Cimmerians Scythians Sarmatians

In 1314, the Battle of Bannockburn gave Scotland its independence. On 6 April 1320, the Scottish ruler, Robert Bruce, and fifty signatories sent a declaration of independence to Pope John XXII. This is the Declaration of Arbroath, written in Latin. And it contains a surprising passage:

‘(…) and ex antiquorum gestis and libris Colligimus quod inter Ceteras naciones egregias nostra scilicet Scottorum NATO multis preconijs fuerit insignita, that from Maiori Schithia per Pool tirenum and Columpnas Herculis (…)’.

In plain English, the signatories speak of ancient achievements and writings that demonstrate that the nation of Scots originated in Scythia Major and came via the Tyrrhenian Sea (part of the Mediterranean) and the Columns of Hercules (Gibraltar).

Данная работа подробно исследует интересный и вместе с тем сложный вопрос происхождения крымских татар. Автор рассматривает участие в их этногенезе тавров, скифов и киммерийцев. Здесь представлены результаты исследования, опубликованные в четырёх статьях на протяжении 2012-2013 годов в научном журнале Таврического национального университета г. Симферополя.

This paper explores in detail a very interesting, yet complex question of the origin of the Crimean Tatar people. The author considers the role that Tauris, Scythians and Cimmerians played in birthing their ethnos. Here one can find the results of the research, which were published in four individual papers during 2012-2013 in the scientific journal of Tavrida National University in Simferopol.

Сборник научных трудов посвящен 60-летию со дня рождения Сергея Анато-
льевича Скорого – известного украинского археолога, доктора исторических
наук, профессора, заведующего отделом археологии раннего железного века
Института археологии НАН Украины. В статьях его друзей и коллег из Укра-
ины, России, Белоруссии, Молдовы, Румынии рассматривается круг акту-
альных проблем археологии раннего железного века, в той или иной степени
связанных с научными интересами юбиляра.
Для археологов, историков, всех тех, кто интересуется исследованиями древ-
ностей эпохи раннего железа.

The excavations carried out lately at Yassıhöyük/Gordion, Boğazköy/Büyükkaya, Kaman-Kalehöyük, Çadırhöyük, Porsuk and Liman Tepe and also the survey at Hydas and Hisarlık Tepesi/Troya VIIb2 and Tel-el Cüdeyde excavations of which findings were evaluated later, reveals clearly that the Hittite Empire vanished approx. in 1190 BC and it was the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Dark Age, that is the Early Iron Age (1190-850 BC). These settlements located in North-West, West, Central and Southern regions of Anatolia determine how the movements of people who were called Thracean-Phrygian migrations and the Sea People moved towards Anatolia, and brought to an end of the Late Bronze Age. Not fixing any center belonging to the Early Iron Age on the Black Sea coasts indicates that these movements of people were not by means of Northern Anatolia, that is the Black Sea.

Architecture of the Iron Age in the Central Black Sea Region shows different pecularities compared to the Land and Coastal zones. By the help of present data we have, the earliest samples of the Iron Age pottery in the Black Sea Region can be dated to the end of the Early Iron Age. During the Middle Iron Age important settlements in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend are Boğazköy, Alaca Höyük, Hacı Bektaş Höyük (Suluca Karahöyük), KamanKalehöyük, Eskiyapar, Oluz Höyük, Alişar Höyük, Çadır Höyük and also in the south of the Kızılırmak/Halys, Kültepe, Sultanhanı, Yassıdağ, Topaklı and Porsuk.

