Barriers

Polyurethane (PU) and its nanocomposites based gas barrier films and coatings have established a distinctive position among various technologically important materials due to their large-scale potential applications. This review aims at highlighting the gas barrier property of polyurethane nanocomposite (PUNC) based films, membranes and coatings containing platelet-shaped fillers such as clays and graphene in PU matrix. The other fillers such as CNT, POSS, metal nanoparticles and nanocellulose have also been reviewed for their contribution in improving gas barrier property of polymers. The probable transport-mechanism of small gas molecules through PU and PUNCs have been discussed. There is also a discussion on basic PU-chemistry and effect of structure and morphology of PU on its gas barrier property. Various factors which influence the gas permeability through PU and PUNC films and coatings have been scrutinized. Some aspects of improving the gas barrier property of PUNCs have also been discussed. An emphasis is given on various proposed models for prediction of gas permeability through polymer nanocomposites. It also reviews the existing literature related to modeling and prediction of gas permeability of different PUNC membranes, films and coatings. Finally, special attention has been paid to the potential industrial applications of PUNC based films and coatings.

U.S. local governments purchase $1.72 trillion of goods and services annually that contribute to global climate change and other environmental problems. Cities that successfully implement environmental purchasing policies can mitigate these environmental concerns while saving money and demonstrating their environmental leadership. However, cities confront numerous challenges when implementing an environmental purchasing policy. This chapter identifies the facilitators and barriers of implementing an environmental purchasing policy. It draws on the experiences within the City of Phoenix as an example and offers eight recommendations for how the City of Phoenix and similar cities can integrate environmental purchasing more fully into their existing purchasing processes.

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RESUMEN: Diversos estudios sobre comercio electrónico llevados a cabo en economías desarrolladas han destacado la influencia de impedimentos o barreras del entorno, relativos a aspectos tecnológicos, legales o económicos del mismo, como determinantes de la difusión del comercio electrónico. Pero mientras que con el tiempo algunas empresas que actúan bajo su influencia acaban emprendiendo actividades comerciales en línea, otras en cambio continúan optando por canales convencionales de distribución. Este trabajo propone y examina un modelo integrador en el que se contemplan factores tanto del entorno como de la propia empresa que pueden incidir en la dinámica del comercio electrónico en el conjunto de una economía desarrollada. La validación realizada del mismo, efectuada para España en un periodo de nueve años, permite constatar la contribución relativa de estos factores sobre las compras efectuadas a las empresas que desarrollan iniciativas de comercio electrónico.

เว็บช่วยสอนยังเป็นสื่อใหม่ที่ยังไม่เป็นที่แพร่หลาย      หรือนำมาใช้เพื่อการเรียนการสอนอย่างกว้างขวางในประเทศไทย            เหมือนกับสื่อการสอนสมัยใหม่หลายอย่างที่ถูกนำมาใช้อย่างมากมายจนเป็นที่รู้จักกันดีอย่างคอมพิวเตอร์ช่วยสอนหรือวีดิโอคอนเฟอร์เรนต์    คำถามที่นักการศึกษาจะต้องถูกถามเหมือนกับที่เคยถามเมื่อเวลามีสื่อใหม่ ๆ ถูกนำเข้ามาใช้ในการศึกษาว่า  อะไรคือเว็บช่วยสอน ?

Context Numerous open source software projects are based on volunteers collaboration and require a continuous influx of newcomers for their continuity. Newcomers face barriers that can lead them to give up. These barriers hinder both developers willing to make a single contribution and those willing to become a project member. Objective This study aims to identify and classify the barriers that newcomers face when contributing to Open Source Software projects. Method We conducted a systematic literature review of papers reporting empirical evidence regarding the barriers that newcomers face when contributing to Open Source Software (OSS) projects. We retrieved 291 studies by querying 4 digital libraries. Twenty studies were identified as primary. We performed a backward snowballing approach, and searched for other papers published by the authors of the selected papers to identify potential studies. Then, we used a coding approach inspired by open coding and axial coding procedures f...

