyler nüfusunu büyük ölçüde yitirmiş durumdadır. Oysaki Cumhuriyet döneminin kuruluş aşamasında nüfusun yaklaşık %80'ini kırsal kesimdeydi ve dolayısıyla ülkenin toplumsal yapısını ağırlıklı olarak köy kültürü oluşturmaktaydı. Osmanlı döneminden beri süregelen geleneksel tarım ve hayvancılık işleri, içine kapalı mutaassıp yaşam biçimi gibi ekonomik ve kültürel olgular kadar, yakın çevrede kolay bulunabilen doğal yapı malzemeleri de köylerin mimari çevresini belirlemiştir. 20. yüzyıl başında yüzyıllardır pek gelişim ve değişim göstermemiş geleneksel üretim biçimleri ve yaşam kültürü halen sürmekte ve köylerin gerek yapılı gerek doğal çevresi bunu sergilemekteydi. Türkiye'de Cumhuriyet'in kuruluşuyla birlikte kırsal kalkınmaya özel bir önem verilmekle birlikte, bu dönemde henüz endüstriyel tarım söz konusu olmadığı için emek gücüne dayalı kalabalık köy toplumunu gerektiren yaşam biçiminde önemli bir değişiklik olmamıştır. Her ne kadar 1950'lerden itibaren tarımda makineleşme ve köy dışına göç yavaş yavaş başlamışsa da, 1980'lere kadar mimari çevre radikal bir dönüşüm yaşamadan geçmişten geldiği haliyle sürmüştür. Ancak 1980 askeri darbesi sonrası neoliberal ekonomik sisteme geçen Türkiye'de tarım ve hayvancılığın zayıflaması nedeniyle köylerin ekonomik canlılığının azalması ve nüfusun göç etmesi, geleneksel köy yapılarının da kullanılmamasına ve zamanla yok olmasına neden olmuştur. Günümüzde Türkiye'de geleneksel mimari değerlerini sürdüren köy sayısı çok azalmıştır ve köy mimarlığı üzerine araştırma sayısı da az olduğu için pek çok kırsal topluluğun yaşam kültürü hiç belgelenmeden, hiç öğrenilemeden yok olmuştur. Bu bağlamda konuyu ele aldığımızda arkeolojik alanlar ile köy yerleşimlerinin arasında ilginç bir benzerlik vardır. Her iki kültür varlığı türü de belgelenmediği, korunmadığı zaman dünya kültür tarihinde hiç bilinmeyen ve kapatılamayacak bir eksiklik oluşmaktadır. Bu makalede birbirine komşu Elazığ ve Malatya coğrafyasında kerpiç mimarinin söz konusu olduğu köylerde çeşitli nedenlerle yaşanan haraplaşma ve yıkım süreçleri, 1960-70'li yıllarda Keban, Karakaya ve Atatürk baraj projeleri kapsamında yapılmış olan çeşitli belgeleme çalışmaları ile İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Restorasyon Programı yüksek lisans çalışmaları

The scarce publications on fishing in ancient Egypt cited in archaeological and Egyptological research contain little reference to cast nets being used as a fish catching method for catching fish, and the information that is available is contradictory. There are also no systematic studies on fishing and, so far, no comprehensive typology adapted to the particularities of the Egyptian fishing tackle developed. We start from the hypothesis that cast net was one of the fishing methods in ancient Egypt, at least from the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. We try to confirm that its origin can be traced back to the Epipalaeolithic Period, as it has been suggested, as well as suggest the first classification of lead net weights from archaeological sites in Egypt and, in addition, that it is possible to draw on Egyptian iconography as a source to prove the use of this fishing gear. This article considers
archaeological records, as well as documentary, literary, iconographic and ethnographic sources to accomplish the objectives proposed. We conclude that the data allow us to confirm the existence of fishing with cast nets from the proposed date along with additional evidence of its possible use from the Epipalaeolithic Period, identifying several fishing scenes with cast nets in the iconography, showing the typology, the gear, and the fishing activity.

El modelado de la cerámica y su potencial interpretativo.

La tecnología es, sin lugar a dudas, una compleja práctica social, y marca significativamente, una forma muy humana de expresarse en el mundo. Por ello, el estudio de la tecnología tiene y ha tenido un lugar privilegiado en la disciplina arqueológica, en tanto que el análisis de las técnicas y las innovaciones a través del tiempo y del espacio han marcado, durante muchos años, el devenir central de una amplia diversidad de discursos arqueológicos.

