Crimean Tatar

Rusya müslümanları arasında tanınan ve Kazan Türklerinden Musa Carullah Bigiyev, İslâm dünyasında tanınan bir müslüman ilim, fikir ve aksiyon adamıdır. 1874'te Rusya'daki en eski ve turistik şehirlerden biri Nero Gölü'nün kıyısında Rostov'da doğan Bigiyev, eğitimini Buhara, Mısır, Hicaz, İstanbul, Hindistan ve Şam medreselerinde yaptıktan sonra memleketinde, gazetecilik yapmış ve birçok eserler vermiştir. 1917 Bolşevik ihtilalinden sonra zindanlara atılmış eziyet ve işkencelere uğramış, vatanını terk ederek Çin, Afganistan, Hindistan, Finlandiya, Almanya, Türkiye, İran, Irak ve Japonya'da ilim faaliyetlerinde bulunmuş ve nihayet 1949 yılında Kahire'de vefat etmiş âlim, bilge bir şahsiyettir. Bu makâlede onun hayatı, ilmi kişiliği ve eserleri ile Rusya müslümanları arasındaki yeri ve önemi araştırılmaktadır.

Ege Üniversitesi) Genel dil biliminde neolojizm; teknoloji, endüstri, politika, kültür veya bilimde yeni bir nesneyi veya bir olguyu ifade etmek üzere bir dil topluluğunun tamamı tarafından değilse bile en azından bir kısmı tarafından kullanılan yeni bir ifade (kelime veya cümle) olarak tanımlanmaktadır (Bussman 1996: 794). Berke Vardar yeni sözcük dediği Alm. Neologismus, Fr. néologisme kavramını "yeni oluşturulmuş ya da bir süre unutulduktan sonra yeniden kullanılmaya başlanmış, bir başka dilden ya da bir ağızdan yeni alınmış anlamlı birimlerle yeni bir anlam edinmiş aynı türden birimlere verilen ad" diye açıklamaktadır (Vardar 2007: 223). Kamile İmer ve eş yazarlar tarafından hazırlanan Dilbilim Sözlüğü de bu kavramı "dildeki türetim kurallarına uygun olarak yaratılmış olan yeni birimlerin adı; yeni olma, ya dilde o güne değin bulunmayan bir göstergenin ortaya çıkışını ya da eski bir göstergenin ortaya çıkışını ya da eski bir gösterenle yeni anlamı birleştirmeyi içerir" diye tanımlamıştır (İmer vd. 2011: 270). Günay Karaağaç Dil Bilimi Terimleri Sözlüğü'nde yer verdiği bu kavramı şöyle ele almıştır: yenicilik (neologism): 1. Yeni ve henüz yaygınlık kazanmamış sözleri kullanmak veya mevcut sözleri henüz alışılmamış yeni anlamlarda kullanmak. 2. Bir dilin kendi kök ve eklerinden yararlanarak, o dilin yaşayan veya ölü sözlerindeki yapıya bakarak veya ağız ve lehçelerden söz ve yapı alarak gerçekleştirilen dil kullanımı: basın, yayın, basınç, birikim, dergi, durum, göçmen, işlem, kazı, gezi, konut, sözlük, tapınak, yaratık, yargı, yanıt vb. (Karaağaç 2013: 866) F. S. Safiullina da neolojizmlerin sözlüksel ve bireysel-bağlamsal olarak ikiye ayrılabileceğini belirtir; sözlüksel neolojizmlerin oluşumuna bütün konuşurlar katılmaktadır, bunlarda tek bir yazar gösterilemez ve bu neolojizmler herhangi bir bağlamda kullanılabilir.