Equitable participation of women in politics and governance is essential to building and sustaining democracy and Ghana is not an exemption. This thesis was conducted to examine the barriers to women participation in local governance in the Savelugu/Nantong Municipality of Ghana. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of research were employed in the study. The simple random sampling criteria was used to draw a sample size of 58 respondents made up of assembly members and other stakeholders and a questionnaire was employed in data collected and it was found that people’s perceived inferiority of women coupled with non-commitment to strict legal and administrative (constitutional) provisions amongst others were responsible for the low level of participation of women in local governance. Statutory provisions need be reviewed to create more enabling opportunities for all gender to participate. People should also be educated on the benefits of including women in the governance at the...

This study explores barriers in computer-mediated communication in a university collaborative learning community. We analyze the students' perceptions of the obstacles in their online communication, the evolution of
the obstacles over time, and the influence of gender on students’ perception of the barriers. We use qualitative and quantitative analysis of the communication. Low levels of barriers are the most common, both in the communications and in the students’ perceptions. There are statistically
significant correlations between the different kinds of barriers, the barriers decrease over time, and gender influences perception of the technical barriers. We conclude that the technical barriers have particular concreteness. This research can be useful to minimize the possible implications of these obstacles for proper development of e-learning.

The real estate sector brings a fortune to the global economy. But, presently, this
sector is regressive and uses traditional methods and approaches. Therefore, it needs
a technological transformation and innovation in line with the Industry 4.0 requirements
to transform into smart real estate. However, it faces the barriers of disruptive
digital technology (DDT) adoption and innovation that need effective management to
enable such transformation. These barriers present managerial challenges that affect
DDT adoption and innovation in smart real estate. The current study assesses these
DDTs adoption and innovation barriers facing the Australian real estate sector from a
managerial perspective. Based on a comprehensive review of 72 systematically retrieved
and shortlisted articles, we identify 21 key barriers to digitalisation and innovation. The
barriers are grouped into the technology-organisation-external environment (TOE) categories
using a Fault tree. Data is collected from 102 real estate and property managers
to rate and rank the identified barriers. The results show that most of the respondents
are aware of the DDTs and reported AI (22.5% of respondents), big data (12.75%) and VR
(12.75%) as the most critical technologies not adopted so far due to costs, organisation
policies, awareness, reluctance, user demand, tech integration, government support
and funding. Overall, the highest barrier (risk) scores are observed for high costs of
software and hardware (T1), high complexity of the selected technology dissemination system
(T2) and lack of government incentives, R&D support, policies, regulations and standards
(E1). Among the TOE categories, as evident from the fault tree analysis, the highest
percentage of failure to adopt the DDT is attributed to E1 in the environmental group.
For the technological group, the highest failure reason is attributed to T2. And for the
organisational group, the barrier with the highest failure chances for DDT adoption is
the lack of organisational willingness to invest in digital marketing (O4). These barriers
must be addressed to pave the way for DDT adoption and innovation in the Australian
real estate sector and move towards smart real estate.

Non-Formal Education (NFE) came to prominence when many people were unable to go through the formal educational system. It was to enable the illiterate to become literate. Despite this opportunity, people do not enroll in NFE. This study examined the barriers to enrollment in NFE in the Wa Municipality.The sample size of the study was eighty three (83) non participants selected through purposive sampling. A questionnaire helped in data collection. Data analyses involved using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U test. The results show that the major barriers to enrollment in NFE are higher job responsibility, home responsibilities, unsupportive family and friends, not knowing what participating would lead to and low confidence in ability to learn. The study recommends publicity for promoting enrollment in NFE.

US local governments purchase US$1.72 trillion of goods and services annually that contribute to global climate change and other environmental problems. Cities that successfully implement environmental purchasing policies can mitigate these environmental concerns while saving money and demonstrating their environmental leadership. However, cities confront numerous challenges when implementing an environmental purchasing policy. This chapter identifies the facilitators and barriers of implementing an environmental purchasing policy. It draws on the experiences within the City of Phoenix as an example and offers eight recommendations for how the City of Phoenix and similar cities can integrate environmental purchasing more fully into their existing purchasing processes.

