2013 AAPA poster- Preliminary Research on Hereditary Features of Yinxu Population

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON HEREDITARY FEATURES OF YINXU POPULATION Zeng Wen1,4, Li Jiawei2, Yue Hongbin3, Zhou Hui2,4, Zhu Hong4 1 College of Humanities, Jilin University, 2College of Life Science, Jilin University, 3Institute of Archaeology CASS, 4Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University E-mail: [email protected] Introduction Yinxu was the capital during the last phase of the Shang dynasty (ca. 1250-1050 B.C.). It is located to the northwest of modern Anyang city in Henan province, China. It is one of the oldest and largest archaeological sites in China, famous for the discovery of oldest Chinese writings, the oracular bones. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that the Shang dynasty is first recorded dynasty of China (Li, 1985). The dynasty is also known as the first monarchical slave state in Chinese history. Until today, no DNA research had been done on the human remains of Yinxu. Materials and Methods 0 0 - 500 m 500 - 1000m Neolithic Period 1000 - 2000 m Bronze Age Iron Age 2000 - 3000 m 3000 - 5000 m > 5000 m Russia Helongjiang Mongonlia Xinjiang Jilin YBLK Inner Mongolia Gansu UXC DDZ JHL DDJ XDZ North Korea YXSG ZKG Liaoning The archaeological and anthropological evidence show that people had lived in the Central Plain since Neolithic period, aboriginal population grew fast and immigrants might have poured in as the settlements developed rapidly. It is possiblethat the society of Yinxu was composed of individuals coming from various regions during Shang Dynasty. Therefore we analysis the craniometric data of the Yinxu and related ancient Chinese populations with Euclidean distance (Figure 2). The Yinxu and DDZ groups clustered together firstly, then they clustered with ZKG groups. The distance between Yinxu and JHL, JGZ and XDZ groups were significant. The result of this cluster analysis is similar to Figure 3 Dendriform representaion of cluster analysis based on Dij values the distance reflected in pairwise Fst value, suggesting there is a close genetic affinity between the Yinxu and 0 5 10 15 20 25 2 DDZ-I DDZ population, without major geographic barriers, YX-B 10 HB 13 population movement and cultural exchanges potentially ZKG 8 could occurbetween the West Liao-River valley and Central YXSG 1 2 9 UXC Plain (Li H et al, 2011). Furthermore, considering the JJL 11 TJZ 5 topographical features of location of Anyang, it is possible YBLK-M 6 that the Yinxu ancient residents contained the culture and JGZ 4 14 absorbed the genetic components of various contemporary DDJ XDZ 7 NHL 1 populations who lived in north China. HLHG Hebei Qinghai TJZ LJ Shanxi Ningxia er Fig 1 Haplogroup frequenciesSouth of Yinxu and modern populaion Figure 4 Frequency distribuion of mtDNA haplogroups in modern Chinese populaions Shaanxi YX HB Henan Sichuan ow ll e Y Shandong Korea Jiangsu Austro-Asiatic populations Anhui Hubei Figure 1 Geographic locaion of ancient groups Daic populations Strict procedures and systematic controls were instituted to minimize the potential for exogenous DNA contamination. The DNA extraction combined a complete demineralization process with the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The fragments (393bp) of the mtDNA hypervariable region I (HVR I) were amplified, sequenced and analyzed on the ABI PRISM 310 automatic sequencer. According to the East Asian mtDNA classification tree (Kivisild et al., 2002), the haplogroups were assigned using hypervariable region and coding region SNPs data. Haplogroups M, F, D, C, G and B were examined using amplified product-length polymorphisms (APLP) method. Haplogroups A, M10, N9a, and Z were identified by sequencing. Sequence alignments were Abbr. Name of Site Age (BP) Archaeological Culture 5000 Hongshan 红山 analyzed using Clustal X1.83. An analysis NHL Njiuheliang 牛河梁 DDZ 4500-3500 Lower Xiajiadian 夏家店下层 Dadianzi 大甸子 of the molecular variance was performed ZKG Zhukaigou 朱开沟 4200-3500 Zhukaigou 朱开沟 LJ 4000-3800 Qijia 齐家 Lajia 喇家 on the 393 bp HVS-I sequences (np YXSG Yuxianshanguan 蔚县三关 3000 Lower Xiajiadian 夏家店下层 spanning 16 017–16 409), using HB 3000-2800 Hengbei 横北 Areliquin 3.15. The information of ancient JGZ Jinggouzi 井沟子 2500-2000 Jinggouzi 井沟子 2500 Chinese populations which were compared XDZ Xindianzi 新店子 TJZ 1500 Taojiazhai 陶家寨 with is presented in Table 1. DDJ 1500 Dongdajing 东大井 Table 1 Informaion of ancient Chinese populaions Results and Discussion Out of 37 specimens examined, the fragments of HVR 1 of 30 samples were successfully sequenced. They belonged to 30 haplotypes. Using