Türkoloji sahasında tarih çalışmaları ile dil ve edebiyat çalışmaları birbirini
tamamlayan, zamanla iç içe geçen çalışmalardır. Bu sahalardan birinde yapılan
herhangi bir çalışma, diğer sahaların çalışmalarında yol gösterici ve destekleyici rol
üstlenebilir. Elimizdeki kitap bir köyler tarihi veya yer adları kitabı değildir. Çünkü
içerisinde yaklaşık iki yüz elli yıllık zaman diliminde Osmanlı Devleti ve devamı
olan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin muhtelif zamanlarda dört bir taraftan aldığı göçlerle
kültüründe, örf âdetinde ve hayat tarzında kendini gösteren değişikliklerin
anlaşılmasında önemli bir kaynaktır.

In The History of Ukraine, Paul Kubicek takes on the daunting task of covering roughly thirteen centuries of Ukrainian history in just 180 pages. The book contains ten concise chapters, as well as a chronology, bibliographical essay, and biographical sketches of key leaders. Chapters One and Two describe Kievan Rus' and the Polish-Lithuanian period respectively. Chapters Four and Five discuss Ukraine under the Russian Empire and Western Ukraine under the Habsburg Empire. The next three chapters trace the rise of Ukrainian nationalism after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires, industrial transformation during the Soviet period, and the drive for Ukrainian independence spawned by Mikhail Gorbachev's reform programme in the late 1980s. The final two chapters outline the political and economic struggles in post-Soviet Ukraine under Leonid Kravchuk and Leonid Kuchma (1991-2004) and the Orange Revolution led by Viktor Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko.

For the first time the article presents a group of the Crimean Tatars' embroideries, which came to the museum collection in 1936 and 1997. The study traces the history of individual artifacts and their attribution, as well as a change in the purpose of using these things, which occurred in connection with the changes in the surrounding environment. The tradition of the Crimean Tatars' art of gold embroidery is shown in the complex of its technical and stylistic characteristics such as the main motifs and the most common compositional patterns, embroidery techniques, traditional base materials and special embroidery threads. The article draws analogies with a wide range of exhibits from the collections of Russian museums. Most items have been described for the first time. The Tatar seamstresses' art of gold embroidery , which became famous during the mass production of ichigs and qalyapushs in Kazan in the second half of 19 th century and the beginning of 20 th , is very well represented in various museum collections of the Tatarstan Republic. The decorations on the traditional female headgear qalfaq, the male tubetey and qalyapush, and velvet women's shoes represent the range of the established ornaments , materials, and techniques of embroidery, as well as their most common combinations. The embroidery was done on dark velvet-blue, green, burgundy, brown-with metal threads of special quality, used to create three-dimensional seams using the point couché technique. The stitching was done on a cardboard substrate, often using cotton wool wadding. A different order of stitches (satin stitch, featherstitch, checkerboard) as well as varying density, height, and pailettes promoted the diversity of the created decorative surfaces. Another type of Tatar goldwork is the "Kazan towels", which were made with the chain stitch on white cloth, decorated with a gold rim and a fringe. Thus, the range of goldwork items, made by Kazan Tatars, is limited [Gulova]. Golden embroidery is almost absent from traditional clothing; due to the lost tradition, the technique was not used in religious clothing, or in secular or religious decora

FIELD MARSHAL VON MUENNICH THE GREAT SAPPER COMMANDER ORDERS CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES OVER BUG RIVER AND RUSSIAN ARMY CROSSES THE BUG RIVER TO ATTACK THE OTTOMAN TARTAR ARMY IN SAVRAN RIVER AREA 7TH JULY 1738 -------November 2021
• DOI:    10.13140/RG.2.2.13894.40007
• Project:      MILITARY HISTORY
• Agha H Amin

1901 – 1930 tarihleri arasında yaşağan qırımtatar edibi Abdülehat-Hamdi Geraybaynıñ ömrü ve icadı üzerindeki bilgilerni keñişletmek maqasadı ile çalışmamızda biografik, teoretik, tekstolojik ve diger mühim meselelerine meyil berile. Şairniñ 1920’nci ss. yazğan aşq mevzulı manzumelerniñ poetik hususiyetleri ve şu sırada bediy serlevha, levha, portret, mecaz ve ilh. tasviriy vastalar ögrenile. Böyleliknen, müellifniñ psiholojik durumu, yazıcılıq qabiliyeti ve hem devirniñ edebiy milliy añaneleriniñ ceryanlarını açıqlamaq içün yañı yollar araştırıla. Qırımtatar ve umumen türk-müsülman edebiyatlarında “sonet” janrınıñ peydalanma ve inkişaf yollarına diqqat ayırıla.
Anahtar sözleri: sevgi, şiir, lirik, ithaflar, sonet, janr, Qırım, Geraybay.