The pottery possessed in these settlements, known as Alişar IV, are the painted potteries having composition of figures of deer styled in silhouette technique and a concentric circle motif and sometimes with geometrical motifs. It is observed that the styles of ceramics workshops in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend and its south that had been producing monotonously since the Middle Iron Age had some changes since the Late Iron Age, especially due to their decorations. Instead of figures of deer in silhoutte, figures with a more natural view, using linear and reserve technique appeared. The figures of bird were more abundant in number and in view, and also figures of bull, donkey, roe, goat, lion, dog, fish and insect were used as the main elements in the compositions. Apart from this, various creatures such as bull with wings and sphinx, and also strange, unusual creatures that can not be identified appeared. The figures of human in a styled form which were few in the Middle Iron Age, started to be the most important thing in the Late Iron Age. Mother Goddess/Kubaba of Phrygians, who had been worshipped since the Neolithic Period, was depicted on the pottery during this period. We observe that the pottery workshops in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend and also the ones in the south were influenced by the innovations and also the political events that occurred in the Late Iron Age and showed this on their productions. For instance, figures of horse and cavalrymen that appeared suddenly were most probably due to the Eurasian Horse-Riding Nomads. Besides, it is apparent that the figures of sphinx with crown and beard, depicted on the pottery had an influence of Western Iran that is Median-Achaemenid. Apart from the motifs and figures in the Late Iron Age, there were some notable changes in the paint decoration technique. The traditional colors of dark red, brown and black continued to be used in decoration; however, as an innovation, figures and compositions were started to be drawn in the frames with white and beige base. This frame technique was applied, after sometime, without using the white base. We acknowledge that the pottery workshops continued their productions in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend, not only by keeping their traditional characteristics, but also reflecting the external influences during the period that is from the beginning of 5th Century BC to the middle of 4th Century BC, Hellenistic Period that is the Last Phase of the Late Iron Age.

As a result of archaeological survey carried out up to present, no settlement or camp site belonging to the Eurasian Horse-Riding Nomads in Anatolia, that is the Scythians and Cimmerians were determined. Besides, in the light of present data, it is under debate where the Scythians spread and in which regions they were. It is assumed that some tribes of Eurasian Horse-Riding Nomads who moved in to Anatolia through the Caucasia and destroyed Yassıhöyük/Gordion utterly in the end of the Middle Iron Age, then from Paphlagonia to the Central Black Sea Region and from there to the Eastern Black Sea Region.

Another culture that was effective in the Central Black Sea Region, was Achaemenids. Among the satrapies that were established in Anatolia by Achaemenids, we acknowledge that three satrapies comprise the Black Sea Region of today. The first satrapy to mention is Daskyleion that comprises NorthWest Anatolia, together with Paphlagonia and Mariandyns, land means western part of the Black Sea Region. The second satrapy named Katpatuka (Cappadocia) was ruling today’s Central Anatolia and probably the Central Black Sea Region. The third satrapy in the Eastern Black Sea Region was ruling the lands of Mushki, Tibarens, Macrons, Mossyniks, Marelis; the land between today’s Ordu and Trabzon provinces. The second satrapy named Katpatuka (Cappadocia) comprised the today’s Central Anatolia and the Central Black Sea Region; that is the central part of the coasts of northern Anatolia. As we acknowledge, apart from Phrygia, Paphlagonia and Kilikia were the tax regions (nomos) of Achaemenid King Darius the Great, Cappadocians are mentioned as ‘Syrian’, however Pontus is never mentioned, thus, this northern area was included in Cappadocia in 6th century BC. Cappadocia Satrapy most probably comprised the region of Anatolia from the Taurus Mountains reaching at the Black Sea. Cappadocia Satrapy was divided into two parts. The southern part was named as Major Cappadocia and the northern part as Minor Cappadocia or Pontic Cappadocia. We acknowledge that Gashka people who live seminomadic in the Cental Black Sea Region during the Iron Age, did not settle in permanently and also did not let any alien settle in the region. We observe that despite their powerful dominance, some settlements that appeared to be seen on the terrestrial of the Central Black Sea Region during the end of Early Iron Age and also acquired a character with its ceramics with painted decoration of Central Anatolia Iron Age, were dwelled in by the people whose place of origin was the Central Anatolia. We acknowledge that this policy of dwelling was effective completely in the Land and Coastal regions by degrees. In the light of all these evaluations, we can utter that the culture of the Central Black Sea Region during the Iron Age had the local pecularities of Central Anatolian Culture and was an extension to the north.