El presente libro tiene como objetivo el análisis de los procesos tecnológicos del modelado de la cerámica partiendo, como estrategia de análisis de la materialidad, el estudio de las macrotrazas que quedan en las vasijas fruto del proceso de modelado.

Sin embargo, cualquier análisis tecnológico no debe reducirse a la mera descripción de datos y actividades sino que debe intentar profundizar en los procesos sociales en las que éstas se engloban y adquieren sentido (Dobres y Hoffman 1994), pues la mera descripción de la tecnología es incompleta si no se acompaña de una verdadera exploración de la relevancia y la implicación social de las técnicas insertas dentro de su marco cultural, histórico y territorial.

Fruto de este punto de partida, el libro que presentamos se ha estructurado en cuatro grandes bloques. Se inicia a partir de un planteamiento teórico-conceptual para concentrarse posteriormente en el estudio del proceso de modelado de la cerámica:

a.- En el primer bloque se analiza el concepto de tecnología del que partimos tomando como ejes fundamentales del discurso algunos de los esquemas derivados de los planteamientos teórico-conceptuales de escuelas como la Social Agency Theory o la Antropología de las Técnicas.

b.- En el segundo se analiza la herramienta teórico-metodológica que hemos utilizado para estructurar toda la estrategia de análisis y que se basa en una visión social del concepto de cadena operativa y en un diseño específico adaptado a la interpretación tecnológica de las macrotrazas de modelado identificadas en la cerámica y que son analizadas en el tercer bloque.

c.-Este tercer bloque ocupa la parte más extensa del libro. En él se desarrolla todo el encaje metodológico para la identificación tecnológica de las macrotrazas de modelado observadas en las vasijas. Para ello, se ha realizado un análisis crítico de las anteriores propuestas y se presenta la estrategia metodológica utilizada por nosotros donde, se clasifican las diferentes tipos de trazas de modelado cerámico y a partir de allí se analizan sus características, atributos, variaciones, así como su potencialidad interpretativa.

d.- En el cuarto y último bloque se recupera todo el andamiaje teórico-metodológico del primer y segundo bloque para profundizar en las estrategias interpretativas que nos ofrece el análisis del modelado de la cerámica. El libro finaliza con una reflexión sobre los límites y posibilidades de la metodología propuesta.

Pastoral göçebeliğin arkeolojik perspektiften incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi insanlık tarihi açısından son derece önemlidir. Geleneksel arkeolojik metotlar açısından bakıldığında pastoral göçebe yaşamın maddi kültür izlerinin arkeolojik veriye dönüşmesi, yerleşik toplumlara yönelik yapılan arkeolojik çalışmalara göre farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bu tez çalışmasıyla pastoral göçebeliğin yıllık göç periyotu ekseninde oluşan kısa ve uzun süreli çadır yerleşimleri etnoarkeolojik metotlarla incelenerek pastoral göçebe yaşam tarzının arkeolojik perspektifte maddi kültürle olan ilişkisi anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Pastoral göçebe yaşam tarzının ne olduğu, nasıl ve hangi etkenlerle ortaya çıktığı, farklı pastoral göçebe kültürlerde ve coğrafyalarda ne gibi farklılıklar ve benzerlikler oluşturduğu konuları yine etnografik örnekler ve etnoarkeolojik metotlarla üretilen verilerin analiz edilmesiyle ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda pastoral göçebeliğin maddi kültüre olan yansımaları etnoarkeolojik saha çalışmalarıyla incelenmiş, pastoral göçebe Sarıkeçililerle farklı dönemleri kapsayan saha çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Pastoral göçebeler arkeolojik düzlemde maddi kültür boyutuyla ele alınmasının yanında; ekonomik, politik ve sosyo-kültürel boyutuyla incelenmiş farklılıklarıyla benzerlikleriyle genel bir pastoral göçebe resmi oluşturulmuştur. Bu kapsamda elde edilen verilerin göçebe arkeolojisi kavramına ve arkeolojik çalışmalara yeni perspektifler kazandırması amaçlanmıştır

Entre los textos que nos legó el franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún destaca su obra monumental que, según las fuentes, le llevó treinta años de trabajo ininterrumpido. Por supuesto nos referimos a las tres versiones de la Historia general des cosas de la Nueva España. En ellas, que en realidad son una y la misma obra, franciscano consignó una extensa relación de datos culturales, históricos y geoáficos de la américa española, basándose en las abundantes expresiones de la
adición oral mexicana que recopilaba de sus alumnos y de otras personas, y que periódicamente enviaba al Consejo de Indias para su eventual publicación.