coding region and HVR II SNPs data, combined with HVR I sequences, all haplotypes were attributed to these (sub) haplogroups: A, B, C, D, F, G, M10, N9a, and Z, which all belong to the East Eurasian pool of mtDNA lineages. The dominant haplogroup in the Yinxu population was D(43.33%) shared by 13 individuals who were associated with 13 different haplotypes. The northern East Asian-dominating haplogroups (A, C, D, G and Z) accounted for 80% of Liujiazhuang population. Figure 2 AMOVA between Yinxu and ancient Chinese populaions 0.08 0.45 0.07 0.40 A C D Northern East G Asian-dominaing M* haplogroups M8 M9 Z N9a Y B F Southern East M7 Asian-dominaing N* haplogroups R other Hmong-Mien populations Tibeto-Burman populations Altaic Populations Southern Han Chinese Northern Han Chinese Yinxu poptualtion 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 0.06 0.35 0.05 0.30 0.04 0.25 0.03 0.20 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.05 -0.01 0.00 Fst P LJ 0.04689 0.00901 HB 0.01446 0.06306 ZKG 0.00654 0.22523 DDZ -0.00016 0.39640 Fst YXSG 0.04103 0.12613 P JGZ 0.05898 0.00000 XDZ 0.04725 0.01802 TJZ 0.02596 0.03604 SD 0.04471 0.00000 80% 90% 100% The Yinxu population bore a high genetic resemblance in maternal lineages to the northern Han Chinese and other minority who lives in North China. The result of AMOVA between Yinxu and modern Chinese populations (Table 2) shows that Yinxu population is not significantly different (Fst value: 0.0073, P> 0.05) from northern Han Chinese, but significantly different (Fst value> 0.03, P< 0.05) from southern populations. Compared with Frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroups in modern Chinese populations, the Yinxu populations bore a high similarity to some northern Han and Tibeto-Burman populations. On the basis of principal component analysis of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies (Figure 5), the Yinxu population pooled into the cluster Figure 5 PCA of mtDNA haplogroups frequencies of Yinxu populaion and modern Chinese populaions formed of the northern Han, Tibeto-Burman 1.0 and Altaic populations. Table 2 AMOVA between Yinxu and modern Chinese populaions F st Grouping Yinxu/Northern Han 0.00730 0.07207±0.0264 Yinxu/Southern Han 0.03188 0.00000±0.0000 Yinxu/Tibeto-Burman 0.01445 0.01802±0.0121 Yinxu/Hmong-Mien 0.5 P 0.05628 0.00000±0.0000 Yinxu/Daic 0.04184 0.00000±0.0000 Yinxu/Austro-Asiaic 0.05060 0.00000±0.0000 Yinxu/Alaic 0.00904 0.09910±0.0000 0.0 Yinxu ancient people -0.5 -1.0 Northern Han Chinese Southern Han Chinese Altaic populations Tibeto-Burman populations Austro-Asiatic populations Daic populations Hmong-Mien populations -0.5 NHL 0.07274 0.00000 3 v Ri PC 2 The 37 individuals sampled in this study were recovered from Liujiazhuang cemetery (Figure 1). Most burials at this cemetery are moderate in tomb size and number of grave goods, some of the burials are relative poor. The characteristics of grave goods showed their affiliation with Yinxu and the tomb owners were probably citizens of the city. This assemblage constituted a representative sample to study the genetic structure of Yinxu commoners. 800 km Because few genetic analysis results have been published on ancient Chinese populations, frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroups can not be analyzed. AMOVA was used instead to evaluate maternal genetic differentiation between Yinxu and other ancient Chinese (Figure 2). The Fst value between Yinxu and DDZ populations was the lowest (-0.00016), The Fst value between Yinxu and ZKG populations was second to the lowest. The Yinxu and HB populations presented a lower and nonsignificant pairwise Fst value. However, the highly significant value was observed between Yinxu and other historical period populations. 0.0 0.5 1.0 PC 1 Conclusion Yinxu population had genetic communication with various contemporary populations and significantly contributed to the formation of the matrilineal genetic heritage of the modern northern Han Chinese population. However, we need research more thoroughly to draw a further conclusion. The Y-chromosome DNA research is still ongoing, and will provide more genetic information of Yinxu residents soon. References Acknowledgment Kivisild, T., et al. (2002). Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 1737–1751. Li, H., et al. (2011). Journal of Human Genetics 56, 815–822. Wen, B., et al. (2004). Nature 431, 302–305. Zhao, et al. (2011). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144, 258–268. This study was supported by the graduate school of Jilin University, National Philosophy and Social Science Foundation (Grant number: 11&zd182)