В монографии на основе архивных и опубликованных источников восстановлены основные аспекты деятельности таврических гражданских губернаторов первой половины XIX в. Это первая в историографии попытка комплексного рассмотрения процесса инкорпорации Тавриды в состав Российской империи. Представлен новый взгляд на особенности социально-экономического развития региона в рассматриваемый период.
Книга адресована историкам, краеведам, всем интересующимся проблемами местного государственного управления, а также историей Таврической губернии.

Kırım, tarih öncesi dönemden beri Güney Ukrayna’nın bozkırlarla kaplı hinterlandını Karadeniz’e ve ötesine bağlayan bir geçiş bölgesi olmuştur.

Yüzyıllar boyunca Osmanlı ve Rus imparatorluklarının, sonrasında da Sovyetler Birliği ve Ukrayna devletinin parçası olan Kırım’ın tarihi, ev sahipliği yaptığı kültürlerin ve halkların izlerinden de anlaşılacağı üzere, çok daha gerilere uzanır: Antik Yunanlar, Gotlar, Bizanslılar, Moğollar, Ruslar ve en önemlisi Kırım Tatarları bu topraklarda yaşamıştır.

Tarih ve siyaset bilimi profesörü Paul Robert Magocsi, bölgeyle ilgili şimdiye kadar yazılmış en temel ve güncel metin olan Şu Mübarek Topraklar’da, üç bin yılı aşkın zamandır Kırım’ın bozkırlarına, dağlarına ve deniz kıyılarına akın eden bu toprak­larda yaşamış halkları ve yarattıkları medeniyetlerin hikâyesini görseller eşliğinde anlatıyor.

“Umuyorum ki bu kitap Türkiyeli okurlara kendi ülkelerinin tarihsel jeopolitik alanını (Karadeniz ve çevresindeki tüm topraklardan bahsediyorum) daha iyi anlamalarında yardımcı olacaktır.” Paul Robert Magocsi
https://kitap.ykykultur.com.tr/kitaplar/su-mubarek-topraklar-kirim-ve-kirim-tatarlari

The present paper provides two case studies of the basic vocabulary of the Turkic languages spoken on the Crimea Peninsula. Its aim is to illuminate the issues that a historical linguist, and in particular a phylogeneticist, faces when analyzing the basic vocabulary of closely related languages in a situation of intensive contact. The first case study is dedicated to the onomasiological reconstruction of the Proto-Karaim Swadesh list. The main problem here is detection of the West Oghuz loans and especially of contact-induced archaization (fake ar-chaisms) in Crimean Karaim. The objective of the second case study is to identify the genea-logical affiliation of the Crimean Tatar dialects. Both the manual analysis of the innovations in the basic vocabulary and the computational lexicostatistics (Bayesian approach, Neighbor-joining, Maximum Parsimony Analysis) confirm the traditional view that the Coastal dialect belongs to the Oghuz subgroup, the Orta dialect-to the West Kipchak subgroup, and the Steppe dialect-to the Nogai Kipchak subgroup. Such affiliations fully fit the documented ethnic history. The correct genealogical affiliation of the dialects in question became possible only after exclusion of all the loans, which has not been done in previous lexicostatistical studies of Crimean Tatar. Both cases show that careful elimination of areal influences is crucial for semantic (onomasiological) reconstruction and phylogenetic studies.