İnsanoğlu dünyada varoluşuyla birlikte barınma, beslenme ve korunma gibi temel ihtiyaçlarla karşılaşmıştır. Bu ihtiyaçlardan beslenme hemen hemen her dönemde birincil önceliği oluşturduğu için en erken çağlardan itibaren birçok arkeolojik buluntu doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak mutfak kültürü ile ilgili olmuştur. Çalışma konumuzun odak noktasını oluşturan Kültepe’de bulunan tabletler içerisinde Koloni Dönemi’nin beslenme alışkanlıkları ve mutfak kültürü hakkında detaylı bilgi yer almamaktadır. Buna rağmen Kültepe’de gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik kazılarda bulunan muhtelif mutfak gereçleri ve son yıllarda yapılan arkeobotanik ve zooarkeolojik çalışmalar sonucunda elde edilen veriler kullanılarak, Kaniš sakinlerinin mutfak kültürü hakkında daha detaylı sonuçlara ulaşmak mümkün hale gelmiştir.
Bu zamana kadar Koloni Çağı Anadolu’sunda insanlar tarafından tanınıp, tüketilen besin maddeleri ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar, dönem insanlarının beslenme alışkanlıkları ve mutfak kültürlerine dair önemli bilgilere ulaşmamızı sağlamıştır. Ancak Kültepe’de daha önce gerçekleştirilmemiş olan arkeobotanik ve zooarkeolojik çalışmalar sonucunda önemli verilerin elde edilmesi ve yakın zamanlarda yayınlanan Kültepe tabletleri içerisinde besin maddeleri ile ilgili yeni bilgilere rastlanılması konunun yeniden ele alınması gerektiğini düşündürmüştür. Bu çalışmada Kültepe metinleri, arkeolojik bulgular, arkeobotanik ve zooarkeolojik veriler ile yer yer etnoerkeolojik bilgiler sentezlenerek Eski Anadolu insanının Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Dönemi’nde beslenme alışkanlıkları ve mutfak kültürüne ilişkin bulguların değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

En los últimos años los análisis demográficos, particularmente los estudios sobre densidad poblacional y distribución espacial, conforman temas medulares sobre el desarrollo de sociedades. Una manera de abordar estos temas desde la arqueología ha sido la utilización de coeficientes poblacionales obtenidos a partir de estudios etnográficos de poblacionales actuales y aplicarlos a datos del patrón de asentamiento. El análisis de la densidad poblacional en la comunidad moderna de Tenochtitlán, Veracruz, cercana al sitio olmeca de San Lorenzo, tiene la finalidad de reconocer la distribución poblacional del asentamiento en su totalidad y explorar su organización interna. El objetivo fundamental fue obtener coeficientes confiables que permitan estimar la población prehispánica del sitio arqueológico.

This paper is an ethnographic description of indigenous pottery making in the Valley of Guatemala based on field work conducted between June and August, 1970. Pottery making in four Pokomam-speaking communities were studied extensively: Chinautla, Sacojito, and Durazno to the north of Guatemala City, and Mixco located to the west of Guatemala City. Potters were also visited in the Pokoman-speaking community of Sacoj, and one potter was visited in the Cakchiquel-speaking community of La Cienaga, near the town of San Raimundo. Mixco and La Cienaga made tortilla griddles and the remainder of the communities made a variety of vessels. For both summaries, and in-depth treatments of other aspects of this work, see the following on this site: Arnold, 1978, Arnold et al., 1991 elsewhere on this site; and my book "Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process" (Arnold 1985). Other of my sole- and co-authored  articles on this site use data from these communities in formulating tools for interpreting data from compositional analysis.

"Both fabrication and use of clay-made objects, not necessarily vases, related to bread cooking, are widely documented in
regions where current manufacture of hand-thrown pottery offers an useful base for observation, reconstruction and crosscheck of ancient production processes.
Analogies with Italian mainland and Tyrrhenian islands particularly connect the prehistoric and the pre-roman periods. Starting by the documentation collected in north Tunisia, vertical ovens and traditional impasto devices used in ancient and contemporary Mediterranean area are discussed."