The fact that taxation is essential for sustainable economic development and tax
administration is as basic function of a successful state makes tax authority to improve
its tax collection services and make tax administration more effective. The study
investigated the adoption of E-taxing by tax revenue authorities in Ethiopia regarding
the barriers which can affect the authorities from taking advantage of E-taxing system
and anticipated benefits derived by adopting the system. The study was carried on the
data collected from tax revenue authorities in Ethiopia especially in Wolaita Sodo town
tax revenue authority. Purposive sampling method was applied to draw the sample from
the target one. A mixed research approach was used to answer the research questions
that appear through the review of existing literature and the experiences of the
researcher in respect of the E-taxing system in Ethiopia. The study statistically analyzed
data received from the survey questionnaire and interview. The result of the study
indicated that, the major barriers of Ethiopian taxing authorities faces in the adoption
of Electronic taxing are, frequent power interruption, tax payers low levels of computer
literacy, lack of sufficient government support affect tax payers willingness lack of
uniform platform by tax authorities for adoption and growth of E-taxing technology in
Ethiopia, lack of skilled manpower exist in tax revenue authorities, limitation in network
infrastructure. Lack of enough coordination, interaction and cooperation between tax
revenue authorities and other decision making/like ETC and EELPA/ centers in e-taxing
context and lack of legal framework for e-taxing for implementation and growth of Etaxing technology in Ethiopia and the benefits are E-taxing to improve customer service
and satisfaction-taxing wish to satisfy rapid change of customer/tax payers need and
preference, E-taxing to improve the relationship with customer and E-taxing to cover

In this paper, study examines the barriers and enablers in implementation of lean six sigma (LSS) in Indian manufacturing sector. Indian manufacturing sector would contribute 25% of GDP and increase employability and enhance global competition in near future. In order to achieve the objectives, the various research questions were asked, which are key factors to initiate Implementing LSS tools.

Background: There is a higher prevalence of sedentary behavior among adults with intellectual disability (ID) compared to the general population. The majority of research on this topic has focused on assessing physical activity (PA) levels and there are relatively few studies addressing barriers to PA (including exercise) in this population.

Equitable participation of women in politics and governance is essential to building and sustaining democracy and Ghana is not an exemption. This thesis was conducted to examine the barriers to women participation in local governance in the Savelugu/Nantong Municipality of Ghana. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of research were employed in the study. The simple random sampling criteria was used to draw a sample size of 58 respondents made up of assembly members and other stakeholders and a questionnaire was employed in data collected and it was found that people's perceived inferiority of women coupled with non-commitment to strict legal and administrative (constitutional) provisions amongst others were responsible for the low level of participation of women in local governance. Statutory provisions need be reviewed to create more enabling opportunities for all gender to participate. People should also be educated on the benefits of including women in the governance at the local level. Through this, the potentials of women can be garnered towards local level development.

Background: Developing sex and sexuality education programmes for adolescents has proved challenging in many parts of the world, especially in contexts where the importance of these programmes is not valued. In such settings, educating about sex and sexuality may also require dealing with detractors who are active in spreading misinformation. Objective: This article identifies contextual barriers encountered by those involved in developing the Échale Neurona programme in Mexico. Team members associated with the programme have been teaching about sex and sexuality in public secondary and high schools since 2016. Methods and design: Grounded theory approach using semi-structured interviews. Interviews took place with 10 participants including health promotion experts and programme officials. The main focus of the interviews was on the contextual limitations encountered when implementing sex and sexuality education workshops. Results: Findings reveal at least three types of barriers hindering the comprehensive sex and sexuality education developed by the programme: institutional, cultural and socio-educational barriers. Conclusion: Contextual barriers associated with family and school environments posed a significant challenge to implementation. Such barriers may facilitate or hinder sex and sexuality education programmes affecting the way young people develop their sex lives and live their sexuality.

The mechanisms of aging are described at the molecular, cell, tissue, and systemic levels. Primary age-dependent molecular lesions activate the cell stress response to compensate for the resulting defects, but the mechanisms that recover and maintain homeostasis are gradually deteriorated. When the amount of errors reaches a critical threshold in regulatory networks, a phase transition from health to disease occurs at the systemic level. The review considers the approaches to quantitative assessment of the aging process (bio-markers of aging) and promising interventions to slow down the aging process and to reduce the risk of age-dependent diseases.