Given the colorful and almost comprehensive variety of seventh century BCE Near Eastern states mentioned by Herodotus, his omission of the kingdom of Urartu is somewhat puzzling. The question of Herodotus' apparent ignorance of the Urartians has not been explored in depth, however, perhaps because his account of early Median history often diverges from that of the Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles. 2 P. Zimansky suggests simply that an early destruction of Urartu, around 640 BCE, would have precluded significant contact between the Urartians and the Medes, upon whose institutional memory much of Herodotus' account was based. 3 This paper will argue that Urartu is present, albeit incorrectly identified, in the Medikos logos of Herodotus'

One of the features of Scythian archaic blade weaponry is the use of bronze, often in the combination with iron. This technologe of Early Scythian bimetallic akinakai goes back to “Cimmerian scheme”. Within the framework of that scheme Prescythian daggers of Kabardino-Pjatigorsk type were manufactured.  The most later daggers of this type are likely were used until the middle 7th c. BC, so they could be treated as prototypes for Scythian akinakes. Bimetallic technology of Scythian smiths was inspired by previous tradition and the first exemplars of Gudermes akinakai appeared at the turn of 8th–7th c. BC in the Caucasus. In the Carpathian basin archaic Scythian akinakai made wholly or partly from bronze are also well-known. These akinakai of Posmuş type are closely related to the next tradition — of Kelermes type — which also penetrated to Northern Pontic region from the territory of Caucasus region. Posmuş type was probably an intermediate combining old technology of bronze casting and new morphology. A number of features shows a genetic link between Gudermes and Kelermes types. Among them are: three-part handle and the bight under the pommel. So, the bimetallic akinakes is the product of the further evolution of bladed weaponry producted by “Caucasian laboratory” and it could be assumed that for a while it was coexisting with Kabardino-Pjatigorsk type daggers, perhaps in the 1st half of 7th c. BC. Further development of the Scythian akinakai and their distribution in Black Sea region probably provoked the renouncement of the use of bronze due to the excessive complexity of or limited access to raw materials. However, the morphology of this new product was more stable, as a result new types of swords and daggers appeared. In the Danube-Carpathian region a creative rethinking of Gudermes and Kelermes traditions is registered for Early Scythian period. These processes led to the emergence of such types as Posmuş in Transilvania and Ferigile in Wallachia — local phenomena of the Carpathian-Danube. The singularity of distribution of the first akinakai allow us to conclude that Scythian akinakes entered this region two main routes: initially, along the northern border of forest-steppe to Transilvania and later — along the southern border, to Bărăgan Plain.

Öz:

Bu çalışmadaki amacımız, M.Ö. 5. yüzyılda yaşamış olan Halikarnassos’lu tarihçi Herodotos’un eserindeki bir anlatımı (Hdt. 4, 11-12) tenkit etmek suretiyle, aşağıdaki şu sorulara cevap aramaktır: Kimmerler; İskitler kendi yurtlarına gelmeden önce kendi aralarında bir iç savaş yaşamışlar mıdır? Eğer bir Kimmer iç savaşı yaşandı ise, bu savaşın tarafları Kimmer
kralları ve halkları mıydı? Tyras Irmağı kıyısındaki Kimmer mezarları ile ilgili anlatımın doğruluğu nedir? Mezar yapıları kimlere ait olabilir? Çalışmamızda ağırlıklı olarak bu sorulara cevap verdikten sonra, Herodotos’un Kimmerler’e karşı ilgisizliği ve bunun nedenleri ele alınacaktır.

Abstract:

Herodotus’ Mention of Kimmers in The Background of So-called Cimmerian Civil War, Lydians And Scythians

The primary aim of this study is to look for answers for the following questions via engaging in discussions on a section (Hdt. 4, 11-12) of fifth century BC Halicarnassus historian Herodotus’ work: Did Cimmerians experience a civil war before the arrival of Scythians? In case of a presumable Cimmerian civil war, could the Cimmerian monarchs and populace be the belligerents of this war? To what extent is the section reliable on Cimmerian graves around the littoral of Tyras River? After focusing on these questions; Herodotus’ indifference toward the Cimmerians and the reasons behind that will be evaluated.