Ivangorodsky K. Ethnogenetic founding of Crimean Khanate forming.
In the article the ethnogenesis of Crimean tatars and ethnosocial measuring of Crimean Khanate forming in XIII–XV centuries is analysed. The tendency not to represent the historiography reflection of this question in historian science looks not quite constructively. Were examined the influence of ethnic factors is considered on forming of the state of the Crimean Khanate.
Key words: ethnogenesis, ethnos, ethnosocial processes, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Khanate.

Turkey-Ukraine relations which have made important progress since the dissolution of the Soviet Union have a high strategical value for both countries. Whereas being riparian states of the Black Sea becomes prominent as one of determinant factors for its bilateral relations, the fact that Turkey obtains a large part of its Russian natural gas via Ukraine shows the importance of these relations

Дана стаття присвячена темі динаміки ісламізації населення завойованого османами князівства Феодоро та
дослідженню найголовніших чинників активного розповсюдження ісламу серед місцевого населення. Автор статті
ґрунтується на писемних джерелах, а також на документальних відомостях, де були представлені свідчення про
чисельність населення південного берега Криму. У статті містяться відомості про історію Князівства Феодоро і
її релігійно-етнічний стан до завоювання цих земель Османською імперією. Також наводиться графік динаміки
розвитку ісламізації на території південного берегу Кримського півострову з кінця XV століття до 1783 року. У
статті приведені основні причини інтенсивної ісламізації населення південного берегу Криму. Автор приходить до
висновку, що османське завоювання князівства Феодоро у 1475 році започаткувало серйозні зміни як в етнічній, так
і в конфесійній структурі його населення.

Статья посвящена созданию Таврической губернии, ее административному устройству и особенностям органов управления. Проанализирован процесс интеграции края в общероссийскую государственную структуру. Рассмотрена деятельность первых губернаторов.

Abstract. In the present historical circumstances, an analysis of both territorial governance of the Crimea within the Russian Empire and the first gover-
nors’ activities to manage Tauride Governorate seems quite topical. Based on the archival data, I have considered the creation of Taurida Gov-
ernorate, its administrative structure and features of government in the article. I have analyzed the process of region integrating in the all-
Russian state structure, as well as the role of first governors in this process. I have shown the period when Taurida Governorate was created
(October 8, 1802) was a difficult time for the region. First governors were required to not only contribute to the fullest extent possible to in-
clude strategically important area of the Crimea into the Russian Empire, but also to learn to operate (since they did not have managerial expe-
rience). State-building was occurred in the Crimea, and Governors played first violin in this process. Taurida governor obeyed the Ministry of
Internal Affairs and Kherson military governor. The Governorate was divided into seven districts. Governors were required to develop cities
and agriculture, to fight against crime. Financial position of the governor was difficult. The Crimea was integrated into the Russian Empire in
the first decades of the 19th century. The economy began to grow, increase in population and quality of life.

Asırlardır Karadeniz’in çevresinde birlikte yaşayan ve dünya politikalarını yönlendiren bu iki devlet, önümüzdeki süreçte de Karadeniz bölgesinde
kriz yerine iş birliğini seçerek bölgede istikrar ve refahı egemen kılacaktır.
Aksi bir durumda ise, Karadeniz yeni bir çatışma alanına dönüşerek
her iki ülkeyi de olumsuz bir şekilde etkiyecektir.

Ivangorodsky K. The Agricultural of the Crimean Khanate in XV–XVII centuries.
In the article the evolution of development of the Crimean Khanate agriculture in XV–XVII centuries is analysed. The basic ways of becoming of the landed relations and specific of agriculture of Crimean Tatars is definited. In the period which is examined the fallaciousness of the assertion about absence in the Crimean Khanate of agriculture is well-proven.
Key words: Agriculture, Crimean Khanate, Crimean Tatars, rural economy, agrarian relations, yarlyk, beylik.