The rise of new technologies known as the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), brings a transformation that makes it possible to produce and manufacture products on machines through robots in modern smart factories. Industry 4.0 will increase productivity, quality of goods, foster industrial growth, and modify the profile of the workforce and required competences. However, such benefits and advantages should be assessed in light of potential barriers and negative consequences. The paper deals with the barriers of new technology introduction and main disadvantages of Industry 4.0. Based on questionnaire research in 217 industrial enterprises, the differences between enterprises according to their size and technological intensity are analysed. The main barriers of technology introduction and Industry 4.0 disadvantages are lack of funds, high costs, production process optimization and high investment need. The research confirmed only small differences in managers’ preferences of Industry 4.0 technology barriers and Industry 4.0 disadvantages according to the enterprise size. The technological intensity was important only partly in case of perception of Industry 4.0 disadvantages. The key contributions of this work are promising results for a better understanding of technology barriers and Industry 4.0 disadvantages.

The use of structural steelwork (SS) for buildings continues to grow worldwide owing to its sustainability benefits. However, the market share of SS in the building sector of Hong Kong greatly lags behind other markets. This paper focuses on providing a comprehensive understanding of the issues that greatly drive or inhibit SS adoption in Hong Kong from a project lifecycle perspective. The methodology encompasses both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 professionals from developer, structural engineering consultant, main contractor, steel specialist contractor, and steel stockholder companies. The results identified 12 driving factors and 25 barriers affecting SS adoption in Hong Kong. A questionnaire survey with 118 practitioners was carried out to identify the most important driving factors and barriers. The results revealed that "increased speed of construction" and "must-have requirements" were the two most important driving factors; while "shortage of skilled labor", "shortage of supervisors working directly under main contractors", "high construction costs", "shortage of experienced designers and draughtsmen", and "lack of education, training, and design experience on structural steelwork" were the five most critical barriers. This may imply that education and training are needed to improve knowledge and skills of professionals and workers, and thus to ensure an adequate supply of manpower. The findings of this study not only contribute to the existing body of knowledge on SS practices but also provide valuable references for helping practitioners and policymakers to promote sustainable construction methods within the building sector.

This study examined the perceived challenges and motivators to studying abroad for university students who had not previously studied abroad. Additionally, this study investigated the experienced challenges and benefits to studying abroad for university students who had previously studied abroad. Results indicated that "lack of interest," "lack of knowledge of opportunities," "being too far away from family," and "course requirements of existing curriculum" were significant perceived challenges, while "overall life experience", "personal development", "opportunity to live in a foreign country", and "support of academic advisor" were significant perceived motivators for participants with no study abroad experience. "Finances" and "language" were the biggest challenges, while "opportunity to live in a foreign country" and "personal development" were the main benefits experienced for those who had studied abroad. Group comparisons on gender, class year, and length of study abroad trip were also examined. Implications and recommendations for educators and study abroad organizers are discussed.

h i g h l i g h t s Studies on instructors' difficulties in teaching students with disabilities are limited. This qualitative study employs interviews to explore science instructors' barriers. The study reports first-order (external) and second-order (internal) barriers. Complex interactions between first-order and second-order barriers are discussed. The need for effective professional development models is highlighted.

Most people think climate change and sustainability are important problems, but too few global citizens engaged in high-greenhouse-gas-emitting behavior are engaged in enough mitigating behavior to stem the increasing flow of greenhouse gases and other environmental problems. Why is that? Structural barriers such as a climate-averse infrastructure are part of the answer, but psychological barriers also impede behavioral choices that would facilitate mitigation, adaptation, and environmental sustainability. Although many individuals are engaged in some ameliorative action, most could do more, but they are hindered by seven categories of psychological barriers, or "dragons of inaction": limited cognition about the problem, ideological worldviews that tend to preclude pro-environmental attitudes and behavior, comparisons with key other people, sunk costs and behavioral momentum, discredence toward experts and authorities, perceived risks of change, and positive but inadequate behavior change. Structural barriers must be removed wherever possible, but this is unlikely to be sufficient. Psychologists must work with other scientists, technical experts, and policymakers to help citizens overcome these psychological barriers.