ON SARMATIAN-ALANIAN SUBJECT OF WALL PAINTING IN THE ‘CRYPT OF ANTHESTERIOS’ IN PANTICAPAEUN
According to the generally accepted opinion, the wall painting in the ‘Crypt of Anthesterios’ in Panticapaeum (the 3rd quarter of the 1st c. AD; published by M.I. Rostovtzeff in 1913) represents several scenes from the life of aristocracy of Bosporan capital. In reality, the core of this composition (fig. 1,1) is the picture of goddess sitting on a throne, World Tree to the left from her, approaching horseman – to the right. Similar representations dating to the 4th c. BC are known among Sakas and Massagetes of the Central Asia (the rug from Pazyryk, the seal of the 1th-2nd cc. AD from the South Turkmenistan), and since the late 2nd c. BC we find them in Kuban River region (Merdzhany).
The compositions from the Crypt could be compared with the mythological scenes of Indo-Iranians of the Eastern Europe: the Scythian diadem from Sakhnovka (the 4th c. BC) and the reliefs in the crypt of medieval Alans on Krivaya Riva (the 10th-12th cc.) (fig. 1, 2). These three representations includes 9-10 figures, a lot of iconographic details are very similar. That type of composition had been elaborated by Greek craftsmen in the 4th c. BC and was preserved for a millennium and half.
The Sarmato-Alanian compositions, in contrast to the Scythian ones, were connected with the funeral ritual. Archaic elements in Ossetian ‘Nart’ epic are important for understanding of these scenes. One of the variants of epic tell about a trip of a semi-god and ‘cultural hero’ Soslan to the Upper World (to Celestial Plane) where the souls of the dead live. He travels in a company of a younger friend. Soslan meets a goddess sitting on a golden throne which gives him magic food and drinks from the small golden tripod table (fyng). Some children (souls of the dead?) wait upon them. There are also two men sitting in ‘yurt’ nomadic mobile house (probably, two brothers in Ossetian tradition – the Son of Sun and the Son of Moon) who meet the dead in another world. On another wall two horses near the World Tree were depicted.
Among the Scythians, similar scenes depict the ‘sacred marriage’ of Fite goddess Tabiti and the ‘cultural hero’ Kolaxais (Raevsky D., 1977), and among the Sarmato-Alans – the marriage of nameless goddess (Tipati after T.A. Guriev reconstruction) and Soslan. This subject was depicted in Paticapaeum after the beginning of Sarmatian nobles’ sedentarization in the capital of Bosporus Kingdom and some marriages with local Greek elite (Lucian. Tox. 51).

Rjabchikov, Sergei V., 2017. Skify, sarmaty, meoty, skandinavy i slavyane (The Scythians, Sarmatians, Meotians, Scandinavians and Slavs; in Russian).
Hermonassa, 3, pp. 3-12.

Keywords: Scythia, Scythian, Sarmatian, Meotian, Slavonic, Slavs, Scandinavian, Old Rus, the Old Russian, Tmutarakan’, Ukrainian, Russian, Скифия, скифский, скифы, сарматский, меотский, славянский, скандинавский, Древняя Русь, древнерусский, Тмутаракань, украинский, русский

One of the features of Scythian archaic blade weaponry is the use of bronze, often in the combination with iron. This technologe of Early Scythian bimetallic akinakai goes back to “Cimmerian scheme”. Within the framework of that scheme Prescythian daggers of Kabardino-Pjatigorsk type were manufactured.  The most later daggers of this type are likely were used until the middle 7th c. BC, so they could be treated as prototypes for Scythian akinakes. Bimetallic technology of Scythian smiths was inspired by previous tradition and the first exemplars of Gudermes akinakai appeared at the turn of 8th–7th c. BC in the Caucasus. In the Carpathian basin archaic Scythian akinakai made wholly or partly from bronze are also well-known. These akinakai of Posmuş type are closely related to the next tradition — of Kelermes type — which also penetrated to Northern Pontic region from the territory of Caucasus region. Posmuş type was probably an intermediate combining old technology of bronze casting and new morphology. A number of features shows a genetic link between Gudermes and Kelermes types. Among them are: three-part handle and the bight under the pommel. So, the bimetallic akinakes is the product of the further evolution of bladed weaponry producted by “Caucasian laboratory” and it could be assumed that for a while it was coexisting with Kabardino-Pjatigorsk type daggers, perhaps in the 1st half of 7th c. BC. Further development of the Scythian akinakai and their distribution in Black Sea region probably provoked the renouncement of the use of bronze due to the excessive complexity of or limited access to raw materials. However, the morphology of this new product was more stable, as a result new types of swords and daggers appeared. In the Danube-Carpathian region a creative rethinking of Gudermes and Kelermes traditions is registered for Early Scythian period. These processes led to the emergence of such types as Posmuş in Transilvania and Ferigile in Wallachia — local phenomena of the Carpathian-Danube. The singularity of distribution of the first akinakai allow us to conclude that Scythian akinakes entered this region two main routes: initially, along the northern border of forest-steppe to Transilvania and later — along the southern border, to Bărăgan Plain.