Romanya Müslüman Tatar Türkleri Demokrat Birliği’nin maddî
desteğiyle basılan ve Dobruca Kırım Tatar millî şairi Mehmet Niyazi’nin aziz
ruhuna ithaf olunan Dobruca Kırım Tatar Ağzı Sözlüğü, Saim Osman Karahan
tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. 1860’larda Kırım’dan o zamanlar Osmanlı toprağı
olan Dobruca’ya göç eden bir Kırım Tatar ailenin çocuğu olarak 1939’da
Köstence-Romanya’da dünyaya gelen Saim Osman Karahan 1964’te Türkiye’ye
göç edip yerleşir. 1966’da Ankara’da kazandığı Fransız Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü’nü 1970’te bitirir. Saim Osman Karahan İstanbul’da yayımlanan
Emel Dergisi ve Bahçesaray dergisinin yazı işleri müdürlüğünü 2009’dan beri
yürütmektedir. (Osman Saim Karahan, 23Nisan 2015'te İstanbul'da vefat etmiştir.)

Sbornik statei i dokumentov o krymchakakh (XVI – XXI vv.) [Collection of articles and documents about the Krymchaks (16th – 21st centuries)]. Edited by Mikhail Kizilov and Natalia Sumina. Simferopol, 2020. 320 pp.

Includes
Kizilov, Mikhail, and Yulia Leibenson. “Obzor sovremennogo sostoianiia krymchakskikh kladbishch Respubliki Krym” [A survey of the modern state of the Krymchak cemeteries of the Republic of the Crimea]. In Sbornik statei i dokumentov o krymchakakh (XVI – XXI vv.) [Collection of articles and documents about the Krymchaks (16th – 21st centuries)]. Edited by Mikhail Kizilov and Natalia Sumina. Simferopol, 2020, 216-241.

Висвітлюється розвиток правового змісту моделей української
державності, обумовлених у договорах Війська Запорозького із
східноєвропейськими державами у другій половині XVII — на початку XVIII століття. Визначено теоретичне підґрунтя та зміст українських конституційно-правових ідей гцодо сутності держави, конституційного ладу та державного устрою. Виокремлено ідеї про новий статус Війська Запорозького у проектах договорів емігрантського уряду з Річчю Посполитою, Російською державою та Кримським ханством. Досліджено теоретико-правове підґрунтя та конституційно-правовий характер положень "Пактів і конституцій законів та вольностей Війська Запорозького..." 1710 року.
У додатку до книги представлено документи, що відображають
політичні й правові ідеї еміграції, а також ідейний контекст розвитку останньої.
Книга адресована юристам, історикам, політологам, а також усім,
хто цікавиться проблемами історії держави і права України, історією політичної та правової думки.

Mikhail Kizilov and Natal’ia Dremova. “Ubiistvo patsientov, detei-invalidov i vrachei-evreev v 1941-1943 gody na okkupirovannykh territoriiakh Kryma i Kavkaza: problem istorii, interpretatsii istochnikov i memorializatsii tragedii” [Massacre of Patients, Disabled Children and Jewish Doctors in 1941–1943 in the occupied territories Crimea and the Caucasus: problems of history, interpretations sources and memorialization of the tragedy]. In Pomni o nas. Edited by Irina Rebrova. St. Petersburg, 208-230.

The objects of the study are silver coins with images of fish on the reverse. They are found in the Crimea, on the territory and near of Sudak and Qırq Yer. Six such coins have been found on the peninsula to date and three of them are preserved in the Qırq Yer hoard. There is no reason to consider them as local issues. Similarly decorated coins were minted in the principality of Samtskhe-Saatabago under atabeg Quarkvare II Jakeli.
It is obvious that the inhabitants of Crimea knew and appreciated Georgian coins. Otherwise, they would not have been hidden in the Qırq Yer hoard. This circumstance makes it possible to clarify our ideas about the contacts of the population of Georgia and Crimea in the second half of the 15th century. Obviously, those links existed and were quite stable. Georgian coin was valued not only on the coast, but also in Qırq Yer.
We conclude that trade relations existed between Georgia and Crimea at
that time. We believe that silver of Quarkvare II Jakeli arrived on the peninsula in two ways: by land, by caravan roads passing through the southern regions of the steppe, and also by sea, from the Italian colonies of the Eastern Black Sea coast.