The benefits of Industrialised Building System (IBS) as a modern method of construction are numerous and far reaching. Reduced construction time, better site management, reduced wastage are but a few of these benefits, that will ultimately produce better products for the customers. The Malaysian government has spared no effort to bring IBS to the drawing tables of all professionals involved in the built environment. The IBS Roadmap 2003 -2010 has been endorsed by the Cabinet of Ministers to be the blueprint document for the industrialisation of the Malaysian construction sector. Nevertheless, towards the last two years of the roadmap period, the effort to promote the usage of IBS as an alternative to conventional and labour intensive construction method has yet to make headway. Although members of the industry are open to the idea, a major portion of the industry stakeholders are indifferent, perhaps due to resistance towards change, insufficient information and lack of technology transfer methods to support feasibility of change to IBS. Thus, the paper reviews literatures conserving barriers on implementing IBS in Malaysia which requires attention from different parties. Then, the paper validates the barriers identified in the literatures through pilot study with the practitioners from the industry. The barriers highlighted from both literatures and pilot study are negative perception, readiness issues, cost and equipment, poor planning and regulations, poor knowledge and awareness issues. Finally, the paper proposes recommendations to improve IBS take up in Malaysia. IBS in Malaysia may requires serious marketing and re-branding efforts, restructuring in R&D focus, reorganizing training and awareness program and proper incentive for IT adoption.

Today, the role of women in social activities in Iranian society is more important than ever. Despite the increasing presence of women in the social arena, their participation and attendance in sports activities are limited. The purpose of this study is to investigate the barriers affecting women's non-participation in sports activities in both urban and rural communities. The data of this study were collected using a questionnaire on barriers to women's participation in sports activities. Findings indicated that the two groups of urban and rural women reported similar priorities, with the highest priority being related to economic and personal barriers. The lowest priorities were related to family, cultural barriers. With extensive and targeted advertising, a variety of mass entertainment programs of sports activities can be assigned to the adult age categories. Such interventions will lead to better welfare and quality of life for women in urban and rural communities.

BIM has experienced an increasing appeal in its adoption and implementation in the built environment worldwide in recent years. The current research study aims to identify and assess the perceived benefits of and barriers to BIM implementation in the Hong Kong construction industry. The study adopted a quantitative research design using a structured empirical questionnaire survey. Also, a comparative analysis of the perceptions of the respondents' groupings was conducted. The major barriers to BIM adoption are related to the inherent resistance to change by construction stakeholders, inadequate organizational support and structure to execute BIM, and lack of BIM industry standards in Hong Kong. Meanwhile, the key benefits include better cost estimation and control, efficient construction planning and management, and improvement in design and project quality. Practical and insightful recommendations were suggested for policymakers, local authorities, construction firms, and other key stakeholders to increase the uptake of BIM in construction projects as well as to aid them in the quest for full adoption of BIM in the built environment. The practical implications of the research findings were also presented and discussed.

Objectives: Telerehabilitation (TR) is an alternative approach for providing rehabilitation services in some situations, like Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There exist some obstacles, especially during the pre-implementation phase of TR, necessitating an investigation of existing local evidence. This research aimed to investigate the challenges of TR.
Methods: Five electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, & Magiran) were searched for studies published in English and Persian language from 2011 to February 2021. Search results in all databases provided a total of 598 articles. After reviewing the titles of the articles, we excluded 574 articles as they were duplicated and/or irrelevant. Finally, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles have remained.
Results: Most extracted articles were published in 2020 (n=4). The remaining articles disturbed between 2013 until 2021. These articles were mostly reviews, case reports/series, or qualitative studies and surveys. Geographically, 27% of the final selected papers belonged to the USA, 46% to Asia, and 27% to Europe. Outcomes in studies mostly included TR advantages and disadvantages, facilitators, challenges, and barriers.
Discussion: Studies specified numerous challenges for TR implementation. The main challenges in the technologies used in TR were the awareness and culture of individuals and the TR infrastructure. Despite these barriers, TR could be a better treatment selection in some patients. Therefore, it is necessary for health policymakers, and especially rehabilitation managers, technology developers, scientists, and clinicians to cooperatively make serious efforts to remove these barriers.