The article is based upon the thesis of the existence of intense relations between the Northern Black Sea and Macedonia towards the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, confirmed with various traditions related to rivers. Toponyms and ethnonyms containing the following roots sind-, sinth-, sith-, are given as a first indicator, confirmed in both regions through ancient sources, thus considering its Indo Aryan interpretation as a river. Such interpretation is considered in context of the theories of Indo-Aryans moving south of the Northern Black Sea at the second half of the 2nd millennium BC; the Balkans being one of their directions. This last trajectory is related to the presence of Cimmerians and Hyperboreans at this peninsula, also verified in ancient written sources. A special significance is given to the ancient reports of Aria as the oldest name for Thrace. Numerous archaeological finds also refer to these motions, confirmed with a relevant literature. Moreover, different traditions witnessed in ancient sources are noted regarding the role of rivers in the spiritual culture of populations of both regions, especially in genealogical myths. Bull as a zoomorphic epiphany of river gods is especially emphasized, manifested with similar traditions, among which the roots taur-, taor found in the toponymy, ethnonymy and the theonymy of both regions.

Key words: Indo-Aryans, Macedonia, river cults, Thraco-Cimmerians, Sindoi, Tauria

Initially written in Greek and published in the Greek monthly ‘Trito Mati’ – ‘Third Eye’ (February 1992), before my adhesion to Islam, under author’s name ‘Cosmas Megalommatis’, successively translated by me in French and published in France, and more recently translated in 1999 in English and published in various media.

At this point, I want to thank the translator for this excellent English translation. My adhesion to Islam did not make me change my approach and opinion in anything related to this subject as developed in this text.

Published in the Origin of Nations magazine, vol.3, no.3. (1999): pages 2-3, 12-20 and online:
https://www.originofnations.org/books,%20papers/Elizabeth%20II.pdf

The original Greek text can be found here:
https://www.academia.edu/49102838/Απόγονοι_των_Ισραηλιτών_οι_Βρεταννοί_

The life to Earth came from the Universe: the part is alive due to the Entire, this world is alive thanks to the Whole. The first tribe of our Earth w ere Scythians, people from the Moon; their selenic language was the root to earthly languages — the heart of human language. // Жизнь на Землю пришла из Вселенной: часть Целым жива, мир сей — Всем. Племя первое нашей Земли — Скифы, люди с Луны; их язык, корневой земным — лунная молвь, сердце речи людской.

Yu. B. Polidovych

Horse Bridle Decorations from Tovsta Mohyla Kurgan: Searching for Regularities

The paper is devoted to the analysis of horse bridles from Tovsta Mohyla kurgan of the 4th century BC. The barrow was excavated by the expedition of Ukrainian Institute of Archaeology headed by Boris Mozolevsky in the Dnepropetrovsk oblast, Ukraine, in 1971. In this kurgan the burial of noble warrior and two horse graves with skeletons of 6 horses were found. The horses had bridles decorated with images of various animals and fantastic creatures. One bridle was decorated with the images of mythological characters: the serpentine goddess (Rankenfrau, probable Scythian goddess Api) and two Scythian gods who were portrayed as the Greek gods Hercules and Dionysus. All bridles have analogies in other Scythian assemblages of the 4th century BC.
It has been suggested that the reproduction of certain images is associated with ideas about the path of the deceased to the Ancestor’s World. The bridles were decorated with images of fantastic animals and were a kind of mask. According to the Scythian beliefs such a bridle-mask helped to endow the horse with special properties so that it could overcome obstacles on the way to the Ancestor’s World. Probably, the serpentine goddess (Rankenfrau) was the mistress of this Ancestor’s World.
On the way to the Ancestor’s World the noble warrior was accompanied by his assistant, marked by archaeologists as «groom No. 3». Such a scene is depicted in the crypt of Anfesterii from Panticapaeum on the Bosporus (modern Kerch, Crimea). It depicts the arrival of the deceased on horseback, accompanied by assistant, to the goddess, mistress of the Ancestor’s World.
Further research on this topic will extend our understanding of the Scythian ideas about the Beyond.