У книзі опубліковано архівні документи з літерної справи комуністичних спецслужб «Міллі-Фірка» про історію кримськотатарського національного руху в 1917–1920 рр. Протоколи Курултаю, відомості, зібрані слідчою комісією Кримського Татарського Парламенту весною 1918 р., чекістські переклади кримськотатарських документів та інші свідчення, які розкривають складний перебіг трансформаційних процесів Криму періоду війн та революцій. Документальну частину доповнює історико-аналітичне дослідження про Кримськотатарський національний рух.

The article analyzes the administrative structure of the Crimea in the seventeenth – eighteenth
centuries and in the early years after the Russian annexation of the peninsula in 1783. In the
period between 1475/1478 and 1774 the Crimea was divided into two main parts – the Ottoman
Crimea and the Crimean Khanate. Although both were administratively divided into qadılıks
(judicial districts), the main authority in the Ottoman Crimea was the paşa of Kefe province while
the Crimean Khanate was ruled by the Khans of Giray dynasty. Paşa’s deputies were qaymaqam
and müsellem while most important municipal duties were fulfilled by superintendents emins.
Khan’s deputies were called qalğa and nureddin although at the end of the seventeenth century
in the Crimean Khanate there also appeared a position of qaymaqam. Most of the Tatar towns
were governed by the emins appointed by the Khan. In the Crimean Khanate there also existed
beyliks – lands of the Tatar beys which were practically independent both from the Khans and
Ottoman sultans. After the Russian annexation of 1783, the administrative structure of the Crimea
underwent complete modernisation. All Tatar and Ottoman administrative institutions were
abolished. New Russian institutions were established. The territory of the former Crimean Khanate
was first reorganized as the Tavricheskaia oblast’ (1784) and divided into seven uezds. In 1802,
at the time of Alexander I, it was reorganized as the Tavricheskaia guberniia.

Книга посвящена столетней истории ведущего высшего учебного заведения Республики Крым – Крымского федерального университета имени В. И. Вернадского. Читателю предоставляется возможность проследить этапы становления и развития высшего образования в Крыму. Издание содержит уникальные документы и фотографии по истории учебных и научных учреждений, ныне являющихся структурными подразделениями Крымского федерального университета имени В. И. Вернадского.
Книга рассчитана на широкий круг читателей.

Особенности  речевого этикета в русской, английской и крымскотатарской лингвокультурах // Сборник материалов международной конференции студентов,  аспирантов и молодых учёных «Проспект свободный-2016», посвящённой году образования в  содружестве  независимых  государств.  15 – 21 апреля 2016. Красноярск, 2016. – с. 17 – 19.

Makalede Kırım’ın ilhakı meselesi, çatışma çözümleri bağlamında sorunun tarihsel arka planı, çatışmayı doğuran nedenler, aktörlerin ve yönlendirici güçlerin analizi ele alınacak, krizin çözümü noktasında taraflar arasında atılan adımlardan ve uygulamalardan bahsedilecektir. Son olarak sorunun gelecekteki seyri ve yönetimi üzerine değerlendirmelerde bulunulacak, bölgesel ve küresel sonuçları ortaya konacaktır.

В монографии рассматриваются взаимоотношения Исмаила Гаспринского с туркестанскими джадидами и его роль в формировании центральноазиатского джадидизма. Дается подробный анализ истоков появления нового метода обучения как начало джадидским реформам. Предпринята попытка комплексного и объективного изучения отношений к Гаспринскому русской и ханских администраций, а также туркестанских интеллектуалов конца XIX-начала ХХ века. Прослежены вопросы зарождения политического движения среди джадидов Центральной Азии. Для специалистов и всех тех, кто интересуется процессом формирования джадидского движения и ролью в этом Исмаила Гаспринского. На основе данного исследования факультет философии III Университета Гумбольдта (Берлин, Германия) присвоил автору учёную степень Dr.phil.