To determine barriers to uptake of prescribed refractive spectacles and recommend ways of enhancing spectacle acceptance. It was a cross-sectional study. A total of 1,241 secondary school students were eligible in 4 secondary schools of which 1,175 students (Male=535, Female=640) were available for vision screening. Visual acuity less than 6/9 in at least one eye was a criterion for refraction. Semistructured interviewer-administered questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Eighty one (6.9%) with visual acuity less than 6/9 in at least one eye had refraction. Only 6(9.8%) wore glasses among the 61 students with refractive errors. Among the reasons for non-use of glasses included nonaffordability (18.2%) and ignorance of refractive status (56.4%). Uncorrected refractive errors are a leading cause of ocular morbidity among the population studied.

Recycling of post-consumer plastic waste (PCPW) is increasingly promoted as the way to achieve circular economy (CE), by converting plastic waste into secondary materials that can be fed back into the system, for use in the same or in new components and products, with similar or lower functionality; hence “closing the loop”. Up until today, research on examining the environmental impacts, economic implications and technicalities of plastic waste recycling deals only with one particular aspect, or stage on the plastic value chain, lacking coherence and structure. To move this research forward, understanding the challenges and trade-offs in scaling up plastic waste recycling is necessary. Here, we bring together existing literature on the multi-faceted aspects of closing the plastic loop, critically debating on the multi-stakeholder endeavours of promoting circularity in plastics. We present an overview of how design, production, collection and sorting of PCPW present challenges for its recycling, which in turn result to a number of trade-offs. We explain that the evaluation of the multi-dimensional implications of trade-offs, arising from the PCPW recycling, is essential in measuring the long-term sustainability of such systems. This work scrutinises the sustainability of closing the plastic waste loops and sets a future research agenda.

In a time where video games are one of the most popular and influential medias of today, it was only a matter of time before gender inequality evolved within the virtual world. However, there are multiple views on how this divide is perceived, with arguments in literature on both sides of the dispute. This research project aims to investigate the relationship between women and video games, addressing four separate topics in the process: representation, experiences, identity, and acceptance. Each one will be examined in turn and then analysed using available literature, whilst questionnaires will be used to collect primary data from participants. The results from both literature and data collection found that sexism is prevalent within the virtual, gaming community, and gaming industry worlds, and is acknowledged by both genders, although accepted more by women. Although literature found that sexism is prominent, it failed to acknowledge individual perceptions. This research project aims to explore views and experiences of real people to help bring to light existing problems that women are faced with every day.

Today, ICT has become one of the most important enabling forces for development. Previous studies have recognized the importance of the adoption processes. However they fail to define the principles and theory required in order to manage them successfully. Most studies focus on evaluating critical adoption success factors while broadly discussing the failure to adopt information technology. This paper is a focused attempt to contribute to a better understanding of adoption success factors and adoption problems of ICT in agriculture. It also highlights e-Agriculture as an emerging field focusing on the enhancement of agricultural and rural development through improved information and communication processes. The paper concludes that "End Users" are the key factor in defining the needs and critical success factors for ICT development and implementation.

The fact that taxation is essential for sustainable economic development and tax administration is as basic function of a successful state makes tax authority to improve its tax collection services and make tax administration more effective. The study investigated the adoption of E-taxing by tax revenue authorities in Ethiopia regarding the barriers which can affect the authorities from taking advantage of E-taxing system and anticipated benefits derived by adopting the system. The study was carried on the data collected from tax revenue authorities in Ethiopia especially in Wolaita Sodo town tax revenue authority. Purposive sampling method was applied to draw the sample from the target one. A mixed research approach was used to answer the research questions that appear through the review of existing literature and the experiences of the researcher in respect of the E-taxing system in Ethiopia. The study statistically analyzed data received from the survey questionnaire and interview. The result of the study indicated that, the major barriers of Ethiopian taxing authorities faces in the adoption of Electronic taxing are, frequent power interruption, tax payers low levels of computer literacy, lack of sufficient government support affect tax payers willingness lack of uniform platform by tax authorities for adoption and growth of E-taxing technology in Ethiopia, lack of skilled manpower exist in tax revenue authorities, limitation in network infrastructure. Lack of enough coordination, interaction and cooperation between tax revenue authorities and other decision making/like ETC and EELPA/ centers in e-taxing context and lack of legal framework for e-taxing for implementation and growth of E-taxing technology in Ethiopia and the benefits are E-taxing to improve customer service and satisfaction-taxing wish to satisfy rapid change of customer/tax payers need and preference, E-taxing to improve the relationship with customer and E-taxing to cover Adoption of Electronic Taxing System in Ethiopia: Reflections of Barriers and Drivers https://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1544 [email protected] wide geographical area for the development of E-taxing technology, increases productivity of the tax revenue authorities decrease the work load of makers, reduces paper work and HR requirement and enhance productivity in the taxing authorities as a driver of adopting and developing E-taxing system in Ethiopia. The study recommends sequence measurement which could be taken by all tax revenue authorities staff and management body creates collaboration with the respective government organ for the development of E-taxing Technology by investing on ICT infrastructure, set clear direction and focused on technological innovation for the Globalization of the country.