The article portrays late ancient figure of Sangiban, Alan king from the region around Aurelianum. This nomad chieftain joined the anti-Hunnic coalition (composed mostly of Romans and Germans under the command of the Roman general Aetius) and took part in the „ancient battle of the nations” of Catalaunian Fields of northern Gaul in 451 AD.

В монографии исследуются древности Украинской Лесостепи: похоронный ритуал киммерийцев, их яркий вещевой комплекс, хронология памятников. Рассматривается одна из актуальных проблем истории предскифского времени - взаимоотношения древнейшего кочевого народа с земледельчискими племенами Лесостепи.

Akalan, situated 2 km south of Yeniköy in the village of Çatmaoluk near the town of İlkadım, is a fortress-type settlement established on the steep slope o a plateau. At Akalan arcaheogeophysical research was carried out in 2002 and 2003 by a team under the direction of Emin U. Ulugergerli of the Geophysical Engineering Department of Ankara University. The project was based on the use of measuring instruments in conjunction with electromagnetic and electrical methods. Using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and direct current resistivity (DCR) the aim was to obtain accurate information on the depth, extent and position of the building remains expected to be found below the surface. In the first stage reflection data was taken from points at intervals of 0.10 m along parallel lines on average 20 m long and 0.50 m apart. The details were processed to obtain information on the area underground. In the second stage, as well as making geo-electrical cross-section of the general profiles, the remains of another large structure were located. *

The aim of this paper is to collect and to translate into Spanish a selection of Neo-Assyrian texts concerning Cimmerians and Scythians. Much older than Herodotus' work, for a long time our main source on theses peoples, they constitute the earliest known attestation of West Eurasian steppe nomads.

Professor Aleksandr Leskov is known in Ukrainian and Russian archaeology as " Sasha the Golden Hand. " Indeed, gold jewelry and toreutic from his excavations in the Crimea and south Ukrainian steppes constitute a significant part of the collection in the Ukrainian Museum of National Treasures in Kiev, while his excavations on the northwestern Caucasus (Adygeia) formed the core of the " Golden Chamber " in the Moscow Museum of Oriental Art. Leskov is undoubtedly responsible for more discoveries of ancient gold than any living Scythian archaeologist. Given that the odds of finding true treasures in archaeological excavations are about the same as for winning a major lottery jackpot, everybody unavoidably asks: what is the secret of Leskov's never-fading luck? The truth is, there are no miracles which lead to buried treasure. At least three serious factors have always significantly increased the probability of Leskov's success. The first is his organizational ability which enables him to marshal substantial resources effectively. Excavation of a major Scythian barrow involves obtaining sizeable funding and supplies, interacting with multiple institutions, and coordinating the daily work of dozens, if not hundreds, of people. Leskov manages such undertakings with an iron will and in turn inspires devotion from those he is supervising. During the Adygeia excavation seasons of the 1980s, I remember him repeating again and again: " You have only one excavation season in your life. It is this very one. The next season will be different and will take place in a different year. You have to do the maximum today. " Doing the maximum of itself should maximize the results. Yet his success requires a second talent, the ability to select the best excavation site through consideration of all the geographic, topographic and historiographic data about the steppes. For example, his selection of Adygeia for the excavations in the 1980s began from his understanding that the major passes through Caucasian mountains were the shortest route to the rich coastal areas of the Black Sea and further to the centers of Near Eastern civilizations in the northwestern Caucasus. These considerations were supported by his analysis of a great number of exciting discoveries in the area ranging from the early Bronze Age kurgans like the Maikop barrow to the burials of the Belorechenskaia culture filled with objects brought by the Levantine trade of the 14th and 15th centuries CE. The last link in the logical chain leading to Leskov's discovery of the now famous Uliap barrow field was his knowledge of the collection of the local museum-a cauldron

Tatuajes indoiranios. Realizado por los alumnos Luisa Navarro Perdomo, Alejandra López Vidal, Adrian Gutiérrez Morón y Laura Maderuelo Hernández.

Aquí os dejo los magníficos vídeos realizados para la clase de prácticas de Historia Antigua I: Egipto y Próximo Oriente, en el Grado de Historia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (2016/2017). La difusión en este canal se debe exclusivamente al intento por dar a conocer tan excelente esfuerzo investigador, análisis crítico y labor de los alumnos, contribuyendo a un mejor conocimiento global de estos temas para los amantes de la Historia.