Очередной выпуск «Херсонесского сборника» посвящён памяти известного археолога-полевика и краеведа-энциклопедиста Олега Яковлевича Савели, более полувека плодотворно трудившегося в коллективе музея-заповедника «Херсонес Таврический». Основу сборника составляют статьи и публикации друзей и коллег О.Я. Савели по актуальным проблемам античной и византийской археологии и культуре, а также крымскому краеведению. Издание адресуется историкам, археологам, краеведам, студентам и преподавателям, а также всем тем, кто интересуется археологией, историей и культурой Крыма/

Hasan Sabri Ayvazov, born in Alupka in Crimea, participated in Crimean Tatar Movement in the beginning of the 20th century and wrote articles in major newspapers of the Muslims of Russia, such as Vatan Hadimi, Hayat, Füyûzat, Tercüman and Millet in order to promote and disseminate the ideas of this movement. As a result of his education in Crimea, Istanbul and Moscow, he made great efforts for the union of the Muslims of Russia and to enlighten people by means of his articles in purviews such as literature, history and pedagogy. Believing that language and religion would combine the Turkic world as İsmail Gaspıralı, whose ideas and activities he respected so much, Hasan Sabri wrote his writings from this perspective and supported this idea in groups he attended. Contributing to the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Crimea, Avyazov was also the president of the parliament and was sent to Istanbul from Crimea as an ambassador. Although he was a very important figure in the Crimean Tatar national movement, very little written about him. Therefore, this article aims at analyzing sources about his life and his activities.

On May 11, 1944, the Soviet government accused the Crimean Tatars of mass treason and ordered the forced resettlement of the entire population from the Crimean ASSR to Uzbekistan. From  May 18-20, 1944 the NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) loaded nearly every Crimean Tatar man, woman, and child onto train echelons bound for the Uzbek SSR. A number of these trains were later diverted to the Urals and other regions of the R.S.F.S.R., but out of a total population of less than 200,000 over 150,000 ended up resettled in Uzbekistan as special settlers. Those sent to Uzbekistan were initially settled mostly on kolkhozes and sovkhozes, but due to very poor material conditions on these farms a large number of them migrated to industrial concerns such as mines, construction sites, and factories within the republic to work. Despite this migration, tens of thousands of Crimean Tatars in Uzbekistan still perished from such causes as malaria, malnutrition, and dysentery. In the Urals tens of thousands of Crimean Tatars ended up in wet forests where the able bodied adults felled trees and the rest of the population suffered from hunger and contagious diseases. Finally, a small group of Crimean Tatar men were mobilized as forced labourers in the coal mines of the Moscow and Tula oblasts. The Soviet government only released the Crimean Tatars from special settlement restrictions on April 28, 1956. It lifted the collective charges of treason against the nationality on September 5, 1967. But, it only allowed the Crimean Tatars to return home in large numbers after November 14, 1989. Their long exile in Central Asia and other areas of the USSR left an indelible mark on the nationality. The Crimean Tatar response to the current Russian occupation of Crimea cannot be understood without reference to the history of their deportation and suffering under the special settlement regime.

Gergana Dimova, Andreas Umland: Introduction. Russia’s 2014 Annexation of Crimea in Historical Context: Discourses and Controversies -- Natalya Belitser: The Status of the Crimean Tatars in Ukrainian and International Law -- Alina Cherviatsova: The 1954 Transfer of Crimea: Debunking the Myth of a “Royal Gift” to Ukraine -- Maryna Rabinovych: How the Federal Republic Reacted to Russia’s Annexation of Crimea: Berlin’s Diplomatic Response and German Media Representations in 2014–2020

Once upon a time, there were the people that very skilfull, talented, speedy and pragmatic. Modernism destroyed them. They were that kept their values alive along about two thousand years. Endless steppes of Eurasia were belonging to them. Modernism destroyed them and everything within about two hundred centuries. This is the short history of them and their tracks.