The built environment faces numerous challenges in its quest to be more productive and sustainable, and the adoption of a smart and creative process of carrying out the various operations. This study aims to investigate the profound barriers faced by construction stakeholders in their attempts to integrate BIM and sustainability practices in the construction processes. A two-round Delphi survey formed the basis of aggregating consensus among the expert panel based on a set of 38 factors derived via content analysis of previous studies. Descriptive results and inferential tests were employed for data analysis, and the results validated using the interrater agreement analysis. The three key barriers by descending order of significance were industry's resistance to change from traditional working practices, an extended period of adapting to innovative technologies and the lack of understanding of the processes and workflows required for BIM and sustainability. Deductions were also made based on the comparative analysis of the expert groups. The findings will advance the implementation of BIM and sustainability practices in construction projects and enable project stakeholders to focus on addressing the critical challenges discussed in this study.

In countries where learning English as a Second Language (ESL) is made compulsory, yet it is actually a foreign language to many learners, problems occur among learners. Language is the reflection of culture itself as the language can shape the society. Problems in language learning may occur due to several barriers. Firstly, cultural barrier is one of the barriers that is difficult to resolve. The barriers may influence the motivations to learn. The aim of this study is to investigate cultural barriers and motivation issues that might influence the process of learning English. 69 respondents participated in this quantitative study. The instrument used is a survey and it has 3 parts; 1) demographic profile, 2) culture and language learning and 3) motivation and language learning. Findings reveal that cultural barriers and motivational issues do have influence on learners’ language learning. Findings of this study bear interesting implications towards the teaching and learning of English as second language.

It is well accepted in the AEC industry that BIM is a powerful tool for design management and in the near future it will form an integral part of all Medium and Large Construction Projects. As with all new ideas, it raises key issues in implementation, other than the typical issues like resistance to change, educating the users, resource availability, etc. there are very realistic barriers like Legal Issues, Information Ownership and Insurance Requirements. These are inherent issues caused as more dimensions are layered on to the BIM model by multiple co-operators at different levels of the supply chain and nurture their individual interests in a project.

The study was conducted with the intention to comprehensively identify the nurses and midwives’ perception about the benefits that motivate them for higher education and what ‘they perceive as the barriers faced’ to undertake higher studies. Many nurses would like to go for higher education, but some barriers were strong enough to stop them. Study intended to identify the barriers from their own perception. Survey method with structured questionnaire deployed for data collection. Quantitative and qualitative study design was employed for analysis. Survey on the RNs and RMs’ perception about the benefits of higher education and the barriers to higher education (HE), conducted on 450 multinational nurses and midwives in a multi-specialty hospital in Dubai during September 2018, showed numerical variables like age and years of professional experience are having a significant association with the interest to undertake higher studies. 82.5% of those with DHA experience (21-25 years) shown interest whereas only 30.2% of them with experience more than 26 years Dubai Health Authority (DHA) experience, showed interest. RNs and RMs in the younger age group 22-30 years (73.1%) showed a greater interest for higher studies. No Significant difference in ‘perception of interest to do higher studies’ was observed among nurses and midwives, based on their designation. 61.6% had interest for HE but barriers prevented 83.6% respondents from going for it.
Keywords: nurses’ higher education; higher education benefits; barriers.